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The  Branner  Geological  Library 


1XL&HD-SEANFOHD  UVNTOfrVNIYHtSnT 


The  Branner  Geological  Library 


I 


Serin  f,  Geography,  45 


OKI'AllTMKNT  OK  TIIK  TNTERIOK 
UNITED  STATES  UEOIAMIK'AL  SUKVEY 

t:)[AI(LKs  I).  WAM'OTT.  IUhlctuh 


THE 

ORIGIN  OF  CERTAIN  PLACE  NAMES 

THE   UNITED   STATES 

(Hcvoild  Edition) 

HKNUY  (iA_X:NETT 


WASHINGTON 

GtOVKJiNMEST     I'KINTISli    OlflfU'V, 

I  :»o  r. 


•   • 


.•  • 


•  • 


4 


278087 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introduction 7 

Acknowledgments 7 

Authorities 10 

The  names  and  their  origin 15 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior, 

United  States  Geological  Survey, 

W(Ufhhujt<m,  D.  C,  Januarys,  1905. 

Sir:  I  transmit  herewith  a  bulletin  on  the  origin  of  place  names  in 

the  United  States.     This  is  a  second  edition  of    Bulletin  No.  197. 

The  material  has  been  compiled   from  various  sources,  printed  and 

manuscript,  as  set  forth  in  the  introduction.     I  think  this  work  will 

be  of  great  interest  as  embodying  much  local  and  general  history. 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Gannett, 

Gemjrapher. 
Hon.  Charles  D.  Walcott, 

Director  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

6 


•     •      * 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  CERTAIN  PLACE --feiHES  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES.     :-v-     / 


By  Henry  Gannett. 


>  - 


INTRODUCTION. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

During  the  compilation  of  this  work  a  large  correspondence  was 
carried  on  with  State  and  local  historical  societies,  State,  county,  and 
township  officers,  and  individuals  in  all  parts  of  the  country  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  information  concerning  the  subject  in  hand. 
The  greatest  interest  was  shown  and  much  work  done  by  correspond- 
ents, who  have  thus  contributed  very  largely  to  the  work.  Much  val- 
uable material  was  collected  in  this  way  which  otherwise  would  have 
been  unavailable. 

Among  my  correspondents,  special  thanks  are  due  to  the  following 
persons  and  organizations: 

Thomas  M.  Owen,  Department  of  Archives  and  History,  Montgom- 
ery, Alabama,  for  valuable  references. 

Major  G.  E.  Bailey,  of  San  Francisco,  California,  for  extensive 
information  concerning  the  Spanish  nomenclature  of  several  hundred 
towns  in  California. 

C.  M.  Drake,  of  Eureka,  California,  for  information  concerning 
names  in  Monterey  and  Humboldt  counties. 

The  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  to  which  I  am  especially 
indebted,  not  only  for  much  information  concerning  Indian  names,  but 
for  guidance,  advice,  and  suggestions  in  obtaining  sources  of  informa- 
tion. Indeed,  most  of  the  information  concerning  the  meaning  of 
Indian  names  is  derived,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  from  this  source, 
and  all  names  of  Indian  origin  have  been  verified  and  corrected  by 
officers  of  this  Bureau. 

William  N.  Byers,  of  Denver,  Colorado,  for  additions  to  and  cor- 
rections of  count}r  names. 

Mrs.  J.  V.  Calver,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  who  has 
furnished  valuable  and  extensive  information  concerning  hundreds  of 
place  names  in  all  the  States  of  the  Union. 

Robert  C.  Rockwell,  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  for  additions  to  and 
corrections  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  place  i\a,\\\fc*>. 

1 


8  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Otis  Ashmore,  Georgia  Histqrical  Society,  Savannah,  Georgia,  for 
revising  list  of  counties* -\\;\  • 

C.  J.  Bassett,  Secretary*  of  State,  Boise,  Idaho,  for  revising  and 
adding  to  list  of  panties. 

Charles  Evans-, -Chicago  Historical  Society,  who  sent  a  compre- 
hensive.!!^, embracing  most  of  the  important  names  in  his  State. 

Will&tH'R.  Sandham,  Wyoming,  Illinois,  superintendent  of  schools, 
#.6tkfk,  County,  1882-1898,  for  much  valuable  information  concerning 
;    Ihd  nomenclature  of  several  hundred  cities  and  towns,  and  corrections 
*  of  county  names  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 

J.  P.  Dunn,  Indiana  Historical  Society,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  for 
additions  to  and  corrections  of  county  names. 

M.  W.  Davis,  State  Historical  Society,  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  for  much 
valuable  information  about  his  State.  All  of  the  information  con- 
cerning town  names  in  this  State  was  received  from  him. 

George  W.  Martin,  Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  for  much  val- 
uable material  concerning  the  place  names  of  his  State.  In  addition 
to  the  list  of  counties,  he  also  sent  a  great  deal  of  material  concerning 
town  names,  in  which  was  included  information  furnished  by  Mrs. 
N.  R.  Calver. 

Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Morton,  Kentucky  Historical  Society,  Frankfort, 
Kentucky,  for  additions  to  and  revisions  of  names  of  counties. 

William  Beer,  Howard  Memorial  Library,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
for  helpful  references  and  suggestions. 

Grace  King,  Louisiana  Historical  Society,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
for  additions  to  and  corrections  of  parish  names. 

Francis  E.  Sparks,  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, for  valuable  information  regarding  names  of  counties. 

George  Francis  Dow,  Secretary,  The  Essex  Institute,  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, for  additions  to  and  corrections  of  Massachusetts  town  names. 

Samuel  A.  Green,  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, for  references  which  proved  of  great  assistance  in  compiling 
information  concerning  the  State. 

Charles  J.  Taylor,  Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts,  for  nomencla- 
ture of  towns  and  physical  features  in  Massachusetts. 

H.  F.  Keith,  Mount  Washington,  Massachusetts,  for  information 
regarding  the  meanings  of  names  in  the  Berkshire  Hills. 

George  K.  Holmes,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  for  valuable  information  concerning  physical  fea- 
tures in  the  Berkshires,  and  additions  to  place  names  in  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  and  Connecticut. 

C.  M.  Burton,  Michigan  Historical  Society,  Detroit,  Michigan,  for 
assistance  in  collecting  information.  Mr.  Burton  went  to  much  trouble 
to  get  information  concerning  the  names  of  towns  in  his  State,  which 
resulted  in  adding  much  material  to  that  branch  of  the  work. 


GANNETT.]  INTRODUCTION.  9 

Warren  Uphara,  Secretary  The  Minnesota  Historical  Society,  for  a 
revision  of  the  complete  list  of  Minnesota  county  names. 

Franklin  L.  Riley,  Mississippi  Historical  Society,  University,  Mis- 
sissippi, for  information  concerning  town  names  in  his  State. 

G.  C.  Broadhead,  Columbia,  Missouri,  for  additions  to  the  list  of 
Missouri  names. 

Miss  Marjory  Dawson,  Missouri  Historical  Society,  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, for  a  large  amount  of  information  concerning  Missouri  names. 

Mary  C.  Gardner,  Helena  Public  Library,  Helena,  Montana,  for 
numerous  additions  to  the  list  of  town  names  in  Montana. 

Mrs.  Laura  E.  Howey,  Montana  Historical  Library,  Helena,  Mon- 
tana, for  data  concerning  county  and  town  names  in  the  State. 

Eugene  Howell,  by  A.  W.  Morris,  Deputy,  Department  of  State, 
Carson,  Nevada,  for  correcting  list  of  names  of  counties. 

C.  W.  Ernst,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  for  information  concerning 
names  in  New  England. 

N.  F.  Carter,  New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  for  valuable 
references. 

William  Nelson,  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Paterson,  New  Jer- 
sey, for  references,  revision  of  names  of  counties,  and  a  valuable  list 
of  town  names. 

J.  W.  Reynolds,  Secretary  of  New  Mexico,  for  corrections  of  and 
additions  to  list  of  counties. 

F.  J.  H.  Merrill,  Historical  and  Art  Society,  Albany,  New  York, 
for  names  of  towns  in  the  State. 

E.  Tuttle,  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  for 
list  of  town  names. 

William  Strunk,  jr.,  Ithaca,  New  York,  for  corrections  of  trans- 
lations. 

Edwin  Baylies,  LL.D.,  Johnstown,  New  York,  for  translations  of 
German  and  Indian  names  in  New  York. 

Julius  Schoonmaker,  Kingston,  New  York,  for  great  assistance  con- 
cerning town  names. 

Robert  H.  Kelly,  New  York  Historical  Society,  for  additions  to  and 
corrections  of  county  names. 

Kemp  P.  Battle,  Department  of  History,  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina,  for  complete  list  of  town  names. 

E.  F.  Porter,  Secretary  of  State,  Bismarck,  North  Dakota,  for  many 
additions  to  list  of  counties.  Nearly  all  the  information  concerning 
county  names  in  this  State  was  furnished  b}r  him. 

H.  C.  Hawkins,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  for  valuable  additions  to  the  list 
of  Ohio  city  and  town  names. 

Bishop  J.  M.  Levering,  President  Moravian  Historical  Society,  Beth- 
lehem, Pennsylvania,  for  much  valuable  information  concerning  the 
names  of  towns  in  Pennsylvania. 


10  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES,  [bull.  258. 

John  W.  Jordan,  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  for  much  valuable  aid.  Names  of  counties,  towns,  and 
natural  features  were  sent  by  him. 

A  large  amount  of  material  has  been  drawn  from  manuscript  books 
compiled  by  Mr.  Watkins,  of  Beaver,  Pennsylvania. 

Clarence  S.  Brigham,  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  for  numerous 
references  concerning  names  in  his  State. 

A.  S.  Salley,  South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  for  much  material  of  value  in  connection  with  the  State 
names.  Complete  lists  of  county  and  town  names  were  sent  by  him, 
also  information  concerning  his  State  not  otherwise  available. 

Doane  Robinson,  Department  of  History,  Sioux  Falls,  South  Dakota, 
for  names  of  counties  and  many  town  names. 

Charles  P.  Garrison,  Texas  Historical  Society,  Austin,  Texas,  for 
list  of  town  names. 

Mrs.  E.  W.  Parker,  for  county  names  in  Texas.  Through  her  cour- 
tesy and  kindness  were  obtained  the  origins  of  nearly  all  the  county 
names  of  that  State. 

Joseph  A.  De  Boer,  Vermont  Historical  Society,  Montpelier,  Ver- 
mont, for  list  of  county  and  town  names. 

John  M.  Comstock,  Chelsea,  Vermont,  for  list  of  town  names  in 
Orange  County. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  for  corrected  list  of  names  of  counties. 

Edward  N.  Fuller,  Washington  Historical  Society,  Tacoina,  Wash- 
ington, for  references  and  other  assistance. 

J.  P.  Hale,  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Society,  Charleston,  West 
Virginia,  for  material  in  the  shape  of  county  and  town  lists. 

Joseph  Barry,  Harpers  Ferry,  West  Virginia,  for  information  relat- 
ing to  towns  in  that  State. 

Hu  Maxwell,  Treasurer,  Trans- Allegheny  Historical  Society,  Mor- 
gantown,  West  Virginia,  for  additions  to  lists  of  counties,  towns,  and 
natural  features  in  West  Virginia. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  for  much  material,  valuable  suggestions,  and  references, 
especially  in  the  way  of  putting  me  into  communication  with  other 
sources  of  information. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  many  courteous  and  useful  letters  have 
been  received  from  county  clerks,  treasurers,  and  other  State  and 
county  officials,  all  of  whom  have  shown  interest  and  have  furnished 
all  the  material  in  their  power. 

AUTHORITIES. 

Information  was  obtained  from  the  following  books,  two  and  three 
authorities  being  quoted  in  cases  where  differing  opinions  exist  con- 
cerning  origins: 


oaknktt.]  INTRODUCTION.  11 

INDIAN   NAMES. 

The  Aboriginal  Races  of  North  America,  by  Samuel  G.  Drake;  fifteenth  edition, 
revised  by  Prof.  H.  L.  Williams. 

The  American  Indian,  by  Elijah  M.  Haines,  1888. 

League  of  the  Iroquois,  by  L.  H.  Morgan,  1857. 

Indian  Local  Names,  with  their  Interpretations,  by  S.  G.  Boyd,  1885. 

Algonquin  Series,  by  W.  W.  Tooker. 

The  Story  of  the  Indian,  by  George  Bird  Grinnell. 

The  Siouan  Tribes  of  the  East,  by  James  Mooney:  Bulletin  22  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology. 

Indian  Linguistic  Families  of  America  North  of  Mexico,  by  J.  W.  Powell:  Seventh 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  1-142. 

The  Ghost-dance  Religion  and  the  Sioux  Outbreak  of  1890,  by  James  Mooney: 
Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  641-1110. 

Calendar  History  of  the  Kiowa  Indians,  by  James  Mooney:  Seventeenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  129-445. 

Tribes  of  the  Extreme  Northwest,  by  W.  H.  Dall:  Contributions  to  North  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  Vol.  I. 

Vocabularies  of  Tribes  of  the  Extreme  Northwest,  by  W.  H.  Dall:  Contributions 
to  North  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  I,  pp.  121-153. 

Cherokee  Nation  of  Indians,  by  Charles  C.  Royce:  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  121-378. 

The  Menomini  Indians,  by  W.  J.  Hoffman:  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  3-328. 

Klamath  Indians  of  Southwestern  Oregon,  by  Albert  Samuel  Gatschet:  Contribu- 
tions to  North  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  II,  1890. 

The  Seminole  Indians  of  Florida,  by  Clay  MacCauley:  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  pp.  469-531 . 

Tribes  of  California,  by  Stephen  Powers:  Contributions  to  American  Ethnology, 
Vol.  III. 

Dakota- English  Dictionary,  by  Stephen  R.  Riggs:  Contributions  to  North  American 
Ethnology,  Vol.  VII. 

Pamunkey  Indians  of  Virginia,  by  John  Garland  Pollard:  Bulletin  17  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology, 

Tribes  of  Western  Washington,  by  George  Gibbs:  Contributions  to  North  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  Vol.  I,  pp.  157-241. 

INDIVIDUAL   STATES. 

ALABAMA. 

History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi,  by  Albert  James  Pickett. 

ARKANSAS. 

A  Journal  of  Travels  into  the  Arkansas  Territory,  by  Thomas  Nuttalls,  1821. 
Some  Old  French  Place  Names  in  the  State  of  Arkansas,  by  John  C.  Branner. 

CALIFORNIA. 

History  of  the  State  of  California,  by  John  Frost. 
History  of  the  State  of  California,  by  Miguel  Venegas. 

Report  of  Exploring  Expedition  to  Oregon  and  California,  1843-44,  by  John  Charles 
Fremont:  Senate  Doc.,  Twenty -eighth  Congress,  second  session. 
History  of  Oregon  and  California,  by  Robert  Greenhow,  1Mb. 


12  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  268. 


CONNECTICUT. 


Gazetteer  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  by  J.  C.  Pease  and  J.  M.  Niles,  1819. 
Indian  Names  of  Places  in  Connecticut,  by  J.  H.  Trumbull. 
Connecticut  Historical  Collections,  by  J.  W.  Barber,  1849. 


FLORIDA. 


Gazetteer  of  Florida,  by  Adiel  Sherwood. 

Handbook  of  Florida,  by  Charles  Ledyard  Norton,  1890. 


GEORGIA. 


Gazetteer  of  Georgia,  by  Adiel  Sherwood,  1829. 
History  of  Georgia,  by  William  Bacon  Stevens. 
History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi,  by  Albert  James  Pickett. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana  Gazetteer  or  Topographical  Dictionary,  published  by  E.  Chamberlain,  1849. 
History  of  Indiana  to  1856,  by  John  B.  Dillon,  1859. 
Indiana,  by  J.  P.  Dunn. 

KENTUCKY. 

Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky,  by  Lewis  Collins,  1848. 

LOUISIANA. 

A  Description  of  Louisiana,  by  Father  Louis  Hennepin,  Translated  from  the  Edition 
of  1683,  and  Compiled  with  Nouvelle  Decouverte,  the  La  Salle  Documents,  and  Other 
Contemporaneous  Papers,  by  John  Gilmary  Shea,  1880. 

MAINE. 

History  of  Maine  to  1842,  by  George  J.  Varney,  1873. 

Gazetteer  of  Maine,  by  N.  E.  Hay  ward. 

History  of  Maine,  1602-1820,  by  W.  D.  Williamson,  1832. 

Collections  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  1847-1859.     (In  seven  volumes. ) 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

■ 

Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  by  Rev.  Elias  Nason,  1874. 

Historical  Collections  Relating  to  Every  Town  in  Massachusetts,  by  John  Warner 
Barber,  1846. 

Gazetteer  of  Massachusetts,  by  J.  Hayward,  1847. 

The  Indian  Names  of  Boston  and  Their  Meaning,  by  Eben  Norton  Hosford:  New 
England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  Vol.  XL,  1886,  pp.  94-103. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  Vol.  XII,  1873. 

MICHIGAN. 

Gazetteer  of  Michigan,  by  John  T.  Blois,  1840. 

Memorials  of  a  Half  Century  in  Michigan  and  the  Lake  Region,  by  Bela  Hubbard. 

Mississippi. 

A  History  of  Mississippi  from  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  River  by  Hernando  de 
Soto,  Including  the  Earliest  Settlements  Made  by  the  French  under  Iberville  to  the 
Death  of  Jefferson,  by  Robert  Lowry  and  William  H.  McCardle. 

Mississippi  River,  by  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft. 

History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi,  by  Albert  James  Pickett. 


oanmctt.]  INTRODUCTION.  13 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire,  by  Alonzo  J.  Fogg. 

New  Hampshire  State  Papers. 

New  Hampshire  Town  Papers. 

Manual  of  the  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

Gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire,  by  J.  Hay  ward,  1849. 

Gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire,  by  J.  Farmer  and  J.  B.  Moore,  1823. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Gazetteer  of  New  Jersey,  by  Thomas  F.  Gordon,  1834. 
Historical  Collections  of  New  Jersey,  by  J.  W.  Barber  and  H.  Howe. 
Indian  Names  in  New  Jersey,  by  T.  Gordon:  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of 
New  Jersey,  1844,  p.  512. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Historical  Sketches  of  New  Mexico,  by  Le  Baron  Bradford  Prince,  1883. 
Doniphan's  Expedition,  by  John  T.  Hughes,  1849. 

NEW  YORK. 

History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  1609-1664,  by  John  Romeyn  Brodhead. 

Gazetteer  of  New  York,  by  Thomas  F.  Gordon,  1836. 

Gazetteer  of  New  York,  by  Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  1813. 

New  York  State  Register,  by  Orville  Luther  Holley,  1843. 

History  of  Lewis  County,  1860. 

History  of  St  Lawrence  and  Franklin  Counties,  by  Franklin  B.  Hough. 

New  York  State  Register,  by  John  Disturnell,  1858. 

Historical  Collections  of  New  York,  1524-1845,  by  J.  W.  Barber  and  H.  Howe,  1845. 

History  of  the  Late  Province  of  New  York  to  1732,  by  W.  Smith,  1757. 

OHIO. 

Gazetteer  of  Ohio,  by  John  Kilbourn,  1821. 
Pioneer  History  of  Ohio,  by  S.  P.  Hildreth. 

Biographical  and  Historical  Memoirs  of  the  Early  Pioneer  Settlers  of  Ohio,  by 
S.  P.  Hildreth. 
Historical  Collections  of  Ohio,  by  Henry  Howe.     (Three  volumes  in  two ) :  1889, 189  V 
Ohio  Gazetteer,  by  Warren  Jenkins,  1837. 

OREGON. 

History  of  Oregon,  by  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  1886. 

Report  of  the  Exploring  Expedition  to  Oregon  and  North  California,  1843-44,  I  y 
John  Charles  Fremont:  Senate  Doc,  Twenty-eighth  Congress,  second  session. 

History  of  Oregon  and  California,  by  Robert  Greenhow,  1845. 

Oregon;  the  Struggle  for  Possession,  by  William  Barrows,  1884. 

Mountains  of  Oregon,  by  W.  G.  Steel. 

Tribes  of  Western  Washington  and  Northwestern  Oregon,  by  George  Gibbs:  Con- 
tributions to  North  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  I,  1877,  pp.  157-241. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Historical  Collections  of  Pennsylvania  (1680-1778);  by  S.  Day,  1843. 
History  of  Pennsylvania  to  1776,  by  Thomas  F.  Gordon,  1829. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Gazetteer  of  Rhode  Island,  by  Pease  and  Niles. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  1886-S7,  p^.  \<L-§\ 


14  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Indian  Names  of  Places  in  Rhode  Island,  by  U.  Parsons,  1861. 

Gazetteer  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  by  J.  C.  Pease  and  J.  M.  Niles,  1819. 

SOUTH   CAHOLINA. 

Historical  Collections  of  South  Carolina,  by  B.  R.  Carroll,  1836. 

Documents  Connected  with  the  History  of  South  Carolina,  by  P.  C.  J.  Weston. 

Collections  of  the  South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  Vols.  I-V,  1857-1897. 

TENNESSEE. 

History  of  Tennessee;  the  Making  of  a  State,  by  James  Phelan. 

UTAH. 

Exploration  and  Survey  of  the  Valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah,  by  Howard 
Stansbury:  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  3,  special  session,  March,  1851. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont  Historical  Gazetteer,  by  A.  B.  Hemenway,  1867-1871. 

VIRGINIA. 

Historical  Collections  of  Virginia:  Virginia  Historical  Society  publications. 
History  of  Virginia  to  1754,  by  W.  H.  Brockenbrough:  History  of  Virginia,  by 
Joseph  Martin,  1835. 

WASHINGTON. 

Tribes  of  Western  Washington  and  Northwestern  Oregon,  by  George  Gibbs:  Con- 
tribution to  North  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  I,  1877,  pp.  157-241. 
History  of  Washington,  by  Elwood  Evans. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Canoe  Voyage  up  the  Minnay  Sotor,  by  George  William  Featherstonehaugh. 

Astoria,  by  Washington  Irving. 

Henry -Thompson  Journals,  by  Elliot  Coues. 

The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  by  Elliot  Coues.  (Three  volumes, 
1895.) 

History  of  the  Expedition  under  Lewis  and  Clark,  by  Elliot  Coues,  Philadelphia 
American  Philosophical  Society,  pp.  17-33,  1893. 

Account  of  an  Expedition  from  Pittsburg  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  under  the  Com- 
mand of  Maj.  Stephen  H.  Long.    Compiled  by  Edwin  James.    (Three  volumes,  1823. ) 

Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Source  of  St.  Peters  River,  Lake  Winnepeek, 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  etc.,  under  the  Command  of  Stephen  H.  Long,  by  William  H. 
Keating.     (Two  volumes,  1825. ) 

The  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville,  or  Scenes  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  Far  West,  by  Washington  Irving,  1850. 

Yellowstone  Park,  by  H.  M.  Chittenden. 

Geographical  Names  as  Monuments  of  History:  Transactions  of  the  Oneida  Histor- 
ical Society,  No.  5,  1889-1892. 

Report  of  Reconnaissance  of  Northwestern  Wyoming,  Including  the  Yellowstone 
Park,  in  1873,  by  William  A.  Jones,  1875. 

Exploration  of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West,  by  J.  W.  Powell,  1875. 

Report  upon  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West,  by  Joseph  C.  Ives:  Senate  Doc, 
Thirty-sixth  Congress. 

Excursion  to  the  Grand  Cafion  of  the  Colorado,  by  W.  M.  Davis. 

Colorado  Exploring  Expedition,  by  Joseph  C.  Ives:  War  Department,  Office 
Explorations  and  Surveys,  pp.  31-42,  1859. 


THE  NAMES  AND  THEIR  ORIGIN. 


Aaronsburg;  town  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Aaron  Levy,  who 

laid  it  out  in  1786. 
Abahtacook;  creek  in  Maine,  branch  of  the  Matamiscontis  River.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "stream  that  runs  parallel  with  a  big  river." 
Abajo;  mountains  in  Utah.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "low." 
Abanako ;  village  in  Van  Wert  County,  Ohio,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe.    The 

word  means  "the  east  land." 
Abaquage ;  pond  near  the  source  of  Little  River,  Connecticut     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "flaggy  meadow." 
Abbeville ;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  settled  and  named 

by  immigrants  from  France,  for  the  French  town  of  that  name. 
Abbot ;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Prof.  John  Abbot,  treasurer 

of  Bowdoin  College. 
Abbotsford ;  village  in  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  home  of  Sir 

Walter  Scott. 
Abbott ;  village  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Albert  F.  Abbott,  who 

platted  it. 
Abbott8town ;  town  in  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Abbott,  who 

laid  it  out  in  1753. 
Aberdeen ;  city  in  Monroe  County,  Mississippi,  town  in  Moore  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  numerous  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  Scotland. 
Abert ;  lake  in  Oregon,  named  for  Col.  J.  J.  Abert,  topographical  engineer,  United 

States  Army. 
Abiathar ;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  Charles  Abiathar  White, 

of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Abilene ;  city  in  Dickinson  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  Charlotte  County,  Vir- 
ginia, named  from  the  province  of  ancient  Syria.     The  word,  means  "grassy 

plain." 
Abilene ;  city  in  Taylor  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  city  in  Kansas. 
Abingdon;  city  in  Knox  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Abingdon,  Maryland,  the 

birth  place  of  one  of  its  founders. 
Abingdon;  village  in  Harford  County,  Maryland,  town  in  Washington  County,  Vir- 
ginia, and  several  other  places,  named  generally  from  the  borough  in  Berkshire, 

England. 
Abington;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  and  several  other  places, 

named  from  the  parish  of  Cambridgeshire,  England. 
Ableman;  village  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Col.  S.  V.  R.  Ableman, 

who  settled  there  in  1851. 
Abocadneticook;  creek  in  Maine,  a  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "stream  narrowed  by  the  mountains." 
Aboljackarmegas;  creek  in  Maine,  a  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River,  at  the  foot  of 

Mount  Katahdin.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "bare"  or  "YkM." 


16  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Abrigada;  hill  in  Waterbury,  Connecticut,  having  on  its  side  a  deep  cavern-like 
cliff  called  the  "Indian  House/'  hence  the  name,  which  is  a  Spanish  word  mean- 
ing " shelter"  or  "hiding  place.' ' 

Absaroka;  range  of  mountains  in  Wyoming,  named  from  the  native  name  of  the 
Crow  Indians.  Grinnell  says  the  word  refers  to  some  kind  of  a  bird,  possibly 
crows. 

Acabonack;  harbor  in  Long  Island.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "root  place," 
applied  to  the  harbor  from  the  meadows  near,  where  the  Indians  found  roots 
which  they  prized. 

Acadia;  parish  in  Louisiana,  and  villages  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  and  Lee 
County,  Virginia,  named  from  Acadia,  the  original  name  of  Nova  Scotia.  The 
word  is  the  French  form  of  the  Indian  word  akadi,  "where  there  is,"  "where 
there  are, ' '  "  where  are  found. ' ' 

Acama;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  From  the  Spanish,  meaning 
"place  of  repose." 

Acampo;  village,  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"  portion  of  common  given  to  herds  for  pasture." 

Accomac;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Virginia.  An  Indian  word  which 
seems  to  mean  "  on  the  other  side." 

Acequia;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Colorado.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  canal" 
or  "channel." 

Acerico;  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  pin 
cushion"  or  "small  pillow." 

Aceyedan;  creek  in  Iowa.  An  Indian  word,  doubtfully  said  to  mean  "  place  of 
weeping." 

Ackerman;  town  in  Choctaw  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  landowner. 

Ackley;  town  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  laid  out  in  1857  by  J.  W.  Ackley. 

Acme;  village  in  Grand  Traverse  County,  Michigan.  A  Greek  word  meaning 
"summit." 

Acolito;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "acolyte." 

Acorn;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  from  the  oak  trees  in  the 
vicinity,  conspicuous  in  a  pine  district. 

Acquackanonk;  township  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "  where  gum  blocks  were  made  (or  procured)  for  pounding  corn." 

Acquehadongonock;  point  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word  said  to  mean  "  smoked 
fish  point." 

Acton;  station  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  and  town  in  York  County,  Maine, 
named  from  Acton,  Massachusetts. 

Acton;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  England. 

Acushnet;  town  and  river  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts.  The  name  of  an  Indian 
village  which  occupied  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  New  Bedford. 

Ac  worth;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  in  honor  of  Lord 
Acworth. 

Ada;  county  in  Idaho,  named  for  the  eldest  daughter  of  H.  C.  Riggs. 

Ada;  town  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Sidney  Smith. 

Ada;  village  in  Norman  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  daughter  of  W.  H. 
Fisher,  a  railroad  official. 
Adair;  counties  in  Iowa,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri; 

Adairville;  town  in  Logan  County,  Kentucky.    Named  for  Gen.  John  Adair,  gov- 
ernor of  Kentucky. 

Adams;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Alva  Adams,  a  former  governor  of  the  State. 

Adams;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  President  John 
Quincy  Adams, 


{ 


OANNKTT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  17 

Adams;  counties  in  Iowa  and  Mississippi;  peak  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New 

Hampshire;  village  in  Herkimer  County  and  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New 

York;  county  in  Ohio;  point  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  in  Oregon; 

county  in  Pennsylvania;  and  county  and  mountain  in  Washington;  named  for 

President  John  Adams. 
Adams;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Samuel  Adams. 
Adams;  village  in  Gage  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  an  early  settler,  J.  0.  Adams. 
Adams;  town  in  Robertson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  the  owner  of  the  town 

site,  Reuben  Adams. 
Adams,  J.  Q.;  peak  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  President  John  Quincy  Adams. 
Adamsboro;  village  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  named  for  George  E.  Adams,  its 

founder. 
Adamsburg;  borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Adamstown;  borough  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.     Said  to  have  been 

named  for  President  John  Adams. 
Addison;  towns  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  and  Steul>en  County,  New  York, 

township  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  county,  and  town  in  same 

county,  in  Vermont,  named  for  the  English  writer,  Joseph  Addison. 
Addison;  town  in  Webster  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Addison  McLaughlin, 

a  prominent  lawyer. 
Adel;  town  in  Dallas  County,  Iowa.    So  named  from  its  situation  on  a  dell  of  North 

Raccoon  River;  formerly  written  Adell. 
Adelante;  poet-office  in  Najw  County,   California.     A    Spanish    word    meaning 

"forward,"  "onward." 
Adena;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  home  or  country  seat  of  the 

late  Governor  Worthington,  of  Ohio,  which  was  in  Ross  County.    The  word 

means  "paradise." 
Adirondacks;  village  in  Warren  County,  and  mountains,  in  New  York.     Derived 

from  the  Canienga  (Mohawk)  Iroquois  language,  in  which  the  original  form  is 

r&tlrwUaks,  meaning  "bark  eaters." 
Admiralty;  inlet  in  Washington  named  by  Vancouver,  the  English  explorer,  for 

incumbent  in  the  Admiralty. 
Adobe;  station  in  Kern  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  a  "sun- 
dried  brick." 
Adrian;  city  in    Lenawee  County,   Michigan,  named  for   the  Roman   Emperor 

Hadrian  or  Adrian. 
Advance;  village  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  named  in  anticipation  of  the  Midland 

Railroad  passing  through  the  region. 
2Btna  Hot  Springs;  village  and  springs  in  Napa  County,  California,  named  from 

Mount  iEtna  in  Sicily. 
Alton;  town  in  Union  County,  Iowa,  laid  out  in  1854  and  named  by  Mrs.  Baker, 

wife  of  one  of  the  proprietors,  from  the  little  river  in  Scotland  immortalized  by 

Burns.    Many  other  places  bear  the  same  name. 
Agamenticus;  mountain  in  York  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "on 

the  other  side  of  the  river." 
Agassiz;  mountains  in  Arizona  and  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Louis  J.  R.  Agassiz, 

the  Swiss  naturalist. 
Agate;  bay  in  Lake  Superior,  Michigan,  and  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named 

from  the  agates  found  in  them. 

.warn;  river,  and  town  in  Hampden  County,  in  Massachusetts.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "lowland,"  "marsh,"  or  "meadow." 

ncy;  town  in  Wapello  County,  Iowa,  and  village  in  Buchanan  County,  Mis- 
souri, which  were  formerly  Indian  agencies. 

Ball  258— OS 2 


18  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Agua  Oaliente;  village  in  Maricopa  County,  Arizona,  and  township  in  San  Diego 
County,  and  village  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  hot 
springs.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "hot  water." 

Agua  de  Vida;  town  and  springs  in  Alameda  County,  California.  A  Spanish 
phrase  meaning  "  water  of  life." 

Agua  Dulce;  creek  in  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  " sweet  water." 

Agua  Fria;  valley  in  Yavapai  County,  and  river  in  Arizona,  village  in  Mariposa 
County,  California/ and  peak  and  village  in  Santa  F6  County,  New  Mexico.  A 
Spanish  phrase  meaning  "cold  water." 

Agua  Hedionda;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  from  the  sulphur 
springs.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "stinking  water." 

Agua  Tibia;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase,  translated 
as  "flute  water." 

Ahiki;  eastern  tributary  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia.  An  Indian  word, 
ahi-iki,  meaning  "sweet  potato  mother." 

Aiken;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  William 
Aiken,  governor  of  the  State  in  1844-1846. 

Aikin;  landing  and  swamp  in  Chesterfield  County,  Virginia,  named  for  the  late 
owTner,  Albert  Aikin. 

Ain8 worth;  town  in  Washington  County,  Iowa,  named  for  D.  H.  Ainsworth,  a 
civil  engineer. 

Ainsworth;  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  in  Franklin  County,  Washing- 
ton, named  for  J.  C.  Ainsworth,  a  prominent  western  railroad  man. 

Aitkin;  county,  and  township  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named 
for  Samuel  Aiken  or  Aitken,  an  old  trapper  and  fur  dealer. 

Ajax;  villages  in  Nevada  and  Santa  Barbara  counties,  California,  named  for  the 
Greek  hero  of  Homer's  Iliad. 

Akron;  town  in  Washington  County,  Colorado,  and  village  in  Erie  County,  New 
York,  named  from  the  city  in  Ohio. 

Akron;  city  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  which  occupies  the  highest  ground  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  and  several  other  places  so  named  on  account  of  their 
elevation.     A  Greek  word  meaning  "summit"  or  "peak." 

Alabama;  settlement  in  Fresno  County,  gulch  in  Inyo  County,  mine  in  Placer 
County,  and  township  in  Sacramento  County,  California,  named  from  the  State. 
Alabama;  State  of  the  Union  and  a  river  in  that  State; 

Alabama  City;  town  in  Etowah  County,  Alabama,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Gatschet  gives  the  meaning  as  "burnt  clearing."  Haines,  in  his  "American 
Indian,"  gives  "thicket  clearer." 

Alabaster;  mount  in  Arkansas  whose  summit  is  composed  of  alabaster. 

Alabaster;  town  in  Eldorado  County,  California,  named  from  the  gypsum  deposits 
in  the  vicinity. 

Alabaster;  post-office  in  Iosco  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  its  quarry  of  gyp- 
sum and  manufactory  of  calcined  plaster. 

Alachua;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Florida.  An  Indian  word,  the  mean- 
ing of  which  is  variously  interpreted  as  alachun  savanna,  "grassy,  marshy  plain." 
The  name  is  of  the  Creek  or  Maskoki  language. 

Alamance;  county  and  creek  in  North  Carolina.  The  word  is  said  to  have  been 
given  by  Germans,  from  Allamanca,  who  settled  in  the  valley  of  the  creek,  which 
received  the  name  first.     Some  authorities  say  it  is  of  Indian  origin. 

Alameda;  village  in  Clarke  County,  Alabama,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in 
California,  and  town  in  Bernalillo  County,  New  Mexico.  A  Spanish  word, 
meaning  "poplar  grove,"  or,  in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  word,  a  "promenade." 

Alamitos;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  and  beach  in  Los  Angeles  County,  Cali- 
lornia.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "little  poplars. 


»* 


oaiwctt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  19 

Alamo;  post-office  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  and  many  other  places,  named 

from  the  old  fort  in  Texas,  which  was  so  called  from  a  grove  of  cottonwood 

trees.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  poplar"  or  "cotton wood." 
Alaxnogordo;  city  in  Otero  County,  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "large 

poplar"  or  "large  cottonwood." 
Alamoosook;  pond  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  near  Orland.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "little  dog  place." 
Alamosa;  town  in  Conejos  County  and  stream  in  Colorado.    The  stream  was  named 

by  the  early  Spanish  explorers,  the  town  taking  its  name  from  the  stream.     A 

Spanish  word,  meaning  "shaded  with  elms,"  though  cottonwood  is  the  actual 

growth. 
Alaqua;  river  and  town  in  Walton  County,  Florida.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"sweet  gum." 
Alaska;  Territory  of  the  United  States.     Possibly  from  the   Esquimaux  word 

dlakshak,  peninsula. 
Albany;  township  and  village  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  county  in  Wyoming, 

and  many  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 
Albany;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  York,  named  for  the  Duke  of 

York,  whose  Scotch  title  was  "Duke  of  Albany,"  afterwards  James  II  of  England. 
Albemarle;  town  in  Stanly  County  and  sound  in  North  Carolina,  and  county  in 

Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  George  Monk,  Earl  of  Albemarle,  one  of  the  original 

proprietors. 
Alberhill;  railroad  station  and  mine  in  Riverside  County,  California,  named  for  the 

owners,  Albera  and  Hill. 
Albert  Lea;  lake  in  Freeborn  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Lieut.  Albert  M.  Lea, 

who  explored  the  "Blackhawk  Purchase"  and  published  an  account  of  his 

explorations  in  1836. 
Albert  Lea;  city  in  Freeborn  County,  Minnesota,  between  two  lakes,  from  one  of 

which  it  derives  its  name. 
Albertville;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Alabama,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Albina;  village,  now  a  part  of  Portland,  Oregon,  named  for  the  wife  of  Judge  Page, 

of  Portland. 
Albion;  town  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  and  many  other  places  named  from  the 

ancient  name  of  England. 
Albion  Hills;  village  in  Nevada  County,  California,  the  name  being  suggested  by 

the  white  bluffs. 
Albuquerque;  city  in  Bernalillo  County,  New  Mexico,  named  for  the  Spanish  Duke 

of  Albuquerque,  who  visited  this  spot  in  1703-1710.     From  the  Latin,  quercus 

albusy  meaning  "white  oak." 
Alburg;  town  in  Grand  Isle  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Gen.  Ira  Allen,  one  of 

the  original  grantees. 
Alcalde;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "judge." 
Alcatraz;  island  and  post-office  in  San  Francisco  County,  California.     A  Spanish 

word,  meaning  "pelican." 
Alcona;  county,  and  post-office  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.     An  Indian  form, 

manufactured  by  Schoolcraft,  meaning  "unknown." 
Alcorn;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  James  L.  Alcorn,  governor  of  the  State  in 

1870-71. 
Alden;  town  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Henry  Alden,  who  settled  there 

in  1854. 
Alden;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  by  one  of  its  citizens  for  his  wife's 

mother. 
Alderson;  town  in  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  RftN.  3qYmi  kVS&rasv^ 

pioneer  settler 


20  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Aldie;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  village  in  Italy. 

Aledo;  city  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  first  settler  from  Aledo  in 
Spain. 

Aleutian;  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  A  derivation  of  the  Russian  word  aleaut, 
meaning  "bald  rock." 

Alexander;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  William  M.  Alexander,  a  pioneer. 

Alexander;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  T.  Alexander,  a 
prominent  landowner. 

Alexander;  village  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  for  Alexander  Rea,  first 
settler  and  State  senator. 

Alexander;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  several  prominent  citizens:  Wil- 
liam J.  Alexander,  State  solicitor;  Gov.  Nathaniel  Alexander,  and  J.  McNitt 
Alexander,  secretary  of  the  Mecklenburg  Congress. 

Alexander;  lake  in  Connecticut,  named  for  Nell  Alexander,  who  was  owner  of  a 
large  tract  in  the  town  of  Killingly,  Connecticut 

Alexandria;  town  in  Rapides  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  Alexander  Futton,  one 
of  the  original  proprietors,  and  a  benefactor  of  the  town. 

Alexandria;  township  and  village  in  Douglas  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Alex- 
ander Kincaid,  a  pioneer  settler. 

Alexandria;  village  in  Thayer  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  S.  J.  Alexander,  sec- 
retary of  state. 

Alexandria;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York;  named  for  Alexander  Le  Ray, 
son  of  J.  D.  Le  Ray,  who  fell  in  a  duel  in  1836. 

Alexandria;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  a  prominent 
family  of  early  settlers. 

Alexandria  Bay;  bay  and  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York;  named  for  Alex- 
ander Le  Ray. 

Alexis;  village  in  Warren  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  crown  prince' of  Russia  at 
the  time  it  was  founded. 

Alford;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Hon.  John  A 1  ford,  of 
Charlestown. 

Alfordsville;  village  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  named  for  James  Alford,  who  built 
the  first  house. 

Alfred;  towns  in  York  County,  Maine,  and  Allegheny  County,  New  York,  named  for 
King  Alfred  the  Great,  of  England. 

Algansee;  township  and  post-office  in  Branch  County,  Michigan.     An  Indian  form 
manufactured   by  Schoolcraft,   from  Ojibwa  roots,  and    intended    to    signify 
" Algonquin  lake." 

Alger;  county  in  Michigan,  and  village  in  Hardin  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Hon. 
Russell  A.  Alger,  Secretary  of  War  during  President  McKinley's  administration. 

Algodones;  villages  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  and  Sandoval  County,  New 
Mexico.    A  Spanish  word,  meaning  " cotton  plants." 

Algoma;  city  in  Kewaunee  County,  Wisconsin,  and  places  in  several  other  States. 
An  Indian  word  formed  by  Schoolcraft  from  Algonquin  and  goma,  meaning 
"Algonquin  waters." 

Algona;  city  in  Kossuth  County,  Iowa,  and  post-office  in  Jefferson  County,  New 
York.  An  Indian  word,  probably  meaning  the  same  as  Alyoma,  " Algonquin 
waters.' ' 

Algonac;  village  in  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan.  An  Indian  derivative,  manufac- 
tured by  Schoolcraft,  compounded  from  Algonquin  and  auke,  meaning  "land  of 
the  Algons." 

Algonquin;  village  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named  by  Samuel  Edwards,  an 
early  settler,  from  a  vessel  on  which  he  had  served. 


qannktt.J  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  21 

Algonquin;  post-offices  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  and  Carroll  County,  Ohio, 

named  from  a  prominent  Indian  tribe.    The  word  seems  to  mean  "(people)  on 

the  other  side,"  or  " eel-spring  place." 
Alhambra;  post-office  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  village  in  Madison  County, 

Illinois,  and  six  other  places,  named  from  the  palace  in  Spain. 
Aliquippa;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  Delaware  Indian 

woman.    Said  to  mean  ''hat,"  and  also  spelled  Allegrippus  in  early  period. 
Aliso;  villages  in  Orange  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  California.     A  Spanish  word 

meaning  " alder  tree." 
Alkali;  creek  in  Montana,  so  named  from  the  alkaline  quality  of  the  water. 
Allagaah;  principal  branch  of  St.  Johns  River,  and  plantation  and  post-office  in 

Aroostook  County,  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "bark  cabin  lake."    The 

Indians  had  a  hunting  camp  near  the  headwaters  of  the  river,  hence  the  name. 
Allamakee;  county  in  Iowa.    The  Iowa  Historical  Society  says  it  was  named  for 

Allen  Makee,  an  Indian  trader. 
Allegan;  county,  and  village  in  same  county  in  Michigan; 
Allegany;  county  in  Maryland,  county,  and  town  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New 

York,  and  post-office  in  Coos  County,  Oregon; 
Alleghany;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia; 

Allegheny;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Pennsylvania,  and  moun- 
tains in  the  eastern  United  States.    A  corruption  of  the  Delaware  Indian  name 

for  the  Allegheny  and  Ohio  rivers,  the  meaning  of  the  name  being  lost. 
Alleghany ;  village  and  mining  camp  in  Sierra  County,  California,  named  by  early 

settlers  from  Alleghany,  Pennsylvania. 
AUemands;  town  in  St.  Charles  Parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  Bayou  des  Alle- 

mands,  "bayou  of  the  Germans." 
Allen;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Col.  William  Allen,  of  Kentucky. 
Allen;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  William  Allen,  United  States  Senator  from 

Ohio,  1837-1849. 
Allen;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  John  Allen,  who  fell  at  the 

battle  of  Raisin  River,  in  the  war  of  1812. 
Allen;  township  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Allen, 

of  Pennsylvania,  at  one  time  chief  justice  of  the  province. 
Allendale;  village  in  Wabash  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  contractor. 
Allendale;  town  in  Barnwell  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Allen  family, 

prominent  in  that  district. 
AUenhill;  post-office  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  named  for  Nathaniel  Allen, 

one  of  the  first  settlers. 
AUenatown;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Samuel  Allen, 

to  whose  children  the  grant  was  made  in  1722. 
AUentown;    borough  in  Monmouth  County,   New  Jersey,  and  city  in   Lehigh 

County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Allen,  of  Pennsylvania,  at  one  time 

chief  justice  of  the  province. 
Allerton;  village  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Samuel  Allerton,  founder 

and  extensive  land  owner. 
Alliance;  city  in  Stark  County,  Ohio, -so  named  l>ecau8e  of  its  location  midway  the 

towns  of  Freedom  and  Mount  Union,  and  also  as  the  union  of  two  railroads. 
Alligator;  river  and  swamp  in  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  of  the  numerous 

alligators. 
Allin;  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  James  Allin,  a  pioneer. 
Alio  way ;  township  in  Salem  County,  and  creek  in  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  resident 

Indian  chief. 


22  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

AUred;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  L.  J.  AUred,  member  of  the  territorial 

council. 
AUuxn;  pond  in  Connecticut,  named  for  a  Quinebaug  captain.    The  word  signifies 

"dog"  in  the  local  Indian  dialect. 
Alma;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "spirit 

of  man." 
Alma;  town  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  named  by  Mr.  James,  a  merchant,  for  his 

wife. 
Alma;  township  and  village  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  city  in  Wabaunsee  County, 

Kansas,  and  village  in  Gratiot  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  battlefield  in 

the  Crimea,  where  the  allied  French,  English,  and  Turkish  troops  triumphed 

over  Russia,  September  20,  1854. 
Alma;  city  in  Harlan  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  daughter  of  one  of  the  first 

settlers. 
Almaden;  township  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  containing  mines  of  mercury. 

These  mines  are  named  from  the  quicksilver  mines  in  Spain. 
Almond;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the  almond 

orchards  in  the  vicinity. 
Alxnont;  village  in  Lapeer  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  Mexican  general, 

Almonte. 
Alpena;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  and  village  in  Jerauld  County, 

South  Dakota.    An  Indian  form  manufactured  by  Schoolcraft  from  Algonquin, 

and  jenaisee,  bird,  in  the  Ojibwa  language. 
Alpha;  village  in  Nevada  County,  California,  and  township  and  village  in  Henry 

County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  first  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  signifying 

"the  beginning.' ' 
Alpine;  county  in  California,  so  named  because  of  its  mountainous  surface,  being 

traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada.    Many  places  in  the  United  States  bear  this 

name  in  reference  to  their  elevation. 
Alta;  village  in  Placer  County,  California;  town  in  Buena  Vista  County,  Iowa,  and 

post-office  and  mining  camp  in  Salt  Lake  County,  Utah.     A  Latin  word  meaning 

"high."    Many  other  places  bear  this  name  with  reference  to  their  elevation. 
Alta;  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  highest  point  between  Peoria 

and  Rock  Island. 
Altadena;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  with  reference  to  its 

elevation. 
Altamont;  post  village  in  Alameda  County,  California,  town  in  Effingham  County, 

Illinois,  situated  on  the  highest  point  between  St.  Louis  and  Terre  Haute,  and 

poet-office  in  Garrett  County,  Maryland.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "high 

mountain/' 
Altaville;  villages  in  Calaveras  and  Del  Norte  counties,  California,  named  from  their 

elevation. 
Alta  Vista;  village  in  Wabaunsee  County,  Kansas,  so  named  by  Rock  Island  Rail- 
road officials  because  that  road  crosses  the  watershed  between  the  Kansas  and 

Neosho  rivers  at  this  point. 
Alton;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in  Illinois. 

Many  other  places  are  named  from  the  same. 
Alton;  city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  named  by  Rums  Easton,  the  founder,  for 

his  son. 
Alton;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Altoona;  town  in  Polk  County,  Iowa,  situated  at  the  highest  elevation  between  the 

Des  Moines  and  Mississippi  rivers;  and  city  in  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  so 

named  because  of  its  high  situation  in  the  Allegheny  Mountains.     A  derivative 

of  the  Latin  word  alius,  meaning  "high." 


oannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  23 

Altoona;  city  in  Wilson  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  Pennsylvania. 

Alto  Pass;  village  in  Union  County,  Ilfinois,  situated  at  a  notch  or  pass  in  the  main 
ridge  of  the  Ozark  uplift;  hence  the  name,  "high  pass." 

Alturas;  town  in  Modoc  County,  California,  so  named  from  its  mountains.  A 
Spanish  word  meaning  "  summits  of  mountains. " 

Alum;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park.  A  characteristic  name,  as  the  water  is  a  strong 
solution  of  alum. 

Alvarado;  town  in  Alameda  County,  California,  named  for  Juan  V.  Alvarado, 
Mexican  governor  of  California. 

Alvarado;  city  in  Johnson  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  town  in  Mexico. 

Alviso;  township  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  Spanish 
family. 

Alvord;  lake  in  Oregon,  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin  Franklin  Alvord,  who  was  sta- 
tioned there  at  one  time. 

( Amador;  county  and  valley  in  California; 

<  Amador  City;  city  in  Amador  County,  California.     Named  for  Joseph  M.  Amador, 

I      formerly  manager  of  the  property  of  the  mission  of  San  Jose. 

Amakalli;  tributary  of  Flint  River,  Mississippi.  A  Cherokee  word  meaning  "  tum- 
bling water." 

Amalthea;  village  in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  nurse  of  Jupiter. 

Amargosa;  river  in  Inyo  County,  California,  running  through  deposits  of  soda, 
borax,  and  salt.     From  the  Spanish  meaning  " bitter  water." 

Ambajeejus;  lake,  and  falls  in  the  Penobscot  River,  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word, 
referring  to  the  two  large,  round  rocks  in  the  lake,  one  on  top  of  the  other. 

Ambajemackomas;  fall  in  the  Penobscot  River,  Maine.  An  Indian  word,  mean- 
ing " little  cross  pond." 

Ambler;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Ambler 
family,  of  which  Joseph  Ambler,  who  settled  there  in  1723,  was  a  member. 

Amboy;  towns  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  and  Miami  County,  Indiana,  and  many 
other  places.    An  Indian  word,  meaning  "hollow  inside,"  "like  a  bowl." 

Ambrose;  creek  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Amelia;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  Princess 
Amelia,  youngest  daughter  of  George  II  of  England. 

Amenia;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  by  an  early  scholar  of  the 
State,  who  also  named  the  State  of  Vermont.  A  Latin  word,  meaning  "  pleas- 
ant," "delightful,"  " lovely."  Prof.  Jules  Marco w  attributes  the  name  to  the 
Amerriques  tribe  of  Indians  in  eastern  Nicaragua. 

America;  the  Western  Hemisphere,  named  for  Amerigo  Vespucci,  sometimes  spelled 
Americus  Vespucius,  who  touched  the  South  American  coast  somewhere  near 
Surinam  in  1499.  The  name  was  first  used  in  1509,  and  first  appeared  on  a  map 
made  in  Frankfort,  Germany,  in  1520. 

American;  river  in  California,  so  called  by  the  Spanish,  Rio  de  los  Americanos, 
1>ecause  most  of  the  Americans  entering  California  at  the  time  the  Spaniards 
ruled  there,  came  down  that  river. 

Ames;  city  in  Story  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Oakes  Ames. 

Ames;  post-office  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Fisher  Ames. 

Amesbury;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  English  town. 

Amethyst;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  so  named  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  from  the  crystalline  amethysts  formerly  abundant  on  its 
broad  summit. 

Amethyst;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  so  named  by  the  United  States 
Geologi<"al  Survey  l>ecause  it  Hows  from  Amethyst  Mountain. 

Amherst;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  town  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. 


24  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Amherst;  towns  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Hillsboro  County,  New 

Hampshire,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Lord  Amherst. 
Amicalola;  town  in  Dawson  County,  Georgia.    A  Cherokee  Indian  word,  meaning 

" tumbling  water"  or  "rolling  water." 
Amite;  town  in  Tangipahoa  Parish,  Louisiana,  and  county  in  Mississippi,  named 

from  the  river. 
Amite;  river  in  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.     Corrupted  from  the  French  amiliS, 

meaning  "friendship,"  so  called  by  the  early  settlers  from  the  friendly  reception 

given  them  by  the  Indians. 
Amity;  town  in  Yamhill  County,  Oregon,  so  named  as  a  result  of  the  settlement  of 

a  neighborhood  contention  regarding  the  location  of  a  school  house  in  1849.    The 

schoolhouse  was  named  first  and  later  the  town. 
Ammonoosuc;  river  in  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian  word,  interpreted  by  some  to 

mean  "stony  fish  place;"  by  others,  "fish  story  river." 
Amo;  towns  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  and  Cotton- 
wood County,  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word,  meaning  "bee." 
Amphitheater;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  the  United  States  Geological 

Survey,  from  the  form  of  a  valley  near  its  mouth. 
Amsterdam;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  by  Emanuel  E. 

De  Graff,  an  early  settler,  from  Amsterdam,  Holland.    Several  places  in  the 

United  States  are  named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 
Anaconda;  township  and  city  in  Deerlodge  County,  Montana,  named  for  the  Ana- 
conda Company. 
Anacostia;  village  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe,  from 

Anaco8tan,  Latinized  form  of  Nacochtank,  a  former  Indian  settlement  of  the 

vicinity. 
Anada;  town  in  Trinity  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "to 

nothing,"  signifying  "down  to  bed-rock." 
Anaheim;  township  and  town  in  Orange  County  California.     Named  for  Anna 

Fischer,  the  first  child  born  in  the  settlement,  and  heim,  the  German  word 

for  "home." 
Anamosa;  city  in  Jones  County,  Iowa.    A  corruption  of  the  name  of  a  Sauk  Indian 

woman  distinguished  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  and  refers  to  a  litter  of  puppies 

or  young  foxes  with  eyes  not  yet  open. 
Anastasia;  island  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  named  by  the  early  Spanish  explorers 

St.  Anastasia,  for  a  saint  of  the  Catholic  Church. 
Ancona;  town  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in  Italy. 
Andalusia;  town  in  Covington  County,  Alabama,  and  villages  in  Randolph  County, 

Georgia,  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois,  and  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named 

from  the  ancient  division  of  Spain. 
Anderson;  village  in  Mendocino  County,  California,  named  by  settlers  from  Ander- 
son County  in  Kentucky. 
Anderson;  city  in  Madison  County,  Indiana.    The  name  is  the  English  translation 

of  a  Delaware  Indian  chief. 
Anderson;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Joseph  C.  Anderson,  member  of  the  first 

Territorial  legislature  of  Kansas. 
Anderson;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Richard  C.  Anderson,  a  former  member 

of  Congress. 
Anderson;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  Rob- 
ert Anderson,  Revolutionary  soldier. 
Anderson;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Joseph  Anderson,  Comptroller  of  the 

United  States  Treasury  under  President  James  Madison. 
Anderson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Kenneth  L.  Anderson,  vice-president  of  the 

Republic  of  Texas. 


eAKwm.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  25 

Anderson;  island  in  Puget  Sound ,  Washington,  named  for  the  surgeon  of  the  ship 
Resolution,  who  died  just  before  its  discovery. 

Andersonburg;  village  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  original 
owner. 

Anderson ville;  village  in  Sumter  County,  Georgia,  named  for  the  original  pro- 
prietor. 

Andes;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  mountains  of  South 
America,  because  of  its  mountainous  character. 

Andover;  towns  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Windsor  County,  Vermont, 
named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Andrew;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Andrew  S.  Hughes,  of  Clay  County,  who 
first  publicly  proposed  the  " Platte  purchase.' ' 

Andrews;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  only  man  killed  in  a  two  days'  skirmish 
with  the  Mexicans  near  San  Antonia,  in  1835. 

Androscoggin;  county  in  Maine,  and  river  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire.  An 
Indian  word  first  given  to  the  river,  from  the  tribe  Amamgunticookt  who  formerly 
lived  on  its  banks.  The  authorities  give  the  meaning  "fishing  place  for  ale- 
wives,"  or  "fish  spearing.1' 

Angelica;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Mrs.  Angelica  Church, 
daughter  of  Gen.  Philip  Scuyler. 

Angelina;  river  and  county  in  Texas.  The  name  is  a  diminutive  of  "angel."  One 
authority  suggests  that  the  county  may  have  been  named  for  Jose*  Angel  Cabaso, 
the  Spanish  priest  in  charge  of  the  district  early  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Angel  Island;  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  Marin  County,  and  post-office  on  the  island. 
Named  for  a  miner  who  settled  there  in  1849. 

Angels;  town  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  named  for  Henry  Angel,  who  dis- 
covered gold  in  that  vicinity  in  1848. 

Anglesea;  borough  in  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  town  in 
Wales. 

Anita;  village  in  Butte  County,  California,  and  town  in  Cass  County,  Iowa.  The 
Spanish  form  of  "little  Ann." 

Aniwa;  village  in  Shawano  County,  Wisconsin.  Corruption  of  an  Indian  word, 
'amwif  meaning  "those,"  a  Chippewa  prefix  signifying  superiority. 

Ann;  cape,  eastern  extremity  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Queen 
Anne,  wife  of  James  I  of  England. 

Anna;  city  in  Union  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Mrs.  Anna  Davis,  wife  of  the 
owner  of  the  land. 

Annapolis;  city  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland,  named  in  honor  of  Queen 
Anne,  of  England,  1702-1714. 

Ann  Arbor;  city  in  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan.  The  first  part  of  the  name  was 
given  in  honor  of  the  wives  of  the  two  early  settlers,  Allen  and  Rumsey;  the 
latter  part  refers  to  the  grovelike  appearance  of  the  site. 

Anna  wan;  township  and  village  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  by  its  founder 
for  a  Massachusetts  Indian  chief. 

Anne  Arundel;  county  in  Maryland,  named  in  honor  of  Lady  Anne  Arundel,  wife 
of  Cecilius  Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore. 

Annisquam;  village  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  lake,  bay,  and  river  in 
New  Hampshire.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "rock  summit"  or  "point  of 
rocks." 

Anniston;  city  in  Calhoun  County,  Alabama,  named  for  Annie,  wife  of  Col.  Alfred 
L.  Tyler. 

Annsville;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  wife  of  J.  W.  Bloom- 
field,  first  settler. 


26  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull. 268. 

Anoka;  village  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Minne- 
sota, and  village  in  Broome  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "on 

both  sides." 
Anson;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Admiral  Anson,  British  navy,  who 

purchased  land  in  the  State. 
Anson;  town  in  Jones  County,  Texas,  named  for  Anson  Jones,  first  president  of  the 

Texas  Republic. 
Ansonia;  city  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Anson  G.  Phelps, 

senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Phelps,  Dodge  &  Co.,  which  established  the  place. 
Ansonville;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Admiral  Anson  of 

the  British  navy,  who  built  the  town. 
Ansted;  town  in  Fayette  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Professor  Ansted,  the 

English  geologist,  who  reported  on  a  tract  of  coal  land  there  and  had  an  interest 

in  it. 
Antelope;  township  in  Mono  County  and  town  in  Sacramento  County,  California, 

and  many  other  places;  generally  named  from  the  antelope  of  the  plains. 
Antelope;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Leander  Gerrard,  in 

commemoration  of  the  killing  and  eating  of  an  antelope  during  the  pursuit  of 

some  Indians. 
Antero;  mount  in  the  Sawatch  Range,  Colorado,  named  for  a  prominent  Ute  Indian. 
Anthony;  city  in  Harper  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Governor  George  T.  Anthony. 
Anthony's  Nose;  promontory  on  the  Hudson  River,  New  York,  said  by  Irving  to 

have  been  named  so  in  reference  to  Anthony  Van  Corlear's  nose;  Lossing  says, 

"Anthony  de  Hooges,  secretary  of  Rensselaerwick,  had  an  enormous  nose,  and 

the  promontory  was  named  in  honor  of  that  feature." 
Antigo;  city  in  Langlade  County,  Wisconsin.    The  name  is  taken  from  the  Indian 

word  neequee-antigosebi,  antigo  meaning  " evergreen." 
Antioch;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  village  in  Lake  County,  Illinois, 

and  many  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  Syria. 
Antrim;  county  in  Michigan,  and  town  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  named  by  early 

Irish  settlers  from  the  town  in  Ireland.     Many  other  places  are  named  from  the 

same. 
Antwerp;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  built  by  a  company,  which  was 

formed  in  Holland,  who  named  the  new  place  from  the  city  in  Belgium. 
Antwerp;  village  in  Paulding  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  New  York. 
Apache;  county  and  pass  in  Arizona,  village  in  Huerfano  County,  Colorado,  and 

town  in  Caddo  County,  Oklahoma,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe.     The  word  is 

of  Pima  or  Pajago  Indian  origin  and  signifies  "alien,"  i.  e.,  "enemy." 
Apalachee;  river  and  post-office  in  Morgan  County,  Georgia.     From  the  Hichiti 

Indian  word,  meaning  "on  the  other  side"  (of  a  stream),  or  it  may  be  derived 

from  apalatehiokli,  "people  on  the  other  side." 
Apalachicola;  river  and  city  in  Franklin  County,  Florida.   A  Hichiti  Indian  word, 

signifying  "people  on  the  other  side." 
Apex;  village  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  with  reference  to  its  situation 

in  the  mountains. 
Apex;  village  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  l>ecause  it  is  the  highest 

point  between  Raleigh  and  Deep  rivers. 
Apollo;  borough  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  classical  god. 
Apopka;  town  in  Orange  county,  Florida.    The  name  derived  from  the  Indian  word 

tsalopopkohatcliee,  meaning  "catfish  eating  creek." 
Apostles;  group  of  islands  in  Lake  Superior,  so  called  by  the  early  Jesuits,  under 

the  impression  that  they  numbered  twelve. 
Appalachia;  village  in  Wise  County,  Virginia.     Name  derived  from  Appalachian. 


gannktt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  27 

Appalachian;  general  appellation  of  the  mountain  system  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  North  America,  extending  under  various  names  from  Maine  southwestward 
to  the  northern  part  of  Alabama.  The  name  was  given  by  the  Spaniards  under 
De  Soto,  who  derived  it  from  the  name  of  a  neighboring  tribe,  the  Apalachi. 
Brinton  holds  its  radical  to  be  the  muscogee  apala,  "great  sea,"  or  "great  ocean," 
and  that  ajxilache  is  a  compound  of  this  word  with  the  Muscogee  personal  parti- 
ciple "chi,"  and  means  "those  by  the  sea." 

Appanoose;  county  in  Iowa,  and  village  in  Douglas  County,  Kansas.  An  Indian 
word  said  to  mean  "a  chief  when  a  child."  The  name  of  a  chief  of  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes.  The  word  is  a  diminutive  form,  but  probably  has  no  reference  to 
"chief." 

Apple;  small  stream  in  northern  Illinois,  so  named  on  account  of  the  crab-apple 
orchards  in  the  vicinity. 

Applebachville;  village  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Paul 
Applebach  and  his  brother  Henry. 

Appleg'ate;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Oregon,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Apple  River;  township  and  village  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its 
location  on  Apple  River. 

Appleton;  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  named  for  Nathaniel  Appleton,  one  of 
the  original  proprietors. 

Appleton;  village  in  Cape  Girardeau  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  Apple  Creek; 
hence  the  name. 

Appleton;  city  in  Outagamie  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Samuel  Appleton,  one 
of  the  founders  of  Lawrence  University,  located  at  that  place. 

Appleton  City;  township  and  city  in  Saint  Clair  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Wil- 
liam H.  Appleton,  of  New  York. 

Appling;  county,  and  town  in  Columbia  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Dan 
Appling. 

Appomattox;  river,  and  county  in  Virginia.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "tobacco 
plant  country." 

Apricot;  village  in  Monterey  County,  California,  named  from  the  apricot  orchards 
in  the  vicinity. 

Aptakisic;  village  in  Lake  County,  Illinois.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "half  day," 
or  "sun  at  meridian." 

Apukwa;  lake  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  of  uncertain  meaning. 

Apulia;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  ancient  province 
of  southern  Italv. 

Aquaschicola;  creek,  and  village  in  Carbon  County,  in  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "where  we  fish  with  the  bush  net." 

Aquebogue;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  won!  meaning  "at 
the  end  of  a  small  pond." 

Aransas;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  river  which  flows  into  Aransas  Harbor, 
through  the  county. 

Arapahoe;  county  in  Colorado;  town  in  Furnas  County,  Nebraska;  post-office  in 
Pamlico  County,  North  Carolina,  and  town  in  Custer  County,  Oklahoma.  The 
name  is  that  of  a  noted  Indian  tribe,  and  signifies  "traders." 

Arastraville;  mining  camp  in  Tuolumne  County,  California,  named  from  the  aras- 
tras,  primitive  mills  used  on  free-milling  gold  ores,  used  by  the  early  Mexicans. 

Ar buckle;  town  in  Colusa  County,  California,  named  for  the  founder  of  the  town. 

Arbuckle;  mountains  in  Chickasaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  named  from  Fort 
Arbuckle,  which  was  named  for  Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  Matthew  Arbuckle,  who- 
fought  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Areata;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  sunny 
spot" 


28  PLACE   NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Arch  Beach;  village  in  Orange  County,  California,  named  from  the  natural  arches 

in  the  cliffs  in  the  ocean. 
Archdale;  town  in  Randolph  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Archdale,  a 

lord  proprietor  and  governor  of  Carolina. 
Archer;  county  in  Texas. 

Archer  City;  village  in  Archer  County,  named  for  Dr.  Branch  T.  Archer,  promi- 
nent in  the  early  days  of  the  State. 
Archuleta;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  J.  M.  Archuleta,  head  of  one  of  the  old 

Spanish  families  of  New  Mexico. 
Areola;  township  and  city  in  Douglas  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  ancient 

town  in  Italy. 
Arctic;  village  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  so  called  derisively  from  its 

location  in  the  Mojave  desert. 
Arden;  town  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named -from  the  Forest  of 

Arden,  in  Shakespeare's  play  "As  Ycu  Like  It." 
Arenac;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.    An  Indian  word,  auke, 

"earth"  or  "land,"  compounded  with  the  Latin  word  arena.    The  name  was 

coined  by  Schoolcraft  and  a  party  of  early  explorers. 
Arenzville;  village  in  Cass  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Francis  A.  Arenz,  pioneer 

and  founder. 
Arequa;  gulch  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  man  named  Requa. 
Argents;  villages  in  Beaverhead  County,  Montana,  and  Salt  Lake  County,  Utah,  so 

named  because  of  near-by  silver  mines.    From  the  Latin  argentum,  meaning 

"silver.*' 
Argentine;  city  in  Wyandotte  County,  Kansas,  so  named  from  the  Latin  argentum, 

"silver,"  a  smelter  being  the  first  industry  there. 
Argonia;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  ship  Argo,  in  which 

Jason  sailed  to  Colchis  in  quest  of  the  "golden  fleece." 
Argos;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  town  in  Greece. 
Arguello;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  term  meaning 

"lack  of  health." 
Argusville;  village  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  principal  paper, 

the  Albany  Argus. 
Argyle;  towns  in  Walton  County,  Florida,  and  Winnebago  County,  Illinois,  settled 

by  Scotch,  and  named  by  them  from  the  city  in  Scotland. 
Argyle;  town  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Argyle  in 

1786. 
Arietta;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  wife  of  Rensselaer 

Van  Rennselaer. 
Arikaree;  river,  and  village  in  Arapahoe  County,  in  Colorado,  named  from  the 

Indian  tribe.    The  word  refers  to  "horn." 
Arizona;  Territory  of  the  United  States.    The  word  probably  means  arid  stone  or 

desert,  but  Mowry  claims  that  the  name  is  Aztec,  from  arizuma,  signifying  "sil- 
ver bearing." 
Arkadelphia;  town  in  Clark  County,  Arkansas.    The  word  is  compounded  of  the 

abbreviation  of  Arkansas  and  the  Greek  word  adelphus,  "brother." 
Arkansas;  State  of  the  Union,  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  and  river  in 

said  State,  and  city  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas.    Marquette  and  other  French 

explorers  wrote  the  word  Alkansas  and  Akamsea,  from  the  Indian  tribe  later 

known  as  Quapaw.    The  meaning  of  the  name  is  unknown,  but  it  is  of  Algon- 
quin origin  and  has  no  connection  with  the  French  arc,  as  has  been  asserted. 
Armada;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California,  and  village  in  Macomb  County, 

Michigan.    A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "fleet,"  "squadron." 


gannot.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  29 


.;  borough  and  town  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the 

Irish  town. 

;;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word   meaning 

"fishing  place." 
Armourdale;  formerly  a  village,  now  a  station  in  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  named  for 

*  the  Armour  brothers,  bankers  and  pork  packers. 
Armstrong;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  John  Armstrong,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  commanded  the  expedition  against  the  Indians  at  Kittanning  in  1756. 
Armstrong",  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Moses  K.  Armstrong,  Congressman 

and  legislator,  1870. 
Armstrong:;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  pioneer  of  the  State. 
Arnolds;  creek  in  Ohio  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Colonel  Arnold,  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary war. 
Aromos;  town  in  San  Benito  County,   California.     A   Spanish  word    meaning 

44  perfumes." 
Aroostook;  river  and  county  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "good  river," 

or  " clear  of  obstruction." 
Arrow;  lake  in  Minnesota,  so  called  from  the  name  given  by  the  early  French 

explorers,  lac  auxfleche*,  44lake  of  the  arrows." 
Arrowhead;  hot  springs  in  southern  California,  named  from  a  huge  discoloration 

on  the  slopes  of  a  mountain  north  of  San  Bernardino,  which  takes  the  form  of 

an  Indian  arrowhead. 
Arrow  Hock;  village  in  Saline  County,  Missouri,  built  upon  a  spot  where  the 

Indians  formerly  resorted  for  arrowheads,  because  of  the  suitability  of  the  rock 

for  that  purpose. 
Arrowsmitli;  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Daniel  Arrowsmith,  its 

founder. 

{Arroyo;  villages  in  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  Cameron  County,  Texas; 
Arroyo  Grande;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word 
meaning  " creek"  or  " rivulet,"  and  4<grande — large." 

Arroyo  Hondo;  village  in  Taos  County,  New  Mexico,  which  takes  its  name  from  a 
near-by  creek.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "deep  creek." 

Arroyo  Seco;  village  in  Monterey  County,  California.  From  the  Spanish  mean- 
ing "dry  creek." 

Artesia;  village  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  and  town  in  Lowndes  County, 
Mississippi,  named  from  artesian  wells. 

Arthur;  village  in  Moultrie  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Arthur  Hervey,  brother  of 
the  founder. 

Asbury  Park;  borough  and  city  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for 
Francis  Asbury,  the  pioneer  bishop  of  Methodism  in  America.  Several  towns 
in  the  southern  States  bear  his  name. 

Ascension;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  by  the  early  French  settlers  from  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Ascension. 

Ascutney;  mountain  in  Vermont.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "fire  mountain," 
"from  its  having  Insen  burned  over.  It  is  also  said  to  signify  "  three  brothers," 
and  is  supposed  to  refer  to  three  singular  valleys  which  run  down  the  western 
slope  of  the  mountain. 

Ascutneyville;  village  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  named  from  Ascutney 
Mountain. 

Ashbee;  harbor  in  Virginia,  named  for  Solomon  Ash  bee. 

Ashburnham;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  John,  second 
earl  of  Ashburnham. 

Ashbyburg;  village  in  Hopkins  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  Stephen 
Ash  by. 


30  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

(Ashe;  county  in  North  Carolina; 
Asheboro;  town  in  Ashe  County.    Named  for  Samuel  Ashe,  governor  of  the  State, 
1795-1798. 
Ashersville;  village  in  Clay  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  Asher,  its  founder. 
Ashflat;  village  in  Sharp  County,  Arkansas,  named  from  a  prairie  upon  which  the 

town  is  situated,  in  early  days  surrounded  by  ash  timber. 
Ashford;  village  in  Henry  County,  Alabama,  named  for  Thomas  Ashford,  or  his 

son,  Frederick  A.  Ashford. 
Ashkum;  village  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "more 

and  more." 
Ashland;  city  in  Clark  County,  Kansas;  towns  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts, 

Benton  County,  Mississippi,  and  Boone  County,  Missouri;  village  in  Saunders 

County,  Nebraska;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York;  county,  and  town  in 

same  county,  in  Ohio;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania;  county  in 

Wisconsin;  and  many  other  cities,  towns,  and  villages;  named  for  the  home  of 

Henry  Clay  in  Kentucky. 
Ashland;  city  in  Boyd  County,  Kentucky,  so  named,  according  to  Henry  Clay,  from 

the  ash  timber  which  abounded  in  the  vicinity.    His  home  was  also  called 

"Ashland." 
Ashley;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Senator  Chester  Ashley. 
Ashley;  city  in  Washington  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Colonel  Ashley,  of  the 

Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
Ashley;  village  in  Gratiot  County,  Michigan,  named  for  H.  W.  Ashley,  general 

manager  of  the  Ann  Arbor  Railroad,  which  passes  through  the  village. 
Ashley;  town  in  Pike  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Gen.  W.  H.  Ashley,  lieutenant 

governor  1821-1824. 
Ashley;  river  in  South  Carolina  which  unites  with  the  Cooper,  both  named  for  the 

Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  Lord  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  one  of  the  original  proprietors. 
Ashley;  lake  in  Utah,  named  for  its  discoverer,  W.  H.  Ashley,  a  St.  Louis  fur 

trader. 
Ashley  Falls;  village  in  the  town  of  Sheffield,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts; 
Ashley  Mountain;  mountain  in  the  town  of  Salisbury,  Litchfield  County,  Con- 
necticut.    Named  for  Brig,  or  Maj.  Gen.  John  Ashley,  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Ashmore;  township  and  village  in  Coles  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  founder, 

Hezikiah  J.  Ashmore. 
Ashowugh;  island  off  the  coast  of  Connecticut,  near  New  London.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  " halfway  place,"  or  "place  between." 
Ashtabula;  village  in  Barnes  County,  North  Dakota,  named  from  the  city  in  Ohio. 
Ashtabula;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river,  in  Ohio.      An  Indian  word 

meaning  "fish  river." 
Ashton;  city  in  Spink  County,  South  Dakota,  so  named  because  of  the  heavy  growth 

of  ash  timber. 
Ashuelot;  river,  and  village  in  Cheshire  County,  in  New  Hampshire.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "collection  of  many  waters." 
Asotin;  county  in  Washington;  a  Nez  Pero£  Indian  word,  meaning  "eel  creek." 
Aspen;  town  in  Pitkin  County,  Colorado,  which  takes  its  name  from  a  near-by 

mountain,  Quaking  Asp. 
Aspetuc;  river  and  hill  in  New  Milford,  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word,  meaning 

"a  height." 
Asproom;  mountain  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word,  meaning  "high,"  "lofty." 
Assaria;  city  in  Saline  County,  Kansan,  named  from  a  church  which  was  built  by 

Swedish  Lutherans  previous  to  the  incorporation  of  the  place.     The  word  means 

"In  God  is  our  help." 


{ 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  31 

Assawa;  lake  near  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  An  Indian  word,  meaning  "  perch 
lake." 

Assawampset;  pond  in  Middleboro,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word,  meaning 
"white  stone." 

Assawog;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word,  meaning  "place  between,"  or 
"halfway  place." 

Assinniboine;  fort  and  military  reservation  in  Choteau  County,  Montana,  named 
from  a  tribe  of  Indians.  The  name  signifies  "stone  boilers,"  and  is  said  to  have 
been  given  to  them  because  of  the  singular  manner  they  had  of  boiling  their  meat 
by  dropping  heated  stones  into  the  water  in  which  the  meat  is  placed  until  it  is 
cooked.  According  to  another  authority,  it  signifies  "stone  Sioux,"  from  assin, 
"stone,"  and  huanag,  "boilers"  or  "roaster,"  the  Ojibwa  name  for  the  Sioux. 

Assiscunk;  creek  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word,  meaning 
"muddy,"  or  "dirty." 

Assumption;  township  and  village  in  Christian  County,  Illinois,  named  by  its 
founder  from  Assumption  in  Canada. 

Assumption;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  in  honor  of  the  festival  of  the  assumption 
of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Astoria;  town  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois;  villages  in  Wright  County,  Missouri, 
Queens  County,  New  York,  and  Deuel  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  the 
Astor  family,  of  New  York. 

Astoria;  city  in  Clatsop  County,  Oregon,  named  for  the  founder,  John  Jacob  Astor, 
who  established  a  fur-trading  station  there  in  early  days. 

Asuncion;  village  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word,  mean- 
ing "elevation  to  a  higher  dignity." 

Aswaguscawadic;  branch  of  the  Mattawamkeag  River,  Maine.  An  Indian  word, 
meaning  "place  where  one  is  compelled  to  drag  his  canoe  through  a  stream." 

Atalla;  town  in  Etowah  County,  Alabama.  A  corruption  of  a  Cherokee  word,  mean- 
ing "mountain"  or  "highland." 

Atascadero;  village  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word,  mean- 
ing "quagmire"  or  "obstruction." 

Atascosa;  county,  and  village  in  Bexar  County,  Texas.  A  Spanish  word,  meaning 
"boggy"  or  "miry." 

Atchafalaya;  bayou  of  Red  River,  Louisiana.  A  Choctaw  Indian  word,  meaning 
"long  river." 

Atchison;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  and  county  in  Missouri, 
named  for  David  R.  Atchison,  United  States  Senator  from  Missouri. 

A  ten;  village  in  Cedar  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  John  Aten,  a  State  senator. 

Athens;  cities  in  Clarke  County,  Georgia,  and  Menard  County,  Illinois;  villages  in 
Claiborne  Parish,  Louisiana,  and  Greene  County,  New  York;  county  in  Ohio; 
borough  and  township  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania;  and  many  other 
cities,  towns,  and  villages.     Named  from  the  capital  city  of  Greece. 

Athol;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  said  to  have  been  named  for 
James  Murray,  second  Duke  of  Athol. 

Atisowil;  creek  in  Washington,  emptying  into  Willapa  Harbor.  An  Indian  word, 
meaning  "bear  river." 

Atkins;  bay  at  the  mouth  of  Kennebec  River,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  land- 
owner. 

Atkins;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
for  John  D.  C.  Atkins,  Indian  commissioner. 

Atkinson;  township  and  village  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder, 
Charles  Atkinson. 

Atkinson;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Judge  Atk\R»w\,fe  \swswv- 
inent  resident 


32  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Atkinson;  township  and  town  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Col.  John 

Atkinson,  of  Detroit,  Michigan. 
Atkinson;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Theodore 

Atkinson,  a  large  landholder. 
Atkinsonville;  village  in  Owen  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Stephen  Atkinson. 
Atlanta;  township  and  city  in  Logan  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in  Georgia. 
Atlanta;  city  in  Fulton  County,  Georgia,  so  named  to  designate  its  relationship  to 

the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by  means  of  a  railway  running  to  the  coast. 
Atlantic;  ocean,  named  from  the  Greek  word,  meaning  "the  sea  beyond  Mount 

Atlas." 
{Atlantic;  county  in  New  Jersey; 

(Atlantic  City;  city  in  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey;  named  from  the  ocean. 
Atlantic;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  because  it  flows  from  Two-Ocean  Pass 

down  the  slope  toward  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Atlantic  Highlands;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  from 

its  situation,  which  overlooks  the  ocean. 
Atoka;  town  in  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory.     An  Indian  won!,  meaning  "in 

another  place,' '  or  "to  another  place." 

{Attala;  county  in  Mississippi; 
Attalaville;  village  in  Attala  county.     Named  for  Atulay  the  heroine  of  an  Indian 
romance,  by  Chateaubriand. 

Attapulgus;  village  in  Decatur  County,  Georgia.  An  Indian  word,  meaning  "bor- 
ing holes  into  wood  to  make  a  fire." 

Attica;  city  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana;  village  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York, 
and  many  other  places,  named  from  the  ancient  division  in  Greece. 

Attitahf,  peak  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire.  An  Indian  word,  mean- 
ing "  blueberries.' ' 

Attleboro;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Atwater;  village  in  Kandiyohi  County,  Minnesota,  probably  named  for  Isaac 
Atwater,  early  settler  of  St.  Paul. 

Atwater;  town  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Capt.  Caleb  Atwater,  an  early 
surveyor  in  the  Western  Reserve. 

Atwood;  village  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  at  the  edge  of 
the  woods 

Atwood;  city  in  Rawlins  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Attwood  Matheny,  a  son  of 
the  founder,  J.  M.  Matheny. 

Aubrey;  valley  in  Arizona,  named  for  an  army  officer. 

Auburn;  city  in  Placer  County,  California,  named  by  settlers  from  the  city  in  New 

York. 
Auburn;  city  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York;  and  many  other  places; 
Auburadale;  village  in  Newton,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.     Named  with 
reference  to  Auburn  in  Goldsmith's  poem,  "The  Deserted  Village." 

Audrain;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Col.  James  K.  Audrain,  who  died  while 
serving  as  member  of  the  Missouri  legislature,  1832. 

Audubon;  mount  in  Colorado,  county  in  Iowa,  and  village  in  Becker  County,  Min- 
nesota, named  for  the  celebrated  ornithologist,  John  James  Audubon.  Many 
other  places  bear  his  name. 

Aughwick;  tributary  of  the  Juniata  River,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word,  mean- 
ing "  overgrown  with  brush." 

Auglaize;  river  in  Missouri,  and  river  and  county  in  Ohio.  A  French  phrase,  mean- 
ing "at  the  clay"  or  "at  the  loam,"  used  descriptively. 

Augusta;  city  in  Richmond  County,  Georgia,  settled   during  the  reign  of  King 
George  II  of  England,  and  named  for  the  royal  princess  Augusta, 


cannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  33 

Augusta;  township  and  village  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in 

Georgia,  the  home  of  the  first  settlers. 
Augusta;  city  in  Butler  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  wife  of  C.  N.  James,  a 

trader. 
Augusta;  city  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for 

Augusta  of  Saxe-Gotha,  wife  of  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales. 
Auraria;  town  in  Lumpkin  County,  Georgia,  surrounded  by  a  hilly  country  con- 
taining valuable  gold  mines.     A  Latin  word,  meaning  "gold  town/' 
AureliuB;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Roman  emperor. 
Aurora;  city  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  association  which  laid  it 

out. 
Aurora;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Amos  Spaf- 

ford,  a  surveyor  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Company. 
Aurora;  county  in  South  Dakota  and  in  many  other  places,  named  from  the  Latin 

word,  meaning  " morning,1 '  "dawn,"  "east." 
Ausable;  river,  and  town  in  Clinton  County,  New  York.     A  French  word,  meaning 

"sandy,"  or  "at  the  sand." 
Austin;  town  in  Lonoke  County,  Arkansas,  and  county  and  city  in  Travis  County, 

Texas,  named  for  Stephen  Fuller  Austin,  the  first  man  to  establish  a  permanent 

American  colony  in  Texas. 
Austin;  suburb  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry  VV.  Austin,  its  founder. 
Austin;  city  in  Mower  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Horace  Austin,  governor  in 

1870-1874. 
Austin;  town  in  Tunica  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Colonel  Austin*  on  whose 

plantation  the  town  was  built. 
Austinburg;  town  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Judge  Austin,  an  early 

settler. 
Autauga;  county  in  Alabama; 

Autaugaville;  town  in  Autauga  County,  Alabama.     From  an  Indian  word  said  to 
mean  "land  of  plenty."  ' 

Autryville;  town  in  Sampson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  member  of  the 

State  legislature. 
Auxvasse;  village  in  Callaway  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  French  word 

iyuw,  meaning  "muddy." 
Ava;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Burma. 
Avalon;  town  in  Livingston  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  town  in  France. 

Several  other  places  bear  this  name, 
Avena;  village  in  Inyo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "oats." 
A  venal;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  term,  meaning 

"field  sown  with  oats." 
Avery;  gores  in  Essex  and  Franklin  counties,  Vermont,  named  for  the  original 

grantee,  Samuel  Avery. 
Avexyville;  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  Avery  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  whose  plant  is  located  in  the  village. 
Avoca;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  by  Sophia  White,  a  resident, 

in  allusion  to  Thomas  Moore's  poem,  "Sweet  Vale  of  Avoca." 
Avon;  village  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  village  in  New  York. 
Avon;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  also  many  other  places,  named 

from  the  river  in  England,  upon  which  Shakespeare's  home  was  situated. 
Avoyelles;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 
Axtell;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Dr.  Jesse  Axtell,  an  officer  of 

the  St.  Joseph  and  Grand  Island  Railway. 
Ayer;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Dr.  James  C.  Aver,  who 

partially  donated  the  town  hall. 

Bull.  258—05 3 


34  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Avian;  bayou  in  Texas,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 

Ayr;  village  in  Adams  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Doctor  Ayr,  of  Iowa,  a  rail- 
road director. 
Ayrshire;  town  in  Palo  Alto  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Azalia;  village  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  flower. 
Aztec;  village  in  San  Juan  County,  New  Mexico,  named  for  one  of  the  native  tribes  of 

Mexico.    The  word  is  said  to  mean  *  *  place  of  the  heron. ' '    Other  interpretations 

give  "white,"  or  "  shallow  land  where  vapors  arise."    Humboldt  gives  "land 

of  flamingoes."    The  word  azcatl  means  "ant,"  but  Buschmann  says  that  this 

word  has  no  connection  with  the  name  of  the  tribe. 
Babruly;  creek  in  Missouri.    The  word  is  a  corruption  of  the  French  bois  brutt, 

"burnt  wood." 
Babylon;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  ancient  citj"  in  Asia. 
Baca;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  prominent  Mexican  family  of  Trinidad, 

Colorado. 
Bache;  mount  in  California,  named  for  A.  D.  Bache,  superintendent  of  the  Coast 

and  Geodetic  Survey. 
Baconhill;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Ebenezer  Bacon,  a 

tavern  keeper  in  early  days. 
Bad;  river  in  Michigan,  named  by  the  Dakota  Indians,  wakpashicha,  "bad  river." 
Badaxe;  river  in  Wisconsin,  and  village  in  Huron  County,  Michigan. 
Baden;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  several  other  places  in  the 

United  States,  named  from  the  German  state. 
Badger;  town  in  Tulare  County,  California,  named  by  settlers  from  Wisconsin,  the 

"Badger  State/' 
Badger;  creeks  in  Iowa,  Yellowstone  Park,  and  many  other  places,  so  named  from 

the  presence  of  that  animal. 
Badlands;  term  applied  to  a  region  in  South  Dakota.      It  is  said  that  the  old 

French  voyageurs  described  the  region  as  "mauvaises  terres  pour  traverser," 

meaning  that  it  was  a  difficult  country  to  travel  through;  from  this  the  term  has 

been  carelessly  shortened  and  translated  into  the  present  misnomer. 
Bagdad;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in  Asiatic 

Turkey. 
Baggers;  point  on  Indian  River,  Florida,  named  for  the  owner,  John  Baggers. 
Bailey;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California; 
Baileys  Ferry;  village  in  Stanislaus  County,  California.     Named  for  Capt  G. 

Bailey,  United  States  Army. 
Bailey;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  one  of  the  men  who  fell  at  the  Alamo,  March  6, 

18156.     His  first  name  is  worn  off  the  stone  monument,  which  is  the  only  record 

left  of  his  career. 
Baileyville;  village  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  O.  Bailey,  an  early 

settler. 
Bainbridge;  towns  in  Decatur  County,  Georgia,  and  Chenango  County,  New  York, 

and  village  in  Ross  County,  Ohio.     Named  for  Commander  William  Bainbridge, 

of  the  war  of  1812  and  the  war  with  Tripoli. 
Baird;  town  in  Sunflower  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  man  who  owned  the 

land  upon  which  the  town  is  built. 
Baker;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  James  M.  Baker,  judge  of  the  fourth  judicial 

district  of  the  State. 
Baker;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  John  Baker,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the 

Revolution. 
Baker;  county  in  Oregon; 

Baker  City;  city  in  Baker  County,  Oregon.     Named  for  Edward  Dickinson  Baker, 
officer  m  the  Union  Army,  and  senator  from  Oregon. 


oannctt.]  PLACE   NAMES  IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  35 

Baker;  mount  in  Washington,  named  by  the  explorer,  Vancouver,  for  a  lieutenant 

in  his  party. 
Bakers;  river  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Captain  Baker,  a 

soldier  of  the  Indian  wars. 
Bakersfield;  city  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  for  Col.  Thomas  Baker. 
Bakersfield;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Joseph  Baker,  who 

owned  the  land  in  1789. 
Bakers  Mills;  village  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  owner. 
Bakersville;  town  in  Mitchell  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident 
Bakersville;  town  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  Baker,  who  laid  it 

out  in  1848. 
Baku;  village  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  situated  in  the  petroleum  district,  and 

named  from  the  oil  fields  of  Baku,  in  Russia. 
Bald  Eagle;  village  in  Nevada  County,  California,  named  from  the  eagles  in  the 

sierras  in  the  vicinity. 
Bald  Eagle;  valley,  creek,  and  village  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for 

the  noted  Seneca  chief,  Bald  Eagle. 
Baldwin;  county  in  Alabama,  and  county,  and  town  in  Habersham  County,  in 

Georgia,  named  for  Abraham  Baldwin,  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia. 
Baldwin;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Judge  Baldwin. 
Baldwin;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Kansas,  named  for  John  Baldwin,  of  Berea,  Ohio. 
Baldwin;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  Loammi  Baldwin,  one 

of  the  proprietors. 
Baldwin;  village  in  Lake  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Governor  Baldwin,  of  Mich- 
igan. 
Baldwin;  town  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  named  from  Baldwin  Creek,  which 

was  named  for  Isaac,  Walter,  and  Thomas  Baldwin,  early  settlers  at  the  mouth 

of  the  creek. 
Baldwin;  village  in  St  Croix  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  D.  A.  Baldwin,  an  early 

settler. 
Baldwinsville;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Dr.  Jonas  C. 

Baldwin,  its  founder. 
Baldwyn;  town  in  Lee  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  land  owner. 
Balize;  pilot  town  at  the  northeast  pass  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  in  Plaque- 
mines Parish,  Louisiana,  the  name  of  which  comes  from  the  French  word  balize, 

"  stake, "  "  beacon/1  the  most  of  the  houses  being  built  on  piles. 
Ballard;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  Bland  Ballard,  an  officer  in  the  war 

of  1812. 
Ballena;   village  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"  whale,'1  and  given  the  settlement  because  of  a  whale  being  stranded  on  the 

beach. 
Ballentine;  post-office  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident 

family. 
Balls  ton;  town  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 
Ballston  Spa;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rev.  Eliphalet 

Ball,  an  early  settler.     "Spa"  was  added  in  reference  to  the  medicinal  springs, 

from  the  celebrated  watering  place  in  Belgium. 
Baltimore;  county  and  city  in  Maryland,  and  town  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont; 

named  for  Cecilius  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore,  who  settled  the  Maryland  province 

in  1635.     A  Celtic  word,  meaning  "  large  town." 
Bamberg;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family 

prominent  in  the  recent  history  of  the  State. 


36  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Bandera;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  from  a  pass  in  the 
State.    The  word  is  Spanish,  meaning  "flag." 

Bangor;  village  in  Butte  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in  Maine. 

Bangor;  city  in  Penol>scot  County,  Maine,  named  by  the  Rev.  Seth  Noble,  its  rep- 
resentative in  legislature,  from  an  old  psalm  tune. 

Bangor;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  village  in  La  Crosse 
County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  town  in  Wales  because  of  the  Welsh  set- 
tlers in  these  places. 

Bangs;  mount  in  Arizona,  named  for  James  E.  Bangs,  clerk  upon  the  King  Survey. 

(Banks;  county  in  Georgia; 
Banks  ville;  village  in  Banks  County,  Georgia.     Named  for  Dr.  Richard  Banks. 

Banner;  village  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  named  for  a  newspaper,  the  Bluff  ton 
Banner. 

Banner;  county  in  Nebraska,  so  named  because  it  was  considered  the  banner  county 
of  the  State  when  named. 

Bannock;  county  and  peak  in  Idaho,  town  in  Beaverhead  County,  Montana,  and 
peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  fiom  a  tribe  of  Indians.  This  tribe  inhabited 
the  country  southwest  of  Yelowstone  Park,  finally  settling  on  a  reservation  in 
southern  Idaho.  Some  authorities  give  the  derivation  from  bannai7  hti  "south- 
ern people." 

Bantam;  river,  and  village  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  Indian  word  peantum,  "he  prays,"  or  "he  is  praying." 

Baptist  Hill;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  named  from  a  Baptist  church 
erected  there  at  an  early  date. 

Baraboo;  city  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Jean  Baribault,  a  French 
settler.  An  article  written  by  Julia  A.  Lap  ham  claims  that  the  Bariboo  River 
was  named  for  Captain  Barabeary,  who  was  with  Morgan's  expedition  against 
the  Indians  and  wintered  at  the  mouth  of  the  stream.  The  statement  is  credited 
to  John  De  la  Rond,  who  settled  near  Fort  Winnebago  in  1828.  Rond  was  living 
on  the  banks  of  the  Baraboo  River,  with  his  Winnebago  wife,  in  1873. 

Baraga;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  named  for  Bishop  Friedrich 
Baraga,  a  missionary  among  the  Indians  of  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

Baranof;  one  of  the  Alexander  Islands,  Alaska,  named  for  the  man  who  for  a  long 
time  managed  the  affairs  of  the  Russian-American  Company. 

Bar  ataxia;  bay,  and  post-office  in  Jefferson  Parish,  Lousiana.  The  name  is  derived 
from  an  old  French  word,  meaning  "deceit." 

Barber;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 

Barber;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Barber,  Free  State  martyr. 

Barbour;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  James  Barbour,  governor  of  Virginia,  and 
Secretary  of  War  under  John  Quincy  Adams. 

F arbour;  county  in  West  Virginia; 
arboursville;  town  in  Cabell  County,  West  Virginia,  and  several  other  towns  in 
the  Southern  States.     Named  for  Philip  P.  Barbour,  an  early  governor  of  Virginia. 
Barcelona;  village  in  Tulare  County,  California,  named  from  the  seaport  town  in 

Spain. 
Bardolph;  village  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  H.  Bardolph, 

one  of  the  founders. 
Bardstown;  city  in  Nelson  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  David  Baird,  one  of  the 

original  proprietors. 
Bard  well;  village  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Bardwell 

family,  early  and  prominent  residents. 
Bargersville;  village  in  Johnson  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Jefferson  Barger. 
Bar  Harbor;  village  in  Hancock  County,  Mount  Desert  Island,  Maine,  so  named 
from  a  sandy  bar,  visible  only  at  low  tide. 


oannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  37 

Baring;   town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  said  to  t>e  named  for  the  Baring 

family,  celehrated  bankers  of  I^ondon,  England. 
Barker;  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Barker,  the  first 

settler. 
Barlow;  town  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  named  for  John  L.  Barlow,  an  early 

settler. 
Barlow;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 

for  Capt.  J.  W.  Barlow,  Engineer  Corps,  United  States  Army. 
Barnard;  village  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  named  from  Barnard,  Vermont. 
Barnard;  town  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Francis  Barnard,  a  grantee. 
Barnegat;   inlet,  and  village  in  Ocean  County,  in  New  Jersey.     A  Dutch  name, 

given  by  Henry  Hudson,  meaning  "breaker's  inlet." 
Barnes;  city  in  Washington  County,  Kansas,  named  for  A.  S.  Barnes,  a  publisher 

of  United  States  history. 
Barnes;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  A.  H.  Barnes,  early  Territorial 

judge. 
Barnesville;  town  in  Pike  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gideon  Barnes,  the  first 

settler. 
Barnesville;  village  in  Belmont  County  Ohio,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 
Barnet;  town  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  said  to  be  named  from  the  town  in 

England  from  which  the  ancestors  of  Enos  Stevens,  an  early  settler,  emigrated. 
Barnstable;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Massachusetts,  named  from  the 

seaport  in  England. 
Barnum;  town  iu  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  P.  T.  Barnum,  who  owned 

a  large  tract  of  land  there. 
Barnum;  town  in  Carlton  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a  paymaster  of  the  St.  Paul 

and  Duluth  Railroad. 
Barnwell;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  State. 
Baronette;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  "Yellowstone  Jack,"  C.  D.  Bar- 

onette,  a  famous  scout. 
Barraque;   township  in  Jefferson   County,  Arkansas,  named   for  a  Frenchman, 

Monsieur  Barraque,  who  lived  near  the  Arkansas  River. 
Barre;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  Isaac  Barre,  the 

friend  of  America  in  the  British  Parliament. 
Barre;  towns  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  and  Washington  County,  Vermont, 

named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 
Barren;  island  in  the  Hudson  River.  '  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Dutch  word 

beeren,  "  bears,' '  which  was  applied  to  the  island  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers. 
Barren;  county  in  Kentucky,  in  the  Carboniferous  limestone  region.    The  name  is 

supposed  to  have  been  given  in  reference  to  this  formation,  though  the  soil  is  in 

reality  fertile. 
Barrington;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Rhode  Island,  probably  named  for  Sir  John 

Barrington,  dissenter,  who  died  in  1734,  though  by  some  it  is  thought  to  have 

received  its  name  from  some  of  the  early  settlers  who  came  from  the  parish  of 

Barrington  in  Somersetshire,  England. 
Barron;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Judge  Henry  D. 

Barron,  of  that  State. 
Barry;  township  and  city  in  Pike  County,  Illinois.     First  named  Barre,  from  the 

town  in  Vermont,  and  changed  to  Barry  by  the  Post-Office  Department. 
';  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  William  T.  Barry,  postmaster-general  under 

President  Jackson. 
';  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Commodore  John  Barry. 


38  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Bartholomew;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  Joseph  Bartholomew,  United 

States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Bartlett;  town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Governor  Josiah 

Bartlett,  1792-1794. 
Barton;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Clara  Barton,  founder  of  the  Red  Cross  Soci- 
ety in  America. 
Barton;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  David  Barton,  member  of  Congress  from 

Missouri. 
Barton;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  William  Barton,  a  Revolu- 
tionary general  and  principal  proprietor. 
Bartow;  county,  and  town  in  Jefferson  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  F.  8. 

Bartow,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Manassas. 
Basalt;  peak  which  gives  name  to  a  town  in  Eagle  County,  Colorado,  named  from 

the  summit  rock. 
Base  Line;  village  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  situated  on  the  base  line 

of  the  United  States  land  surveys. 
Bashbish;  stream  and  deep  gorge  in  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  Berkshire  County, 

Massachusetts,  named  for  an  Indian  squaw,  Bess,  who  lived  near  the  source  of 

the  stream. 
Bashes  Kil;  creek  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  for  Bashe,  an  Indian 

woman. 
Basin;  village  in  Kern  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the  -shape  of  the 

plain  in  which  it  is  located. 
Baskahegun;  river  and  lake  in  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  branch  stream 

wThich  turns  down." 
Baskingridg'e;  village  in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  said  animals 

resorted  in  chilly  weather  to  bask  in  the  milder  air. 
Basswood;  island  in  Lake  Superior,  one  of  the  Apostles,  a  translation  of  wigobi- 

miniss,  the  Indian  name  for  the  island. 
Bastrop;  town  in  Morehouse  Parish,   Louisiana,  and  county,  and  town  in  same 

county,  in  Texas,  named  for  Baron  de  Bastrop,  a  Mexican,  who  was  a  commis- 
sioner of  Texas  to  extend  land  titles,  in  1823. 
Batata;  village  in  Merced  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "sweet 

potato." 
Bat  a  via;  village  in  Solano  County,  California,  named  from  Batavia  in  Illinois. 
Batavia;  township  and  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  New 

York. 
Batavia;  town  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Batavian  Republic, 

which  name  was  applied  to  Holland  by  the  French  after  its  conquest  in  1795. 

Seven  other  places  in  the  United  States  bear  this  name. 
Batchelders;  grant  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  original  grantee,  Josiah 

Batchelder. 
Bates;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Gov.  Frederick  Bates,  who  died  in  1825  while 

in  office. 
Batesburg;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  of  that 

State. 
Bates ville;  city  in  Independence  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  James  Woodson 

Bates. 
Batesville;  village  in  Noble  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Rev.  Timothy  Bates,  a  Meth- 
odist preacher. 
Bath;  county  in  Kentucky,  village  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  and  county  in 

Virginia,  so  named  because  of  the  medical  springs. 
Bath;  city  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  and  borough  in  Northampton  County, 

Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 


i 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  39 

Bath;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Lady  Henrietta,  Countess  of 

Bath,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Pultney. 
Bath  Alum  Spring;  village  in  Bath  County,  Virginia,  so  called  from  the  medicinal 

springs  situated  there. 
Bath  Springs;  town  in  Decatur  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  because  of  the  medic- 
inal springs  within  its  limits. 
Baton  Rouge;  city  in  East  Baton  Rouge  Parish,  Louisiana.     It  is  a  French  name, 

meaning  "red  staff"  or  "red  stick, "  given  because  of  a  tall  cypress  tree  which 

stood  upon  the  spot  where  it  was  first  settled.    Some  authorities  say  that  the 

name  is  derived  from  the  name  of  an  Indian  chief,  whose  name  translated  into 

French  was  Baton  Rouge.    Still  another  theory  ascribes  the  name  to  the  fact 

that  a  massacre  by  the  Indians  took  place  upon  the  spot  upon  the  arrival  of  the 

first  settlers. 
Battenkill;  creek,  tributary  to  the  Hudson  River,  called  originally  Bartholomew's 

Kill,  for  an  early  settler,  Bartholomew  Van  Hogeboom,  who  was  usually  called 

Bart  or  Bat. 
Battleboro;  town  in  Nash  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  James  S.  and  Joseph 

Battle,  railroad  contractors. 
Battle  Creek;  city  and  creek  in  Calhoun  County,  Michigan,  so  called  because  a 

battle  was  fought  upon  the  banks  of  the  creek. 
Battle  Ground;  creek  in  Illinois,  so  called  from  a  battle  fought  on  its  banks  between 

the  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  Indians  in  1782. 
Battle  Ground;  town  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  named  in  commemoration 

of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe. 
Battlement;  mesa  in  western  Colorado,  so  named  by  Hay  den  because  of  its  shape. 
Bavaria;  village  in  Saline  County,  Kansas,  named  from  one  of  the  divisions  of 

Germany. 
Baxter;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Elisha  Baxter,  twice  governor  of  the  State. 
Baxter  Springs;  city  in  Cherokee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  A.  Baxter,  the  first 

settler.    There  are  also  springs  in  the  vicinity. 
Bay;  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  situated  on  the  edge  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 
Bay;  county  in  Michigan,  named  from  its  situation  on  Saginaw  Bay. 
Bayard;  town  in  Grant  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Senator  Bayard. 
Bayboro;  town  in  Pamlico  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  from  its  situation  on 

Pamlico  Sound. 
Bay  City;  city  in  Bay  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  its  situation  on  Saginaw 

Bay. 
Bayfield;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Rear-Admiral 

H.  D.  Bayfield,  who  surveyed  the  Great  Lakes. 
Bay  head;  borough  in  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey.    The  name  is  descriptive  of  its 

geographical  position  at  the  head  of  Barnegat  Bay. 
Baylia;  village  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  official. 
Baylor;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Henry  W.  Baylor,  who  fell  at  Dawson's  mas- 
sacre in  1842. 
Bay  of  Noquet;  bay  in  Michigan,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe.    The  word  seems 

to  refer  to  "otters." 
Bayou;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Kentucky.    The  word  is  used  frequently  in 

the  Southern  States,  being  a  Choctaw  term  to  denote  a  small  sluggish  stream. 
Bayou  Boeuf;  creek  in  Louisiana.    A  French  name  meaning  "buffalo  creek." 
Bayou  Chetimaches;  creek  in  Louisiana,  named  for  an  Indian  of  the  vicinity.    The 

name  is  Choctaw  and  means  "those  who  possess  cooking  vessels." 
Bayou  dee  Buttes;  creek  of  Louisiana,  named  by  the  French  "bayou  of  the 

mounds,"  from  the  mounds  found  along  its  course. 
Bayou  Huffrower;  creek  in  Louisiana,  named  for  an  old  BeittieT. 


40  place  Names  in  the  united  states.  [bfll.25*. 

Bayou  Sale";  creek  emptying  into  Cote  Blanche  Bay,  Louisiana.  A  French  name 
meaning  "salt  bayou"  or  "salt  creek." 

Bay  St.  Louis;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Ixtuis  XI  of  France, 
and  situated  on  a  bay,  hence  the  prefix. 

Bay  Spring;  town  in  Tishomingo  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  home  of  Rob- 
ert Lowery  in  the  same  county. 

Beacon;  town  in  Mahaska  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Lord  Beaconsfield. 

Beadle;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  W.  H.  H.  Beadle,  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  in  1884. 

Bear;  creek  in  Missouri,  sometimes  called  Loose  Creek,  probably  from  a  careless 
corruption  of  the  French,  l'ourse,  "the  bear." 

Bear;  creek  in  Yellowstone  park  named  from  a  hairless  cub  found  there  by  a  party 
of  explorers.  This  name  is  applied  to  numerous  places  in  the  United  States, 
from  the  presence  of  the  animal  at  the  time  of  naming. 

Beardstown;  city  in  Cass  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Beard,  the  founder. 

Bear  Lake;  county  in  Idaho,  named  from  Bear  Lake. 

Bear  Lake;  village  in  Manistee  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  a  fancied 
resemblance  tetween  the  outline  of  the  village  limits  and  a  sleeping  bear. 

Beatrice;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  the  wife  of  an  early 
settler. 

Beatrice;  city  in  Gage  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Judge  Kinney, 
one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in  the  State,  and  who  assisted  in  locating  the  town  site. 

Beattie;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  for  A.  Beattie,  mayor  of  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri,  in  1870. 

Beattyville;  town  in  Lee  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Samuel  Beatty,  one  of  the 
first  settlers. 

Beaufort;  county,  and  town  in  Carteret  County,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the 
Duke  of  Beaufort,  a  lord  proprietor. 

Beaufort;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  said  by  some  author- 
ities to  be  named  for  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  but  other  authorities  claim  that  the 
name  was  given  by  the  French  Protestants,  who  took  refuge  there  from  Lord 
Berkeley,  giving  the  name  of  the  town  in  Anjou,  France. 

Beauregard;  town  in  Copiah  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Gen.  Pierre  Gustave 
Toutant  Beauregard,  Confederate  Army. 

Beaver;  county  in  Oklahoma,  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania, 
county  in  Utah,  and  twenty  post-offices,  and  numerous  creeks,  lakes,  and  other 
natural  features  in  the  United  States.  It  was  adopted  by  the  Indians  as  a  per- 
sonal as  well  as  tribal  name,  because  of  the  widespread  presence  of  the  animal. 

Beaver;  lake  in  Indiana,  called  by  the  Indians,  sagayxganuhnickyug,  "lake  of 
beavers." 

Beaverdam;  city  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyo- 
ming, and  numerous  post-offices,  so  called  from  an  obstacle  placed  in  streams  by 
beavers. 

Beaverhead;  county  in  Montana,  named  from  a  rock  in  the  county  shaped  like  a 
beaver's  head. 

Bechler;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 
for  Gustavtis  R.  Bechler,  topographer,  with  the  Hayden  Survey. 

Been  tela  ville;  lx>rough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  family  of 
which  Judge  O.  P.  Bechtel  is  a  prominent  member. 

Becker;  county,  and  town  in  Sherburne  County,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen. 
George  L.  Becker,  who  was  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  State  at  the  time. 

Beckley;  village  in  Raleigh  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Alfred  Beckley, 
an  early  settler. 


OAioacrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE   UNITEP   STATES.  41 


l;  butte  and  town  in  Plumas  County ,  California,  and  mountain  in  Colorado, 
named  for  Lieutenant  Beckwith,  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Exploring  Expedition. 

Bedford;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  W riot hesley  Russell, 
Duke  of  Bedford. 

Bedford;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Bedfordshire,  England. 

Bedford;  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania,  said  by  some  to  be* 
named  from  the  county  in  England;  by  others  it  is  thought  that  the  name  was 
given  in  honor  of  the  Dukes  of  Bedford. 

Bedford;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Thomas  Bed- 
ford. 
{Bedford;  county  in  Virginia; 
Bedford  City;  town  in  Bedford  County,  Virginia.    Named  for  John,  Duke  of  Bed- 
'  ford. 

Bedloe;  island  in  New  York  Harbor,  named  for  Isaac  Bedlow,  its  first  proprietor. 

Bee;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Bernard  E.  Bee,  minister  to  Mexico  in  1830. 

Beebe;  town  in  White  County,  Arkansas,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Roswell  Beebe, 
an  early  settler. 

Beech;  there  are  six  post-offices  named  Beech  in  the  country  and  thirty-six  with  vari- 
ous suffixes,  the  name  being  applied  because  of  the  widespread  occurrence  of 
this  tree. 

Beech  Greek;  creek  and  borough  in  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  translation 
of  the  Indian  name  gehauweminnch-hantia. 

Beecher  City;  village  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  A.  Beecher, 
a  railway  solicitor. 

Beechy;  cape  in  Alaska,  named  for  Capt.  F.  W.  Beechy,  the  navigator. 

Beekman;  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry  Beekman,  who 
owned  a  grant  there  in  1703. 

Beekmanton;  town  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Beekman, 
one  of  the  original  grantees. 

Bekuennesee;  rapids  in  the  Menominee  River,  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  word,  mean- 
ing "smoky  falls." 

Belair;  post  villages  in  Richmond  County,  Georgia,  and  Plaquemines  Parish,  Louisi- 
ana, town  in  Harford  County,  Maryland,  and  village  in  Lancaster  County,  South 
Carolina.     A  French  phrase,  meaning  "good  air." 

Belchertown ;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Jonathan 
Belcher,  one  of  the  original  grantees  and  one  time  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Belen;  town  in  Quitman  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  the  battle  ground  upon 
which  Col.  John  A.  Quitman  fought  during  the  Mexican  war. 

Belew;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Silas  Belew,  who  owned 
property  in  the  vicinity. 

Belfast;  city  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  named  by  James  Miller,  an  early  settler, 
from  his  native  city  in  Ireland.  Numerous  other  places  in  the  country  bear  this 
name. 

Belknap;  township  and  village  in  Johnson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  prominent 
railroad  man. 

Belknap;  county  in  New  Hampshire.  The  origin  of  this  name  is  in  doubt,  but  by 
some  the  county  is  thought  to  have  been  named  for  Jeremy  Belknap,  who  wrote 
a  history  of  the  State. 

Belknap;  mount  in  Utah,  named  for  William  Worth  Belknap,  secretary  of  war 
under  President  Grant. 

Bell;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Josh  Bell. 

Bell;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  P.  H.  Bell,  governor  of  the  State  in  1849-1857. 

Bellaire;  city  in  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  town  of  Belair  in  Maryland. 


42  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Bella  vista;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning  "beau- 
tiful view." 
Belle;  a  French  word  meaning  "beautiful,"  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  country, 

there  being  seventy-eight  post-offices  which  have  this  name  in  combination  with 

descriptive  suffi  xes. 
Belief ontaine;  city  in  Logan  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  of  the  beautiful 

springs  in  the  neigh borhood. 
Belleville;  township  and  city  in  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois.    The  name  was  sug- 
gested by  John  Hay,  a  French  Canadian,  prominent  in  the  early  days  of  the 

State. 
Belleville;  city  in  Republic  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Arabelle,  wife  of  A.  B. 

Tutton,  president  of  the  town-site  company. 
Belleville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  village  in  Wis- 
consin. 
Belleville;  village  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  named  by  the  first  settler,  John 

Frederick,  from  his  native  village  in  Canada. 
Bellevue;  village  in  Sonoma  County,  California;  a  French  term  meaning  "beautiful 

view." 
Bellevue;  township  and  city  in  Jackson  County,  Iowa,  named  for  John  D.  Bell,  the 

first  settler. 
Bellflower;  township  and  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  so  named  by  the 

early  settlers  from  the  fields  of  bell-shaped  flowers. 
Bellingham;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Governor  Richard 

Bellingham. 
Bellingham;  bay  in  Washington,  named  by  Vancouver,  the  explorer,  probably  for 

Sir  Henry  Bellingham,  who  was  knighted  in  1796. 
Bellmont;  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Bell,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Bellows  Falls;  village  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin 

Bellows,  an  early  settler  and  founder  of  Waljwle. 
Bell  Spring;  mountain  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  so  named  by  an  early 

explorer,  who  found  a  cow  bell  in  a  spring  on  the  mountain. 
Bell  wood;  village  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  D.  J.  Bell,  its  proprietor 

and  patron. 
Belmont;  village  in  San  Mateo  County,  California,  and  Allegany  County,  New  York, 

named  for  its  pleasing  situation  in  the  hills;  translation  from  the  French,  "fine 

mountain." 
Belmont;  towns  in  Mississippi  County,  Missouri,  and  Belknap  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, named  for  August  Belmont,  of  New  York. 
Belmont;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Ohio,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Howe  says  it  is  named  in  reference  to  its  hilly  surface;  French,  "fine  mountain." 
Belmont;  village  in  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  three  mounds  within 

its  limits,  which  the  early  French  travelers  called  "Belles  Montes." 
Beloit;  city  in  Rock  County,  Wisconsin.     A  coined  name  selected  by  a  committee, 

to  whom  it  was  suggested  by  the  name  Detroit. 
Beloit;  city  in  Mitchell  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  city  in  Wisconsin. 
Belpre";  town  in  Washington  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  French,  meaning 

"beautiful  prairie,"  from  its  situation  on  a  prairie. 
Belton;  town  in  Anderson  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 
Belton;  city  in  Bell  County,  Texas,  named  for  Governor  P.  H.  Bell. 
Beltrami;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Count  C.  C. 

Beltrami,  an  Italian,  with  Major  Long's  exploring  expedition  into  the  Northwest 

country. 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE9.  43 

Belvedere;  town  in  Marin  County,  California.  From  the  Italian,  meaning  "  beau- 
tiful sight." 

Belvidere;  township  and  city  in  Boone  County,  Illinois,  named  by  one  of  the 
founders  for  his  native  place  in  Canada. 

Belzoni;  town  in  Washington  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  an  Italian,  Giambattuta 
Belzoni,  a  celebrated  archaeologist. 

Bement;  township  and  village  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  United  States 
surveyor. 

Bexniz  Heights;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jonathan  Bemis, 
innkeeper  there  during  the  Revolution. 

Benedicts;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  Bishop  Benedicta  Fen- 
wick,  who  was  an  early  proprietor. 

Benhur;  village  in  Mariposa  County,  California,  named  for  the  character  in  Gen. 
Wallace's  novel. 

Benicia;  city  in  Solano  County,  California,  named  by  General  Vallejo  for  his  wife, 
village  in  Kern  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "nun." 
Lomond;  post-offices  in  Sevier  County,  Arkansas,  Santa  Cruz  County,  Cali- 
fornia, Issaquena  County,  Mississippi,  and  Mason  County,  West  Virginia;  named 
from  the  lake  in  Scotland. 

Bennett;  town  in  Cedar  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Chet  Bennett,  a  railroad  man. 

Bennett;  point  in  Maryland,  named  for  Richard  Bennett. 

Bennett;  town  in  J  Lancaster  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  a  resident. 

Bennett  Creek;  village  in  Nansemond  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Richard  Bennett, 
governor  in  1652-1656. 

Bennetts;  wells  on  the  westerly  border  of  Death  Valley,  Inyo  County,  California, 
named  for  the  Bennett  party  of  immigrant**,  most  of  whom  perished  in  the  neigh- 
borhood in  1852. 

Bennetteville;  town  in  Marlboro  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family 
prominent  in  the  State. 

Bennington;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  county,  and  town- 
ship, and  town  in  same  county  in  Vermont,  named  for  Governor  Benning 
Wentworth,  of  New  Hampshire. 

town  in  Johnston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen, 
county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  B.  W.  Benson,  member  of  the 
State  legislature  and  banker,  of  Valley  City,  North  Dakota. 

Benson;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  said  by  some  to  have  been  named  for 
Judge  Egbert  Benson,  one  of  the  original  proprietors.  The  Vermont  Historical 
Society  says  that  it  was  named  by  James  Meacham,  a  proprietor,  for  a  Revolu- 
tionary officer. 

Bent;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  William  Bent,  first  United  States  governor  of 
New  Mexico. 

Benton;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Indiana,  and  Iowa;  village  in  Marshall  County, 
Kentucky;  town  in  Bossier  Parish,  Louisiana;  county,  and  township  and  vil- 
lage in  Carver  County,  in  Minnesota;  counties  in  Mississippi  and  Missouri;  town 
in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire;  and  counties  in  Oregon  and  Tennessee; 
named  for  Senator  Thomas  H.  Benton,  of  Missouri.  Thirty  other  cities,  towns, 
and  villages  bear  this  name,  most  of  them  in  honor  of  the  same  man. 

Benton;  town  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  for  Caleb  Benton,  the  first  settler. 

Ben  tenia;  town  in  Yazoo  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  maiden  name  of  Mrs. 
Hal  Green,  a  resident. 

Ben  wood;  city  in  Marshall  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Benjamin  Latrobe, 
an  engineer  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Benzie;  county  in  Michigan.  Probably  named  from  the  town  of  Benzonia,  which 
was  founded  and  named  before  the  county.    There  are  some,  hoNrevet  % ^ta  l\\\v\W 


44  PLACE   NAMK8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  268. 

the  name  a  corruption  from  Betxie  River  and  Point,  which  were  originally  called 
Auj-  Kec*  Scie#,  a  French  form  meaning  "at  the  snouts  of  the  sawfish." 

Benzonia;  village  in  Benzie  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  Hebrew,  meaning 
"sons  of  light,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Walker,  member  of  a  company  formed  to 
found  a  college  where  poor  students  could  be  educated;  the  college  was  built 
upon  the  spot  where  the  village  now  stands. 

Beowawe;  post-office  in  Eureka  County,  Nevada,  said  to  be  from  an  Indian  word 
meaning  "gate,"  so  named  from  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  hills  at  this  point, 
which  gives  the  effect  of  an  open  gateway  up  the  valley  to  the  canyon  beyond. 

Berea;  towns  in  Adair  County,  Iowa,  Madison  County,  Kentucky,  and  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Macedonia. 

Berenda;  town  in  Madera  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "ante- 
lope," so  applied  because  the  country  was  overrun  with  antelope. 

Beresford;  lake  in  Florida,  named  for  an  early  English  proprietor. 

Berg;  village  in  Sutter  County,  California,  so  named  from  its  location  in  the  moun- 
tains.    From  the  German,  meaning  "mountain." 

Bergen;  county  in  New  Jersey,  named  from  Bergen  Point. 

Bergen  Point;  post  village  of  Hudson  County,  New  Jersey,  named  by  colonists 
from  Bergen,  Norway. 

Bergholtz;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  town  in  Prussia. 

Bering;  sea  and  strait  lying  between  Alaska  and  Asia,  named  for  the  Dutch  navi- 
gator, Ivan  Ivanovitch  Bering. 

Berkeley;  city  in  Alameda  County,  California,  named  for  Dean  Berkley,  Bishop 
of  Cloyne. 

Berkeley;  county  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  John  Lord  Berkeley,  one  of  the 
original  proprietors. 

(Berkeley;  county  in  West  Virginia; 
Berkeley  Springs;  town  in  Morgan  County,  West  Virginia.     Named  for  William 
Berkeley,  governor  of  Virginia  in  1642. 
Berkley;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  probably  named  for  Dean  Berk- 
ley, Bishop  of  Cloyne,  though  some  authorities  say  for  James  and  William 

Berkley,  members  of  the  Privy  Council. 
Berkley;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  prominent  family  of  land 

holders. 
Berks;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  county  of  Berks  in  England. 
Berkshire;  county  in  Massachusetts,  named  from  Berkshire,  England.     Several 

towns  in  the  country  are  named  from  the  same. 
Berlin;  thirty-seven  ]>ost-oftices  in  the  United  States  bear  the  name  of  the  city  in 

Germany. 
Bermuda;    villages  in  Conecuh  County,   Alabama,    Gwinnett  County,   Georgia, 

Natchitoches  Parish,  Louisiana,    Marion  County,  South  Carolina,  and  Knox 

County,  Tennessee;   named  from  the  group  of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 

which  were  named  for  the  Spanish  discoverer,  Juan  Bermudez. 
Bern;  towns  in  Adams  County,  Indiana,  and  Albany  County,  New  York; 
Bernville;  borough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.     Named  from  the  town  of 

Bern  in  Switzerland. 
Bernal;  suburb  of  San  Francisco,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "vernal," 

"green." 
Bernalillo;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  from  the  town  on  the  Rio  Grande.     A 

Spanish-Christian  name,  meaning  "little  Bemal." 
Bernalillo;    town  in  Sandoval  County,   New  Mexico,  settled  by  dependents  of 

Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo,  who  was  associated  with  Cortez  in  the  conquest  of 

Mexico. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  45 

Bernardo;  township  and  village  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  From  the  Span- 
ish, relating  to  the  Bernard  ine  religious  order. 

Bernardstown;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  British 
governor,  Sir  Francis  Bernard. 

Berrien;  county  in  Georgia,  and  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  in  Michigan, 
named  for  John  McPherson  Berrien,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  in 
1829. 

Berry;  creek  in  Idaho,  so  named  by  Captain  Clark,  the  explorer,  because  he  sub- 
sisted entirely  on  terries  at  that  place. 

Berry;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  a  man  who  had  a  station 
there  called  Berry's  station. 

Berryville;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  James  H.  Berry,  governor 
of  the  State. 

Berthoud;  village  in  Larimer  County,  Colorado,  named  for  E.  L.  Berthoud,  chief 
engineer  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Bertie;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  James  and  Henry  Bertie,  in  whom 
the  proprietary  rights  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon  rested. 

Berwick;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  town  in  England,  Berwick- 
upon-Tweed. 

Berwick;  borough  in  Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  county  in 
Scotland. 

Bessemer;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  city  in  Gogebic  County,  Michigan, 
town  in  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina,  and  several  other  places;  named. for 
Sir  Henry  Bessemer,  who  invented  the  process  of  reducing  iron  ore. 

Bethaldo;  village  in  Madison  County,  Illinois.  Changed  from  Bethel  to  distinguish 
it  from  another  post-office  of  that  name. 

Bethany;  village  in  Lancaster  County,  Nebraska,  borough  in  Wayne  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  many  other  places  bear  the  name  of  the  village  in  Palestine. 

Bethel;  town  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  many  other  places,  named 
directly  or  indirectly  from  Bethel  in  Palestine. 

Bethesda;  post-office  in  Montgomery  County,  Maryland,  and  several  other  places, 
named  from  the  pool  in  Jerusalem. 

Bethlehem;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  originally  a  Moravian 
settlement,  named  on  Christmas  Day,  1741,, from  the  birthplace  of  Christ  in 
Judea.    Twelve  other  places  in  the  Union  bear  the  same  name. 

Betsie;  river,  point,  and  town,  in  Michigan,  a  corruption  of  the  French  name  given 
to  the  river  in  early  days,  aux  bees  scies,  meaning  "at  the  snouts  of  the  sawfish." 

Beulah;  post-office  in  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  and  many  towns  and  villages  bear 
this  Scriptural  name. 

Beverly;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  many  towns  and  villages  bear 
this  name,  probably  derived  from  Beverly,  in  Yorkshire,  England. 

Beverly;  township  and  city  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  by  the 
first  settlers,  who  found  the  country  overrun  with  beavers. 

Beverly;  town  in  Randolph  County,  West  Virginia,  doubtless  named  for  William 
Beverly,  the  original  grantee  of  Beverly  manor. 

Bevier;  village  in  Muhlenberg  County,  Kentucky,  and  city  in  Macon  County,  Mis- 
souri, named  for  Col.  Robert  Bevier,  of  Kentucky. 

Bexar;  villages  in  Marion  County,  Alabama;  Fulton  County,  Arkansas,  and  Lauder- 
dale County,  Tennessee,  and  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named 
for  the  Duke  of  Bexar,  a  Spanish  nobleman. 

Bibb;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Georgia,  named  for  Dr.  William  Wyatt  Bibb,  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Georgia. 

Bicknell;  village  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  Bicknell. 


46  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Biddeford;  city  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  place  in  England  whence 

some  of  the  early  settlers  emigrated. 
Bienville;  parish,  and  town  in  same  parish,  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Governor  Jean 

Baptiste  Lemoine  Bienville,  son  of  the  French  explorer  who  accompanied  La 

Salle  on  his  expedition. 
Big  Bar;  post-office  and  mining  settlement  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  for 

the  rich  and  extensive  bars  of  placer  gravel. 
Big  Blackfoot;  river  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Montana,  the  name  of  which  is 

derived  from  the  Black  feet  Indian  tribe. 
Big  Blue;  creek  in  Missouri,  which  was  formerly  called  Bluewater  Creek,  the  name 

being  derived  from  its  French  name,  riv&re  de  Veau  bleue. 
Bigbone;  village  in  Boone  County,  Kentucky,  so  named  from  the  numbers  of  bones 

of  mastodons  discovered  in  the  vicinity. 
Big  Dry;  creek  in  Montana,  so  named  by  Lewis  and  Clark,  because  it  was  dry 

when  they  reached  it. 
Big  Gravois;  creek  in  Missouri.     A  French  name  meaning  "  rubbish." 
Biggs ville;  village  in  Henderson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Biggs,  who 

built  the  first  mill. 
Bighorn;  river  in  Montana,  tributary  to  the  Yellowstone  River,  so  named  from  the 

Rocky  Mountain  sheep,  frequently  called  "big  horn."    Its  Indian  (Dakota) 

name  was  papatunkauy  meaning  "  big  head/' 
Bighorn;  county  in  Wyoming,  named  from  the  range  of  mountains,  which  took 

their  name  from  the  sheep  which  were  found  in  them.    The  Indian  (Absaroka) 

name  of  the  mountains  was  ahsahta,  meaning  "  big  head." 
Bigler;  lake  in  California,  named  for  John  Bigler,  governor  of  the  State. 
Big  Muddy;  creek  in  Missouri;  the  name  is  translated  from  that  given  it  by  the 

early  French,  grande  rixntre  vtuieuse,  " great  muddy  river." 
Big  Palm  Springs;  village  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  for  the  desert 

palms  or  giant  yuccas  in  the  vicinity. 
Big  Rapids;  city  in  Mecosta  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  rapids  in  the  Mus- 
kegon River. 
Big  Sioux;  river  in  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe. 
Big  Spring;  town  in  Meade  County,  Kentucky,  so  named  from  a  spring  which  rises 

near  the  middle  of  the  town.    There  are  fifteen  other  places  in  the  country  that 

bear  this  name  because  of  the  presence  of  springs. 
Bigstone;  county  in  Minnesota,  which  takes  its  name  from  a  river,  which  was 

doubtless  named  descriptively. 
Big  Timber;  town  in  Sweet  Grass  County,  Montana,  so  named  from  a  stream  which 

rises  in  the  Crazy  Mountains  and  flows  into  the  Yellowstone  River  at  a  point 

opposite  the  town.    This  stream  was  called  the  Big  Timber  for  years  before  the 

town  was  settled. 
Bigtooth;  creek  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  a  translation  of  the  Indian  name 

of  the  creek,  mangipishik,  "place  where  big  teeth  are  found." 
Big  Tree;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  so  called  from  the  Indian  village  which 

formerly  occupied  the  site,  deonundaga,  "big  tree." 
Big  Trees;  village  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  so  named  from  a  grove  of  about 

ninety  enormous  trees  of  the  genus  Sequoia. 
Bigwood;  river  in  Idaho,  the  name  of  which  is  derived  from  the  name  given  by  the 

early  French  traders,  boise  or  boiste,  "woody;"  so  called  because  of  its  wooded 

banks. 
Bijou;  town  in  Eldorado  County,  California.     A  French  word  meaning  a  "jewel." 
Bijou;  hills  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  an  early  French  hunter. 
Bijou  Hills;  village  in  Brule  County,  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  hills. 


oannett.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  47 

Billerica;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Essex, 
England. 

Billings;  city  in  Yellowstone  County,  Montana,  named  for  Parmley  Billings,  son  of 
the  first  president  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Billings;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Frederick  Billings,  at  one  time  presi- 
dent of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Billingsport;  town  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  an  English  mer- 
chant, Edward  Bylling. 

Billington  Sea;  pond  in  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  discoverer,  Billing- 
ton,  one  of  the  Mayflower  passengers,  who  reported  it  as  an  inland  sea. 

Bill  Williams;  mountain  in  Arizona,  named  for  a  guide  and  trapper. 

Biloxi;  bay,  and  city  in  Harrison  County,  in  Mississippi.  An  Indian  tribe  of  this 
name  inhabited  this  part  of  the  country.  The  name  is  of  Choctaw  origin,  vari- 
ously rendered  as  referring  to  " worthless"  or  "terrapin." 

Biltmore;  town  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  by  George  Vander- 
bilt  from  the  last  part  of  his  name,  with  the  Gaelic  mor,  "great." 

Bingham;  county  in  Idaho,  named  by  Governor  Bunn  for  his  friend,  Congressman 
Bingham,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Bingham;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  named  for  William  Bingham,  a  large 
landowner  in  early  days. 

Binghamton;  city  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Bingham,  of 
Philadelphia,  a  benefactor  of  the  town. 

Birch;  nineteen  post-offices,  besides  many  natural  features,  bear  this  name,  either 
alone  or  with  suffixes,  generally  indicating  the  presence  of  the  tree. 

Bird;  city  in  Cheyenne  County,  Kansas,  named  for  its  founder,  Benjamin  Bird. 

Birdsall;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  John  Birdsall. 

Birdsboro;  borough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Bird,  who 
in  1740  bought  the  tract  on  which  the  town  now  stands. 

Birmingham;  twelve  places  in  the  country,  named  from  the  manufacturing  town  in 
England. 

Bismarck;  cities  in  St.  Francois  County,  Missouri,  and  Burleigh  County,  North 
Dakota,  and  many  other  places,  named  for  Prince  Otto  von  Bismarck  of  Germany. 

Bison;  peaks  in  Colorado  and  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  their  shape. 

Bitterwater;  town  in  San  Benito  County,  California,  named  from  the  bitter  mineral 
springs  in  the  vicinity. 

Bitterwater;  branch  of  Grand  River,  Utah,  so  named  from  the  character  of  the 
water. 

Bituma;  village  in  Ventura  County,  California,  named  from  the  asphalt  beds  in  the 
neighborhood. 

Blackbird;  town  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  great  warrior  and  chief 
of  the  Omaha  Indians,  Washingamhlxi,  meaning  "  blackbird.' ' 

Black  Butte;  village  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  named  from  an  extinct  vol- 
canic cone. 

Black  Creek;  town  in  Wilson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  a  creek  of  dark 
water. 

Black  Diamond;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  so  named  from  its  coal 
mines. 

Blackfoot;  peak,  and  village  in  Bingham  County,  in  Idaho,  named  from  the  Black- 
feet  Indian  tribe. 

Blackford;  county,  and  village  in  Jaspar  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Isaac  Black- 
ford, judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Indiana. 

Blackhawk;  town  in  Gilpin  County,  Colorado,  named  from  one  of  the  earliest  min- 
ing companies. 


48  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Blackhawk;  county,  and  village  in  Davis  County,  in  Iowa,  named  for  a  noted  chief 
of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians. 

Blackhawk;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  Choctaw  Indian  chief. 

Black  Hills;  mountain  range  in  South  Dakota,  called  by  the  early  French  traders 
cdte  noire,  "black  hills,' '  from  the  character  of  the  timber  which  grows  on  them, 
giving  a  dark  appearance. 

Blackiston;  village  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors of  large  tracts  of  land  in  the  county. 

Blacklick;  creek  in  Pennsylvania,  called  by  the  Indians  nacskahoni,  "lick  of 
blackish  color.' ' 

Blackmore;  mount  in  Montana,  named  for  the  English  ethnologist,  William  Black- 
more,  of  London. 

Black  Mountain;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  from  the  black 
volcanic  rocks. 

Black  Mountain;  range  in  North  Carolina,  so  named  from  the  dark-green  foliage  of 
the  balsam  fir  which  covers  the  top  and  sides. 

Black  Mountain;  town  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the 
mountain  towering  above  it. 

Black  River;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  from  a  river  the  waters 
of  which  are  the  color  of  sherry. 

Black  River  Falls;  city  in  Jackson  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  falls  of 
Black  River,  near  which  it  is  situated. 

Blacksburg;  town  in  Cherokee  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 
family  in  the  neighborhood. 

Blackstone;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Timothy  B.  Black- 
stone,  a  prominent  railroad  official. 

Blackstone;  river,  and  town  in  Worcester  County,  in  Massachusetts,  named  for 
William  Blackstone,  the  first  settler  in  Boston. 

Black  Warrior;  river  in  Alabama,  a  translation  of  the  Choctaw  Indian  word 
tuscaloosa. 

Blackwells;  island  in  East  River,  New  York,  named  for  the  Blackwell  family,  who 
owned  it  for  one  hundred  years. 

F laden;  county  in  North  Carolina; 
ladenboro;  town  in  Bladen  County.     Named  for  Martin  Bladen,  one  of  the  lord 
commissioners  of  trades  and  plantations. 

Bladensburg;  town  in  Prince  George  County,  Maryland,  named  for  Gov.  Thomas 

Bladen. 
Blain;  borough  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  James  Blain,  the  war- 
rantee of  the  land  upon  which  it  was  built. 
Blaine;  mountain  in  Colorado,  county  in  Idaho,  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine, 

counties  in  Nebraska  and  Oklahoma,  and  many  other  places,  named  for  James 

G.  Blaine. 
Blair;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Blair. 
Blair;  city  in  Washington  County.  Nebraska; 
Blair stown;  town  in  Benton  County,  Iowa; 
Blair st own;  towns  in  Henry  County,  Missouri,  and  Warren  County,  New  Jersey. 

Named  for  John  I.  Blair,  of  New  Jersey. 
Blair8ville;  borough  and  town  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John 

Blair,  a  prominent  resident  of  Blairs  Gap. 
Blakely;  town  in  Early  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Captain  Blakely,  naval  officer. 
Blakiston;  island  in  the  Potomac  River,  named  for  Nehemiah  Blakiston,  collector 

of  customs. 
Blalock;  village  in  Gilliam  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Dr.  Blalock,  an  early  settler. 


gannktt.]  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  49 

Blanca;  peak  in  the  Sierra  Blanca,  Colorado,  so  named  from  the  white  rocks  on  its 
summit. 

Blanchard;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  one  of  the  early  pro- 
prietors, Charles  Blanchard. 

Blanco;  cape  on  the  coast  of  Oregon,  discovered  by  Martin  de  Aguilar,  the  Spanish 
explorer,  who  named  it.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "white." 

Blanco;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  Rio  Blanco,  "white  river." 

Bland;  county  in  Virginia,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Richard  Bland,  of  Revolu- 
tionary fame. 

Blandford;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough, whose  second  title  was  Marquis  of  Blandford. 

Blandinsville;  township  and  village  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  named  for 
Joseph  L.  Bland  in,  first  settler  and  owner  of  the  land. 

Bland ville;  town  in  Ballard  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  Bland  Ballard. 

Bledsoe;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Jesse  Bledsoe,  United  States  Senator. 

Bleecker;  village  in  Fulton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rutger  Bleecker,  an  early 
patentee. 

Blennerhassett;  island  in  the  Ohio  River,  named  for  Herman  Blennerhassett,  who 
was  accused  of  complicity  with  Aaron  Burr. 

Bliaafleld;  village  in  Lenawee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Henry  Bliss,  an  early 
settler,  upon  whose  homestead  the  village  is  built. 

Block;  island  off  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Adrien  Block,  the  Dutch 
discoverer. 

Blocksburg;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Ben  Blockburger, 
the  founder. 

Bloods;  village  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Calvin  Blood. 

Bloomer;  village  in  Chippewa  County,  Wisconsin,  named  probably  for  a  Galena 
merchant. 

Bloomfield;  city  in  Stoddard  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  field  of  flowers 
which  grew  there  when  the  place  was  founded. 

Bloomfield;  town  in  Essex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Governor  Joseph 
Bloomfield  of  that  State. 

Bloomington;  township  and  city  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Bloom- 
ing Grove,  so  called  from  its  profusion  of  wild  flowers. 

Bloomington;  township  and  city  in  Monroe  County,  Indiana,  named  for  an  early 
settler,  Philip  Bloom. 

Bloomsburg;  town  in  Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Samuel  Bloom, 
county  commissioner  of  Northumberland  County. 

Bloasburg;  borough  in  Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Aaron  Bloss,  who 
settled  there  in  1806. 

Blount;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Willie  Blount,  governor  of  Tennessee  in 
1809-1815. 

Blount;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  William  Blount,  governor  in  1790-1796. 

Blountsville;  village  in  Henry  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Andrew  Blount,  its 
founder. 

Blowing  Bock;  town  in  Watauga  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  a  cliff 
where  the  wind  blows  upward. 

I  Blue  Earth;  county  and  river  in  Minnesota; 
Blue  Earth  City;  township  and  city  in  Faribault  County,  Minnesota,  so  named 
because  of  the  bluish  hue  of  the  earth,  flue  to  the  presence  of  copper. 
Blueneld;  city  in  Mercer  County,  West  Virginia,  named  from  the  bluegrass  valley 
in  which  it  is  situated. 

Bull.  258—05 1 


50  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Blue  Grass;  villages  in  Fulton  County,  Indiana,  Scott  County,  Iowa,  Knox  County, 

Tennessee,  and  Russell  County,  Virginia,  named  from  a  variety  of  grass  which 

grows  in  Kentucky. 
Blue  Hill;  village  in  Webster  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  of  the  bluish 

atmosphere  surrounding  the  hill  on  which  the  village  is  located. 
Blue  Hills;  range  of  hills  in  Massachusetts,  which  are  said  to  have  given  name  to 

the  State,  the  Indian  name  Massachusetts  meaning  "great  hills." 
Blue  Island;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  so  named  because  when  viewed  from 

a  distance  by  the  early  settlers  it  appeared  like  an  island  covered  with  blue 

flowers. 
Blue  Mound;  township  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  proximity  to  a 

hill  covered  with  blue  flowers. 
Blue  Mounds;  village  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  mounds  which 

appear  bluish  from  a  distance. 
Blue  Mountain;  town  in  Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  a  large  bluish 

hill  near  the  site. 
Blue  Ridge;  the  most  eastern  of  the  principal  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  chain  of 

mountains,  so  called  from  the  hue  which  frequently  envelops  its  distant  summits. 
Blue  Springs;  town  in  Union  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  springs  with  water 

of  bluish  hue. 
Bluffs;  village  in  Scott  County,  Illinois,  so  named  from  its  location  on  the  side  of 

high  bluffs. 
Blufiton;  city  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  ho  named  on  account  of  the  high  bluffs 

which  once  surrounded  the  town. 
Blunt;  village  in  Hughes  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  the  chief  engineer  of 

the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad,  Arthur  E.  Blunt. 
Blunts;  reef  on  the  coast  of  California,  named  for  Captain  Blunt,  of  the  Hudson  Bay 

Company. 
Blyville;  village  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  George  W.  Bly,  early  settler. 
Boardman;  mountain  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Herbert  Board  man, 

who  settled  at  its  base  in  1795. 
Boardman;  town  in  Columbus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  pioneer  Baptist 

preacher. 
Boardman;  township  and  village  in  Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  original 

proprietor,  Frederick  Boardman. 
Boca;  post-office  in  Nevada  County,  California,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Truckee  River. 

A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "mouth." 
Bodega;  township  in  Sonoma  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "wine- 
vault." 
Bodie;  island  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Hon.  N.  W.  Boddie,  of  Nashville,  North 

Carolina. 
Bodock;  creek  in  Arkansas,  corrupted  from  the  French,  hois  (Vnrc,  a  species  of  wood. 
Boerne;  village  in  Kendall  County,  Texas,  named  for  the  German  writer,  Louis 

Boerne. 
Bogota;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  South  American 

city. 
Bogue  Chitto;  town  and  creek  in  Lincoln  County,  Mississippi.     An  Indian  name 

meaning  "big  creek." 
Bohemia;  villages  in  Escambia  County,  Florida,  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  and 

Douglas  County,  Oregon,  named  from  the  province  in  Austria-Hungary. 
Bois  Brule;  township  in  Perry  County  and  creek  in  Cole  County,  Missouri.     A 

French  name  meaning  "burnt  forest." 
Bois  d'Arc;  village  in  Greene  County,  Missouri,  "bow wood,"  the  French  name  of 

the  Osage  orange  from  which  the  Indians  procured  wood  for  their  bows. 


oannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  51 

Bois  de  Sioux;  tributary  of  the  Red  River,  North  Dakota.    A  French  name  mean- 
ing ' '  Sioux  forest ' ' 
Boise;  county,  and  city  in  Ada  County,  in  Idaho,  situated  on  Boise  River.    A  French 

word  meaning  "  woody,"  given  by  the  early  French  traders  because  of  the  trees 

upon  the  banks  of  the  river. 
Bolinas;  bay,  and  town  in  Marin  County,  in  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"whale." 
Bolivar;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Mississippi,  city  in  Polk  County, 

Missouri,  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  town  in  Hardeman  County-, 

Tennessee,  town  in  Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  and  four  other  places; 

named  for  Gen.  Simon  Bolivar. 
Bollinger;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Maj.  George  F.  Bollinger,  an  early  settler. 
Bolaa;  village  in  Orange  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "purse." 
Bolton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  Powlet,  third 

Duke  of  Bolton. 
Bolton;  town  in  Hinds  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  man  interested  in  building 

a  railroad  from  Vicksburg  to  Jackson. 
Bombay;  town  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  by  Mr.  Hogan,  an  early 

settler,  from  Bombay,  India. 
Bonair;  towns  in  Howard  County,  Iowa,  and  White  County,  Tennessee,  and  village 

in  Chesterfield  County,  Virginia.    A  French  name,  meaning  "good  air." 
Bonanza;  village  in  Klamath  County,  Oregon,  and  seven  other  places  in  the  country. 

A  Spanish  word  meaning  "prosperity." 
Bonaparte;  town  in  Van  Buren  County,  Iowa,  and  village  in  Lewis  County,  New 

York,  named  for  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
Bonaqua;  town  in  Hickman  County,  Tennessee,  so  called  because  it  is  situated  near 

mineral  springs.    A  Latin  name,  meaning  "good  water." 
Bond;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Shadrack  Bond,  first  governor  of  the  State, 

1818-1822. 
Bondurant;  town  in  Polk  County,  Iowa,  named  for  A.  C.  Bondurant. 
Bonfield;  village  in  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Bonfield,  a 

prominent  railroad  official. 
Bonham;  town  in  Fannin  County,  Texas,  named  for  Col.  J.  B.  Bonham,  who  died 

in  the  Alamo  in  1836. 
Bonhomme;  island  in  the  Missouri  River,  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Jacques  Bon 

Homme,  the  Frenchman's  "  Uncle  Sam." 
Bonhomme;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  island  in  the  Missouri  River. 
Bonita;  point  in  California,  and  village  in  Ottertail  County,  Minnesota.    A  Spanish 

word,  meaning  "pretty,"  "graceful." 
Bonner;  town  in  Missoula  County,  Montana,  named  for  £.  T.  Bonner,  of  Missoula, 

Montana. 
Bonner  Springs;  city  in  Wyandotte  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Robert  Bonner, 

horseman,  and  editor  of  the  New  York  Ledger. 
Bonne terre;  town  in  St.  Francois  County,  Missouri.     A  French  name,  meaning 

"good  earth."    The  name  was  given  by  early  French  settlers  to  a  mine  which 

contained  lead. 
Bonneville;  mounts  in  Nevada  and  Wyoming,  and  a  village  in  Multnomah  County, 

Oregon,  named  for  Capt.  B.  L.  E.  Bonneville,  early  explorer  in  the  Northwest. 
Bonpas;  creek  and  town  in  Richland  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  prairie  which 

is  now  called  Pompare,  but  which  was  named  by  the  early  French,  bon  pas, 

meaning  "good  walk." 
Bonpland;  lake  in  California  and  mount  in  Nevada,  named  for  Aime  Bonpland,  the 

French  botanist. 


52  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Bon  Secours;  triangular  projection  on  the  east  side  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  poet-office 
in  Baldwin  County,  Alabama.     A  French  name,  meaning  "good  succor." 

Book;  plateau  in  Colorado;  so  named  from  its  shape. 

'Boon;  town  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan; 

Boone;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska, 
town  in  Watauga  County,  North  Carolina,  and  county  in  West  Virginia.  Named 
for  Daniel  Boone;  his  name  appears  with  different  suffixes  in  many  parts  of 
the  country. 

Boone;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  creek  in  Iowa,  named  for  Captain  Boone, 
United  States  dragoons,  who  captured  Des  Moines  Valley  above  Coon  Forks. 

Boone;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Robert  Withrow,  who  called  himself 
14  Daniel  Boone  the  second." 

(Boonesboro;  town  in  Howard  County,  Missouri; 

iBoone  Station;  village  in  Fayette  County,  Kentucky.    Named  for  Daniel  Boone. 

Boone ville;  town  in  Prentiss  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Reuben  H.  Boone, 
who  settled  there  in  1836. 

Boonton;  town  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Thomas  Boone,  its  colo- 
nial governor  in  1760. 

Boon  ville;  town  in  Warrick  County,  Indiana.  Some  authorities  say  that  it  received 
its  name  in  honor  of  Daniel  Boone,  while  Conklin  says  it  was  named  for  Ratliffe 
Boone,  second  governor  of  the  State,  who  laid  out  the  town. 

Boon  ville;  towns  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  and  Yadkin  County,  North  Carolina, 
named  for  Daniel  Boone. 

Boonville;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gerrit  Boon,  agent  of 
the  Holland  I^and  Company,  who  made  the  first  settlement. 

Boothbay;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Borate;  village  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  from  the  extensive 
veins  of  colemanite  (borate  of  lime). 

Borax;  lake  in  California,  the  waters  of  which  contain  borax  in  solution. 

Bordeaux;  town  in  Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  city  in 
France. 

Borden;  towns  in  Madera  County,  California,  and  county  and  village  in  Colorado 
County,  Texas,  named  for  Gail  Borden,  member  of  the  consultation  of  1833,  col- 
lector of  customs  at  Gal  vest-on  in  1837,  editor  and  financier. 

Bordentown;  city  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Joseph  Borden,  its 
founder. 

Borgne;  lake  in  Louisiana.  A  French  word,  meaning  "one-eyed,"  hence  some- 
thing "defective,"  given  to  the  lake  by  the  French  because  they  did  not  con- 
sider it  a  lake,  but  rather  a  bay,  as  it  had  the  appearance  of  being  separated  from 
the  sea  bv  numerous  islands. 

ftr 

Borodino;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Russia. 

Boscawen;  town  in  Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Admiral  Edward 
Boscawen. 

Boscobel;  city  in  Grant  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  a  place  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land. 

Bosque;  county  and  river  in  Texas.  A  French  and  Portuguese  word,  meaning 
"wood,"  "  forest,"  applied  to  the  country  because  of  the  forests  of  oak  and  cedar. 

Bosque  ville;  village  in  McLennan  County,  Texas;  so  named  because  near  Bosque 
River. 

Bossier;  parish,  and  village  in  same  parish,  in  Louisiana,  named  for  ( Jeneral  Bossier, 
a  celebrated  duelist. 

Bostic;  town  in  Rutherford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  George  T.  Bostic. 

Boston;  city  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts.  By  some  authorities  the  name  is 
said  to  have  been  given  in  honor  of  John  Cotton,  vicar  of  St.  Bodolph's  church 


gasnett]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  53 

in  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  England,  and  one  of  the  first  clergymen  in  the  Ameri- 
can Boston.  Others  sav  it  was  named  before  the  arrival  of  John  Cotton,  for 
three  prominent  colonists  from  Boston,  England.  Sixteen  places  in  the  country 
have  taken  their  names  from  the  Massachusetts  city. 

Botetourt;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Norborne  Berkeley,  Lord  de  Botetourt, 
royal  governor  of  Virginia  in  1768. 

Bottineau;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Pierre 
Bottineau,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  Red  River  Valley. 

Bouckville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Governor  William  C. 
Bouck. 

Bouff;  creek  in  Chicot  County,  Arkansas.  A  corruption  of  the  French  bayou  aux 
boeufs,  "cattle  creek." 

Boulder;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  huge  boul- 
ders found  in  the  county. 

Boundbrook;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  a  creek  empty- 
ing into  the  Raritan  River,  which  was  the  northern  boundary  of  the  grant  made 
to  Governor  Carteret.  It  is  now  part  of  the  boundary  between  Middlesex  and 
Somerset  counties. 

Bouquet;  river  in  Essex  County,  New  York;  said  to  be  named  from  the  flowers 
upon  its  banks.  Some  authorities  think  it  is  derived  from  the  French,  baquet, 
"trough." 

Bourbeuse;  river  in  Missouri.  A  name  applied  to  the  river  by  the  early  French 
traders,  meaning  "  miry." 

Bourbon;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Indiana,  and  counties  in  Kansas  and  Kentucky, 
besides  several  small  places,  named  for  the  royal  family  of  France. 

Bovina;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York;  from  the  Latin,  because  of  its  fitness 
for  grazing. 

Bow;  creek  in  Nebraska,  named  by  the  early  French  petit  arc,  "little  bow." 

Bow;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  so  named  from  a  bend  in  the 
river  within  the  town  limits. 

Bowdoinham;  town  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine.  Some  authorities  say  it  was 
named  for  James  Bowdoin,  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1785-86,  while  Varney 
claims  that  it  was  named  for  William  Bowdoin,  of  Boston. 

Bo  wen;  town  in  Jones  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Hugh  Bowen. 

Bower  bank;  plantation  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  a  London  mer- 
chant, the  first  owner. 

Bowie;  town  in  Prince  George  County,  Maryland,  named  for  Governor  Oden  Bowie. 

Bowie;  county,  and  village  in  Montague  County,  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Bowie, 
Indian  and  Mexican  fighter,  the  inventor  of  the  bowie  knife,  who  was  killed  at 
the  Alamo. 

Bowling  Green;  the  name  of  seven  places  in  the  country.  The  word  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  a  term  denoting  ornamental  gardening,  or  a  plat  of  turf  for  bowling. 
The  name  is  found  in  Yorkshire,  England. 

Bowman;  village  in  Fleming  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  Abram  Bowman, 
first  settler. 

Bowman;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  E.  M.  Bowman,  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  legislature  in  1883. 

Bowman;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Fleming 
family,  of  Orangeburg. 

Boxbutte;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska,  named  from  a  butte  in 
the  county. 

Boxelder;  county  in  Ttah  and  creek  in  Montana,  also  six  other  places  in  the  coun- 
try, named  from  the  tree. 


54  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bttll.258. 

Boxford;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  probably  named  from  the  town  in 

Suffolk,  England. 
Boyd;  county,  and  village  in  Harrison  County,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Linn  Boyd, 

statesman,  of  Tennessee,  one  time  lieutenant-governor  of  Kentucky. 
Boyd;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  James  E.  Boyd,  governor  of  the  State  in 

1891-93. 
Boyd  Tavern;  village  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  family  who  kept 

a  tavern  there  many  years  ago. 
Boyerton;  borough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Boyer  family, 

early  settlers. 
Boyle;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Boyle,' chief  justice  of  the  State. 
Boy  1st  on;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  a  resident  family 

of  Boston. 
Boylston;  town  in  Oswego  County,  New  York,  named  for  Thomas  Boylston. 
Bozeman;  city  in  Gallatin  County,  Montana,  named  for  J.  M.  Bozeman,  an  early 

trapper. 
Bozrahville;  town  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  ancient 

town  in  Syria. 
Braceville;  township  and  village  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  first  called  Braysville, 

for  an  early  settler. 
Braceville;  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Jonathan  Brace,  an 

early  settler. 
Bracken;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  two  creeks,  Big  and  Little  Bracken,  which 

were  named  for  William  Bracken,  a  pioneer  hunter. 
Brackettville;  town  in  Kinney  County,  Texas,  named  for  Oscar  B.  Brackett,  a 
•     prominent  resident. 

Bracks;  butte  in  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Braddock;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  battlefield 

where  General  Brad'dock  was  defeated  by  the  French  and  Indians. 
Braddys;  pond  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Capt.  Samuel  Brady. 
Bradford;    county  in  Florida,  named  for  Captain  Bradford,  who  was  killed  in  battle 

on  an  island  in  western  Florida. 
Bradford;  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Bradford  S.  Foster,  one  of  its 

principal  founders. 
Bradford;  village,  now  a  part  of  Haverhill,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named 

from  the  town  in  Yorkshire,  England. 
Bradford;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  village  in  Orange 

County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  village  in  Massachusetts. 
Bradford;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  General  Bradford. 
Bradford;  county,  and  city  in  McKean  County,  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William 

Bradford,  1755-1795,  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States. 
Bradfordaville;  town  in  Marion  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Peter  Bradford,  the 

first  settler. 
Bradley;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Capt.  Hugh  Bradley. 
Bradley;  village  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Bradley  Manufacturing 

Company  located  there. 
Bradley;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  of  the 

State. 
Bradley;  county  in  Tennessee.     The  origin  of  the  name  is  in  doubt;  Judge  P.  B. 

May  fie  Id,  of  Cleveland,  Tennessee,  says  it  was  probably  named  for  a  school- 
teacher. 
Bradley  Beach;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  origi- 
nal owner,  James  A.  Bradley. 


gaknot.)  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  55 

Bradys  Bend;  town  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Capt.  Samuel 
Brady,  the  noted  Indian  fighter. 

Braid  wood;  city  in  Will  County,  Illinois,  named  for  James  Braid  wood,  who  devel- 
oped coal  mines  in  the  vicinity. 

Brainerd;  city  in  Butler  County,  Kansas,  named  for  E.  B.  Brainerd,  who  owned  a 
farm  upon  which  part  of  the  city  is  built. 

Brainerd;  city  in  Crow  Wing  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  David  Brainerd,  a  cele- 
brated missionary  to  the  Indians. 

Braintree;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Essex, 
England. 

Braintree;  town  in  Orange  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachu- 
setts, where  many  of  the  early  grantees  resided. 

Br  am  well;  town  in  Mercer  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  English  engineer 
and  coal  operator  who  lived  in  the  town. 

Branch;  county,  and  township  in  Mason  County,  in  Michigan,  named  for  John 
Branch,  secretary  of  the  navy  under  President  Jackson.  • 

Branchport;  town  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  which  derives  its  name  from  its 
position  on  one  of  the  branches  of  Crooked  Lake. 

Branch ville;  borough  in  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  branch  or  river 
known  as  Long  Branch. 

Branch  ville;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  forks  of 
the  two  branches  of  the  South  Carolina  Railroad. 

Brandenburg;  town  in  Meade  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  a  province  in  Prussia. 

Brandon;  town  in  Rankin  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Gerard  C.  Brandon, 
governor  in  1828-32. 

Brandon;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont.  A  corruption  of  "burnt  town,"  from 
the  circumstance  of  the  burning  of  the  settlement  by  Indians  in  1777. 

Brandt;  lake  and  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Joseph  Brandt, 
a  Mohawk  chief. 

Brandywine;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  According  to  a  tradition,  the  name  is  derived 
from  the  occasion  of  a  vessel  laden  with  brantetvein  (brandy),  which  was  lost  in 
its  waters.  Other  authorities  derive  it  from  Andrew  Braindwine,  who  owned 
lands  near  its  mouth  in  early  days.  A  third  theory  is  that  the  slough  near 
Downingtown  discharged  its  muddy  waters  into  the  creek,  tinging  it  the  color  of 
brandy.  A  celebrated  battle  was  fought  there,  which  accounts  for  the  name 
being  given  to  eight  places  in  in  the  country. 

Branford;  town  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town  of 
Brentford,  England. 

Brasher;  town  in  St  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Philip  Brasher,  part 
owner. 

Braasua;  lake  of  Moose  River,  Maine,  said  to  be  named  for  an  Indian  chief.  The 
word  is  said  to  signify  "  frank." 

Brattleboro;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Col.  William  Brattle, 
a  citizen  of  Boston. 

Braxton;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Carter  Braxton,  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence. 

Brayrville;  village  in  Owen  County,  Indiana,  named  for  its  founder. 

Brazil;  city  in  Clay  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  country  in  South  America. 

Brazoria;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texaa.  The  old  municipality  of 
Brazoria,  founded  under  the  Mexican  rule,  was  named  from  the  Brazos  River. 

Brazos;  river  and  county  in  Texas.  A  Franciscan  monk  named  the  neighboring 
stream — now  the  Colorado— Brazo*  de  Dios,  "arm  of  God."  The  Mexicans 
confused  the  two  rivers  and  called  the  Colorado  the  Brazos,  and  vice  versa,  and 
bo  the  names  stand  to-day. 


56  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE9.  [bull.  258 

Breakabeen;  village  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  German 

word  for  the  rushes  which  grew  upon  the  banks  of  the  creek. 
Breathitt;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Breathitt,  former  governor  of  the 

State. 
Breckenridge;  town  in  Summit  County,  Colorado,  and  city  in  Caldwell  County, 

Missouri,  named  for  John  C.  Breckinridge,  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 
Breckinridge;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Breckinridge,  a  Kentucky 

statesman. 
Breedsville;  village  in  Van  Buren  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Silas  Breed,  an  early 

settler. 
Breese;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Lieutenant-Governor  Sidney 

Breese. 
Bremer;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Fredrika  Bremer,  the  Swedish  authoress,  who 

spent  some  time  in  that  region  in  1850. 
Brentwood;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in 

New  Hampshire. 
Brentwood;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  incorporated  as  Brint- 

wood;  probably  named  from  a  place  in  England. 
Brevard;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  Doctor  Brevard,  author  of  the  Mecklen- 
burg Declaration  of  Independence. 
Brevard;  town  in  Transylvania  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Ephraim  J. 

Brevard,  a  Revolutionary  patriot. 
Brewer;  mount  in  California,  named  for  Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer. 
Brewer;  city  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Col.  John  Brewer,  a  first  settler. 
Brewer;  strait  of  Staten  Island,  New  York,  discovered  by  Brewer  in  1643. 
Brewster;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Elder  William 

Brewster,  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Plymouth  colony. 
Brewster;  village  in  Putnam  County,  New  York,  probably  named  after  James  and 

Walter  F.  Brewster,  who  at  one  time  owned  the  tract  of  land  comprising  the 

village. 
Brewster;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  H.  P.  Brewster,  private  secretary  to  Samuel 

Houston. 
Briceland;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  resident. 
Bridal  Veil;  falls  in  Yosemite  Valley,  California,  and  falls  on  a  branch  of  the 

Columbia  River,  Oregon.     A  descriptive  name. 
Bridal  Veil;  village  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon,  named  for  the  falls. 
Bridge;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  from  a  natural  bridge  of  trachyte  over  it. 
Bridgeport;  city  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  also  of  numerous  other  places, 

usually  so  called  from  a  bridge  in  or  near  the  place.    The  suffixes  "ton," 

"town,"  "water,"  and  "ville"  are  also  used  frequently. 
Bridgeport;  township  and  town  in  Lawrence  County,  Illinois,  first  called  The 

Bridge,  from  a  bridge  spanning  a  stream  at  that  point. 
Bridger;  peak,  village  in  Carbon  County,  and  river  in  Montana,  lake  in  Yellow- 
stone Park,  and  pass  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  named  for  Maj.  James  Bridger,  a 

noted  guide. 
Bridgeton;  city  in  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey.     Corrupted  from  bridge  town, 

so  named  because  of  its  location  by  the  bridge  over  the  old  fording  place  on  the 

Cohansev  River. 
Bridgewater;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Duke  of 

Bridgewater.    Nason  says  the  name  was  derived  from  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 

England. 
Bridgton;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  settler,  Moody 

Bridges. 


gannwt.3  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  57 

Briensburg;  village  in  Marehall  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  James  Brien,  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature. 

Brigham;  city  in  Boxelder  County,  Utah,  named  for  Brigham  Young. 

Bright  Angel;  creek  in  Arizona,  so  named  because  of  the  clearness  of  its  waters. 

Brighton;  township  and  village  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois,  named  by  settlers 
from  Brighton  (a  part  of  Boston),  Massachusetts.  Many  other  places  also  bear 
this  name,  being  named  either  directly  or  indirectly  from  Brighton  in  England. 

Briscoe;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Andrew  Briscoe,  a  San  Jacinto  veteran. 

Bristol;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  county  in  Massachusetts,  town  in  Ontario 
County,  New  York,  village  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  county,  and  city  in 
same  county,  in  Rhode  Island,  town  in  Sullivan  County,  Tennessee,  and  city  in 
Harrison  County,  West  Virginia;  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Bristol;  town  in  Kenosha  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Rev.  Ira  Bristol,  an  early 
settler. 

Britton;  village  in  Marshall  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Col.  Isaac  Britton. 

Broad;  mountain  ridge  in  Pennsylvania  which  has  a  broad  tableland  almost  desti- 
tute of  trees. 

Broadalbin;  town  in  Fulton  County,  New  York,  named  from  a  place  in  Scotland. 

Broadhead;  town  in  Rockcastle  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  a  resident. 

Broadlands;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  so  called  from  a  farm  of  the 
same  name,  containing  a  thousand  acres. 

Broadtop;  mountain  in  Bedford  and  Huntingdon  counties,  Pennsylvania;  a  descrip- 
tive name. 

Broadwater,  county  in  Montana,  named  for  Col.  Charles  Broadwater. 

Brock;  village  in  Nemaha  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  a  resident. 

Brockport;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Hiel  Brock  way,  an 
early  settler. 

Brockton;  city  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  an  old  resident 
family. 

Brocton;  village  in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Brockton,  Massachusetts. 

Brodhead;  city  in  Green  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Edward  Brodhead,  a  promi- 
nent resident. 

Brokenstraw;  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  and  creek  in  Warren 
County,  Pennsylvania.     A  translation  of  the  Indian  word  degaaymohdyahgah. 

Bronco;  village  in  Nevada  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "rough" 
or  "coarse." 

Bronson;  village  in  Bourbon  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Ira  D.  Bronson,  of  Fort 
Scott 
Bronx;  river  in  Westchester  County,  New  York; 
Bronxdale;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York; 

Bronxville;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.     Named  for  Jonas  or  Jacob 
Bronck,  an  early  settler. 

Brook;  many  places  in  the  country  bear  this  name,  mostly  descriptive  of  the  situa- 
tion upon  some  stream.  The  word  is  used  with  various  suffixes,  such  as  "  ville," 
"vale,"  "view,"  "wood,"  etc. 

Brooke;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Robert  Brooke,  governor  of  the  State 
of  Virginia  in  1794-1796. 

Brookfield;  township  and  city  in  Linn  County,  Missouri,  named  for  John  W. 
Brooks,  of  Boston,  a  prominent  railroad  official. 

Brookfield;  town  in  Orange  County,  Vermont,  so  called,  according  to  tradition, 
because  of  the  number  of  brooks  in  the  region  in  early  days. 

Brookings;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Wilmot  W.  Brookings,  a  legislator. 

Brookland;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  crossed  by  several  small 
streams. 


58  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Brookline;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts.  The  name  is  said  to  be  a  mod- 
ification of  Brooklyn.  Some  authorities  say,  however,  that  the  name  was  given 
l>ecause  of  a  small  creek  running  through  the  place. 

Brooklyn;  township  in  Schuyler  County,  Illinois,  town  in  Poweshiek  County, 
Iowa,  and  villages  in  Jackson  County,  Michigan,  and  Perry  County,  Mississippi, 
named  from  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Brooklyn;  part  of  New  York  City;  a  corruption  of  the  Dutch  name  Breuckelen, 
from  a  village  in  the  province  of  Utrecht,  Holland.  The  name  signifies  "  broken 
up  land"  or  "marshy  land." 

Brooks;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Preston  L.  Brooks. 

Brooks;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  named  for  Governor  Brooks,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Brooks  Grove;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Micah  Brooks. 

Brooksville;  town  in  Noxubee  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Brookville;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Jesse  Brook  Thomas,  the 
original  proprietor. 

Brookville;  town  in  Bracken  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  David  Brooks. 
Broome;  county  in  New  York; 

Broome  Center;  village  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York.     Named  for  Lieutenant- 
Governor  John  Broome. 

Brown;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  Maj.  Gen. 
Jacob  Brown,  commander  in  chief,  United  States  Army,  1821-1828. 

Brown;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  O.  II.  Browne,  member  of  the  first  Territorial 
legislature. 

Brown;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Joseph  R.  Brown,  a  member  of  the  council 
in  1855. 

Brown;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  two  members  of  the  committee  who  reported 
the  bill  for  the  organization  of  the  county. 

Brown;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Alfred  Brown,  a  legislator  in  1879. 

Brown;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Henry  S.  Brown,  an  old  settler. 

Brownneld;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  Capt.  Henry  Young  Brown, 
to  whom  the  site  was  granted. 

Brownington;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Timothy  and  Daniel 
Brown,  to  whom  part  of  the  land  was  originally  granted. 

Browns;  village  in  Edward  County,  Illinois,  named  for  L.  J.  Brown,  the  principal 
landowner. 

fBrownstown;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Indiana; 

iBrownsville;  town  in  Edmonson  County,  Kentucky.  Named  for  Gen.  Jacob  Brown. 

Brownsville;  borough  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Brown 
brothers,  Thomas  and  Basil,  early  settlers. 

Brownsville;  city  in  Cameron  County,  Texas,  named  for  Major  Brown,  who  was 
killed  there  at  the  l>eginning  of  the  war  with  Mexico. 

Browntown;  village  in  Green  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  William  G.  Brown,  an 
early  settler. 

Brownville;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Deacon  Francis  Brown, 
an  early  resident. 

Brownville;  city  in  Nemaha  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  first  settler,  Richard 
Brown,  who  went  there  from  Holt  County,  Missouri. 

Brownville;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Brown,  an  early 
settler,  father  of  General  Brown. 

Br  own  wood;  city  in  Texas,  named  for  Henry  S.  Brown,  an  old  settler. 

Bruceton  Mills;  town  in  Preston  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  early  prom- 
inent settler. 


oahkbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  8TATE8.  59 

Bruce ville;  village  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  for  William  Bruce,  the  former 
owner  of  the  land. 

Brule;  town  in  Keith  County,  Nebraska,  county  in  South  Dakota,  and  town  in 
Douglas  County,  Wisconsin,  and  several  other  places,  named  for  a  tribe  of 
Indians.  The  word  means  " burnt,' '  and  the  tribe,  the  Brule  Sioux,  were  said 
to  have  acquired  the  name  from  having  been  caught  in  a  prairie  fire  and  being 
badly  burned  about  the  thighs. 

Branson;  town  in  Hampton  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 

Brunswick;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  house  of  Bruns- 
wick, to  which  the  reigning  King  of  Great  Britain,  William  III,  belonged. 

Brunswick;  city  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Brunswick  Terrace  in 
England,  the  former  home  of  the  founder,  James  Keyte. 

Brunswick;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  named  for  the  duchy  in 
Germany. 

Brush;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  From  the  Indian  word,  achweek,  meaning  "bushy" 
or  "overgrown  with  brush." 

Brushland;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Alexander  Brush, 
first  settler  and  proprietor. 

Brush  ton;  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry  N.  Brush, 
an  extensive  property  owner. 

Brutus;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board  of  New 
York,  which  gave  names  of  celebrated  Romans  to  townships  in  the  military  tract 
in  central  New  York.  Village  in  Clay  County,  Kentucky,  town  in  Emmet 
County,  Michigan,  and  village  in  Pittsylvania  County,  Virginia,  also  bear  this 
name. 

Bryan;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Jonathan  Bryan,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
State. 

Bryan;  village  in  Williams  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  A.  Bryan,  a  former  audi- 
tor of  the  State. 

Bryan;  city  in  Brazos  County,  Texas,  named  for  Moses  Austin  Bryan. 

Bryn  Hawr;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
Wales. 

Bryson;  town  in  Swain  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  T.  D.  Bryson,  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  owner  of  the  town  site. 

Buchanan;  counties  in  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Virginia,  and  several  other  places  in  the 
country,  named  for  President  James  Buchanan. 

Buchanan;  town  in  Botetourt  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  John  Buchanan, 
pioneer  and  Indian  fighter  of  Augusta  County. 

Buck  Greek;  village  in  Greene  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  a  buck  appeared 
each  returning  season  on  the  banks  of  a  near-by  creek. 

Buckeye;  township  in  Shasta  County,  California,  named  by  settlers  from  Ohio,  the 
Buckeye  State. 

Buckeye;  post-offices  in  Rapides  Parish,  Louisiana,  Mississippi  County,  Missouri, 
and  several  towns  and  villages.  The  word  is  applied  to  a  species  of  horse  chest- 
nut which  grows  on  river  banks  in  western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Michigan, 
the  fruit  resembling  the  eye  of  a  buck. 

Buckfield;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  Abijah  Bucks,  one  of  the  first 
settlers. 

Buckhannon;  river  and  town  in  Upshur  County,  West  Virginia.  An  Indian  name 
said  to  mean  "brick  river." 

Suckingham;  county  in  Virginia; 
ucks;  county  in  Pennsylvania.     Named  from  Buckinghamshire,  England. 
Bucks  Bridge;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Isaac  Buck, 
an  earJj  settler. 


60  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Buckskin;  village  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Joseph  Higginbottom, 
"Buckskin  Joe." 

Bucksport;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  David  Buck,  who  laid 
it  out  in  1851. 

Bucksport;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  Col.  Jonathan  Bucks,  of 
Haverhill,  an  early  settler. 

Bucoda;  village  in  Thurston  County,  Washington,  named  by  taking  the  first  part 
of  the  names  of  three  men,  Buckley,  Collier,  and  Davis. 

Bucyrus;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Ohio,  named  by  Col.  James  Kilbourne.  The 
daughters  of  Samuel  Norton,  who  live  there,  say  that  Colonel  Kilbourne's  favorite 
character  was  Cyrus,  King  of  Persia,  to  which  "bu"  was  prefixed,  referring  to 
the  beautiful  country.  An  old  citizen,  F.  Adams,  says  that  it  was  named  by 
Colonel  Kilbourne  from  Busiris  in  ancient  Egypt. 

Buda;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Buda  in  Austria. 

Buel;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jesse  Buel,  of  Albany. 

Buell;  lake,  partly  in  the  town  of  Great  Barrington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, named  for  Samuel  Buell,  a  neighboring  resident,  who  saved  three  girls 
from  drowning. 

Buena  Vista;  county  in  Iowa,  city  in  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia,  and  twenty 
other  places  in  the  country.  The  name  of  the  field  upon  which  General  Taylor 
won  his  victory,  and  doubtless  given  in  some  cases  for  patriotic  reasons,  but  the 
majority  of  places  are  named  descriptively.  Spanish  words,  meaning  "beautiful 
view." 

Buffalo;  county  in  Nebraska,  city  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  counties  in  South 
Dakota  and  Wisconsin,  and  numerous  creeks,  rivers,  towns,  and  villages,  usually 
so  named  because  of  the  former  presence  of  the  buffalo. 

Bullards  Bar;  town  in  Yuba  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Bullitt;  county  in  Kentucky; 
Bullittsville;  town  in   Boone  County,  Kentucky.     Named  for  Alexander  Scott 

Bullitt. 
Bulloch;  county  in  Georgia; 

Bullochville;  village  in  Meriwether  County,  Georgia.     Named  for  Archibald  Bul- 
loch, one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  time. 

Bullock;  county,  and  village  in  Crenshaw  County,  in  Alabama,  named  for  E.  C.  Bul- 
lock, of  that  State. 

Bull  town;  village  in  Braxton  County,  West  Virginia.  Named  for  an  Indian  called 
Bull,  who  was  imprisoned  for  taking  part  in  Pontiac's  conspiracy,  and  was  mur- 
dered in  1773  by  Jesse  Hughes  and  John  Hacker. 

Bunceton;  city  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Harvey  Bunce,  of  the  county. 

Buncombe;  county  in  North  Carolina  and  several  places  in  the  Southern  States, 
named  for  Col.  Edward  Buncombe,  of  the  Continental  Army. 

Bunker  Hill;  city  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois,  and  eleven  other  places,  named  for 
the  famous  battle  of  the  Revolution. 

Bunker  Hill;  eminence  in  Charlestown  (Boston),  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of  con- 
flict between  the  American  and  British  forces,  June  17,  1775. 

Bunsen;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 
for  the  eminent  chemist  and  physicist,  Robert  Wilhelm  Bunsen. 

Burden;  city  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Robert  F.  Burden,  a  leading 
member  of  the  town  company. 

Bureau;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Illinois,  named  for  a  French  trader, 
Pierre  de  Beuro,  who  established  a  trading  post  upon  a  creek  which  first  bore 
hin  name. 

Burgaw;  village  in  Pender  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 


oaiwett.)  PLACE    NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  61 

Burke;  county  in  Georgia,  and  towns  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  and  Caledonia 
County,  Vermont,  named  for  Edmund  Burke,  the  English  statesman. 

Burke;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Thomas  Burke,  governor  of  North 
Carolina  in  1781-82. 

Burleigh;  county  and  creek  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Walter  A.  Burleigh, 'an 
early  settler,  and  delegate  to  Congress. 

Burleson;  county,  and  village  in  Johnson  County,  in  Texas,  named  for  Edward  Bur- 
leson, Indian  fighter,  and  vice-president  of  the  Republic  of  Texas  under  Presi- 
dent Houston,  1841. 

Burlingame;  town  in  San  Mateo  County,  California,  named  from  Burlingame  in 
England. 

Burlingame;  city  in  Osage  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Anson  Burlingame,  minister 
to  China. 

Burlington;  city  in  Des  Moines  County,  Iowa,  town  in  Coffey  County,  Kansas,  and 
village  in  Calhoun  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  city  in  Vermont. 

Burlington;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  Jersey,  named  from  Briling- 
ton  (commonly  pronounced  Burlington),  England. 

Burlington;  city  in  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  named  for  the  Burling  family, 
of  New  York. 

Burlington;  city  in  Racine  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  Burlington  Flats  in 
New  York. 

Burnet;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  David  G.  Burnet, 
twice  governor  of  the  State. 

Burnett;  town  in  Antelope  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  first  superintendent  of 
the  Sioux  City  and  Pacific  Railroad. 

Burnett;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Thomas  P.  Burnett,  an  early  legislator  of 
the  State. 

Burnside;  river  and  island  in  Georgia,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Burnsville;  village  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Brice  Burns,  its 
founder. 

Burns ville;  town  in  Yancey  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Otway  Burns,  cap- 
tain of  the  privateer  Snapdragon. 

Burr;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  early  settlers. 

Burrillville;  town  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Hon.  James 
Burrill,  jr.,  attorney-general  of  the  State. 

Burr  Oak;  city  in  Jewell  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  St.  Joseph  County,  Michi- 
gan, named  from  the  species  of  tree  common  to  both  sections. 

Burrs  Mills;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Burr  and 
Sons,  mill  owners. 

Burrton;  city  in  Harvey  County,  Kansas,  named  for  I.  T.  Burr,  vice-president  of 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe*  Railroad. 

Burt;  town  in  Kossuth  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  president  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad. 

Burt;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Francis  Burt,  governor  of  the  Territory  in  1854. 

Busnkill;  two  creeks,  and  village,  in  Pike  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Dutch  word 
meaning  "bushy  stream." 

Bushnell;  township  and  city  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  named  for  N.  Bush- 
nell,  president  of  the  first  railroad  in  that  part  of  the  State. 

Bushy;  creek  in  western  Pennsylvania.    A  translation  of  the  Indian  word  achemek. 

Buskirk  Bridge;  village  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  for  Martin 
Van  Buskirk. 

Busti;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Paul  Busti,  of  the  Hol- 
land Land  Company. 


62  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Butler;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Capt.  William  Butler,  of  that  State. 
Butler;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Butler  Seward,  a  first 

settler. 
Butler;  county  in  Iowa,  and  city  in  Bates  County,  Missouri,  named  for  William  0. 

Butler,  of  Kentucky,  a  general  in  the  Mexican  war. 
Butler;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Andrew  P.  Butler,  United  States  8enator  from 

South  Carolina  in  1846-1857. 
Butler;  counties  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Richard 

Butler,  who  fell  at  St.  Claims  defeat. 
Butler;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  a  member  of  President  Jackson's  Cabinet. 
Butler;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  David  Butler,  first  governor  of  the  State. 
Butte;  County  in  California,  named  from  Marysville  Buttes.    A  French  word  mean- 
ing "small  knoll"  or  "small  hill." 
Butte;  city  in  Silverbow  County,  Montana,  named  from  a  bare  butte  overlooking 

the  place. 
JJutte;  county  in  South  Dakota,  so  named  from  buttes,  prominent  features  in  the 

county. 
Butte  des  Morts;  town  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.     French  words  mean- 
ing "hill  of  the  dead,"  so  called  by  the  early  explorers  from  the  native  graves 

found  there. 
Butterfly;   village  in  Madera  County,  California.     A  translation  of  the  Mexican 

name  Mariposa. 
Butter  Hill;  an  eminence  on  the  Hudson  River,  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a 

huge  lump  of  butter. 
Butts;  county  in  Georgia,  named  in  honor  of  Capt.  Samuel  Butts,  an  officer  in  the 

war  of  1812. 
Buttzville;  town  in  Ransom  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  a  resident. 
Buxton;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  native  place  of  Rev.  Paul 

Coffin,  the  first  minister. 
Buxton;  village  in  Washington  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Henry  Buxton,  an  early 

settler. 
Buzzards  Bay;  village  in  Barnstable  County,  and  bay  in  Massachusetts,  named  for 

a  small  hawk  very  abundant  on  the  coast. 
Byers;  town  in  Arapahoe  County  and  mount  in  Colorado,  named  for  W.  N.  Byers, 

of  Denver. 
Byhalia;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  stand- 
ing white  oaks." 
Bynumville;  town  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Dr.  Joseph  Bynum,  an 

early  settler. 
Byron;  town  in  Houston  County,  Georgia,  and  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named 

for  Lord  Byron.     Eighteen  other  places  bear  this  name,  all  of  which  were  prob- 
ably named  for  the  English  poet. 
Cabarrus;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Stephen  Cabarrus,  speaker  of  the 

house  of  commons  in  that  State. 
Cabazon;  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  in  Riverside  County,  California. 

A  Spanish  word,  translated  as  "shirt  collar"  or  "tax  gatherer." 
Cabell;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  William  Cabell,  governor  of  Virginia  in 

1805-1808. 
Cable;   village  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Ransom  R.  Cable,  railway 

manager. 
Cabot;  town  in  Washington  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Miss  Cabot,  a  descendant 

of  Sebastian  Oal)ot. 
Cache;  county,  village  in  same  county,  and  streams  and  valley  in  northeastern  Utah. 


Gannett.)  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  63 

A  French  word  meaning  "hiding  place,"  probably  applied  because  of  certain 
things  having  been  hidden  there  by  early  explorers  and  travelers. 

Cache  la  Foudre;  creek  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  French,  meaning  "powder 
hiding  place." 

Cache ville;  village  in  Yolo  County,  California.  So  named  by  early  settlers  who 
were  in  the  habit  of  hiding  their  supplies  at  this  point. 

Cactus;  village  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  abundance  of 
cacti  in  the  vicinity. 

Caddo;  town  in  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  parish  and  lake  in  Louisiana, 
county  in  Oklahoma,  village  in  Stephens  County,  Texas,  and  several  small 
places;  named  from  a  former  important  tribe  of  eastern  Texas  and  western 
Louisiana. 

Cadillac;  city  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan,  named  for  La  Motte  (or  La  Mothe) 
Cadillac,  who  established  a  fort  on  the  Detroit  River  in  1701. 

Cadiz;  township  and  village  in  Harrison  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in 
Spain.    Six  other  small  places  in  the  country  are  so  called. 

Oadott;  village  in  Chippewa  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  half-breed  Indian, 
Baptiste  Cadotte,  who  lived  near  the  falls  which  first  bore  his  name. 

Caernarvon;  townships  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in  Wales. 

Canto;  creek  and  village  in  Mendocino  County,  California,  an  Indian  word,  mean- 
ing "  fish." 

Cahuilla;  valley  and  village  in  Riverside  County,  California,  named  from  an  Indian 
tribe.    The  word  is  said  to  mean  "  master." 

Caillou;  lake  and  bayou  in  Louisiana.  A  French  word  meaning  "pebble"  or  "  flint 
stone." 

Ca  Ira;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Virginia.  A  French  expression  used  in  a 
famous  revolutionary  song,  meaning  "  it  shall  go  on." 

Cairo;  fourteen  places  in  the  country  bear  the  name  of  the  capital  of  Egypt. 

Cajon;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  and  pass  in  the  Sierra  Mad  re 
range.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  box." 

Calabasas;  township  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  mean- 
ing "pumpkins." 

Calais;  city  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  and  town  in  Washington  County,  Ver- 
mont, named  from  Calais  in  France. 

Calamine;  town  in  Sharp  County,  Arkansas,  named  from  the  zinc  mines,  calami na, 
meaning  the  native  siliceous  oxide  of  zinc. 

Calapooya;  mountains  in  Oregon,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 

Calaveras;  river  and  county  in  California,  so  called  from  the  numbers  of  skulls 
found  in  the  vicinity,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  a  bloody  battle  among  the 
Indians.    The  word  is  Spanish,  meaning  "skull." 

Calcutta;  villages  in  Columbiana  County,  Ohio,  and  Pleasants  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, named  from  the  city  in  India. 

Caldwell;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Alexander  Caldwell,  of 
Leavenworth,  United  States  Senator. 

Caldwell;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  named  for  Gen.  John  Caldwell, 
formerly  lieutenant-governor  of  Kentucky. 

Caldwell;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Matthew  Caldwell,  of  North  Carolina,  a 
noted  frontiersman. 

Caldwell;  borough  in  Essex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Rev.  James  Caldwell, 
a  patriotic  clergyman  of  the  Revolution. 

Caldwell;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  James  Caldwell, 
patentee. 

Caldwell;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Dr.  Joseph  Caldwell,  first  president 
of  the  State  University. 


64  I'LACK    NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull. 268. 

Caldwell;  village  in  Noble  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Joseph  and  Samuel  Caldwell, 
to  whom  the  land  belonged. 

Caldwell;  county,  and  town  in  Burleson  County,  Texas,  named  for  Matthew  Cald- 
well, an  old  settler  and  colonel  of  a  Texas  regiment  in  1841. 

Caledonia;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  county  in  Vermont,  and  six- 
teen other  places  in  the  country,  named  from  the  ancient  name  of  Scotland. 

Calexico;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  so  named  from  its  location  on  the 
boundary  between  California  and  Mexico. 

Calfee;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  H.  B.  Calfee,  a  photographer  of 
note. 

Calhoun;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michi- 
gan, Mississippi,  Texas,  and  West  Virginia,  also  many  small  places,  named  for 
John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  vice-president  in  1825-1833. 

Calhoun;  town  in  McLean  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Judge  John  Calhoun. 

Calhoun;  village  in  Washington  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  situated  on 
the  site  of  Fort  Calhoun. 

Calhoun  Falls;  town  in  Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 
family. 

Calico;  mountain  range  in  California,  so  named  from  the  variegated  colors  of  the 
rocks. 

Caliente;  towns  in  Keni  and  Sonoma  counties,  California.  The  Spanish  form  for 
"hot,"  "vehement." 

Calif  a;  village  in  Madeira  County,  California.  The  Spanish  form  of  "caliph"  or 
"successor." 

California;  State  of  the  Union.  This  name  was  applied  by  Cortez  to  the  bay  and 
country,  which  he  supposed  to  be  an  island.  Tiie  name  is  that  of  an  island  in 
an  old  Spanish  romance,  where  a  great  abundance  of  precious  stones  were  found. 
Eight  post-offices  bear  this  name. 

Callahan;  county  in  Texas;  named  for  James  M.  Callahan,  a  survivor  of  the  massa- 
cre of  1836. 

Callaway;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  and  several  other  places; 
named  for  Capt.  James  Callaway,  grandson  of  Daniel  Boone. 

Callensburg;  l>orough  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Hugh  Callen, 
its  founder. 

Callicoon;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York.  The  word  is  said  to  signify  "turkey" 
in  both  Dutch  and  Indian  languages.  The  Dutch  word  for  "turkey,"  however, 
is  spelled  kalkoen. 

Calloway;  county  in  Kentucky;  named  for  Col.  Richard  Calloway. 

Caloosa;  river,  and  village  in  Lee  County,  Florida;  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Calumet;  river  in  Illinois  and  Indiana,  county,  and  village  in  Fond  du  Lac  County, 
in  Wisconsin,  and  seven  other  places  in  the  country.  A  Canadian  corruption  of 
the  French,  chalemel,  which  literally  means  "little  reed,"  but  which,  in  its 
corrupted  form,  refers  to  the  "pipe  of  peace,"  used  by  the  Indians  to  ratify 
treaties.  Haines  derives  the  word  from  calamo,  "honey  wood."  Other  author- 
ities say  that  the  name  was  originally  "kennamick"  or  "  kennomic." 

Calvary;  town  in  Fond  du  Lac  County,  Wisconsin,  and  seven  other  places  in  the 
country,  named  from  the  hill  near  Jerusalem. 

Calvert;  county,  and  post  village  in  Cecil  County,  in  Maryland,  named  for  Cecil  Cal- 
vert, Lord  Baltimore.  Eight  other  places  are  so  named,  doubtless,  directly  or 
indirectlv  for  the  same. 

Calvert;  town  in  Robertson  County,  Texas,  named  for  Rol*»rt  Calvert,  an  early 
settler. 

Camano;  island  in  Puget  Sound,  Washington,  which  takes  its  name  from  a  canal 
named  for  Don  Jacinto  Camano. 


oaknett.)  PLACE  NAME8  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  65 

Camarillo;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "small 

room." 
Camas;  villages  in  Fremont  County,  Idaho;  Missoula  County,  Montana;  and  Clarke 

County,  Washington; 
|  Camas  Valley;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Oregon.    The  Indian  name  of  a  small 

onion  which  grows  in  those  States. 
Cambria;  county  in  Pennsylvania  named  from  the  ancient  name  of  Wales.    The 

word  means  "land  of  mountains." 
Cambria;  village  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin,  probably  so  named  because  of 

the  Welsh  settlers. 
Cambridge;  township  and  village  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city 

in  Massachusetts,  the  home  of  several  of  the  founders. 
Cambridge;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  English 

university  town,  after  the  general  court  decided  to  establish  a  college  there. 

Twenty-two  other  places  bear  the  name  of  the  English  town,  two  having  the 

suffix  "port"  and  one  "springs." 
Cambridge;  township  and  city  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in 

Maryland,  each  being  situated  on  a  Wills  Creek. 
Camden;  city  in  Ouachita  County,  Arkansas,  named  from  the  city  in  South  Carolina. 
Camden;  county  in  Georgia,  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  county  and  city  in  same 

county  in  New  Jersey,  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  county  and  village 

in  same  county  in  North  Carolina,  and  town  in  Kershaw  County,  South  Carolina; 

named  for  Chief  Justice  Pratt,  Earl  of  Camden,  a  friend  of  the  colonies  during 

the  Revolution. 
Camden;  county  in  Missouri,  named  from  Camden  County,  North  Carolina. 
Camden;  village  in  Preble  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  New  Jersey. 
Camels  Hump;  peak  in  the  Green  Mountains,  Vermont,  so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  hump  of  a  camel. 
Cameron;  parish,  and  town  in  same  parish,  in  Louisiana,  county,  and  village  in  same 

county,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  town  in  Marshall  County,  West  Virginia,  named 

for  Simon  Cameron. 
Cameron;  city  in  Clinton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Judge  Elisha  Cameron,  of 

Clay  County,  Missouri. 
Cameron;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Dugald  Cameron,  agent 

for  the  Pultney  estate. 
Cameron;  town  in  Monroe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family 

in  the  county. 
Cameron;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  J.  Don  Cameron, 

United  States  Senator  from  Pennsylvania. 
Cameron;  county,  and  city  in  Milam  County,  in  Texas,  named  for  Ervin  or  Erving 

Cameron,  who  fell  in  the  expedition  against  Meir. 
Camillus;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  built  within  the  State  Land 

Board  limits,  and  named  by  members  of  the  board  for  the  Roman  magistrate. 
Camp;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  J.  L.  Camp,  prominent  lawyer. 
Campbell;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  of  the  State 

legislature. 
Campbell;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Campbell,  of  the  State  senate. 
Campbell;  county  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Campbell  family, 

early  settlers. 
Campbell;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Gen.  C. 

T.  Campbell,  pioneer. 
Campbell;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  Arthur  Campbell. 
Campbell;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  William  Campbell,  an  officer  of  the 

American  Revolution. 
BaU.258—Q& 0 


66  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  288. 

Oampbellsville;  city  in  Taylor  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Adam  Campbell,  the 
first  settler. 

Campello;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"cedar  tree." 

Camp  Grant;  town  and  fort  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Gen.  U.  S. 
Grant. 

Camp  Grove;  village  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  on  a 
favorite  camping  ground  of  emigrants  on  their  journey  westward. 

Camp  Hill;  borough  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  the 
seat  of  a  soldiers'  orphan  school. 

Camp  Knox;  village  in  Green  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  a  camp  of  Col.  James 
Knox  and  22  men,  in  1770. 

Campo;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "field" 
or  "plain." 

Campo  Seco;  town  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  general 
character  of  its  surroundings.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "  dry  plain." 

Camp  Point;  township  and  village  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  so  named  from  its 
location  on  an  Indian  camping  ground. 

Camp  ton;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  so  called  because  the  first  sur- 
veyors of  the  site  built  a  camp  on  the  present  town  site. 

Canaan;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Conneticut,  and  fourteen  other  towns  and 
villages,  given  the  name  of  the  "  Promised  Land"  of  the  Israelites. 

Canada;  villages  in  Marion  County,  Kansas,  Pike  County,  Kentucky,  and  Muskegon 
County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Authorities  differ  as 
to  the  derivation  of  this  name.  Father  Hennepin  says  the  Spaniards  were  the 
original  discoverers  of  the  country,  but  upon  landing  they  were  disappointed  in 
the  general  appearance  and  expressed  their  feelings  by  saying,  II  capa  di 
nada,  "  Cape  nothing."  Sir  John  Barlow  says  the  Portuguese,  who  first  ascended 
the  St.  Lawrence,  believing  it  to  be  a  passage  to  the  Indian  sea,  expressed  their 
disappointment  when  they  discovered  their  mistake  by  saying  Canada, 
"Nothing  here."  This  the  natives  are  said  to  have  remembered  and  repeated 
to  the  Europeans  who  arrived  later,  who  thought  it  must  be  the  name  of  the 
country.  Dr.  Shea  says  the  Spanish  derivation  is  fictitious.  Some  think  it  was 
named  for  the  first  man  to  plant  a  colony  of  French  in  the  country,  Monsieur 
Cana.  Charlevoix  says  the  word  originated  with  the  Iroquois  Indians,  kanala,  or 
kanadiij  "a  collection  of  huts,"  "a  village,"  "a  town,"  which  the  early  explorers 
mistook  for  the  name  of  the  country.  Other  etymologies  propose  the  two 
Indian  words,  Kan,  "a  mouth,"  and  a  da,  "a  country,"  hence  "the  mouth  of 
the  country,"  originally  applied  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  There  is  a 
respectable  authority  that  the  name  was  first  applied  to  the  river.  Lescarbot 
tells  us  that  the  Gasperians  and  Indians  who  dwelt  on  the  borders  of  the  bay  of 
Chaleur  called  themselves  Canadaquta;  that  the  word  meant  "province"  or  "coun- 
try." Sweetser  says  that  the  word  came  from  the  Indian  caughnaimugh,  "the 
village  of  the  rapids. "  Brant,  the  Indian  chieftain,  who  translated  the  gospel  into 
his  own  language,  used  the  word  Canada  for  "village."  Another  authority  gives 
it  as  derived  from  canada  del  osos,  meaning  "bear's  pass,"  and  this  was  used,  per- 
haps a  century  ago,  by  Spanish  priests  as  an  equivalent  of  "pass"  or  "gap." 

Canada wa;  creek  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word,  meaning 
"running  through  the  hemlocks." 

Canadian;  town  in  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  county  in  Oklahoma,  river 
traversing  both  Territories,  and  village  in  Hemphill  County,  Texas.  A  Spanish 
word,  diminutive  of  canyon,  meaning  "steep-sided  gorge." 

Panajoharie;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York.  This  name  was  originally 
given  to  a  deep  hole  of  foaming  water  at  the  foot  of  one  of  the  falls  in  Qanajo- 


gannett.]  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATE8.  67 

harie  Greek.  An  Indian  word  meaning  " kettle  that  washes  itself,"  or  " kettle- 
shaped  hole  in  a  rock."    Morgan  says  the  meaning  is  "washing  the  basin." 

Canal;  town  in  Venango  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  traversed  by  the 
Franklin  Canal. 

Canal  de  Haro;  canal  in  Washington,  named  for  the  Spanish  explorer,  Lopez  de 
Haro. 

Canal  Dover;  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio  Canal  and 
named  from  the  city  in  New  Jersey. 

Canal  Lewisville;  town  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  T.  B.  Lewis,  who 
founded  it 

Canandaigua;  village  in  Lenawee  County,  Michigan,  and  lake  and  town  in  Ontario 
County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word,  the  deriviation  of  which  is  in  dispute. 
Morgan  gives  canandargua,  "place  selected  for  settlement,"  "chosen  spot;" 
Haines,  "town  set  off,"  while  another  theory  is  that  it  is  corrupted  from  the 
Seneca  Indian,  genundewaJiguah,  "great  hill  people,"  so  called  from  a  large  hill 
near  the  lake. 

Canaseraga;  village  in  Allegany  County,  New  York.  From  an  Indian  word,  kana- 
mwaga,  "several  strings  of  beads  with  a  string  lying  across." 

Canaatota;  villages  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  and  McCook  County,  South 
Dakota.  An  Indian  word,  kniste,  or  kanetota,  "pine  tree  standing  alone."  The 
New  York  village  took  its  name  from  a  cluster  of  pines  that  united  their 
branches  over  the  creek  which  passes  through  the  town. 

Canavaral;  cape,  and  village  in  Brevard  County,  in  Florida.  A  Spanish  word  mean- 
ing "cane  plantation." 

Canby;  town  in  Modoc  County,  California,  and  city  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon, 
named  for  General  Canby,  United  States  Army,  who  was  treacherously  mur- 
dered by  Modoc  Indians. 

Candelaria;  post-offices  in  Esmeralda  County,  Nevada,  and  Presidio  County,  Texas. 
The  Mexican  name  for  a  species  of  branching  cactus. 

Candia;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  island  in 
the  Mediterranean  where  Governor  Wentworth  was  once  a  prisoner. 

Caneadea;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"where  the  heavens  rest  upon  the  earth." 

Caney ;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kansas,  villages  in  Morgan  County,  Kentucky, 
Vernon  Parish,  Louisiana,  and  Matagorda  County,  Texas,  besides  several  other 
small  places.  This  word  is  frequently  used  alone  and  with  the  suffixes  "branch," 
"spring,"  and  "ville,"  in  the  Southern  States,  and  refers  to  the  cane  which 
covers  vast  tracts  of  country  in  the  alluvial  bottoms. 

Canfield;  village  in  Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  named  for  one  of  the  original  proprie- 
tors, Jonathan  Canfield. 

Canisteo;  river  and  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "board  on  the  water." 

Cankapoja;  lake  at  the  head  of  Vermilion  River,  South  Dakota.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "light  wood." 

Cannelburg;  town  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  Buckeye  Cannel  Coal 
Company. 

Cannelton;  city  in  Perry  County,  Indiana,  village  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  town  in  Kanawha  County,  West  Virginia,  named  from  the  beds  of  cannel 
coal  in  the  vicinity. 

Cannon;  river  in  Minnesota.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  name  given  by  the 
early  French,  timbre  aux  canotst  "river  of  the  canoes." 

Cannon;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Newton  Cannon,  governor  of  the  State  in 
1835-39. 

Gannonball;  river  in  North  Dakota,  a  translation  oi  the  Yraicta.  Tttx&fc,  le  \mUl. 


68  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  26a. 

Gannon  Falls;  village  in  Goodhue  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  river. 

Cannonsburg;  town  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Le  Grand  Cannon,  of 
Troy,  New  York.  ^ 

Cannonsville;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Benjamin  Can- 
non, early  owner. 

Canoeridge;  village  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  it  is  situ- 
ated on  the  highest  point  on  the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River  to  which 
a  canoe  could  be  pushed. 

Canoga;  village  in  Seneca  County,  New  York,  named  from  a  large  spring  which 
affords  permanent  motive  power  for  two  mills.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  oil 
floating  on  the  water." 

Canon;  a  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  narrow  mountain  gorges  or  deep  ravines. 
Various  places,  sometimes  spelled  cafion,  others  canyon,  named  from  their  prox- 
imity to  gorges;  such  as  Canyonville,  Oregon,  and  Canyon,  Colorado.  A  Spanish 
word  meaning  "tube,"  or  "funnel." 

Canon  de  TJgalde;  pass  in  Texas  named  for  a  Mexican  general. 

Canonicut;  island  in  Narragansett  Bay,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Canonicus,  an 
Indian  chief  of  the  Narragansett  tribe,  a  friend  of  Roger  Williams. 

Canonsburg;  town  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  laid  out  by  and  named 
for  Col.  John  Cannon. 

Ganoochee;  river,  and  village  in  Emanuel  County,  in  Georgia.  An  Indian  word  said 
to  be  derived  from  ikanodshi,  "graves  are  there." 

Cantara;  town  in  Siskiyou  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  a  "large- 
mouthed  pitcher." 

Canterbury;  town  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  and  villages  in  Kent  County, 
Delaware,  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Mingo  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, named  from  the  English  city. 

Canton;  numerous  places  in  the  country,  which  derive  their  name,  either  directly 
or  indirectly,  from  the  city  in  China. 

Can  trail;  village  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder. 

Capac;  town  in  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Manco  Capac,  the  first 
emperor  or  chief  of  the  Peruvian  empire.  The  word,  manco,  is  said  to  mean 
"chief." 

Cape  Elizabeth;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  cape,  which 
was  named  for  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England. 

Cape  Girardeau;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  named  for  Sieur 
Girardot,  of  Kaskaskia. 

Cape  Horn;  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  in  Placer  County,  California. 
A  difficult  curve  and  grade,  and  spoken  of  as  "rounding  Cape  Horn,"  after  the 
South  American  cape. 

Capell;  mountain  and  fort  in  California,  named  for  an  officer. 

Cape  May;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  cape 
named  for  Cornelia  Jacobse  May,  a  navigator  in  the  employ  of  the  Dutch  West 
Indian  Company. 

Cape  Vincent;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Vincent,  son  of 
Le  Ray  de  Chaumont. 

Capitan;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  The  Spanish  form  for 
"captain"  or  "leader." 

Capitol;  peak  in  Colorado,  so  named  from  its  form. 

Carancahua;  village  in  Jackson  County,  Texas,  named  for  the  Karankawa  tiibe  of 
Indians. 

Carbon;  a  name  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  country,  given  to  indicate  the  pres- 
ence of  coal  deposits.    Counties  in  Montana,  Pennsylvania,  Utah,  and  Wyoming 
are  bo  called.     Various  suffixes,  such  as  "  dale,"  "hill,"  etc,  axe  also  used. 


OAKNBtT.l  PLACE  KAME8  IN  THE   UNITED  STATE8.  69 

Carbon  Cliff;  village  in  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  on  a 
hillside  and  its  proximity  to  coal  mines. 

Cardiff;  villages  in  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  Garfield  County,  Colorado,  and 
Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Wales. 

Cardington;  township  and  village  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  the 
carding  machine  was  the  introduction  of  the  first  industry  in  the  village. 

Card  well;  village  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Frank  Cardwell,  of  Para- 
gould,  Arkansas. 

Oarencro;  town  in  Lafayette  Parish,  Louisiana,  so  named  because  large  flocks  of 
buzzards  roosted  in  the  cypress  trees  common  in  that  neighborhood.  A  Creole 
word,  meaning  "buzzard." 

Carey;  village  in  Wyandot  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Judge  John  Carey,  a  prominent 
resident. 

Carillo;  village  in  Sonoma  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "be- 
loved." 

Carlinville;  city  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Carlin,  governor 
of  the  State  in  1834-42. 

Carlisle;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  G.  Carlisle,  secretary  of  the  treasury 
under  President  Cleveland. 

Carlisle;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named,  according  to  Whit  more, 
for  Charles  Howard,  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Other  authorities  say  it  was  named  from 
the  town  in  Scotland. 

Carlisle;  borough  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Carlisle;  town  in  Union  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 

Carlsbad;  town  and  health  resort  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  from  the 
town  and  springs  in  Bohemia. 

Carlstadt;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  by  early  German  settlers 
from  the  town  in  Croatia. 

Carlton;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Reuben  B. 
Carlton,  one  of  the  first  settlers  and  proprietors  of  Fond  du  Lac,  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  St.  Louis  River. 

Carlton;  town  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  Robert  Carlton,  the  owner 
of  the  land  on  which  the  town  is  located. 

Carlyle;  township  and  city  in  Clinton  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Carlyle 
by  English  colonists. 

Carmel;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  and  several  other  small  places,  named 
from  the  mountain  in  Palestine. 

Carmi;  township  and  city  in  White  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  settlers  for  the 
fourth  son  of  Reuben. 

Carnadero;  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  in  Santa  Clara  County,  Cali- 
fornia.   A  Spanish  term,  meaning  "bait  maker." 

Carnegie;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Andrew  Carnegie. 

Carnesville;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  T.  P.  Carnes,  sr. 

Caro;  village  in  Tuscola  County,  Michigan,  a  fanciful  name  given  by  its  founder, 
W.  E.  Sherman. 

Carolina;  two  States  of  the  Union,  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina.  Near  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  Jean  Ribault  visited  the  region  and  named  it 
Carolina,  in  honor  of  his  king,  Charles  IX  of  France,  but  the  name  never  came 
into  general  use  and  soon  disappeared.  About  1628  this  name  was  applied  defi- 
nitely to  that  part  of  the  country  lying  between  Virginia  and  Florida,  having 
been  given  in  honor  of  Charles  I  of  England.  In  an  old  manuscript,  now  in 
London,  the  following  may  be  found :  "  1629-30,  Feb.  10.  The  Attorney-General 
Is  prayed  to  grant  by  Patent  2  Degrees  in  Carolina,' '  etc.    In  \ftfik  \X\fc  TH&xafc  ^**& 


70  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

definitely  applied  to  the  province  granted  to  proprietors  by  Charles  II  of  Eng- 
land. This  province  was  named  in  honor  of  the  reigning  king,  and  thus  the  old 
name  given  in  honor  of  Charles  I  was  retained. 

Caroline;  county  in  Maryland,  named  in  honor  of  Caroline  Calvert,  daughter  of 
Charles,  Fifth  Lord  Baltimore. 

Caroline;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  wife  of  George  II. 

Carondelet;  village  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Baron  Carondelet, 
Spanish  commander-in-chief  and  governor  of  Louisiana  in  1791. 

Carp;  river  and  railroad  station  in  Marquette  County,  Michigan.  A  translation  of 
the  Indian  name  literally  meaning  "big  carp  river." 

Carpentaria;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  The  Spanish  form  for 
"carpenter  shop." 

Carrington;  island  in  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  named  for  a  member  of  an  exploring 
party. 

Carrington;  island  in  Yellowstone  Lake,  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Campbell 
Carrington. 

Carrituck;  plantation  in  Somerset  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"  place  where  the  water  forms  a  semicircle  around  the  land.,, 

Garrizo;  village  and  creek  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word 
meaning  "common  reed  grass.'7 

Carroll;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Mary- 
land, Mississippi,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  Ohio,  and  Virginia,  and  several 
small  places,  named  for  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrol lton,  Maryland. 

Carroll;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  William  Carroll,  governor  in  1821-27. 

Carroll  ton;  township  in  Carroll  County,  Arkansas;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Georgia; 
cities  in  Carroll  County,  Iowa,  and  Carroll  County,  Kentucky;  village  in  Carroll 
County,  Maryland;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Mississippi;  city  in  Carroll  County, 
Missouri;  and  village  in  Carroll  County,  Ohio;  named  from  the  estate  of  Charles 
Carroll. 

Carrollton;  town  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  named  for  G.  Carroll,  an 
original  proprietor. 

Carrying  Place;  plantation  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  the 
Indians  had  to  carry  their  canoes  from  one  waterway  to  another  en  route  to 
Canada. 

{Carson;  pass,  lake,  river,  and  valley  in  Nevada,  and  peak  in  Utah; 
Carson  City;  city  in  Ormsby  County,  Nevada.    Named  for  Christopher,  or  Kit 
Carson,  the  Rocky  Mountain  guide. 
Carson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  S.  P.  Carson,  secretary  of  state  under  David  G. 

Burnet. 
Carter;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  William  G. 

Carter,  a  member  of  the  State  senate. 
Carter;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Ziniri  Carter,  an  early  settler. 
Carter;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  Land  on 

Carter. 
Carteret;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Sir  George  Carteret,  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors. 
Carter s ville ;  city  in  Bartow  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  F.  Carter,  of  Mil- 

ledgeville. 
Carterville;  city  in  Williamson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Lahan  Carter,  the  first 

settler  and  discoverer  of  coal  in  the  vicinity. 
Carthage;  city  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York; 

and  many  other  places;  named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Africa. 
Caruthersville;   city  in   Pemiscot  County,    Missouri,   named   for    Hon.    Samuel 

Caruthers,  of  Madison  County. 


oannctt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATES.  71 

Carver;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  John  Carver,  first 
governor  of  Plymouth  colony. 

Carver;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Capt.  Jonathan 
Carver,  who,  in  1766-67,  traveled  from  Boston  to  the  Minnesota  River,  and 
wintered  among  the  Sioux  near  the  site  of  New  Ulm,  Minnesota. 

Cary;  village  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  temperance  lecturer 
of  Ohio. 

Cary  Station;  village  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  one  of  its  founders. 

Caryville;  town  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Alfred  Cary,  early 
settler. 

Casa  Blanca;  villages  in  Riverside  County,  California,  and  Goliad  County,  Texas. 
A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "  white  house.' ' 

Cascade;  county  in  Montana,  so  named  because  it  contains  the  great  falls  of  the  Mis- 
souri River. 

Cascade;  chain  of  mountains  in  Oregon  and  Washington,  so  called  from  the  cascades 
in  the  Columbia  River  breaking  through  the  range. 

Cascade  I*ocks;  town  in  Wasco  County,  Oregon,  situated  at  the  locks  built  at  the 
cascades  in  the  Columbia  River. 

Gasco;  bay  and  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine.  From  an  Indian  word  mean- 
ing, according  to  some  authorities,  "resting  place,"  or  "crane  bay." 

Gasetas;  village   in  Ventura    County,  California.      A   Spanish    word   meaning 

"cottages." 
Casey;  county  in  Kentucky; 

Caseyville;  town  in  Union  County,  Kentucky.    Named  for  Col.  William  Casey,  a 
pioneer  of  the  State. 

Caseyville;  township  and  village  in  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Badock  Casey,  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  in  1833. 

Cash  City;  town  in  Clark  County,  Kansas,  named  for  its  founder,  Cash  Henderson. 

Cashie;  river  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 

Cashion;  town  in  Kingfisher  County,  Oklahoma,  named  for  Roy  Cashion,  a  Rough 
Rider  in  the  Spanish- American  war,  and  the  only  one  of  the  Oklahoma  contin- 
gent killed  in  the  charge  up  San  Juan  hill. 

Cass;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Iowa;  county  and  river  in  Michigan;  county 
and  lake  in  Minnesota;  county  in  Nebraska;  and  county  and  village  in  same 
county  in  Texas;  named  for  Gen.  Lewis  Cass,  governor  of  Michigan  in  1820. 

Cass;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Gen.  George  W.  Cass,  director  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Cassadaga;  lake,  creek,  and  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York.  An  Indian 
word,  meaning  "under  the  rocks." 

Casselton;  town  in  Cass  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  Gen.  George  W.  Cass, 
director  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Cassia;  county  and  creek  in  Idaho.    A  corrupted  form  of  the  name  of  an  early  French 
settler. 
Cass  Lake;  village  in  Cass  County,  Minnesota; 
Cassopolis;  village  in  Cass  County,  Michigan; 

Gassville;  village  in  Grant  County,  Wisconsin.    Named  for  Gen.  Lewis  Cass,  gov- 
ernor of  Michigan  in  1820. 

Gastalia;  town  in  Erie  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  ancient  fountain  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Parnassus  in  Phocis. 

Castile;  town  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  ancient  kingdom 
of  Spain. 

Gastine;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  Baron  de  St.  Castine,  a  French 
nobleman,  by  whom  it  was  settled. 

Castle;  peak  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  so  named  from  its  conical  «hs^e. 


72  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Castle;  peak  in  Elk  Mountains,  Colorado,  named  from  its  castellated  summit 

Castle;  island  in  the  Hudson  River,  New  York,  so  called  from  a  stockade  built  by 
the  Dutch  as  a  protection  from  the  Indians. 

Castle  Rock;  towns  in  Douglas  County,  Colorado,  and  Grant  County,  Wisconsin, 
named  from  the  Castle  Rocks. 

Castle  Rock;  town  in  Summit  County,  Utah,  so  called  from  a  vast  rock  which  bears 
a  resemblance  to  a  ruined  castle. 

Castleton;  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  Alfred  Castle,  who  was 
instrumental  in  introducing  a  railroad  into  the  settlement. 

Castleton;  village  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  named  from  an  ancient  Indian 
castle  on  the  adjacent  hills. 

Castleton;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  named  for  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors. 

Castor;  bayou  in  Louisiana,  and  river  in  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  the  preva- 
lence of  beavers.    From  the  Greek,  kastor,  meaning  "beaver." 
{Castro;  county  in  Texas; 
Gastroville;  town  in  Medina  County,  Texas.    Named  for  Henri  Castro,  who  settled 
600  immigrants  in  Texas  under  Government  contract  between  1842  and  1845. 

Caswell;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Richard  Caswell,  governor  of  the 
State  in  1777-1779. 

Catahoula;  lake  and  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  an  extinct  Indian  tribe. 

Cataract;  village  in  Owen  County,  Indiana,  so  named  on  account  of  the  falls  in  the 
river  near. 

Cataraque;  river  in  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "fort  in  the  water," 
the  early  name  of  Lake  Ontario. 

Catasauqua;  creek  and  borough  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware 
Indian  word,  a  corruption  of  gottoshacki,  "the  earth  thirsts  for  rain,"  or 
"parched  land." 

Catawba;  river  in  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina;  county,  and  town  in  same 
county,  in  North  Carolina;  village  in  Clark  County,  Ohio;  town  in  Roanoke 
County,  Virginia;  town  in  Marion  County,  West  Virginia;  island  in  Lake  Erie; 
and  several  other  places;  named  from  the  Indian  tribe.  The  word  may  be  from 
the  Choctaw,  katapa,  meaning  "cut  off,"  "separated." 

Gatawissa;  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  borough  and  township  in  Colum- 
bia County,  Pennsylvania.  A  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  gattaurisi,  "grow- 
ing fat,"  though  some  authorities  say  the  name  signifies  "clear  water." 

Cathaneu;  river  of  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "bent,"  or  "crooked." 

Catharine;  town  in  Schuyler  County,  New  York,  named  for  Catharine  Montour, 
the  wife  of  an  Indian  sachem. 

Cathedral;  peak  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Mariposa  County,  California,  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  spire. 

Catheys;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 

Gathlamet;  point  and  town  in  Wahkiakum  County,  Washington,  named  from  the 
Indian  tribe,  Kathlamet. 

Cathlapootle;  river  in  Washington,  named  for  the  Cathlapotle  Indian  tribe. 

Catlettsburg;  city  in  Boyd  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Horatio  Catlett,  one  of 
the  first  settlers. 

Catlin;  township  and  village  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  J.  M.  Catlin, 
a  railroad  official. 

Cato;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board  in  honor 
of  the  distinguished  Roman. 

Gatoctin;  stream  in  Virginia  tributary  to  the  Potomac  River.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "great  village." 


oansett.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  6TATE8.  73 

Gat8kill;  creek,  mountains,  and  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York.  The  moun- 
tains were  called  katsbergs  by  the  Dutch,  from  the  number  of  wild-cats  found  in 
them,  and  the  creek,  which  flows  from  the  mountains,  was  called  KaiershU, 
"tomcats'  creek." 

Cattaraugus;  county,  village  in  same  county,  and  creek  in  New  York.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "  bad  smelling  shore." 

Caucomgomoc;  lake  in  Maine.  A  corruption  of  an  Indian  word,  meaning  "big 
gull  lake." 

Caugwaga;  creek  in  Erie  County,  New  York.  A  corruption  of  the  Indian  gag- 
waga,  "creek  of  the  Cat  nation." 

Causton;  bluff  in  Georgia,  named  for  Thomas  Causton. 

Cavalier;  county,  and  town  in  Pembina  County,  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Charles 
Cavalier,  one  of  the  old  settlers  in  the  Lower  Red  River  Valley. 

Gave  in  Bock;  village  in  Hardin  County,  Illinois,  named  from  a  cave  in  a  rocky 
bluff  on  the  Ohio  River. 

Cawanesque;  branch  of  the  Chemung  River,  in  New  York.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "at  the  long  island." 

Cawanshanock;  creek  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word 
derived  from  gawunschhanne,  "green  briar  stream." 

Cawker;  city  in  Mitchell  County,  Kansas,  named  for  E.  H.  Cawker. 

Gayadutta;  creek  in  Fulton  County,  New  York;  stated  by  Beauchamp  to  mean 
"stone  standing  out  of  the  water."  The  origin  is  thought  by  Baylies  to  be 
purely  conjectural.  The  most  noticeable  feature  to  which  the  name  could  apply 
was  a  large  rock  in  midstream  below  some  beautiful  falls. 

Cayncos;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"  small  fishing  boats." 

Cayuga;  county,  village  in  same  county,  and  lake  in  New  York.  An  Indian  word, 
the  derivation  of  which  is  in  dispute.  The  generally  accepted  theory  is  that  it 
means  "  long  lake,"  having  been  originally  applied  to  the  lake,  which  is  38 
miles  long  and  from  1  to  3}  miles  wide.  Morgan  derives  it  from  gweugweh, 
"  the  mucky  land,"  while  others  say  that  it  signifies  "canoes  pulled  out  of  the 
water."  One  of  Iroquois  tribes  was  so  called.  Six  small  places  in  the  country 
bear  this  name. 

Cayuse;  village  in  Umatilla  County,  Oregon,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 

Cazadero;  village  in  Sonoma  County,  California.  A  Spanish  term  meaning  "place 
for  pursuing  game." 

Cazenovia;  township  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  and  villages  in  Pipestone  County, 
Minnesota,  and  Richland  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  town  in  New  York. 

Cazenovia;  lake  and  town  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  by  its  founder, 
Col.  John  Linklaen,  for  Theophilus  Cazenove,  general  agent  of  the  Holland 
Land  Company. 

{Cecil;  county  in  Maryland; 
Cecil  ton;  town  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  named  for  Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord 
Baltimore. 
Cedar;  this  word,  with  various  suffixes,  forms  the  name  of  numerous  features 
throughout  the  country.    Counties  in  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska,  153  post- 
offices,  with  or  without  suffixes,  and  numerous  rivers,  creeks,  etc.,  bear  the  name, 
referring  to  the  presence  of  the  tree  in  the  vicinity. 
Cedar  Keys;  town  in  Levy  County,  Florida,  named  from  a  group  of  islands  in  the 

harbor. 
Celeron;  island  near  Detroit,  Michigan,  named  for  Sieur  Celeron,  commandant  at 

Detroit  in  early  days. 
Gelina;  village  in  Mercer  County,  Ohio,  named  from  Salina  in  New  York;  the 
orthography  was  changed  to  avoid  confusion. 


74  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Center;  town  in  Sharp  County,  Arkansas,  and  county  in  Pennsylvania,  so  named 
because  of  their  geographical  situation.  One  hundred  and  fifty  places  in  the 
country  bear  this  name,  alone  or  with  various  prefixes. 

Center  Harbor;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  one  of  the 
first  settlers,  Col.  Joseph  Senter. 

Central;  town  in  Pickens  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  because  of  its  geograph- 
ical situation.    Twenty-eight  other  places,  with  and  without  suffixes,  are  so  called. 

Central  City;  town  in  Gilpin  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because  it  was  originally 
the  center  of  several  mining  camps. 

Central  City;  town  in  Huntington  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  because  it  is 
nearly  halfway  between  Guyandotte  and  Catlettsburg. 

Centralis;  township  and  city  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  so  named  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  from  its  location  at  the  junction  of  the  main  line  and  the 
Chicago  line. 

Central  Lake;  village  in  Antrim  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  a  lake  which  is  in 
the  center  of  a  chain  of  lakes  and  rivers  in  the  county. 

Ceredo;  village  in  Wayne  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  by  its  founder  because 
of  the  bountiful  harvest  of  corn  upon  its  site.  The  name  is  derived  from  Ceres, 
the  goddess  of  corn  and  harvests. 

Cerrillos;  town  in  Santa  Fe  County,  New  Mexico.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  little 
eminences,"  or  "little  hills.'* 

Cerritos;  village  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"little  hills." 

Cerro  Colorado;  a  conical  hill  of  reddish  color  in  Colorado.  The  name  was  given 
by  the  Mexicans,  and  means  "red  hill." 

Cerro  Gordo;  village  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  county  in  Iowa,  and  village .  in 
Columbus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Mexican  battlefield.  The 
words  mean  "large  (around)  hill." 

Ceylon;  village  in  Erie  County,  Ohio,  and  live  other  places,  named  from  the  island 
off  the  coast  of  India. 

Ghadbourn;  town  in  Columbus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 
business  man  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 

Chadds  Ford;  village  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  proprietor, 
Francis  Chadsey. 

Chadron;  city  in  Dawes  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  an  old  French  squawman. 

Chadwick;  village  in  Carroll  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  engineer  who  was  con- 
nected with  the  building  of  the  first  railroad  through  that  section. 

Chaffee;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Jerone  B.  Chaffee,  United  States  Senator. 

Chaffin;  bluff  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  family  who  owned  it. 

Chagrin;  river  in  Ohio.  Two  different  theories  obtain  in  regard  to  this  name,  one 
being  that  a  party  of  surveyors  under  Harvey  Rice,  so  named  it  because  of  their 
disappointment  at  finding  that  they  were  not  following  the  course  of  the  Cuya- 
hoga River.  Howe  says  that  it  is  named  from  the  Indian  word  shagrin,  which 
is  said  to  mean  "  clear." 

Chagrin  Falls;  village  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  river. 

Chamberlain;  lake  in  Maine,  named  for  an  old  settler. 

Chamberlain;  city  in  Brule  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Selah  Chamberlain, 
a  director  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Suint  Paul  Railroad. 

Chambers;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Senator  Henry  C.  Chambers  of  that 
State. 

Chambers;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Thomas  J.  Chambers,  major-general  in  the 
Texas  revolution. 

Chambersburg;  township  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  of  first 
-     settlers. 


g*k»*tt.1  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  75 

Chamberaburg;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  Scotchman 

who  founded  it,  Benjamin  Chambers. 
Champaign;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  county  in 

Ohio. 
Champaign;  county  in  Ohio,  so  named  from  the  general  character  of  the  country. 

From  the  French,  champ,  meaning  "fields,"  and  plains,  "flat.'* 
Champion;   town  in  Jefferson  County,   New  York,  and  township  in  Trumbull 

County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Champion,  of  Connecticut. 
Champlain;  lake,  and  town  in  Clinton  County,  in  New  York,  named  for  the  discov- 
erer of  the  lake,  Samuel  de  Champlain,  a  French  naval  officer,  who  explored 

that  country  in  1609. 
Chancellorsville;  village  in  Spottsylvania  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  family  in 

the  neighborhood. 
Chandeleur;  bay  and  islands  on  the  coast  of  Louisiana,  so  named  because  they  were 

discovered  on  Candlemas  or  Chandeleur  day. 
Chandlers ville;  village  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Samuel  Chandler. 
Chandlerville;  village  in  Cass  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  Charles  Chandler, 

its  founder. 
Chaney;  creek  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Robert  Chaney,  an  early  settler  in  Perry 

County. 
Chanhassan;  river  in  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"pale  bark  wood,"  or  "sugar  tree." 
Chanhas8en;   village  in  Carver  County,  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word   meaning 

"firestone." 
Chankie ;  creek  in  South  Dakota.    Coues  says  it  is  clipped  from  Uchehkanakasahtapah, 
"breech  clout."     Haines  gives  chanka,  "firestone,"  so  named  from  a  very  hard  rock 

of  vitrified  sandstone  found  near  its  mouth. 
Ghanlers;  purchase  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Jeremiah  Chanter, 

an  early  owner. 
Ghanopa;  lake  in  Minnesota.    A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "two  wood." 
Chanahayapi;  river  in  Minnesota.    A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "red  wood," 

or  "post  painted  red." 
Chanute;  city  in  Neosho  County,  Kansas,  named  for  O.  Chanute,  civil  engineer 

with  the  Leavenworth,  Lawrence  and  Galveston  Railroad. 
Chapa;  river  in  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "beaver." 
Chapel  Hill;  town  in  Orange  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  a  colonial  chapel 

of  the  Church  of  England,  built  on  a  hill. 
Chap  in;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founders,  Charles  and 

Horace  Chapin. 
Chapin;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  of  that  name. 
Chapman;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William 

Chapman,  who  owned  slate  quarries  there. 
Chappaqua;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

edible  root  of  some  kind. 
Chappaquiddick;  island  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts.     From  an  Indian  word, 

cheppiaquidne,  "separated  islanoT."     So  called  because  separated  from  Marthas 

Vineyard  by  a  narrow  strait. 
Chapparal;  village  in  Butte  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  a 

"plantation  of  evergreen  oaks." 
Chardon;  village  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  proprietor,  Peter  Chardon 

Brooks. 
Chariton;  township  and  city  in  Lucas  County,  Iowa,  and  county,  river,  and  town  in 

Putnam  County,  Missouri.    The  origin  of  the  name  is  in  doubt.     The  most  gen- 
erally accepted  theory  is  that  it  was  given  by  the  ear\y  ¥t«i\q\\,  W\>  \X\»X  \X\& 


76  PLACE  KAME8  IN  ?HE   UNITED  STATES,  [bull.  266 

original  form,  of  the  word  has  been  lost,  hence  the  translation  is  impossible. 

Some  persons  say  that  there  was  a  French  trader  who  had  his  agency  near  the 

mouth  of  the  river,  whose  name  was  similar. 
Charlemont;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Earl  of 

Charlemont. 
Charles;  county  in  Maryland,  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Calvert,  son  of  Cecilius 

Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore. 
rCharles;  river  in  Massachusetts,  and  point  in  Northampton  County,  Virginia; 
(Charles  City;  county  in  Virginia.    Named  for  Charles  I  of  England. 
Charles  City;  township  and  city  in  Floyd  County,  Iowa,  named  by  Kelley  St.  Charles 

for  his  son. 
Charles  Mix;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  a  pioneer  citizen. 
Charleston;  township  and  city  in  Coles  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  Morton, 

one  of  the  founders. 
Charleston;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  settler,  Charles 

Vaughan. 
Charleston;  town  in  Tallahatchie  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  Charleston, 

South  Carolina. 
Charleston;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina.    The  city  was 

named  first  and  was  originally  called  Charles  Town,  in  honor  of  Charles  II  of 

England. 
Charleston;  city  in  Kanawha  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Charles  Clendman, 

father  of  George  Clendman,  the  founder. 
Charlestown;  part  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  I  of  England. 
Charlestown;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Sir  Charles 

Knowles. 
Charlestown;  town  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  either  for  King 

Charles  II  of  England,  or  for  Charles  Edward,  the  pretender. 
Charles  Town;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  brother  of 

George  Washington,  Charles  Washington,  who  owned  the  land  upon  which  the 

town  was  built. 
Charlevoix;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  named  for  Pere  Fran- 
cis X.  Charlevoix,  a  missionary  and  historian. 
Charley  Apopka;  creek  in  Florida.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian  word,  tsalopopko- 

hatchee,  "catfish  eating  creek." 
Charloe;  village  in  Paulding  County,  Ohio,  named  for  an  Ottawa  Indian  chief. 
Charlotte;  county  in  Virginia,  and  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for 

Charlotte  Augusta,  Princess  of  Wales. 
Charlotte;  city  in  Mecklenburg  County,  North   Carolina,  named  for  the  wife  of 

George  III  of  England. 
Charlottesville;  city  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Charlotte  Augusta, 

Princess  of  Wales. 
Charlton;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Robert  M. 

Charlton,  poet,  and  United  States  Senator  in  1852. 
Charlton;  town  in  "Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Sir  Francis  Charl- 
ton, gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  in  1755. 
Chartiers;  two  creeks,  and  townships  in  Allegheny  and  Washington  counties,  Penn- 
sylvania, named  for  Peter  Chartiers,  a  noted  half-breed  spy  and  Indian  hunter. 
Chase;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Salmon  P.  Chase,  secretary  of  the  treasury 

under  President  Lincoln. 
Chase;  county  in  Nebraska  named  for  a  former  mayor  of  Omaha. 
Chaska;  city  in  Carver  County,  Minnesota.     A  Sioux  Indian  name  for  a  first-born 

son. 


oakkitt.J  PLACE   NAME8   IN  THE  UNITED  8TATE8.  77 

Chateaugay;  river,  lake,  and  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  from 
the  town  in  France.  The  name  was  applied  to  a  seigniory  created  in  1673,  and 
was  applied  to  the  river  which  traversed  it,  and  the  appellation  naturally  fol- 
lowed the  stream  to  its  source. 

Chatham;  county  in  Georgia,  towns  in  Barnstable  County  Massachusetts,  and 
Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire;  borough  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey;  vil- 
lage in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  county  in  North  Carolina,  and  many  other 
places,  named  for  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham. 

Chats  worth;  township  and  town  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the 
country  home  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  England. 

Chattahoochee;  river,  county,  and  village  in  Fulton  County,  Georgia,  and  town  in 
Gadsden  County,  Florida;  a  Creek  Indian  word  meaning  "painted  stone." 

Chaumont;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Le  Ray  de  Cahumont, 
an  early  proprietor. 

Chautauqua;  county  in  Kansas;  county,  lake,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New 
York.  An  Indian  word  which  has  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy. 
Webster  says  it  is  a  corruption  of  a  word  which  means  "  foggy  place."  Another 
derivation  gives  the  meaning  as  "  bag  tied  in  the  middle,"  referring  to  the  shape 
of  the  lake.  It  is  also  said  to  mean  "place  where  a  child  was  washed  away." 
Dr.  Peter  Wilson,  an  educated  Seneca,  says  it  is  literally  "where  the  fish  was 
taken  out."  Other  meanings  given  are  "place  of  easy  death,"  and  "place 
where  one  was  lost" 

Chaves;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  Mariano  Chaves,  governor  in  1836. 

Cheanill;  chain  of  hills  in  Oregon.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "bald  hills." 

Cheat;  river  in  West  Virginia,  so  called  because  of  the  variableness  of  the  volume  of 
water. 

Cheatham;  county  in  Tennessee,  name  for  Benjamin  Cheatham,  a  Confederate 
general. 

Chebanse;  town  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  Indian  chief.  The  word 
means  "little  duck." 

Chebeague  Island;  village  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine.  The  name  is  probably 
derived  from  chebeeg,  "great  waters,"  or  "wide  expanse  of  water." 

Cheboygan;  river,  country,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.  An  Indian  word 
variously  interpreted.  Haines  says  it  is  composed  of  two  words,  cfie,  "great," 
and  poygariy  "pipe."  Another  derivation  gives  the  meaning,  "the  river  that 
comes  out  of  the  ground."  The  Michigan  Historical  Society  gives  chabwegan,  a 
place  of  ore." 

Checaque;  river  in  Iowa.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "skunk." 

Chectemunda;  creek  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "twin  sister." 

Cheektowaga;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York.  Derived  from  the  Indian  words 
juk  do  waah  geh,  "place  of  the  crab  apple  tree." 

Cheesechankaxnuck;  eastern  branch  of  Farmington  River,  Connecticut.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "great  fishing  place  at  the  weir." 

Cheetiery  Sopochnie;  chain  of  volcanic  mountains  in  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Indian 
words  meaning  "four  mountains." 

Chefuncte;  river  in  Louisiana.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "chinkapin." 

Chehalia;  river,  county,  and  city  in  Lewis  County,  in  Washington,  named  from  an 
Indian  tribe.    The  word  means  "sand"  or  "inlanders." 

Chehtanbeh;  river  in  Minnesota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "sparrow  hawk's 
nest" 

Chelan;  county  and  lake  in  Washington.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "deep  water" 
or  "big  water.' 


tt 


78  PLACE   NAME8    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Chelmsford;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  English 
town. 

Chelsea;  city  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  English  town. 

Chelsea;  towns  in  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  and  Orange  County,  Vermont; 
indirectly  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Chemawa;  village  in  Marion  County,  Oregon.  An  Indian  word  said  to  mean 
" our  old  home." 

♦Chemehuevis;  valley  in  Arizona,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 

Chemung;  river,  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New  York.  An  Indian 
word,  meaning  "big  horn"  or  '* big  horn  in  the  water."  The  river  was  so 
named  from  the  tradition  of  a  huge  fossil  tusk,  supposed  to  be  of  some  prehistoric 
monster,  having  been  found  in  the  bank  of  the  river. 

Chenango;  river,  county,  and  town  in  Broome  County,  in  New  York.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "bull  thistles." 

Ch6ne;  bayou  in  Louisiana.     A  French  word  meaning  "oak." 

Cheney;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 

Cheney;  city  in  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas,  named  for  P.  B.  Cheney,  stockholder  of 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 

Cheney;  town  in  Sjwkane  County,  Washington,  named  for  Benjamin  P.  Cheney, 
of  Boston,  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Chenoa;  township  and  city  in  McLean  County,  Illinois.  From  the  Indian  word 
"  chenomi"  meaning  "white  dove." 

Chepachet;  river,  and  village  in  Providence  County,  in  Rhode  Island,  and  village  in 
Herkimer  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "where  the  stream 
divides,"  or  "place  of  separation." 

Chepultepec;  town  in  Blount  County,  Alabama.  An  Aztec  Indian  word  meaning 
"grasshopper  mountain." 

Cheputnaticook;  lake  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "great  hill  lake." 

Cher  aw;  town  in  Chesterfield  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  Sara  or 
Cheraw  Indian  tribe. 

Cherokee;  county,  and  town  in  Colbert  County,  in  Alabama;  township  in  Benton 
County,  Arkansas;  village  in  Butte  County,  California;  county,  and  village  in 
same  county,  in  Georgia;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Iowa;  nation  in 
Indian  Territory;  county,  and  city  in  Crawford  County,  in  Kansas;  villages  in 
Lawrence  County,  Kentucky,  and  Lowndes  County,  Mississippi;  county,  and 
village  in  Swain  County,  in  North  Carolina;  post-office  in  Woods  County,  Okla- 
homa; county,  and  post-office  in  Spartanburg  County,  in  South  Carolina;  village 
in  Lauderdale  County,  Tennessee;  county,  and  village  in  San  Saba  County,  in 
Texas;  and  village  in  Marathon  County,  Wisconsin;  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
The  meaning  is  uncertain. 

Cherry;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Lieutenant  Cherry,  United  States  Army. 

Cherry  Creek;  town  and  creek  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  by  Joshua 
Bentley,  jr.,  a  surveyor  who  found  the  center  of  the  town  to  be  on  a  small  island 
in  a  stream  on  which  was  a  small  cherry  tree. 

Cherryvale;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kansas,  in  the  valley  of  Cherry  Creek. 
The  name  "Cherry"  occurs  frequently  with  and  without  suffixes,  generally 
referring  to  the  presence  of  the  tree. 

Chesaning;  village  in  Saginaw  County,  Michigan.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "big 
rock,"  the  name  having  been  given  because  of  a  large  rock  near  the  place. 

Chesapeake;  bay  in  Maryland  which  gives  name  to  several  places  in  the  country. 
An  Indian  name  variously  explained,  but  which  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of  the 
Delaware  name  hitshishwapeak,  "great  salty  bay." 

Cheshire;  towns  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  and  Berkshire  County,  Massa- 
chusette;  township  in  Allegan  County,  Michigan:,  coxuaty  Sxl  "Sot  ltatt$iifoufe\ 


©AifNEiT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE  UNITED  STATES.  79 

and  villages  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  and  Gallia  County,  Ohio,  named 
from  the  county  in  England. 

Chester;  city  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Chester;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  by  George  Pearson,  a  friend  of  William 
Penn,  in  honor  of  the  native  place  of  Penn. 

Chester;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania. 

Chester;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Robert  I.  Chester,  an  old  settler. 

Chesterfield;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  counties  in  South 
Carolina  and  Virginia,  named  for  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  fourth  Earl  of  Ches- 
terfield. 

Chesterfield;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land. 

Chesterville;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rev.  John  Chester, 
of  Albany. 

Chestnut;  twenty-seven  post-offices  and  many  natural  features  bear  this  name,  indi- 
cating the  presence  of  the  tree. 

Chesuncook;  lake  and  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  which, 
according  to  Judge  Potter,  means  "goose  place."  "Thoreau  gives,  "  place  where 
many  streams  empty."     Haines  says  that  it  signifies  "  great  goose  place." 

Chetimaches;  lake  in  Louisiana,  which  is  also  known  as  Grand  Lake,  the  name  of 
an  Indian  tribe;  the  word  is  from  the  Choctaw  language  and  means,  "  they  pos- 
sess cooking  vessels." 

Che  top  a;  city  in  Labette  County,  Kansas.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "four  houses," 
the  town  having  been  built  on  the  site  of  four  houses  occupied  by  the  wives  of 
an  Osage  chief. 

Chewaukan;  marsh  in  Oregon.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  water  potato." 

Cheyenne;  county  and  mountain  in  Colorado,  county  in  Kansas,  county  and  river 
in  Nebraska,  city  in  Laramie  County,  Wyoming,  and  a  number  of  other  places, 
named  for  the  Indian  tribe.  The  Cheyennes  call  themselves  Dziizistas.  The 
popular  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  name  given  them  by  the  Sioux,  and  said  to 
signify  "aliens." 

Chicacomico;  creek  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"place  where  turkeys  are  plenty." 

Chicago;  city  and  river  in  Illinois.  The  Ojibwa  Indian  form,  she-kag-ong,  signifies 
"wild  onion  place,"  from  a  root  form  implying  a  "bad  smell." 

Chichester;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  village  in  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Chickahominy;  river  in  Virginia,  which  according  to  De  Vere  is  named  from  the 
Indian  word,  checahaminend,  "land  of  much  grain,"  so  called  because  it  flows 
through  fertile  lowlands.  Heckewelder,  with  doubtful  authority,  says  that  it 
is  corrupted  from  Tschikene-mahoni,  "lick  frequented  by  turkeys." 

Chickies;  creek  and  village  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  Indian,  chikiswalungo,  meaning  "place  of  crabs."  Hecke- 
welder says  the  meaning  is  "  place  of  crawfish,"  and  Sener  states  it  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  chickesalunga. 

Chickisalunga;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  derived  from  chickiswa- 
lunga,  "place  of  crawfish,"  or  "place  of  crab  fish." 

Chickomuxen;  creek  in  Maryland.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  fishing  place  at  a 
weir." 

Chickwolnepy;  creek  jn  New  Hampshire.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "near  great 
pondf" 


80  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Chico;  township  and  city  in  Butte  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"little." 
Chicomico;  creek  in  Connecticut.    An  Indian  derivation!  from  $he  or  che,  "great," 

and  kamukj  or  comaco,  "house,"  or  "inclosed  place." 
Chicopee;  river,  falls,  and  city  in  Hampden  County,  in  Massachusetts.    An  Indian 

word,  meaning  "cedar  tree,"  or  "birch-bark  place." 
Chicora;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  South  Carolina.     From  an  Indian  word,  yuchi- 

here,  meaning  "yuchi  are  there,'   or  "yuchi  over  there." 
Chicot;  county  in  Arkansas  and  creek  in  New  York.    A  French  word  meaning 

"wood;"  a  term  also  applied  to  a  stub  or  broken  piece  of  wood. 
Childress;  county;  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  George  C.  Chil- 
dress, author  of  the  Texas  declaration  of  independence. 
Chillicothe;  city  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  towns  in  Wapello  County,  Iowa,  and 

Livingston  County,  Missouri,  and  city  in  Ross  County,  Ohio,  named  from  a 

Shawnee  subtribe.    The  correct  Shawnee  form  signifies  "  man  made  perfect." 

(Gatschet. ) 
Chillisquaque;  creek  and  village  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania.  .  A 

Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  of  snowbirds." 
Chilmark;  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Chilson;  lake  and  village  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  of  early 

settlers. 
Chilton;  county,  and  village  in  Clarke  County,  in  Alabama,  named  for  William  P. 

Chilton,  of  that  State. 
Chilton;  city  in  Calumet  County,  Wisconsin,  named  Chillington,  from  the  home  of 

an  early  settler,  Chillington  Hall,  England,  but  the  county  clerk  in  recording 

the  name,  omitted  the  second  syllable,  hence  Chilton. 
Chimney  Rock;  town  in  Rutherford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  nearby 

cliffs,  which  bear  a  likeness  to  colossal  chimneys. 
Chinook;  village  in  Pacific  County,  Washington,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 
Chinquapin;  town  in  Duplin  County,  North  Carolina.     The  name  is  the  Indian 

name  for  "nut,"  or  "small  chestnut." 
Chippewa;  county  and  river  in  Michigan,  and  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin; 
Chippewa  Falls;  city  in  Chippewa  County,  Wisconsin.    Named  from  a  noted  Indian 

tribe.    The  proper  Indian  form  is  Ojibwa. 
Chisago;  county  and  lake  in  Minnesota,  named  by  W.  H.  C.  Folsom,  from  two 

Ojibwa  Indian  words,  kichi,  "large,"  and  mga,  "fair"  or  "lovely." 
ChisseBeBBick;  rivers  in  Virginia  and  Georgia.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of 

blue  birds." 
Chittenango;  creek  and  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York.    Morgan  says  it  is 

an  Indian  word,  meaning  "  where  the  sun  shines  out; "  other  authorities  trans- 
late it  "waters  divide  and  run  into." 
Chittenden;  county  in  Vermont,  named  for  Thomas  Chittenden,  governor  of  the 

State  in  1790-97. 
Chittenden;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  George  B.  Chittenden. 
Chivington;   village  in  Kiowa  County,  Colorado,  near  the  battle  ground  where 

Colonel  Chivington  massacred  the  Cheyenne  Indians  in  1864. 
Chocorua;  peak  in  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  said  to  be  named  for  a 

prophet-chief  of  the  Socoki  Indians,  who,  being  pursued  to  this  lofty  peak  by  a 

white  hunter,  leaped  over  the  precipice  and  met  his  death. 
Choctawhatchee;  bay  and  river  in  Florida.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "river  of 

the  Choctaws." 
Ghohwajica;  lake  in  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "willow." 
Chokin;  lake  in  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  of  roasting,"  the  lake 


oankett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  81 

probably  haying  been  so  named  because  the  Dakota  Indians  roasted  the  teep- 
winna  root,  which  they  used  for  food,  on  the  shore  of  the  lake. 

Ghokio;  village  in  Stevens  County,  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "middle." 

Ghokoloskee;  town  in  Lee  County,  Florida.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian 
word,  chokoli&ka,  meaning  "red  houses." 

Ohoteau;  county,  and  township  in  Teton  County,  in  Montana,  and  county  in  South 
Dakota,  named  for  the  Chouteau  family,  two  brothers  of  which,  Auguste  and 
Pierre,  founded  St.  Louis. 

Chouptyatanka;  lake  in  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "big  dry  wood." 

Chowan;  river  and  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Cfoowanoke  Indian 
tribe.  The  word  is  a  variant  of  the  Algonquian  sorwdn,  "  south."  One  author- 
ity derives  the  word  from  sowan-ohhc,  "south  country." 

Christian;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  William  Christian,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution. 

Christian;  conn  ties  in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  named  from  the  county  in  Kentucky. 

Christiana;  creek,  and  village  in  Newcastle  County,  in  Delaware,  and  borough  in  Lan- 
caster County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  King  and  Queen  of  Sweden,  Christian 
and  Christiana, 

Christiansburg;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  first  settler. 

Chxistman;  city  in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Mathias  Christ  man,  its  founder. 

Chromite;  village  in  Shasta  County,  California,  named  from  the  chrome  iron  mines. 

Chuctanunda;  stream  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "twin  sisters. " 
Chula;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Missouri; 
Chulafinnee;  town  in  Cleburne  County,  Alabama; 

Chulahoma;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi.     From  a  Choctaw  Indian  word 
meaning  "red  fox." 

Chuluota;  town  in  Orange  County,  Florida.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "beautiful 


view." 


Churchill;  county  in  Nevada,  which  takes  its  name  from  Fort  Churchill,  named  for 

an  officer  of  the  United  States  Army. 
Churchville;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Samuel  Church,  a 

pioneer  settler. 
Cibolo;  river  and  village  in  Guadalupe  County,  Texas.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"buffalo." 
Cicero;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board  for 

the  celebrated  Roman. 
Cienega;  station  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  and  mining  locality  in  Yavapai 

County,  Arizona.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "marsh." 
Cimarron;  river  in  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory,  city  in  Gray  County,  Kansas, 

and  village  in  Colfax  County,  New  Mexico.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "wild," 

"unruly." 
Cincinnati;  city  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  laid  out  and  named  by  Col.  Israel  Lud- 
low, from  an  organization  of  officers  formed  after  the  Revolutionary  war  and 

named  in  honor  of  Cincinnati^,  the  Roman  patriot. 
Gicinnatus;  town  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board, 

for  the  celebrated  Roman  patriot. 
Cinnabar;  village  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  from  the  quicksilver  mines. 
Cinnabar;  mountain  just  north  of  Yellowstone  Park,  named  from  its  rocks,  which 

are  colored  red  by  iron,  which  was  mistaken  for  cinnabar. 
Cinnaminson;  town  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey.     The  name  is  derived  from 

the  Indian,  cinna,  or  sinne,  "stone,"  and  mana,  or minna.  "island,"  hence  "stone 

island  place." 

Ban.  258— 05 6 


82  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Gircleville;  village  in  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  so  named  from  the  circular  Indian 

mounds  in  the  neighborhood. 
Cisco;  town  in  Eastland  County,  Texas,  named. for  John  J.  Cisco,  a  prominent 

resident. 
Cisco;  many  places  in  the  United  States  bear  this  name.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

a  kind  of  trout  of  an  oily  nature. 
Cissna  Park;  village  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  Ciasna,  one  of 

its  founders. 
Citra;  town  in  Marion  County,  Florida; 
Citrona;  village  in  Yolo  County,  California; 
Citrus;  town  in  Inyo  County,  California,  and  county  in  Florida.     From  citrtis,  a 

small  genus  of  trees  of  the  orange  family;  so  named  because  of  the  abundant* 

of  orange  groves  in  these  regions. 
Clackamas;  county,  village  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Oregon,  named  from  an 

Indian  tribe. 
Claiborne;  parish  in  Louisiana  and  counties  in  Mississippi  and  Tennessee,  named 

for  William  C.  C.  Claiborne,  governor  of  Mississippi  Territory  and  of  Louisiana 

as  a  Territory  and  a  State. 
Clallam;  county  in  Washington,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 
Clancey ;  creek,  and  town  in  Jefferson  County,  in  Montana,  named  forjudge  Clancey, 

a  prospector  and  mining  promoter  of  an  early  day. 
Clanton;  town  in  Chilton  County,  Alabama,  named  for  General  Clan  ton,  a  Confed- 
erate general. 
Clapper;  town  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Henry  Clapper,  who  was 

instrumental  in  bringing  a  railroad  into  the  place. 
Glare;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.    The  origin  of  the  name  is  in 

doubt,  but  the  Michigan  Historical  Society  says  that  it  is  probably  named  from 

County  Clare  in  Ireland. 
Claremont;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in  New 

Hampshire. 
Claremont;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  country 

seat  of  Lord  Clive,  an  Knglish  general. 
Clarence;  city  in  Shelby  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  son  of  John  Duff,  an  early 

settler. 
Clarendon;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Edward, 

Earl  of  Clarendon. 
Clarinda;  city  in  Page  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Clarinda  Buck,  a  niece  of  the 

founder. 
Clarion;  river  in  Pennsylvania.     A  French  term,  meaning  "clear."     The  name  may 

have  been  suggested  by  the  noise  made  by  the  river,  sounding  like  the  distant 

note  of  the  clarion.     Said  by  some  to  have  been  called  gomnutch,  "briar  stream.* ' 
Clarion;  county,  and  borough  in  same  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the 

river. 
Clark;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Governor  William  Clark. 
Clark;  peak  in  California,  named  for  Fred  Clark,  a  topographer. 
Clark;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  George 

Rogers  Clark,  who  captured  Viucennes. 
Clark;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Capt.  Charles  F.  Clarke,  United  States  Volun- 
teers, who  died  at  Memphis  December  10,  18(52. 
Clark;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Capt.  William  Clark,  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark 

expedition. 
Clark;  creek  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Dr.  M.  H.  Clark,  first  member  of  the  Terri- 
torial council  from  Dodge  County. 
Clark;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Newton  Clark,  ieg)fil&tot  in  1873. 


gajwftt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATES.  83 

Clark;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  A.  W.  Clark,  early  settler. 
Clarke;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Governor  John  Clarke  of  Georgia. 
Clarke;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Elijah  Clarke,  officer  of  the  Revolution. 
Clarke;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  James  Clarke,  governor  of  the  State  in  1846. 
Clarke;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Joshua  G.  Clarke,  first  chancellor  of  the 

State. 
Clarke;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clarke. 
Clarke;  county  in  Washington,  and  river  in  Montana,  named  for  Capt  William 

Clark,  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Clarke  City;  village  in  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  man  who  opened 

the  first  coal  mine  in  the  vicinity. 
Glarkfork;  town  in  Kootenai  County,  Idaho,  named  for  Capt.  William  Clark,  of  the 

Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Clarkia;  village  in  Kootenai  County,  Idaho,  named  for  Capt.  William  Clark,  of  the 

Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Clarks;  village  in  Merrick  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  S.  H.  H.  Clark,  superin- 
tendent of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Clarksburg;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  three  brothers 

who  were  among  the  first  settlers. 
Clarksburg;  town  in  Harrison  County,  West  Virginia.    Some  authorities  claim 

that  it  was  named  for  Capt.  William  Clark,  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition, 

while  others  maintain  that  it  was  named  for  a  pioneer. 
Clarksdale;  town  in  Coahoma  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Captain  Clark, 

brother-in-law  of  Governor  Alcorn. 
Glarkson;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  General  Clarkson,  a  large 

landowner. 

{  Clarks  ton;  village  in  Asotin  County,  Washington; 
Clarksville;  city  in  Pike  County,  Missouri.     Named  for  Capt.  William  Clark,  of 
the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 

Clarksville;  town  in  Habersham  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  John  Clarke, 
governor  of  Georgia. 

Clarksville;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Indiana,  and  city  in  Montgomery  County, 
Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark,  who  captured  Vincennes. 

Clarksville;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Benjamin  Clark. 

Clarkton;  town  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Henry  E.  Clark,  an  early 
contractor. 

Clatskanie;  town  in  Columbia  County,  Oregon,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe,  Tlat- 
skanai. 

Clatsop;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Claverack;  town  in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  from  the  Dutch,  klaver-akktr, 
"clover  field,"  said  by  some  to  have  l>een  so  called  from  the  immense  fields  of 
clover  which  abounded  there  at  the  time  of  its  settlement.  Another  opinion  is 
that  it  is  of  Dutch  origin,  the  first  part  of  the  word  meaning  "opening"  or  "side 
gorge,"  the  latter  part  being  a  division  of  the  river  which  the  Dutch  skippers 
referred  to;  the  Hudson  was  divided  into  13  "racks"  or  "reaches." 

Clay;  counties  in  Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Kansas;  town 
in  Webster  County,  Kentucky;  counties  in  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri, 
North  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  West  Virginia;  mount  in 
New  Hampshire;  and  many  small  places;  named  for  Henry  Clay.  The  county 
in  Nebraska  was  doubtless  named  for  him  also. 

Clay;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  John  M.  Clayton,  State  senator. 

Clay;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Henry  Clay,  jr.,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista. 

Clay;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen*  Green  Clay. 


84  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATEB.  [bull.  288. 

Clay  City;  village  in  Clay  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Clay  County,  Indiana, 

named  for  Henry  Clay. 
Claymont;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  from  the  character  of  the 

soil. 
Clayton;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  named  from  Clayton,  Missouri. 
Clayton;  town  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Thomas  Clayton,  or  his  son, 

Col.  Joshua  Clayton. 
Clayton;  county,  and  town  in  Rabun  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Angostin  Smith 

Clayton. 
Clayton;  township  and  village  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry  Clay. 
Clayton;  village  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Ralph  Clayton. 
Clayton;  county  in  Iowa,  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  and  town  in  John- 
ston County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  M.  Clayton,  Senator  from  Dela- 
ware. 
Claytonville;  town  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Powell  Clayton,  United 

States  Senator  from  Arkansas. 
Clear  Creek;  county  in  Colorado,  so  called  because  it  is  drained  by  Clear  Creek,  an 

affluent  of  the  South  Platte. 
Clearfield;  creek  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,   named  from  the  clearings 

along  its  banks. 
Clearfield;  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the 

creek. 
Clear  Lake;  village  in  Polk  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  a  lake  of  that  name. 

A  descriptive  name. 
Clearwater;  descriptive  name  given  to  a  river  in  Idaho  and  to  many  smaller  streams 

in  the  country,  which  in  turn  have  given  names  to  twelve  post-offices. 
Clearwater;  county  and  river  in  Minnesota.    The  name  is  a  direct  translation  of 

the  Ojibwa  word,  descriptive  of  the  river. 
Cleburne;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Arkansas,  and  town  in  Johnson  County,  Texas, 

named  for  Gen.  Patrick  Cleburne. 
Clermont;  county  in  Ohio,  name  probably  derived  from  Clermont,  France. 
Clermont;  village  in  Columbia  county,  New  York,  named  by  Chancellor  Living- 
ston, a  friend  of  Fulton,  for  the  first  American  steamboat. 
Cleveland;  counties    in  Arkansas  and  Oklahoma,   named  for  President  G rover 

Cleveland. 
Cleveland;  village  in  Oswego  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Cleveland, 

an  early  settler. 
Cleveland;  county,  and  village  in  Rowan  County,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col. 

Benjamin  Cleveland. 
Cleveland;  city  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Moses  Cleveland,  of 

the  Connecticut  Land  Company,  who  surveyed  it. 
Cleveland;  town  in  Bradley  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  John  Cleveland,  who 

went  there  from  North  Carolina. 
Clifford;  village  in  Lapeer  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Clifford  Lyman,  the  first 

child  horn  in  the  settlement. 
Clifton;  village  in   Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  Clifton   Hotel  in 

Chicago. 
Clifton;  village  in  Greene  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  cliffs  which  bound  the 

river  at  that  point. 
Clifton  Springs;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the 

cliffs  and  springs  in  the  neighborhood. 
Climax;  village  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  so  called  localise  when  Daniel  B. 

Eldred  first  visited  the  township  he  said,  "This  caps  the  climax." 


gakxwt.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  85 

Clinch;  county  in  Georgia,  and  river  in  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen. 

Duncan  L.  Clinch. 
Olingmans  Dome;  peak  in  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  North  Carolina,  named  for 

United  States  Senator  Thomas  L.  Clingman,  who  determined  its  altitude. 
Clinton;  town  in  Jones  County,  Georgia;  county,  and  city  in  Dewitt  County,  in 

Illinois;  counties  in  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky;  towns  in  Worcester  County, 

Massachusetts,  and  Henry  County,  Missouri;  county  in  Michigan;  towns  in 

Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  and  Rock  County,  Wisconsin;  named  for  DeWitt 

Clinton,  governor  of  New  York  and  projector  of  the  Erie  Canal. 
Clinton;  county  in  Missouri;  county,  town  in  Dutchess  County,  and  village  in  Oneida 

County,  New  York;  and  county  in  Ohio;  named  for  George  Clinton,  governor  of 

New  York. 
Clinton;  town  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Clinton  family  of 

New  York. 
Clinton;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  supposed  to  have  been  named  for  Gen.  Henry 

Clinton. 
Clinton ville;  village  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  the  family  of 

Clinton. 
Clock  ville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Klock,  the 

original  grantee. 
Cloquet;  town  in  Carlton  County,  Minnesota,  so  named  from  the  mills  there.    A 

French  word,  meaning  "sound  of  the  mill." 
Cloud;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  William  F.  Cloud,  colonel  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment of  Kansas. 
Cloverdale;  township  and  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  so  named  because 

of  the  rich  growth  of  clover  in  the  valley  in  which  the  town  is  located. 
Clymer;  village  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  named  for  George  Clymer,  its  founder. 
Clymer;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  George  Clymer,  a 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Coahoma;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Mississippi.    A  Choctaw  Indian 

word  meaning  "red  panther." 

{Coal  City;  city  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois; 
Coal  Valley;  township  and  village  in  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois.    Named  from 
coal  mines  in  the  vicinity. 
Coarsegold;  mining  town  in  Madera  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the 

gold  nuggets  found  in  its  placer  mines. 
Coast;  range  of  mountains  in  Oregon,  so  named  because  lying  parallel  with  the 

Pacific  coast. 
Coatsburg;  village  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Robert  Coats,  one  of  the 

founders. 
Coatesville;  borough  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Moses  Coates, 

one  of  the  early  settlers. 
Cobalt;  village  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  so  named  from  mines  of  cobalt 

in  the  neighborhood. 
Cobb;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Cobb,  United  States  Senator  from 

that  State. 
Cobbosseecontee;  river  and  lake  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word,  meaning  "place 

where  sturgeon  are  taken." 
Cobden;  village  in  Union  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Richard  Cobden. 
Cobleskill;  creek  and  town  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Cobel,  an 

early  mill  owner. 
Cobacook;  arm  of  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  Maine.     Hubbard  derives  it  from  the  name 

of  the  Indian  tribe  Passamaquoddy,  which  he  says  signifies  "falls"  or  "rough 


86  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  268. 

water."  Other  derivations  are  kabassak-hige,  "sturgeon-catching  place,"  and 
"small,  muddy  stream." 

Cocalico;  creek  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  Corrupted  from  aehgookwaHeo, 
"where  snakes  gather  in  holes." 

Cochecalechee;  tributary  of  the  Chattahoochee,  in  Georgia.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  * '  broken  arrow. ' ' 

Cocheco ;  river  in  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian  word  meaning  ' '  rapid  "  or  "  violent ' ' 

Cochecton;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning, 
according  to  Haines,  "low  ground;"  others  say  "finished  small  harbor." 

Cochise;  county  in  Arizona,  named  for  the  chief  of  the  Chiricahua  Apache  Indians, 
an  enemy  of  all  civilization. 

Cochituate;  village  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing ' '  land  on  rapid  streams/ ' 

Cochran;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  man  who  fell  at  the  Alamo. 

Cocke;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  William  Cocke,  United  States  Senator 
from  that  State  in  1796-97  and  1799-1805. 

Cock  Robin;  island  in  California,  settled  by  a  man  named  Robin,  who,  because  of 
his  bragging  of  his  fighting  qualities,  was  nicknamed  "Cock  Robin." 

Coconino;  county  in  Arizona,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 

Cocoosing;  creeks  in  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"owl  place." 

Cod;  cape  in  Massachusetts,  which  received  its  name  from  Bartholomew  Goenold, 
who  caught  many  codfish  there. 

Codington;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Rev.  R.  B.  Codington,  legislator 
in  1875. 

Codornices;  creek  in  California.     Derived  from  the  Spanish  codorniz,  "quail." 

Codorus;  creek  iu  York  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  said  to  mean 
"rapid  water." 

Coeur;  village  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  from  its  location  in  the  heart 
of  the  mountains.     A  French  word  meaning  "heart." 

Coeur  d'Alene;  lake  and  town  in  Kootenai  County,  Idaho;  named  from  a  tribe  of 
Indians.  A  French  phrase,  meaning  "needle  hearts"  or  "awl  hearts."  Some 
authorities  say  that  this  name  was  given  to  these  Indians  because  the  expres- 
sion was  used  by  a  chief  of  the  tribe  to  denote  his  opinion  of  the  Canadian  trap- 
pers' meannesH.  Rev.  M.  Eells  says  that  the  name  was  given  to  the  tribe  by 
members  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  because  of  their  sharpness  in  trade. 

Coeyman;  towTn  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  patentee,  Barent 
Peterse  Coeymans. 

{Coffee;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Tennessee; 
Coffeeville;  town  in  Yalobusha  County,  Mississippi.     Named  for  Gen.  John  Coffee, 
noted  Indian  fighter. 
Coffee;  creek  in  Huinl>oldt  County,  California,  named  from  the  circumstance  of  a 

sack  of  coffee  having  been  spilled  into  it. 
Coffeen;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gustavus  Coffeen,  one 
.  of  the  founders. 

{Coffey;  county  in  Kansas; 
Coffeyville;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kansas.     Namedfor  A.  M.  Coffey,  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Kansas  Territorial  legislature. 
Cohasset;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts.     An  Indian  word,  said  by  some 

to  mean  "fishing  promontory,'*  "place  of  pines,"  or  "young  pine  trees." 
Cohocton;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York.     From  an  Indian  word  cohocta, 
"steam  rising  in  a  black-alder  swamp  with  overhanging  trees,"  or  "trees  in 
water." 


GANjacrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  87 

Cohoes;  city  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  from  Cohoes  falls.  An  Indian 
word,  meaning  "shipwrecked  canoe;"  also  said  to  signify  "great  bendings." 

Cokato;  village  in  Wright  County,  Minnesota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "at  the 
middle." 

Coke;  county,  and  village  in  Wood  County,  in  Texas,  named  for  Richard  Coke,  gov- 
ernor of  and  United  States  Senator  from  Texas. 

Cokesbury;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina.  A  combination  of  the 
names  of  two  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Thomas  Coke  and 
Francis  Asbury. 

Colbert;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  George  and  Levi  Colbert. 

Colby;  city  in  Thomas  County,  Kansas,  named  for  J.  R.  Colby,  one  of  the  old 
settlers. 

Colby;  city  in  Clark  and  Marathon  counties,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Charles  Colby, 
president  of  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad. 

Colchester;  borough  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  and  other  places  in  the 
country,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Colchester;  township  and  city  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  first  called  Chester, 
"Col"  being  prefixed  to  distinguish  it  from  Chester  in  Randolph  County. 

Colchester;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  from  Colchester,  Con- 
necticut. 

Colden;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Cadwalader  D.  Coldcn,  of  the 
State  senate. 

Cold  Spring;  town  in  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey,  and  many  small  places  in  the 
country;  named  from  springs  near. 

Coldwater;  city  in  Comanche  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  Michigan. 

Cold  water;  city  in  Branch  County,  Michigan,  and  town  in  Tate  County,  Missis- 
sippi, named  from  streams.     The  name  is  applied  descriptively. 

Cole;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Capt  Stephen  Cole,  an  Indian  fighter. 

Colebrook;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Sir  George  Cole- 
brook,  original  grantee. 

Coleman;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  R.  M.  Coleman, 
captain  of  the  first  company  of  Texas  rangers. 

Colerain;  town  in  Bertie  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  town  in  Ireland. 

Coleraine;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  in 
doubt,  but  Gabriel  Hanger  was  created  Baron  Coleraine  in  1761;  the  date  of  the 
naming  of  the  town. 

Coles;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Edward  Cole,  governor  of  the  State  in  1823-1826. 

Colesville;  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  for  Nathaniel  Cole,  one  of 
the  first  settlers. 

Colfax;  towns  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  Clinton  County,  Indiana,  Grant  Parish, 
Louisiana,  and  Bay  County,  Michigan;  counties  in  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico; 
and  town  in  Whitman  County,  Washington;  named  for  Schuyler  Colfax,  Vice- 
President  under  President  Grant. 

Collar  Back;  ridge  of  limestone  in  the  Catekill  Mountains,  New  York.  A  corrup- 
tion of  the  Dutch  name  Kalkberg,  meaning  "lime  hill." 

Collegeville;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  seat  of  Ursinus  Col- 
lege. 

Colleton;  county  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Sir  John  Colleton,  one  of  the  eight 
original  proprietors  of  Carolina. 

Collettsville;  town  in  Caldwell  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  resi- 
dent there. 

Collin;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Collin  McKinney,  an  early  settler. 

Collingsworth;  county  in  Texan,  named  for  Judge  James  Collingsworth,  secretary 
of  state  of  the  republic  in  1836. 


88  PLACE   NAMES  IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Collinsville;  city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  settled  by  four  brothers  named  Col- 
lins, from  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 

Collinsville;  town  in  Dundy  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Moses  Collins,  an  early 
settler. 

Collinsville;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Homer  Collins. 

Collis;  village  in  Fresno  County,  California,  named  for  Collis  P.  Huntington,  presi- 
dent of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Coloma;  town  in  Eldorado  County,  California,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 

Colony;  city  in  Anderson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  colony  from  Ohio  and 

Indiana,  which  settled  in  the  neighborhood. 
Colorado;  State  of  the  Union,  river  in  Texas,  and  river  in  Utah  and  Arizona; 
Colorado  City;  town  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado; 

Colorado  Springs;  city  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"ruddy  "  or  "blood  red;"  in  a  secondary  sense,  "colored." 

Colorado;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  river. 

Colquitt;  county,  and  town  in  Miller  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Walter  T.  Col- 
quitt, United  States  Senator. 

Colter;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  John  Colter,  a  guide  with  the  Lewis 
and  Clark  expedition. 

Colton;  town  in  St  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named,  for  Jesse  Colton  Higley, 
an  early  settler. 

Colton;  township  and  city  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  for  Col. 
David  Colton,  an  early  and  prominent  citizen. 

Coltsneck;  town  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.  The- name  is  probably  derived 
from  an  innkeeper's  sign  upon  which  was  printed  the  old  seal  of  New  Jersey — a 
horse's  head  with  a  wreath  around  the  neck. 

Columbia;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  New  York,  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Washington,  and  Wisconsin,  and  river  in  Oregon  and  Washington.  The 
river  was  named  by  Captain  Gray  for  the  vessel  in  which  he  entered  its  mouth. 

{Columbiana;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Ohio; 
Columbus;  county  in  North  Carolina,  and  26  places  in  the  country.    Named  for 
Christopher  Columbus. 
Columbus  Grove;  village  in  Putnam  County,  Ohio,  so  named  by  the  first  settlers 

from  the  city  of  Columbus. 
Colusa;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  from  the  Korusi 

tribe  of  Indians. 
Colville;  town  in  Stevens  County,  Washington,  named  from  the  old  Hudson  Bay 

Company's  fort  near  the  Columbia  River. 
Colwich;  city  in  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas.     The  name  is  a  compound  of  Colorado 

and  Wichita,  with  reference  to  the  Colorado  and  Wichita  Railroad. 
Comal;  county  in  Texas  which  takes  its  name  from  the  river.     A  Spanish  word 

meaning  "flat  earthen  pan." 
Comanche;  counties  in  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  Texas,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe. 
Cometa;  village  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "comet." 
Commack;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.     From  an  Indian  word,  winne- 

comae,  "beautiful  place." 
Commencement;  bay  in  Washington,  named  by  Vancouver,  because  he  thought  it 

the  beginning  of  the  arm  of  an  inlet. 
Commerce;  village  in  Scott  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  it  was  a  trading 

post  as  early  as  1803. 
Communipaw;  village  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  original  grantee, 

Michael  Pauw,  director  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company.    The  word  is  of 

Indian  origin. 


oaknwtt.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  89 

Como;  town  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  so  named  by  the  early  miners  because  of  a 
lake  in  the  neighborhood,  referring  to  Lake  Como,  Italy. 

Como;  town  in  Panola  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  a  highland  pond  upon  the 
place  of  Dr.  G  .G.  Tate,  who  settled  it. 

Oompton;  village  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Joel  Compton,  its  founder. 

Corns  took;  famous  silver  and  lead  bearing  lode  in  Nevada,  named  for  Henry  Page 
Comstock. 

Oonant;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Al  Conant,  who  nearly  lost  his  life 
in  it 

Concho;  county  and  river  in  Texas.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  a  "shell." 

Concord;  towns  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  and  Essex  County,  Vermont, 
named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 

Concord;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  so  called  either  from  the  Chris- 
tian concord  among  the  first  company,  or  "from  the  peaceful  manner  of  its 
acquisition/'  it  having  been  purchased  from  the  Indians. 

Concord;  city  in  Cabarrus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  battle  of  Concord. 

Concordia;  city  in  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  named  so  because  there  was  a  contro- 
versy for  years  over  a  permanent  seat  of  county  government,  which  was  finally 
settled  with  unanimity. 

Cone;  peak  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  its  regular  conical 
shape. 

Conecuh;  county  and  river  in  Alabama,  from  the  Creek  Indian  word  conata,  mean- 
ing "crooked,"  probably  given  with  reference  to  the  winding  course  of  the 
river. 

Conedogwinit;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "for  a  long 
way  nothing  but  bends." 

Conejo;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California. 

Conejoe;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  Rio  de  los 
Conejos.  A  Spanish  term  meaning  "rabbit,"  and  applied  to  these  localities  on 
account  of  the  great  numbers  of  these  animals. 

Conemaugh;  river  and  town  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "otter  creek." 

Gonequonessing;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "for 
a  long  time  straight." 

Conestoga;  creek  and  village  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  an 
Indian  tribe.  The  word  is  interpreted  to  mean  "great  maize  land,"  or  "crooked 
stream." 

Conesus;  lake  and  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  Indian  word  ganeasos,  "  place  of  many  berries,"  or,  according  to  Mor- 
gan, "  place  of  nanny-berries." 

Conewago;  creek  and  village  in  Lancaster  Comity,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "  long  reach,"  or  "  long  strip." 

Conewango;  river  in  New  York.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word  gan- 
otvungo,  "rapids,"  or,  according  to  some  other  authorities,  "they  have  been 
gone  a  long  time." 

Coney;  island  at  the  extremity  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  which  is  said  by  some  to 
have  been  so  named  because  of  the  numbers  of  rabbits  there.  Another  theory 
ascribes  it  to  the  winds  having  driven  the  sand  into  truncated  cones.  It  appears, 
however,  to  have  been  originally  called  Congu,  which  suggests  another  derivation. 

Confluence;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  situated 
near  the  confluence  of  three  streams. 

Congaree;  river,  and  town  in  Richmond  County,  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  a 
tribe  of  Indians. 


90  PLACE    NAMES   IK   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258 

Conklin;  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  John  Conklin. 
Conly;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Conneaut;  townships  in  Crawford  and  Erie  counties,  Pennsylvania,  and  village  and 

creek  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio; 
Conneaut  Lake;  borough  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Conneaut ville;  borough  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania.    Hecke welder  says  it 

is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian,  gunniate,  meaning  "it  is  along  time  since  they 

are  gone."    According  to  other  authorities  it  is  a  Seneca  Indian  word,  signify- 
ing "inany  fish."     A  third  authority  gives  "snow  place." 
Connecticut;  State  of  the  Union  and  river  in  New  England.    An  Indian  name, 

derived  from  qiionoktaeut,  meaning,  according  to  some  authorities  "river  whose 

water  is  driven  in  waves  by  tides  or  winds. ' '     Haines  says, ' '  land  on  the  long  tidal 

river. ' '    Other  interpretations  are,  *  *  on  long  river, "  "  long  river, ' '  and  ' '  the  long 

(without  end)  river." 
Connell8 ville;  borough  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Zachariah 

Connell,  who  laid  it  out. 
Connersville;  city  in  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  Conner,  who  laid 

out  the  place  in  1817. 
Connersville;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Lewis  Conner. 
Conness;  mount  in  California,  named  for  John  Conness,  Senator  from  California  in 

186S-1869. 
Cononodaw;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.     The  name  is  corrupted  from  the  Indian  word 

gunniada,  "  he  tarries  long." 
Conoquenessing;  borough  in  Butler  County,  Pennsylvania.    The  name  is  corrupted 

from  the  Delaware  Indian  word  gunachquene'  rink,  meaning  "for  a  long  way 

straight." 
Conoy;  creek  and  village  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  corruption  of  a 

tribal  name,  said  to  mean  "long." 
Conquest;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  so  named  to  commemorate  the  con- 
quest achieved  by  those  who  favored  a  division  of  the  old  town  of  Cato. 
Conshohocken;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "pleasant  valley." 
Constable;  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Constable, 

agent  and  part  proprietor. 
Constable  ville;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Consta- 

able,  son  of  the  original  proprietor. 
Constantino;  township  and  village  in  Saint  Joseph  County,  Michigan,  named  for 

the  Roman  emperor. 
Constitution;  island  in  the  Hudson  River,  New  York,  named  from  the  fort. 
Contoocook;  river  in  New  Hampshire.     An  Indian  word   meaning  "crow  river." 
Contra  Costa;  county  in  California.     A  Spanish  term    meaning  "coast  opposite 

another." 
Converse;  county  in  Wyoming,  probably  named  for  A.  R.  Converse,  territorial 

treasurer. 
Conway;  county,  and  town  in  Faulkner  County,  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Henry  W. 

Conway,  Territorial  delegate  in  Congress. 
Conway;  town   in   Franklin   County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Henry  Seymour 

Conway,  secretary  of  state  of  England.     Some  authorities  claim  that  the  name 

was  derived  from  the  town  in  Wales. 
Conway;  town  in  Horry  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Robert  Conway, 

an  early  resident. 
Cook;  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  named  for  Captain  Cook,  the 

navigator. 
Cook;  county  in  lllinow,  named  for  Danied  P.  Cook,  merabet  ol  CongpeeB. 


Gannett.)  PLACE  NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  91 

Cook;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Maj.  Michael  Cook,  who  was  killed  in  the 

civil  war. 
Cooke;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  William  G.  Cooke,  captain  of  New  Orleans 

Grays  at  the  storming  of  Bexar. 
Cooksburg;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Thomas  B.  Cook,  an 

early  landholder. 
Coolidge;  city  in  Hamilton  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Thomas  Jefferson  Coolidge, 

former  president  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Cooper;  township  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  Gen.  John  Cooper,  an 

early  and  esteemed  settler. 
Cooper;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Capt.  Sanshell  Cooper,  an  early  settler. 
Cooper;  river  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Shaftsbury,  Lord  Ashley 

Cooper,  one  of  the  proprietors. 
Cooper;  point  in  Washington,  named  for  a  man  who  took  up  a  claim  there,  which 

he  afterwards  deserted. 
Coopersburg;  village  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family  of  early 

settlers. 
Cooperstown;  village  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  father  of  James 

Fenimore  Cooper. 
Cooperstown;  borough  in  Venango  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder, 

William  Cooper. 
Cooperstown;  town  in  Robertson  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  because  a  great 

many  barrels  were  made  there  for  the  Red  River  mills. 
Coopersville;  village  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Ebenezer  Cooper,  a 

mill  owner. 
(Coos;  county  in  New  Hampshire; 

ICoos;  bay,  river,  and  county  in  Oregon.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of  pines.' ' 
Coosa;  river  and  county  in  Alabama,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  Kusa. 
Coosawhatchie;  river,  and  town  in  Beaufort  County,  in  South  Carolina.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "river  of  the  Coosas,"  a  former  Indian  tribe. 
Cope;  town  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Jonathan  Cope,  who  laid 

it  out. 
Cope;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  J.  Martin  Cope,  its 

founder. 
Copemish;  village  in  Manistee  County,  Michigan.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "beech 

tree." 
Copenhagen;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Denmark. 

{ Copiah;  county  in  Mississippi; 
Copiah  Creek;  village  in  Copiah  County,  Mississippi.     An  Indian  word  meaning 
"calling  panther." 

Coplay;  creek  and  borough  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word 
meaning  "that  which  runs  evenly"  or  "fine-running  stream." 

Copley;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  wife  of  Gardner  Green, 
a  land  proprietor. 

Copper;  harbor  in  Michigan,  so  called  from  the  copper  mines  near. 

Copperopolis;  town  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  named  from  the  extensive  cop- 
per mines  in  the  vicinity. 

Coquille;  river  and  town  in  Coos  County,  in  Oregon.     A  French  word  meaning 
"shell." 

Coral ville;  town  in  Johnson  County,  Iowa,  so  named  from  the  coral  formation  under- 
lying the  town. 

Coram;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 

Coraopolia;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Cora  Watson, 
the  wife  of  one  of  the  proprietors. 


92  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  25a 

Gorapechen;  creek  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  said  to  mean  "fierce-running 

stream." 
Corbett;  post-office  in  Multnomah  County ,  Oregon,  named  for  H.  W.  Corbett, 

United  States  Senator  from  the  State. 
Corbin;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Montana,  named  for  Daniel  Corbin,  at  one  time 

a  resident  of  Helena,  afterwards  of  New  York. 
Corcoran;  mount  in  California,  named  for  W.  W.  Corcoran,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 
Cordero ;  village  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning ' '  lamb. ' ' 
Cordova;  thirteen  places  in  the  country,  named  from  the  city  in  Spain. 
Corfu;  village  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  ancient  city  of  the 

Ionian  Islands. 
Corinna;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  Greek  poetess  of  Boeotia. 
Corinth;  city  in  Alcorn  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Greece. 
Cork;  villages  in  Butts  County,  Georgia,  Fulton  County,  New  York,  Ashtabula 

County,  Ohio,  and  Tyler  County,  West  Virginia;  named  from  the  city  in  Ireland. 
Cornelius;  town  in  Washington  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Col.  T.  R.  Cornelius, 

volunteer  in  Cay  use  war. 
Cornell;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  of  first  settlers. 
Cornell;  mount  in  New  York,  named  for  Ezra  Cornell,  founder  of  Cornell  University. 
Cornettsville;  village  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Myer  and  Samuel 

Cornett,  who  laid  it  out. 
Corning;  town  in  Adams  County,  Iowa,  and  cities  in  Steuben  County,  New  York, 

and  Nemaha  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Erastus  Corning. 
Cornplanter;  township  in  Venango  County   and  Indian  reservation  in  Warren 

County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  Seneca  Indian  chief. 
Cornville;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  so  named  from  an  unusually  good 

yield  of  corn. 
Coronaca;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina,  which  derived  its  name  from 

the  plantation  of  Joseph  Salvador,  a  wealthy  Jewish  landowner  of  Charleston. 
Coronado;  cities  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  and  Wichita  County,  Kansas, 

named  for  the  Spanish  explorer,  Francisco  Viisquez  de  Coronado. 
Corpus  Christi;  city  in  Nueces  County,  and  bay  in  Texas,  named  with  reference 

to  a  festival  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Corral;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"inclosure"  or  " cattle  pen." 
Correction viUe;  town  in  Woodbury  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  a  correction  line. 
Corry ;  city  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  former  owner,  Hiram  Corry. 
Corsica;  borough  in  Jefferson  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  island  in  the 

Mediterranean  Sea. 
Corsicana;  city  in  Navarro  County,  Texas,  named  for  the  wife  of  Navarro,  a  Mexi- 
can, who  owned  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  county. 
Corson;  inlet  in  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  family  who  lived  north  of  the  inlet. 
Corte  Madera;  town  in  Marin  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning 

"felled  timber." 
Cortina;  village  in  Colusa  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "cur- 
tain" or  "veil." 
Cortland;  city  in  Republic  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 

{Cortland;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  York; 
Cortlandt;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.    Named  for  Pierre  Van  Cort- 
landt. 
Corunna;  city  in  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  city  in  Spain. 
Corvallis;  town  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  from  and  settled  by  people 
from  Corvallis,  Oregon. 


gahnett.]  PLACE  NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  93 

Corvallis;  city  in  Benton  County,  Oregon.    The  name  is  formed  of  two  Spanish 

words,  meaning  "heart  of  valley,' '  so  named  from  its  situation  in  Willamette 

Valley. 
Corvette;  ledge  in  Maryland,  so  named  because  a  French  corvette  went  ashore  on 

the  ledge. 
Corwin;  village  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Thomas  Corwin,  governor  of 

the  State. 
Cory;  village  in  Clay  County,  Indiana,  named  for  a  resident  of  Terre  Haute. 
Coryell;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Coryell,  a 

large  landowner. 
Coshocton;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Ohio,  named  from  the  Delaware 

Indian  town  of  Ooshocking.    The  word  means,  according  to  some  authorities, 

•  *  habitation  of  owls. ' '    Heckewelder  gives  * '  union  of  waters. ' '    Others  say  * '  fin- 
ished small  harbor. " 
Cossatot;  river  in  Arkansas,  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  French  word  casse- 
tte, "tomahawk." 
Cossayuna;  lake  and  village  in  Washington  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word, 

said  to  signify  "lake  at  our  points." 
Costilla;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  Costilla  estate,  which  extends  into 

Taos  County,  New  Mexico. 
Cosumne;  town  in  Sacramento  County,  California,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 

The  word  means  "salmon." 
Cota;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "coat of 

mail." 
C6te  Blanche;  bay  in  Louisiana.    French  words  meaning  "white  shore." 
Cottage  City;  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts.    A  summer  resort,  so  named 

from  the  many  cottages  along  the  shore. 
Cottle;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  G.  W.  Cottle,  who  fell  at  the  Alamo. 
Cottleville;  town  in  St.  Charles  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Lorenzo  Cottle,  an 

earlv  settler. 
Cotton  Plant;  town  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  distinguished  by  fields  of  grow- 
ing cotton. 
Cottonwood;  county  and  river  in  Minnesota,  a  translation  of  the  Dakota  (Sioux) 

name,  given  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  the  cotton  wood  tree- 
Cottonwood  Falls;  city  in  Chase  County,  Kansas,  situated  at  a  fall  or  rapid  of  Cot- 

ton  wood  Creek;  hence  the  name. 
Cottrell;  key  in  Florida,  named  for  Jeremiah  Cottrell,  first  keeper  of  the  light-house 

on  the  island. 
Coulter;  village  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Eli  Coulter,  an  early 

settler. 
Coulter;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  John  M.  Coulter,  botanist  with  the 

Hayden  expedition. 
Coulterville;  town  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,  James  B. 

Coulter. 
Council  Bluffs;  city  in  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa,  so  called  from  a  council  held 

near  there  by  Lewis  and  Clark  with  the  Indians. 
Council  Grove;  city  in  Morris  County,  Kansas,  so  named  from  a  treaty  which  was 

effected  with  the  Osage  Indians  in  a  grove  at  that  place. 
Coupeville;  village  in  Island  County,  Washington,  named  for  a  navigator,  Captain 

Coupe. 
Coventry;  towns  in  Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  Chenango  County,  New  York, 

Kent  County,  Rhode  Island,  and  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the 

town  in  England. 


94  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Covingrton;  county  in  Alabama,  cities  in  Newton  County,  Georgia,  and  Kenton 

County,  Kentucky,  county  in  Mississippi,  and  town  in  Wyoming  County,  New 

York,  named  for  Gen.  Leonard  Covington,  distinguished  at  Fort  Recovery,  1794. 
Cow;  island  in  the  Missouri  River  in  Kansas,  from  the  old  name  given  by  the 

French,  isle  de  vacJie,  "isle  of  the  cow,"  from  the  buffalo  found  there. 
Cowanesque;  creek  in  Potter  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"overgrown  with  briars." 
Cowanshannock;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word,  gawiensch- 

hantie,  *  *  green  briar  stream. ' ' 
Cowautacuck;  creek  in  Connecticut.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "pine  woodland." 
Co  wen;  mount  in  Montana,  named  for  the  assistant  secretary  of  the  interior. 
Cowen;  town  in  Webster  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  president  of  the 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
Coweta;  county  in  Georgia,  named  from  a  former  important  Creek  town  about  the 

present  site  of  Columbus,  Ga. 
Cowhocton;  river  in  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "log  in  the  water." 
Cowles;  town  in  Webster  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  W.  D.  Cowles,  a  railroad  man. 
Cowley;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Matthew  Cowley,  first  lieutenant  Company 

I,  Ninth  Kansas  Volunteer  Regiment. 
Cowlitz;  county  and  river  in  Washington,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe  of  the  same 

name. 
Cowpens;  village  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  made  famous  by  a  battle 

fought  there  during  the  Revolution.     It  received  its  name  from  an  early  cattle 

corral. 
Cox;  bar  in  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Cox;  creek  in  Florida,  named  for  a  man  who  lived  on  its  banks. 
Coxsackie;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York.    The  name  is  derived  from  the 

Indian  hik,   "to  cut,"  and  auke,   "earth,"  descriptive  of  the  ridge  cut  by  the 

waters  of  the  Hudson.    Another  theory  derives  the  name  from  an  Indian  word 

meaning  "hooting  of  owls." 
Coyote;  village  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  and  town  in  Rio  Arriba  County, 

New  Mexico.     From  the  Mexican  coyrfl,  "prairie  wolf." 
Cozad;  town  in  Dawson  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  original  owner  of  the  site, 

John  J.  Cozad. 
Crab  Grass;  creek  in  Florida,  so  called  from  a  species  of  grass  plentiful  along  its 

banks. 
Crabtree;  town  in  Linn  County,  Oregon,  named  for  John  J.  Crabtree,  an  early 

settler. 
Craftonville;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  for  its  founder, 

George  Craft. 
Craftsbury;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Ebenezer  Crafts,  one  of 

the  original  grantees. 
Craig;  village  in  Routt  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Rev.  Bayard  Craig,  of  Denver. 
Craig;  county  and  creek  in  Virginia,  named  for  a  prominent  family  of  Augusta 

County. 
'  Craig;  pass  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  Mrs.  Ida  Craig  Wilcox,  the 

first  tourist  to  cross  the  pans. 
Craighead;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Thomas  B.  Craighead,  of  the  State  senate. 
Cranberry;  islands  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  a  marsh  of  cranber- 
ries on  the  largest  island. 
Cranberry  Isles;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  islands. 
Crane;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  William  Carey  Crane,  a  Baptist  minister. 
Cranesville;  village  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  Fowler 

Crane. 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    (JNITED   8TATE8.  95 

Cranston;  town  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Samuel  Cranston, 

governor  of  the  State  for  nearly  thirty  years. 
Crater;  town  in  Mono  County,  California,  named  from  its  location  near  extinct 

volcanoes. 
Crater;  buttee  in  Idaho,  so  named  from  their  volcanic  origin. 
Crater;  lake  in  Oregon,  so  named  because  it  occupies  the  crater  of  a  former  volcano. 
Craven;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  William,  Earl  of  Craven,  a  lord 

proprietor. 
Crawford;  county  in  Arkansas,  county,  and  city  in  Oglethorpe  County,  in  Georgia, 

and  counties  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  William  H. 

Crawford,  secretary  of  the  treasury  under  President  Monroe. 
Crawford;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Samuel  J.  Crawford,  colonel  Second  Kansas 

Regiment,  and  governor  in  1865-69. 
Crawford;  counties  in  Indiana,  Michigan,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col. 

William  Crawford,  who  was  captured  by  Indians  and  burned  at  the  stake  at 

Sandusky,  Ohio,  in  1782. 
Crawford;  town  in  Lowndes  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Rev.  Crawford,  a  Bap- 
tist preacher. 
Crawford;  purchase  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  original 

owner,  Ethan  A.  Crawford. 

{Crawford  House;  village  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire; 
Crawford  Notch;  gap  in  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.     Named  from  the 
purchase. 

Crawfordsville;  city  in  Indiana,  named  for  William  H.  Crawford,  secretary  of  the 
treasury  under  President  Monroe. 

Crawfordsville;  town  in  Linn  County,  Oregon,  named  for  George  F.  Crawford,  an 
earley  settler. 

Crawfordville;  town  in  Taliaferro  County,  Georgia,  named  from  William  H.  Craw- 
ford, secretary  of  the  treasury  under  President  Monroe. 

Creal  Springs;  city  in  Williamson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  founder. 

Creede;  city  in  Mineral  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  miner  who  made  rich  dis- 
coveries of  gold  in  the  region. 

Creek;  nation  in  Indian  Territory,  occupied  by  the  Creek  tribe  of  Indians.  It  is 
said  that  the  English  gave  the  name  to  the  tribe  because  the  country  formerly 
inhabited  by  them  in  Alabama  and  Colorado  was  full  of  creeks. 

Creighton;  township  and  town  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Edward 
Creighton,  of  Omaha. 

Crenshaw;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Anderson  Crenshaw,  of  that  State. 

Cresco;  city  in  Howard  County,  Iowa.     From  the  Latin,  signifying  "I  grow." 

Cresskill;  through  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  a  creek  abounding 
in  water  cress.    The  word  kil  is  Dutch  for  "stream." 

fCresson;  village  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Cressona;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania.     Named  for  Elliott  Cres- 
son,  a  Philadelphia  merchant. 
Crested  Butte;  town  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  conical,  gray  peak 

which  dominates  the  valley.    The  mountain  derives  its  name  from  its  shape. 
Crestline;  village  in  Crawford  County,  Ohio,  so  called  because  it  occupies  the  crest 

line  of  the  middle  elevation  of  the  State. 
Creston;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California,  named  from  ita  location  on 

the  crest  of  a  ridge. 
Creston;  village  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  on  the  highest 

point  of  land  between  Chicago  and  the  Mississippi  River. 
Creston;  city  in  Union  County,  Iowa,  so  named  because  it  was  the  highest  point  on 
the  Chicago,  Bwlington  and  Quincy  Railroad. 


96  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES,  [bull.  288. 

Crestone;  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  from  its  shape. 

Creswell;  town  in  Washington  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Postmaster- 
General  Creswell. 
Creve  Coeur;  village  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  named  for  an  early  French  fort 

The  name  means  "heart  breaking." 
Crittenden;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Robert  Crittenden,  territorial  governor. 
Crittenden;  county,  and  town  in  Grant  County,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  J. 

Crittenden,  governor  of  and  United  States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Crockett;  county  in  Tennessee,  and  county,  and  town  in  Houston  County,  in  Texas, 

named  for  Col.  David  Crockett,  celebrated  frontier  Indian  fighter,  who  fell  at 

the  Alamo. 
Croghan;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  George  Croghan 
Cronly ;  town  in  Columbus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  former  owner  of 

the  site. 
Crook;  town  in  Logan  County,  Colorado,  and  counties  in  Oregon  and  Wyoming, 

named  for  Gen.  George  H.  Crook,  the  Indian  fighter. 
Crooked;  creek  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  old  Indian  name,  woak-hannc, 

"crooked  stream." 
Crookston;  township  and  city  in  Polk  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Col.  William 

Crooks,  an  old  settler. 
Crosby;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Stephen  Crosby,  prominent  citizen. 
Crosman;  valley  in  Nevada,  named  for  Col.  G.  H.  Crosman. 
Cross;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Judge  Edward  Cross,  a  pioneer. 
Crossville;  village  in  White  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  of  first  settlers. 
Cross  wicks;  town  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian 

crosweekmng,  "  house  of  separation." 
Croswell;  village  in  Sanilac  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Governor  Croewell. 
Crothersville;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Doctor  Crothers. 
Croton;  village  in  Newaygo  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  town  in  New  York. 
Croton;  river  in  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  chief  whose  name  was  Kenoten, 

Knoten,  or  Noton,  meaning  "the  wind." 
Croton  Falls;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  from  Croton  River. 
Crow;  river  in  Minnesota.     A  literal  translation  of  the  Indian  name,  Andaig. 
Crowley;  village  in  Polk  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Solomon  K.  Crowley,  an  early 

settler.  • 

Crown  Point;  town  in  Essex  County,  New  York.     From  the  original  French  name, 

point  an  chevalvre,  "point  of  the  hair  (or  scalp),"  because  it  is  said  the  French 

and  Indians  sent  out  "scalping  parties"  from  this  place. 
Crow  Wing;  river  in  Minnesota,  called  by  the  Indians  kayaugeweguan,  meaning 

"crow's  feather." 
Crow  Wing;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  from  the 

river. 
Croydon;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  Sur- 
rey, England. 
Crugers;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  John  P.  Cruger. 
Crum  Elbow;  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  the  name  of  which  was  given, 

it  is  said,  from  a  sudden  bend  in  the  Hudson  River  at  that  place. 
Cuba;  city  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  island  of  Cuba. 
Cucharas;  river  and  village  in  Huerfano  County,  Colorado.     A  Spanish  word  mean- 
ing "spoon  brook." 
Cudahy;  village  in  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Cudahy  brothers, 

who  own  a  pork-packing  establishment  there. 
Cuddeback;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 


OAHinHT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  97 

Cuerno  Verde;  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  for  its  shape  and  color.    Spanish 

words  meaning  "green  horn." 
Cuero;  town  in  Dewitt  County,  Texas.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "hide,"  "skin," 

or  "leather." 
Cuesta;  village  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"mount." 
Cuivre;  river  and  village  in  Lincoln  County,  Missouri.     A  French  word  meaning 

"copper." 
Cullman;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Alabama,  named  for  General  John  G. 

Cullman,  of  that  State. 
Culloden;  village  in  Monroe  County,  Georgia,  named  for  William  Culloden,  one  of 

the  first  settlers  in  the  county. 
Cullom;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  United 

States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Culpeper;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  Lord  Thomas 

Culpeper,  governor  in  1679-80. 
Cumberland;  islands  off  the  coast  of  Georgia,  county  and  river  in  Kentucky,  city 

in  Allegany  County  and  mountains  in  Maryland,  counties  in  New  Jersey  and 

North  Carolina,  and  town  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  the 

Duke  of  Cumberland,  the  victor  of  Culloden. 
Cumberland;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  Cumberland  road,  which  was  pro- 
jected to  pass  through  it 
Cumberland;  counties  in  Maine,  Pennsylvania,  and   Virginia,  named  from  the 

county  in  England. 
Cumberland;  city  in  Allegany  County,  Maryland,  named  from  and  built  on  the 

site  of  old  Fort  Cumberland,  erected  daring  the  French  and  Indian  wars.    The 

fort  was  named  for  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 
Cumberland;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  from  the  mountains. 
Cumberland;  city  in  Barron  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  city  in  Maryland. 
Cuming;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska,  named  for  T.  B.  Cuming, 

governor  of  the  Territory  in  1854-56. 
Cumming;  town  in  Forsyth  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  William  Cumming, 

of  Augusta,  Georgia. 
Cummington;  town  in  Hampshire  County,   Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  John 

Cummings,  the  former  owner. 
Cummin8ville;  village  in  Wheeler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  J.  F.  Cummings, 

county  clerk. 
On  mm  in  a  villa;  village  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  David  Cummins,  an 

early  settler. 
Cundy ;  harbor  and  ledge  in  Maine,  named  for  a  family  who  settled  there  at  an  early 

date. 
Cunningham;  town  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Dr.  John  F.  Cunning- 
ham, of  Brunswick,  Missouri. 
Cupsuptic;  lake  in   Maine.     An   Indian  word   meaning  "  drawing  a  seine  while 

fishing." 
Currie;  village  in  Murray  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  parish  in  Scotland. 
Curry;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  George  L.  Curry,  governor  of  the  Territory  in 

1855-1859" 
Currytown;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Curry, 

patentee. 
Curryville;  town  in  Pike  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Perry  Curry,  who  laid  out 

the  town. 
Curtin;  village  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Curtin  family,  of 

which  Governor  A.  G.  Curtin  was  a  member. 

Ball  258—05 7 


98  PLACE    NAMES   IN    THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  {botj*2W. 

Curtisville;  village  in  Stock  bridge,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for 
El na than  Curtis,  a  settler  of  1712. 

Curwensville;  borough  in  Clearfield  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Gar- 
wen,  of  Montgomery  County. 

Gushing;  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  named  for  Thomas  Cashing,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Cusseta;  town  in  Chambers  County,  Alabama,  and  village  in  Chattahoochee  County, 
Georgia,  named  from  a  former  Creek  Indian  town.     Meaning  unknown. 

Custer;  county  in  Colorado;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Idaho;  county  and 
creek  in  Montana;  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska;  county, 
and  village  in  Beaver  County,  in  Oklahoma;  county,  and  township  and  city  in 
same  county,  in  South  Dakota;  and  several  other  places;  named  for  Gen.  George 
A.  Custer,  who  was  killed  by  Indians  in  1876  on  the  banks  of  Rosebud  River. 

Cuthbert;  town  in  Randolph  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  J.  A.  Cuthbert, 
member  of  Congress. 

Cutler;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  proprietor,  Joseph 
Cutler,  of  Newburyport,  Massachusetts. 

Cuttawa;  town  in  Lyon  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  the  old  Indian  name  of  the 
Kentucky  River,  Kttftawa. 

Cuttingsville;  village  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  named  for  one  of  the  first 
settlers. 

Cutty  hunk;  island  in  Buzzards  Bay.     A  contraction  of  the  Indian  word  pooculoh- 
hunkunHok,  "thing  that  lies  out  in  the  water." 
Cuyahoga;  river  and  county  in  Ohio; 

Cuyahoga  Falls;  village  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  situated  at  falls  on  the  Cuyahoga 
River.  The  name  is  said  by  some  to  be  derived  from  cayaJiaga,  "crooked,"  but 
Atwater  derives  it  from  cuytihogan-uk,  "lake  river."  Another  authority  gives 
rarrihoga,  meaning  '*  news  carrier." 

Cuylerville;  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  W.  T.  Cuyler,  an 
early  settler. 

Cynthiana;  city  in  Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  two  daughters  of 
the  original  jiroprietors,  Cynthia  and  Anna  Harris. 

Cypress;  island  in  Washington;  so  nained  by  Vancouver's  i>arty,  from  the  abun- 
dance of  that  species  of  tree  on  the  island. 

Cyr;  plantation  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  nained  for  a  family  numerous  in  that 

section. 
Dade;  county,  and  city  in  Pasco  Comity,  in  Florida,  and  counties  in  Georgia  and 

Missouri; 
Dadeville;  town  in  Tallapoosa  County,  Alabama.    Named  for  Maj.  Francis  L.  Dade, 
of  the  Seminole  war. 

Daggett;  pond  in  Maine,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Daggett;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named   from  the  town  in 
Indiana. 

Daggett;  village  in  Owen  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Charles  Daggett,  a  prominent 
resident. 

Dagsboro;  town  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Sir  John  Dagworthy. 

Dahlonega;  towns  in  Lumpkin  County,  Georgia,  and  Wapello  County,  Iowa. 
From  a  Cherokee  Indian  word  signifying  "yellow,"  referring  to  the  gold  for- 
merly mined  in  upper  Georgia. 

Dakota;  States  of  the  Union — North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota,  and  counties  in 
Minnesota  and  Nebraska,  and  several  small  places,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe. 
The  Indian  form  is  Ixikota,  Xakota  or  Dakota,  according  to  the  dialect,  signify- 
ing "allies,"  the  common  name  of  the  confederated  Sioux  tribes. 

Dale;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Gen.  Samuel  Dale  of  that  State. 


oannctt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATE8.  99 

IHdlam;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  W.  Dallam,  the  lawyer  who  made  the 

first  digest  of  Texas  laws. 
Dallas;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  A.  J.  Dallas,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 

President  Madison. 
Dallas;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Iowa,  and  Missouri;  town  in  Gaston  County,  North 

Carolina,  ami  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas; 
Dallas  Center;  town  in  Dallas  County,  Iowa.     Named  for  George  M.  Dallas,  Vice- 
President  under  President  Polk. 
Dalles;  city  in  Wasco  County,  Oregon,  named  from  the  dalles  on  the  Columbia 

River. 
Dalles;  the  name  given  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  to  deep  chasms  in  rocks 

forming  a  narrow  passage  for  rivers.     A  French  word   meaning  "flagstone," 

"slab,"  also  a  "spout  for  water"  or  "trough."    The  most  famous  dalles  are  on 

the  Columbia  River,  Oregon. 
Dalmatia;  town  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  titular 

kingdom  of  Austria. 
Dal  ton;  towns  in  Whitfield  County,  Georgia,  and  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

named  for  Gen.  Tristram  Dalton,  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  of 

Massachusetts. 
Dalton;  village  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  William  Dalton. 
Dalton;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Hon.  Tristram  Dalton, 

a  grantee. 
Daly;  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  forjudge  Charles  P.  Daly,  formerly  president 

of  the  American  Geographical  Society. 
Daly;  county  in  Montana,  named  for  Marcus  Daly. 
Damariscotta;  river,  and  town  in  Lincoln  County,  in  Maine.    An  Indian  name 

meaning  "alewife  place"  or  "river  of  little  fishes." 
Damascus;  town  in  Placer  County,  California,  and  thirteen  other  towns  and  villages, 

named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Syria. 
Dana;  village  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  official . 
Dana;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  family  of  which 

Chief  Justice  Francis  Dana  was  a  member. 
Danbury;  city  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  several  other  places,  named 

from  the  town  in  Essex,  England. 
Danby;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  named  from  Dan  by,  England. 
Dandridge;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  the  maiden  name  of 

the  wife  of  George  Washington,  Mrs.  Martha  Custis,  n£e  Dandridge. 
Dane;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Nathan  Dane, 

an  American  jurist  and  a  member  of  Congress. 
Danforth;  township  and  village  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  M. 

Danforth,  its  founder. 
Danielson;  borough  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Gen.  James  Dan- 

ielson,  the  builder  of  the  first  house  in  the  settlement. 
Danielsville;  town  in  Madison  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Allen  Daniel. 
Dannebrog;  village  in  Howard  County,  Nebraska,  settled  by  Danes  from  Milwaukee, 

Wisconsin. 
Dannemora;  town  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  celebrated  iron 

region  in  Sweden. 
Dansville;  town  in  Steuben  County,  and  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York, 

named  for  Daniel  P.  Faulkner,  who  laid  out  the  village. 
Danube;  town  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  river  in  Austria. 
Dan  vers;  township  and  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town 

in  Massachusetts. 


100  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  [rou.2M. 

Dan  vers;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  said  to  have  received  its  name 

from  the  Karl  D*  An  vers,  hut  Nason  says  it  received  its  name  in  honor  of  8ir 

Danvers  Osl>orn,  governor  of  New  York  in  1753. 
Danville;  village  in  Ingham  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Daniel  L.  Crossman,  a 

resident. 
Danville;  township  and  city  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Dan  Beck- 

with,  an  Indian  trader,  who  donated  a  part  of  the  town  site. 
Danville;  town  in  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Daniel  Bales,  proprietor. 
Danville;  city  in  Boyle  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  its  founder  Walker  Daniel. 
Danville;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Missouri,  built  on  land  which  formerly 

belonged  to  Daniel  M.  Boone,  son  of  Daniel  Boone. 
Danville;  borough   in  Montour  County,   Pennsylvania,   named  for  Gen.   Daniel 

Montgomery,  an  early  settler. 
Danville;  town  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  the  distinguished  French 

admiral,  D'Anville. 
Danville;  city  in  Pittsylvania  County,  Virginia,  ho  named  because  situated  on  the 

the  river  Dan. 
Darby;  borough  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  Derby,  England, 

whence  many  of  the  early  settlers  came. 
Darbyville;  village  in  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  Wyandotte  Indian 

chief. 
Dare;  county  in  Virginia  named  for  Virginia  Dare,  the  first  white  child  born  in  the 

New  World,  1587. 
Darke;  county  in  Ohio; 
Darkesville;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  West  Virginia.     Named  for  Gen.  William 

Darke,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 
Darlington;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  S.  P.  Darlington, 

a  merchant  of  Pittsburg. 
Darlington;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina.    The  origin  of 

the  name  is  not  known,  but  may  have  been  given  in  honor  of  Colonel  Darlington, 

a  Revolutionary  leader. 
Darlington;  city  in  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Joshua  Darlington,  a 

prominent  resident. 
Dartford;  village  in  Green  Lake  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Dartmouth;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named,  according  to  Whitmore, 

from  the  seaport  in  Devonshire,  England;  other  authorities  give  William,  Earl 

of  Dartmouth. 
Dartmouth;  college  in  Hanover,  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  founded  by  and 

named  for  William,  Earl  of  Dartmouth. 
Darwin;  town  in  Inyo  County,  California,  and  village  in  Clark  County,  Illinois, 

named  for  Charles  Darwin,  the  English  naturalist. 
Darysaw;  village  and  township  in  Grant  County,  Arkansas.     A  corruption  of  the 

French,  tie*  ruiwmur,  "of  the  streamlets." 
Dauphin;  county  in   Pennsylvania,   named   for  the  Dauphin  of  France,   son   of 

Louis  XVI. 
Davenport;  city  in  Scott  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Colonel  Davenport,  an  early 

settler. 
Davenport;  village  in  Thayer  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  Davenport,  Iowa. 
Davenport;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Davenport,  an 

early  settler. 
David  City;  city  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  David  Butler,  first  governor 

of  the  State. 


I 


©Awnsrr]  PLACE  NAMES   IN  TBfi   UNITED  STATES.  101 

■ 

Davidson;  town  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado',  -nam**!, for  Col.  William  A.  Davidson, 

president  of  the  Davidson  Coal  and  Iron  Miuirjg  Company,  which  platted  the 

town.  :   .'  •■*.:. 

Davidson;  village  in  Josephine  County,  Oregon,  named  for  ;EJ4Jah  B.  J)avidson,  an 

early  settler. 
Davidson;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  *~ .  /.;  ;  . 

Davidson  College;  town  in  Mecklenburg  County,  North  Carolina.    'Nan^ed  for 

Gen.  William  Davidson,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution.  '  .*•  • 

Davie;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  William  R.  Davie,  governor  in  r 

179&-99. 
Daviess;  counties  in  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri,  named  for  Col.  Joseph 

Daviess,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe. 
Davis;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Davis;  village  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  one  of  its  founders,  S.  J.  Davis. 
Davis;  county,  and  town  in  Decatur  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Garrett  Davis,  mem- 
ber of  Congress. 
Davis;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  Capt.  Daniel  Davis,  a  first  settler,  and  captain  of 

the  first  body  of  mounted  rangers  organized  in  the  county. 
Davis;  town  in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Senator  H.  G.  Davis. 
Davison;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Henry  C.  Davison,  the  first  settler  in 

the  county. 
Davitte;  village  in  Polk  County,  Georgia,  named  for  the  original  proprietor,  J.  S. 

Davitte. 
Dawes;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  James  W.  Dawes,  former  governor  of  the 

State. 
Dawson;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  William  C.  Dawson,  United  States  Senator 

from  that  State. 
Dawson;  township  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Wei  In  Dawson,  a 

pioneer. 
Dawson;  village  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Bert  Dawson,  one  of  it* 

founders. 
Dawson;  county  in  Montana,  named  for  Andrew  Dawson,  of  the  American  Fur 

Company. 
Dawson;  village  in  Richardson  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Joshua  Dawson,  an 

early  settler. 
Dawson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Nicholas  Dawson,  who  led  the  forces  at  the 

battle  of  Salado,  in  1836. 
Dawsonville;  town  in  Dawson  County,  Georgia,  named  for  William  C.  Dawson, 

United  States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Day;  county  in  Oklahoma.    The  counties  in  Oklahoma  were  originally  named  from 

the  letters  of  the  alphabet;  later,  names  were  given  which  began  with  the  letter 

corresponding  to  the  one  by  which  the  county  had  been  known. 
Day;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Merritt  H.  Day,  legislator. 
Dayansville;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Charles  Day  an,  who 

founded  it  in  1826. 
Dayton;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  for  a  prominent  politician. 
Dayton;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Jonathan  Dayton,  one  of 

the  original  proprietors. 
Dayton;  city  in  Rhea  County,  Tennessee,  named  from  the  city  in  Ohio. 
Dayton;  city  in  Columbia  County,  Washington,  named  for  Jesse  N.  Day,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Daytona;  town  in  Volusia  County,  Florida,  named  for  W.  T.  Day,  of  Ohio. 
Dead;  mountain  in  Nevada,  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  \vy  U\£  Ntatax^  Iwdvwm 

to  be  the  abode  of  departed  spirits. 


102  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Deadmans;  island  in  San  Pedro  Bay,  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  supposed  to 

be  an  Indian  burial  ground,"  be<cause  of  the  skeletons  found  in  excavating. 
Dead  wood;  town  in  Trkiiiy  bounty,  California,  and  city  in  Lawrence  County ,  South 

Dakota,  named  from  adjacent  forests  of  dead  timber. 
Deaf  Smith;  county- in  Texas,  named  for  Erastus  Smith,  Indian  and  Mexican 

fighter. and -^'out,  so  called  because  his  hearing  was  imperfect. 
Heal;  inland  in  Maryland.    The  name  in  corrupted  from  the  old  name,  Devils  Island. 
.-'.  ittfal;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey; 
".  '".  iDeal  Beach;  post-ofln*  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.    Named  from  Deal, 
I        England. 

Deal  Island;  village  in  Somerset  County,  Maryland,  named  from  the  island. 
Deansville;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Thomas  Dean,  agent 

of  the  BrothertowTn  Indians. 
Dearborn;  county  in  Indiana,  town  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  river  in  Montana, 

and  mount  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Dearborn,  Secretary  of 

War  under  President  Thomas  Jefferson. 
Death;  valley  in  Inyo  County,  California,  so  called  because  of  the  death  of  a  party 

of  immigrants  from  thirst  and  starvation.     A  gloomy  tract  of  desert,  159  feet 

below  sea  level. 
Deblois;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  Thomas  Amory  Deblois, 

a  bank  president. 
Decatur;  counties  in  Georgia,  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Kansas;  towns  in  Newton  County, 

Mississippi,  and  Otsego  County,  New  York,  and  many  other  places;  named  for 

Commodore  Stephen  Decatur. 
Deckertown;  borough  in  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  family  numerous 

in  the  neighborhood. 
Decorah;  city  in  Winneshiek  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Dehere,  meaning  "spoon," 

a  Winnebago  chief.     Another  authority  gives  the  orthography  as  Decarie. 
Dedham;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  Massachusetts  town. 
Dedham;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  in  Eng- 
land. 
Deep;  river  in  North  Carolina.     A  translation  of  the  Indian  name  mpponcUt,  4,deep 

river.' ' 
Deep  River;  town  in  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa,  named  from  a  creek  near. 
Deerneld;  descriptive  name  given  to  many   places.     The  town  in  Rockingham 

County,  New  Hampshire,  was  so  named  l>ecause  when  the  petition  for  a  town 

was  pending  Mr.  Batchelder  killed  a  deer,  and  upon  presenting  it  to  Governor 

Wentworth  obtained  the  act  and  name. 
Deerneld;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named   from  Deerfield   Valley,  in 

Massachusetts. 
Deering;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  by  Governor  Benning 

Wentworth  for  the  maiden  name  of  his  wife. 
Deer  Isle;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  three  islands  upon  wind) 

deer  were  very  abundant. 
Deerlodge;  county,  and  town  in  Powell  ( 'ounty,  in  Montana,  named  from  a  salt  lick 

where  deer  came  in  droves. 
Defiance;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Ohio,  named  from  a  fort   erected 

bv   Gen.  Anthonv  Wavne  in  defiance  of  the  British  and  Indians. 
De  Funiak  Springs;   celebrated  resort  in  Walton  County.  Florida,  named   for  a 

resident  of  Nashville. 
Dehesa;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  pasture 

land." 
Dekalb;  township  and  city  in  Dekalb  County,  Illinois,  named  (remi  the  county. 


gannktt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  103 

I>ekalb;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee, 

and  numerous  places  in  the  country,  named  for  Baron  De  Kalb,  who  fell  at  the 

battle  of  Camden. 
l>e  Lacy;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  William  W.  De  Lacy,  the  first 

white  man  known  to  have  passed  along  the  valley. 
De  La  Mar;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "by 

the  sea." 
Delancey;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  De  Lancey,  an 

early  patentee. 
De  Land;  town  in  Volusia  County,  Florida,  named  for  H.  A.  De  Land,  a  manu- 
facturer of  Fairport,  New  York,  who  founded  it. 
Delano;  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  and  mountains  in  Montana  and  Utah, 

named  for  Columbus  Delano,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  President  Grant. 
Delavan;  township  and  city  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois,  and  city  in  Walworth 

County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  E.  C.  Delavan,  a  temperance  advocate  of  Albany, 

New  York. 
Delaware;  State  of  the  Union,  river,  and  counties  in  Indiana,  Iowa,  New  York, 

Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Lord  de  la  Warr,  governor  and  first  captain- 
general  of  Virginia.     Many,  small  places  also  bear  this  name.     A  tribe  of  Indians 

was  known  by  this  name,' and  in  the  case  of  the  county  in  Indiana,  the  name 

was  given  because  this  tribe  had  villages  within  the  boundaries  of  the  county. 
fDeleon;  town  in  Comanche  County,  Texas; 

iDeleon  Springs;  town  in  Volusia  County,  Florida.     Named  for  Ponce  de  Leon. 
Delgada;  point  in  California,  named  for  an  old  Spanish  explorer. 
Delhi;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  India. 

Several  other  places  bear  this  name. 
Dellenbaugh;  mount  in  Arizona,  named  for  F.  S.  Dellenbaugh,  the  artist,  by  the 

Powell  survey. 
Delmar;  town  on  the  border  between  Delaware  and  Maryland,  named  from  the  first 

syllables  of  the  name  of  each  State. 
Del  Monte;  city  in  Monterey  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "of 

the  mountain." 
Del  Norte;  county  in  California,  situated  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  State. 

Spanish  words,  meaning  "of  the  north." 
Del  Norte;  town  in  Rio  Grande  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  river  Rio  Grande 

del  Norte,  "grand  river  of  the  north." 
Delphi;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Indiana,  and  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New 

York,  named  for  the  ancient  town  in  Phocis. 
Delphos;  city  in  Allen  County,  Ohio,  and  several  other  places  named  from  the 

classical  Delphos  of  Greece. 
Del  Key;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "of  the 

king." 
Del  Rio;  town  in  Valverde  County,  Texas,  named  from  its  situation  on  Rio  Grande. 

Spanish  words,  meaning  "of  the  river." 
Delrosa;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"of  the  rose." 
Delsur;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "of 

the  south." 
Delta;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California,  and  counties  in  Michigan  and  Texas,  so 

named  because  triangular  in  shape. 
Delta;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  a  delta  of  arable  land  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Uncompahgre  River,  where  it  flows  into  Gunnison  River. 
De  Luz;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    From  Wife  &\aA\\&Yv,  vcv«w\\w% 

"the  light, "  "inspiration. ' ' 


104  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Demopolis;  city  in  Marengo  County,  Alabama.     A  Greek  word  meaning  "city  of 

the  people.' ' 
Denbigh;  town  in  Warwick  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  Wales. 
Denison;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Iowa,  named  for  J.  W.  Denison;  who  laid  it 

out. 
Denison;  city  in  Grayson  County,  Texas,  settled  by  persons  from  the  north,  and 

probably  named  for  Rev.  C.  W.  Denison  of  early  antislavery  fame. 
Denmark;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  kingdom  in  Europe. 
Denmark;  town  in  Baml)erg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  B.  A.  Denmark,  a 

railroad  director. 
Denning;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  H.  Denning,  a  for- 
mer proprietor. 
Dennis;  village  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  its  first  minister, 

Rev.  Josiah  Dennis. 
Dennison;  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  named,  probably,  for  Gov.  William 

Dennison. 
Denny s ;  river  in  Maine,  named  for  an  Indian  hunter. 

Denny sville;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  from  Dennys  River. 
Dent;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Lewis  Dent,  early  resident. 
Denton;  town  in  Caroline  County,  Maryland,  named  for  Sir  Robert  Eden,  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  in  1769-1776.    It  was  first  called  Eden  Town,  from  which 

it  was  shortened  to  the  present  form. 
Denton;  river,  county,  and  city  in  same  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Capt.  John  B. 

Denton,  who  was  killed  in  battle  with  the  Indians. 
Denver;  county,  and  city  in  Arapahoe  County,  in  Colorado,  named  for  James  W. 

Denver,  a  former  governor  of  Kansas.    Many  towns  and  villages  take  their  name 

from  the  city. 
Depauviile;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Francis  Depau,  a 

large  proprietor. 
Depere;  city  in  Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  situated  on  Rapides 

des  Peres. 
Depew;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  United 

States  Senator. 
Depeyster;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Frederick  Depey- 

ster,  member  of  a  celebrated  New  York  family. 
Deposit;  village  in  Delaware  and  Broome  counties,  New  York,  so  named  because  it 

was  formerly  a  place  of  deposit  for  lumber, 
Deptford;  township  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  a  port  in 

England. 
Depue;   village  and  creek  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  forDePue,  an  early 

French  trader. 
Derby;  city  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  and  town  in  Orleans  County,  Ver- 
mont, named  from  the  town  and  county  in  England.     Many  other  places  also 

bear  this  name,  given  either  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  same. 
Derrick  City;  village  in  McKean  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  from  the  great 

numbers  of  derricks  which  mark  the  oil  wells  in  the  vicinitv. 
Derry;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  borough  in  Montour 

County,  Pennsylvania;  also  one  or  two  small  places.     Named  from  the  town  in 

Ireland,  now  called  Londonderry. 
Deruyter;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Admiral  De  Ruyter,  of 

the  Dutch  navy. 
Descanso;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "rest 

from  labor." 


OAKHBrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATES.  105 

Deschutes;  river,  and  village  in  Sherman  County,  in  Oregon.  From  the  early 
French  name  riviere  des  chutes,  meaning  " river  of  the  falls." 

Desha;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Captain  Ben  Desha,  a  prominent  citizen  of 
the  State. 

De  Smet;  town  in  Kootenai  County,  Idaho,  and  village  in  Kingsbury  County,  South 
Dakota,  named  for  Peter  John  De  Smet,  a  Jesuit  missionary. 
Koines;  river,  county,  and  city  in  Polk  County,  in  Iowa.  This  name  is  thought 
to  have  been  derived  from  the  Indian  word  mikonang,  meaning  "road."  This 
name  was  applied  by  the  Indians  in  the  form  of  moingona,  which  the  French 
shortened  into  main,  calling  the  river  "ririere  des  moins."  Finally,  the  name 
became  associated  with  the  Trappist  monks,  and  the  river  by  a  spurious 
etymology  was  called  "la  riviere  des  rnoines"  "the  river  of  the  monks." 
Soto;  village  in  Sumter  County,  Georgia;  county  in  Florida;  township  and  vil- 
lage in  Jackson  County,  Illinois;  parish  in  Louisiana;  county  in  Mississippi;  and 
twelve  other  places,  named  for  Hernando  de  Soto,  the  discoverer  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River, 

DesPlaines;  river  and  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois.  Derived  from  the  presence 
of  a  species  of  maple  called  by  the  French  "plaine." 

Destruction;  island  on  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America,  so  named  because  of 
the  massacre  of  a  boat  crew  upon  this  coast. 

Detour;  village  in  Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  its  position,  it  being 
necessary  to  make  a  detour  in  order  to  reach  it. 

Detroit;  township  and  town  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Detroit,  Michigan. 

Detroit;  river,  and  city  in  Wayne  County,  in  Michigan.  A  French  word,  meaning 
"strait,"  or  "narrow  passage,"  given  to  the  river  by  the  early  French  explorers 
l>ecause  it  is  a  short,  narrow  river  connecting  Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake  Erie. 

Deuel;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Harry  P.  Deuel,  superintendent  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad. 

Deuel;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Jacob  Deuel,  a  legislator  in  1862. 

Devils;  lake  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  it  is  situated  in  a  deep 
chasm  with  no  visible  inlet  or  outlet. 

Devils  Lake;  village  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  lake. 

Devine;  town  in  Medina  County,  Texas,  named  for  Hon.  Thomas  J.  Devine,  an  old 
resident  of  San  Antonio. 

Devoe;  creek  in  Arkansas,  so  called  from  the  name  given  by  the  early  French, 
de  vean,  "of  calf." 

Dewey;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  Admiral  George  Dewey.  A  niunl>er  of 
towns  also  bear  his  name. 

Dewey;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  William  P.  Dewey,  surveyor-general 
in  1873. 

Dewitt;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Illinois,  township  and  city  in  Clinton 
County,  Iowa,  and  town  in  Carroll  County,  Missouri,  named  for  De  Witt  Clinton, 
former  governor  of  New  York. 

Dewitt;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Moses  De  Witt,  an  early 
settler. 

Dewitt;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Green  De  Witt,  a  colonizer  who  settled  fam- 
ilies at  Gonzales  in  1827. 

Dexter;  city  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  trotting  horse  of  Rol>ert  Bon- 
ner, of  New  York. 

Dexter;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Judge  Samuel  Dexter,  candi- 
date for  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1816. 

Dexter;  village  in  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Samuel  W.  Dexter,  who 
settled  there  in  1829. 


106  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  2M. 

Dexter;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  S.  Newton  Dexter,  a 

prominent  business  man  of  Whitesboro. 
D'Hanis;  town  in  Medina  County,  Texas,  named  for  Count  von  D'Hanis,   who 

founded  the  town  about  1845. 
Diamond;  village  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  in  the  center 

of  the  "  Black  Diamond  "  coal  district. 
Diana;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Roman  goddess 
Dickens;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  J.  Dickens,  who  fell  at  the  Alamo. 
Dickenson;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  William  J.  Dickenson  of  the  State. 
Dickey;  county,  and  village  in  I^amoure  County,  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon. 

George  Dickey,  member  of  the  legislature. 
Dickey;  river  in  Washington.    The  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  name,  diekoh- 

dockteader. 
Dickinson;  counties  in  Iowa  and  Kansas,  named  for  Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  United 

States  Senator  from  New  York  in  1844. 
Dickinson;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Don  M.  Dickinson,  postmaster-general 

under  President  Cleveland. 
Dickinson;  town  in  Stark  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  W.  S.  Dickinson,  of 

Malone,  New  York,  who  founded  it. 
Dickinson;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  a  prominent  member  of  the  legislature. 
Dicksburg;  village  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Thomas  Dick,  former 

owner  of  the  ground. 
Dickson;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Tennessee,  named  for  William  Dickson. 
Die  All;  island  in  California,  so  named  because  all  the  Indians  on  the  island  died. 
Dighton;  city  in  Lane  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Dick  Dei  gh  ton,  a  surveyor. 
Dighton;  village  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Frances  Dighton, 

wife  of  Richard  Williams,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 
Diller;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  H.  H.  Diller,  an  early 

settler. 
Dillon;  city  in  Beaverhead  County,  Montana,  named  for  Sydney  Dillon,  railroad 

president. 
Dillon;  town  in  Marion  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 
Dillsboro;  town  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  James  Dill,  an  early 

settler. 
Dillsboro;  town  in  Jackson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  George  W.  Dill,  an 

early  settler. 
Dimmick;  township  and  village  in  I  ^asalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Dimmit;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Philip  Dimmit,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in 

the  State. 
Dinwiddie;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  Robert  Din- 

widdie,  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State  in  1752-1758. 
Dirty  Devil;  creek  in  Arizona,  so  named  by  Major  Powell  during  his  first  trip  down 

the  canyon  of  the  Colorado,  because  of  the  muddiness  of  its  waters. 
Disappointment;  cape  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River,  Washington,  so  named 

by  John  Meares,  the  English  navigator,  who  thought  no  river  existed  in  the 

region. 
Dismal;  swamp  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  of  its  dismal 

appearance,  due  to  the  dense  forest  of  juniper,  cypress,  etc.,  which  cover  it. 
District  of  Columbia.     See  Columbia. 
Dix;  mount  and  town  in  Schuyler  County,   N«»w  York,  named  for  Gen.  John  A. 

Dix,  United  States  Senator. 
Dixmont;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Dr.  Elijah  Dix,  of  Boston. 
jyixmont;  village  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Miss  Dorothea 
Dix,  American  philanthropist. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATES.  107 

Dixon;  town  in  Solano  County,  California,  named  for  Thomas  Dixon,  a  pioneer 
settler. 

Dixon;  city  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Dixon,  the  founder. 

Dixon;  town  in  Webster  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Hon.  Archibald  Dixon. 

Dixville;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Timothy  Dix,  first 
settler. 

Doane;  mount  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Lieut.  Gustavus  C.  Doane,  United 
States  Army,  who  commanded  the  military  escort  of  an  expedition  in  1870. 

Dobbins;  town  in  Yuba  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 

Dobbs  Ferry;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  Swede  who 
owned  a  ferry. 

Dobeon;  town  in  Surry  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  VV.  P.  Dobson,  State 
senator. 

Doctortown;  town  in  Wayne  County,  Georgia,  built  upon  the  site  of  an  old  Indian 
settlement,  which  was  the  abode  of  a  great  "medicine  man." 

Doddridge;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Philip  Doddridge,  a  distinguished 
statesman  of  western  Virginia. 

Dodge;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  W.  E.  Dodge, of  New  York,  who,  with  W.  P. 
Eastman,  presented  a  court-house  to  the  county.     See  Eaxtman. 

Dodge;  city  in  Ford  County,  Kansas,  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Dodge,  and  counties  in 
Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Dodge,  governor  of  Wisconsin 
Territory,  and  later  United  States  Senator  from  Wisconsin. 

Dodge;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Augustus  Caesar  Dodge,  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Iowa. 
Dodge  Center;  village  in  Dodge  County,  Minnesota; 

Dodge ville;  city  in  Iowa  County,  Wisconsin.     Named  for  (Ten.  Henry  Dodge,  gov- 
ernor of  Wisconsin  Territory. 

Dolores;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  Rio  Dolores.  A  Spanish  word,  mean- 
ing " grief,"  which  has  a  special  significance  among  the  Spaniards,  ?;eing  one  of 
the  titles  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Dolph;  village  in  Tillamook  County,  Oregon,  named  for  J.  N.  Dolph,  United  States 
Senator. 

Dominguez;  creek  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  Spanish  priest,  who  was  one  of  the 
early  explorers  in  this  region. 

Domke;  mountain,  lake,  and  creek  in  Chelan  County,  in  Washington,  named  for  the 
first  settler  in  the  vicinity. 

Dona  Ana;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New  Mexico.  A  Spanish  name 
meaning  "  Madam  Anna,"  and  probably  given  in  honor  of  some  Spanish  matron. 

Donaldaonville;  town  in  Ascension  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  William  Donald- 
son. 

Donderberg;  mountain  in  New  York,  on  the  Hudson.  A  Dutch  word,  meaning 
"thunder  mountain, "  so  called  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers  localise  of  the  fre- 
quent thunder  storms  in  its  vicinity. 

Donegal;  borough  and  township  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named 
from  the  town  in  Ireland. 

Dongola;  village  in  Union  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  founder  from  Dongola  in 
Africa. 

Doniphan;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  city  in  Ripley  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  village  in  Hall  County,  Nebraska,  munrd  for  Col.  Alexander  William 
Doniphan,  a  distinguished  western  soldier. 

Donley;  county  in  Texas  named  for  Stockton  P.  Donley,  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  State. 

Donnaha;  post-office  in  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  last  chief 
of  the  Sauna. 


108  PLACE    NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  266, 

Bonner;  lake  in  Nevada  County,  California,  named  for  a  leader  of  a  party  of  immi- 
grants, nearly  all  of  whom  perished  from  starvation. 

Dooly;  county  in  Georgia  named  for  Col.  John  Dooly,  an  officer  in  the  Revolution. 

Doon;  towns  in  Sierra  County,  California,  and  Lyon  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the 
river  in  Scotland. 

Door;  county  in  Wisconsin,  so  named  l>ecause  of  its  proximity  to  "Death's  Door," 
entrance  to  Green  Bay. 

Dor  an;  village  in  Coles  County,  Illinois,  named  for  8.  A.  Doran,  a  neighboring  land- 
owner. 

Dorchester;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Dorchester,  whom  Scharf 
savs  was  a  family  friend  of  the  Cal verts. 

Dorchester;  part  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Dorchester;  county  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 

Dormansville;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Daniel  Dorman, 
former  inn  and  store  keeper. 

Dorrance;  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family  of  early 
settlers. 

Dosoris;  village  in  Queens  County,  New  York.  The  name  is  a  contraction  of  "dos 
uxoris"  "dowry  of  a  wife,"  the  property  having  come  to  the  first  settler  through 
his  wife. 

Dos  Palmos ;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California,  named  from  the  giant  yucca 
palms  which  grow  near  the  spring.     A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning  "two  palms. " 

Dos  Palos;  town  in  Merced  County ,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "two 
timbers." 

Dos  Pueblos;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "two  towns." 

Dossett;  village  in  Anderson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  the  owner  of  the  prop- 
erty, Jacob  Dossett. 

Dougherty;  County  in  Georgia,  named  for  Charles  Dougherty. 

Dougherty;  township  in  Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Daniel  Dougherty, 
one  of  the  prominent  residente. 

Douglas;  counties  in  Colorado,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nevada,  South  Dakota,  and  Wisconsin,  and  probably  the  counties  in  Nebraska, 
Oregon,  and  Washington;  named  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois. 

Douglas;  creek  in  Colorado,  named  for  Chief  Douglas,  of  the  White  River  Utes. 

Douglas;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Dr.  William 
Douglas,  of  Boston,  author  of  a  history  of  New  England. 

Douglas;  mount  in  Montana,  named  for  E.  M.  Douglas,  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey. 

Douglas  City;  township  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  for  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  of  Illinois. 

Douglass;  city  in  Butler  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Joseph  Douglass,  by  whom  it 
was  laid  out. 

Dover;  cities  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  and  Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire, 
and  town  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Dowagiac;  river,  and  city  in  Cass  County,  in  Michigan.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"fishing  river." 

Downers  Grove;  township  and  village  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  named  for 
Pierce  Downer,  who  located  there  in  1830. 

Downieville;  town  in  Sierra  County,  California,  named  for  a  pioneer. 

Downingtown;  l>oroujrh  in  Chester  Cointy,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Thomas 
Downing. 

Downs;  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  (or  Law«un  Downs,  a  pioneer 
settler. 


OAWNETT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  109 


city  in  Osborne  County,  Kansas,  named  for  William  F.  Downs,  of  Atchison. 
Downsville;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  situated  on  Downs  Creek. 

Both  are  named  for  Abel  Downs,  who  had  a  tannery  there. 
Dows;  town  in  Wright  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  railroad  contractor. 
Doylestown;  borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Doyle, 

an  early  settler. 
Dracut;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  home  of  the 

Varnum  family,  in  Wales. 
Drakes;  bay  in  California,  named  for  Sir  Francis  Drake,  the  navigator. 
Drakesville;  town  in  Davis  County,  Iowa,  named  for  John  A.  Drake,  who  laid  it 

out. 
Drayton;  town  in  Dooly  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Colonel  Drayton,  of  South 

Carolina. 
Dresden;  fifteen  places  in  the  country  bear  the  name  of  the  city  in  Germany. 
Drew;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Thomas  S.  Drew,  governor  in  1844-1848. 
Drew;  village  in  Sunflower  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  railroad  man. 
Drewry;  bluff  on  James  River,  Virginia; 
Drewry  Bluff;  post-office    in  Chesterfield  County,   Virginia.     Named  for   Maj. 

Augustus  Drewry. 
Drummond;  lake  in  the  center  of  Dismal  Swamp  in  Virginia,  named  for  William 

Drummond,  former  governor  of  North  Carolina.     Another  authority  says  that 

it  was  named  for  a  hunter  who  discovered  it. 
Dry  den;  town  in  Tompkins  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  poet,  John  Dryden. 
Dry  Tortugas;  ten  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Florida.    The  name  was  given 

from  the  lack  of  springs  and  abundance  of  sea  turtles.     Tortugaa  is  a  Spanish 

word  meaning  "tortoises." 
Duane;  town  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Duane,  proprietor 

and  first  settler. 
Duanesburg;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York.     French  says  that  it  was 

named  for  James  Duane,  the  principal  proprietor.     Gordon  says  it  was  named 

for  Judge  Duane. 
Dublin;  city  in  Laurens  County,  Georgia,  named  from  the  city  in  Ireland.     Several 

other  places  are  named  from  the  same. 
Dubois;  township  and  village  in  Washington  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Jesse  K. 

Du  Bois,  State  auditor  of  public  accounts,  1856-1864. 
Dubois;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Toussaint  Dubois,  who  had  charge  of  the 

guides  and  spies  in  the  Tippecanoe  campaign. 
Dubois;  borough  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  John  Dubois. 
Dubuque;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Iowa,  named  for  a  French  trader, 

Julien  Dubuque. 
Duck  Hill;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  a  hill  near  the 

town  where  ducks  were  plentiful  in  early  days. 
Dudley;  town  in  Kings  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 
Dudley;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  two  brothers,  Paul 

and  William  Dudley,  who  were  among  the  first  proprietors. 
Dufur;  village  in  Wasco  County,  Oregon,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Dukes;  county  in  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  it  was  under  the  government  of 

the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II. 
Duluth;  city  in  St  Louis  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Sieur  Daniel  Graysolon 

Duluth,  a  French  traveler. 
Dulzura;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  gen- 
tleness," "forbearance." 
Dumfries;  town  in  Prince  William  County,  Virginia,  named    from  the  town  in 

Scotland. 


110  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Dummer;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire; 

Dummerston;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont.  Named  for  William  Dum- 
mer, lieutenant-governor  of  Vermont  and  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
1723-1730. 

Dumont;  village  in  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado,  named  for  John  M.  Dumont,a 
mine  oi>erator. 

Dunbar;  village  in  Otoe  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  John  Dunbar,  a  large  land- 
owner. 

Dunbar;  through  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col.  John  Dunbar, 
who  commanded  an  English  force  at  this  point  and  was  defeated  by  the  French 
and  Indians. 

Dunbar;  village  in  Marllx>ro  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  in  the 
neighborhood. 

Dunbarton;  town  in  Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  by  Archibald 
Stark,  one  of  the  first  proprietors,  who  emigrated  from  Dunbarton,  Scotland. 

Duncan;  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  James  Henry  Duncan,  United 
States  Congressman  from  Massachusetts,  1849-1853. 

Duncan;  town  in  Bolivar  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  leading  citizen. 

Duncan  Falls;  town  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  trader,  Major 
Duncan. 

Duncannon;  borough  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
Wexford,  Ireland. 

Duncombe;  town  in  Welxster  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Hon.  J.  F.  Duncomhe. 

Dundaff;  borough  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
Wales. 

Dundee;  township  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  village  in  New  York. 

Dundee;  village  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
A  number  of  other  places  also  bear  this  name. 

Dundy;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Judge  Elmer  S.  Dundy. 

Dungeness;  town  in  Clallam  County,  Washington.  This  name  was  given  to  a  low 
point  of  land  in  the  county  by  Vancouver,  because  of  its  resemblance  to  Dnn- 
geness  in  the  British  channel,  and  subsequently  applied  to  the  town. 

Dunkirk;  city  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  indirectly  from  the  town 
in  France. 

Dunklin;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Daniel  Dunklin,  governor  of  Missouri  in 
1832-1836. 

Dunlap;  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Alva  Dunlap,  proimnent  land- 
owner. 

Dunlap;"towli  in  Harrison  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  superintendent  of  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railway. 

Dunlap;  city  in  Morris  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Joseph  Dunlap,  a  trader  among 
the  Indians  and  founder  of  the  town. 

Dunlapsville;  town  in  Union  County,  Indiana,  laid  out  by  John  Dunlap,  one  of  the 
first  settlers. 

Dunmore;  lake  in  Vermont,  named  by  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  who  waded  into  it  and 
formally  christened  it  for  himself. 

Dunmore;  town  in  Pocahontas  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  John  (Lord)  Dun- 
more, governor  of  Virginia,  1772-1776. 

Dunn;  town  in  Harnet  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident. 

Dunn;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  John  P.  Dunn,  a  pioneer  of  the  State  in 
1871. 

Dunn;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Charles  Dunn,  first  chief  justice  of  the 
Territory. 


gaknctt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  Ill 

Dunnsville;  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Christopher  Dunn, 

the  original  owner. 
Dunraven;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Dun  raven. 
Dunstable;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.    The  history  of  the  town 

states  that  it  was  named  for  the  mother  of  one  of  the  petitioners,  Mary  Tyng, 

but  there  is  no  record  of  her  maiden  name  or  birthplace,    There  is,  however, 

record  of  a  large  family  by  the  name  of  Long,  who  came  from  Dunstable,  Eng- 
land, in  1635.    This  fact  gives  direct  connection,  and  it  is  probable  that  the 

town  took  its  name  from  the  English  town. 
Dupage;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  river. 
Dupage;  river  in  Illinois,  named  for  a  French  Indian,  Du  Page  or  De  Page,  who  had 

hie  headquarters  on  the  river  before  1800. 
Duplin;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Lord  Duplin,  or  Dupplin,  of  the  board 

of  trade. 
Duquesne;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,   named   from  old  Fort 

Duquesne,  which  was  named  for  a  distinguished  French  officer. 
Buquoin;  city  in  Perry  County,  Illinois,  said  to  have  been  named  for  an  Indian 

chief  of  the  Kaskaskia  tribe. 
Durand;  village  in  Winnebago  County,  Illinois,  named  for  II.  8.  Durand,  a  promi- 
nent railroad  official. 
Durand;  village  in  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  George  H.  Durand,  of 

Flint,  Michigan,  member  of  Congress. 
Durand;  city  in  Pepin  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Miles  Durand  Prindle,  an 

early  settler. 
Durango;  city  in  La  Plata  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  resident  Spanish  family. 
Durant;  town  in  Cedar  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Thomas  Durant. 
Durante;  neck  of  land  in  Perquimans  County,  North  Carolina,  granted  to  George 

Durant  in  1662. 
Durham;  town  in  Butte  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in  Maine. 
Durham;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Durham;  town  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  former  residence 

of  the  royal  family,  by  early  settlers. 
Durham;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Dr. 

Bartholomew  Durham,  owner  of  the  town  site. 
Duahore;  borough  in  Sullivan  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  the 

name  being  a  corruption  of  Dupetit-Thouars. 
Duston;  island  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Dutchess;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  Mary  of  Modena,  Duchess  of  York. 

Previous  to  the  appearance  of  Johnson's  Dictionary  the  title  was  spelled  with 

a  "t;"  hence  the  name  of  the  county  is  so  spelled. 
Dutton;  mount  in  Utah,  named  by  Major  Powell  for  Maj.  C.  E.  Dutton. 
Duval;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  William  P.  Duval,  Territorial  governor  in 

1822-1834. 
Duval;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  Duval  family,  prominent  in  the  State.     One 

member,  Burr  H.  Duval,  fell  in  Fannin's  massacre. 
Duwamiah;  river  in  Washington,  named  from  the  Duwamish  tribe  of  Indians. 
Duxbury;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  settled  by  Miles  Standish.     It 

is  said  to  have  received  its  name  from  the  seat  of  the  Standish  family  in  England, 

Duxbury  Hall. 
Dwight;  township  and  village  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry  A. 

Dwight,  junior,  a  benefactor  of  the  town. 
Dwight;  village  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Dwight  family, 

prominent  early  settlers. 


112  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [hull.  » 

Dycusburg;  village  in  Crittenden  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  William  E.  Dycus, 
its  founder. 

II>yer;  coimty  in  Tennessee; 
Dyersburg;  city  in  Dyer  County,  Tennessee.     Named  for  Col.  Henry  Dyer,  who 

fell  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 
Dyersville;  town  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  former  owner,  James  Dyer. 
Dyerville;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Dysart;  town  in  Tama  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Eagle;  this  word,  either  alone  or  with  suffixes,  forms  the  name  of  81  post-offices  in 

the  United  States — in  many  cases  so  called  because  of  the  former  presence  of  the 

bird. 
Eagle;  county  in  Colorado.     Hall's  History  gives  the  origin  as  from  the  river  of  that 

name  flowing  through  this  county. 
Eagle  Pass;  town  in  Maverick  County,  Texas,  so  named  because  the  contour  of  the 

hills  through  which  the  Rio  Grande  flows  bore  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the 

outstretched  wings  of  an  eagle. 
Eagle  River;  village  in  Keweenaw  Coimty,  Michigan,  named  from  the   Indian 

migittiwimbi,  meaning  " eagle." 
Earl  Park;  town  in  Benton  County,  Indiana,  laid  out  by  Adams  Earl  and  A.  D.  Rauh. 
Earlville;  town  in  Delaware  County,  Iowa,  named  for  its  first  settler,  G.  M.  Earl. 
Earlville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jonas  Earl,  canal 

commissioner. 
Early;  county  in  Georgia,  named  in  honor  of  Peter  Early,  governor  of  the  State  in 

1813. 
Easley ;  town  in  Pickens  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  General  Easley,  a  prom- 
inent South  Carolinian. 
East  Baton  Rouge;  parish  in  Louisiana.     See  Baton  Rouge. 
East  Bend;  town  in  Yadkin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  bend  in  the 

Yadkin  River  at  that  point. 
East  Brady;  borough  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Allegheny  River, 

east  of  Bradys  bend. 
East  Bridge  water;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the 

original  name  of  Brockton,  Massachusetts,  which  first  received  the  name  of 

Bridgewater  in  honor  of  a  celebrated  English  duke. 
East  Carroll;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton. 
East  Fallowfield;  townships  in  Crawford  and  Washington  counties,  Pennsylvania, 

said  to  be  named  for  Lancelot  Fallowfield,  one  of  the  first  purchasers  of  land 

from  William  Penn. 
East  Feliciana;  parish  in  Louisiana.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "dome." 
East  Greenbush;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  Dutch,  het 

groen  bosch,  meaning  "green  bush,"  because  of  the  pine  woods  near,  which 

were  continually  green. 
East  Greenwich;  town  in  Kent  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  from  the  manor  of 

East  Greenwich  in  Kent  County,  England. 
Eastham;  town   in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,   named  from   its  extreme 

eastern  situation  in  the  county. 
Eastland;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  M.  W.  Eastland. 
Eastman;  town  in  Dodge  County,  Georgia,  named  for  W.  P.  Eastman,  who,  with 

W.  E.  Dodge,  presented  the  county  with  a  court- house. 
Easton;  town  in  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  so  named  because  of  its  location  east- 
erly of  St.  Michaels. 
Easton;  city  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  estate  of  an 

English  nobleman,  Lord  Pomphret. 


oANwcrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE    UNITED   STATES.  113 


Center;  village  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  perhaps  named  in  honor 

of  Hon.  John  Easton,  governor  of  Rhode  Island. 
Pepper  ell;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Sir  William 

Pepperell,  who  commanded  an  army  in  the  expedition  against  Louisburg,  Cape 

Breton. 
Bast  port;  city  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  originally  called  Moose  Island,  but 

later  incorporated  under  its  present  name  in  honor  of  being  the  most  eastern 

city  in  the  United  States. 
Bast  River;  a  body  of  water  at  New  York,  properly  a  strait  connecting  Long  Island 

Sound  with  New  York  Bay;  called  a  river  no  doubt  from  the  river-like  action  of 

its  tides;  the  name  is  used  to  distinguish  it  from  North  River,  that  is,  the  Hudson. 
Eastwood;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  a  suburb  of  Syracuse,  and  named 

from  its  easterly  direction  from  that  place. 
Eaton;  town  in  Weld  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Benjamin  H.  Eaton  and  Aaron 

J.  Eaton,  of  the  Eaton  Milling  and  Elevator  Company. 
Eaton;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  John  H.  Eaton,  Secretary  of  War  under 

President  Jackson. 
Eaton;  town  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  and  village  in  Preble  County,  Ohio, 

named  for  Gen.  William  Eaton,  of  Massachusetts,  a  Revolutionary  officer  and 

commander  of  the  United  States  military  forces  in  Tripoli. 
Eaton  Rapids;  town  in  Eaton  County,  Michigan,  so  named* on  account  of  the  rapids 

in  Grand  River. 
Batonton;  city  in  Putnam  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  William  Eaton. 
Batontown;  township  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Eau  Claire;  river  in  Michigan.    The  name  is  French  and  signifies  "clear  water." 
Eau  Claire;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  river  in 

Michigan. 
Eau  Galle;  river  and  town  in  Dunn  County,  Wisconsin.     From  the  French,  mean- 
ing ••  bitter  water.' ' 
Eau  Pleine;  river  and  town  in  Portage  County ,  Wisconsin.     French  words  meaning 

"full  water/ '  or  "stock  river. " 
Ebeeme;  mountain  and  gorge  in  Piscataquis  County,   Maine.     An  Indian  word, 

meaning  "  where  they  get  high-bush  cranberries." 
Ebenecook;   village  in  Lincoln  County,   Maine.     A  corruption  of  the   Indian, 

abanauk,  meaning  "bread  place,"  or  according  to  another  authority,  "high- 
bush  cranberry  place." 
Ebenezer;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Mississippi,  named  by  the  early  settlers  from 

the  old  Jewish  city. 
Ebenaburg;  borough  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,  laid  out  by  the  Rev.  Rees 

Lloyd,  and  named  by  him  for  his  eldest  son,  Eben. 
Echaconnee;  creek  in  Georgia.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  beaver  stream." 
Echaconnee;  town  in  Bibb  County,  Georgia,  named  from  the  creek  on  which  it  is 

located. 
Echo;  canyon  in  the  Wasatch  Mountains  of  Utah;  a  descriptive  name. 
Echo;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  so  named  because  of  its  remarkable 

echo. 
Echo  Canyon;  town  in  Summit  County,  Utah,  named  from  the  canyon. 
Echo  Mountain;  summer  resort  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from 

the  reverberating  echo. 
Echols;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Robert  M.  Echols. 
Eckley;  town  in  Yuma  County,  Colorado,  said  to  be  so  named  for  Amos  Eckles, 

cattle  foreman  for  J.  W.  Bowles. 

Bull.  268— 06 8 


114  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  2*. 

Ecola;  creek  and  summer  resort  in  Clatsop  County,  Oregon,  so  named  by  Captain 
Clark,  from  ecola,  a  Chinook  Indian  word  meaning  "whale,"  because  a  whale 
was  washed  u|>  on  the  shore. 

Economy;  township  in  Heaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  established  in  1825  by  a  Har- 
monist society,  and  named  to  indicate  the  principles  of  their  government  and 
their  habits  of  living. 

Ecore  Fabre;  stream  in  Arkansas.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  French  won! 
ecore,  meaning  "shore,"  "bank,"  or  "bluff,"  and  Fabre,  a  proper  name. 

Ecorse;  river  in  Michigan,  from  the  French  word  icorre,  meaning  "bark,"  so 
named  on  account  of  the  birch  and  other  kinds  of  bark  found  on  its  banks. 

Ecorse;  town  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

Ector;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Matthew  Ector,  Confederate  commander  and 
judge. 

Eddington;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Colonel  Eddy,  a  promi- 
nent settler. 

Eddy;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  in  honor  of  C.  B.  Eddy,  a  prominent  citizen. 

Eddy;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  one  of  the  early  bankers  of  Fargo. 

Eddyville;  town  in  Wapello  County,  Iowa,  named  for  J.  P.  Eddy,  who  established 
a  poet  there  at  an  early  day. 

Eddyville;  city  in  Lyon  County,  Kentucky,  so  named  for  the  large  eddies  in  the 
Cumberland  River  at  this  point. 

Edelstein;  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  official. 

Eden;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  probably  for  Richard  Eden,  an  early 
English  author. 

Eden;  town  in  Concho  County,  Texas,  named  for  Fred  Ede,  who  owned  the  land. 

Edenton;  town  in  Chowan  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Charles  Eden,  gov- 
ernor of  the  State  in  1714-1722. 

Eden  vale;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  named  with  reference  to  the 
Garden  of  Eden,  because  of  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the  place. 

Edgar;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  John  Edgar,  an  early  and  distinguished 
pioneer  of  the  State. 

Edgecomb;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  named  for  Lord  Edgecombe,  a  friend 
of  the  American  colonies. 

Edgecombe;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Richard,  Baron  of  Mount  Edge- 
combe, of  the  board  of  trade. 

Edgefield;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named,  as  Simms 
supposes,  because  of  the  geographical  situation  at  the  edge  of  the  State.  There 
is  also  a  supposition  that  the  county  derives  its  name  from  the  fact  that  it  bor- 
ders on  an  older  county. 

Edgerton;  city  in  Johnson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  chief  engineer  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 

Edgerton;  village  in  Williams  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Alfred  P.  Edgerton. 

Edgerton;  city  in  Rock  County,  Wisconsin,  probably  named  for  E.  W.  Edgerton, 
an  early  settler. 

Edgewood;  town  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  near  the 
edge  of  the  forest. 

Edina;  city  in  Knox  County,  Missouri.     A  poetical  name  given  to  Edinburgh. 

Edinburg;  post-office  in  Leake  County,  Mississippi,  and  several  other  places  bear 
the  name  of  the  citv  in  Scotland. 

Edinburg;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Lewis  Eddy,  a  resident. 

It  was  formerly  called  Eddysburg. 
Edison;  village  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio; 

Edison  Park;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois.     Named  for  Thomas  A.  Edison, 
the  inventor. 


gannht.1  PLACE   NANE8   IN    THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  115 

Ediato;  river  and  island  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 
Edmeston;  town  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  named  for  Robert  Edmeston,  an 

early  pioneer.  \ 

Edmonson;  county  of  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  Jack  Edmonson,  who  fell  at  the 

battle  of  Raisin  River. 
Edmunds;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  in  honor  of  Newton  Edmunds,  governor 

in  1863. 
Edna;  city  in  Labette  County,  Kansas,  named  in  1876  for  a  child,  Edna  Gragery. 
Edwards;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Ninian  Edwards,  governor  of  Illinois  Terri- 
tory in  1809. 
Edwards;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  W.  C.  Edwards,  of  Hutchinson,  first  settler, 

who  took  active  part  in  its  organization. 
Edwards;  town  in  Hinds  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Dick  Edwards,  owner  and 

proprietor  of  the  Edwards  House,  Jackson,  Mississippi. 
Edwards;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Edward  McCormack, 

brother  of  the  founder. 
Edwards;  town  in  Beaufort  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family 

of  the  neighborhood. 
Edwards;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Harden  Edwards,  who  established,  under 

grant  from  the  Mexican  Government,  a  colony  at  Nacogdoches  in  1825. 
Edwardsport;  village  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Edwards  Wilkins. 
Edwardsville;  city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Ninian  Edwards,  Terri- 
torial governor  in  1809. 
Edwardsville;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jonathan  S. 

Edwards,  the  first  postmaster. 
Eel;  river  in  California,  named  fom  the  Indian  word  uishosk,  "eel  river,"  so  called 

because  of  its  winding  course. 
Eel ;  river  in  Indiana,  called  by  the  Indians  Khoamaqite,  '  'slippery  fish/ '    The  Indiana 

State  Historical  Geology,  1882,  gives  the  Indian  name  as  ke-im-be-g\vinn~maig% 

and  the  meaning  "snake-fish-river." 
Effingham;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Lord  Effingham. 
Effing-ham;  county  in  Illinois.    The  origin  of  the  name  is  in  doubt.     It  has  been 

stated  that  the  county  was  named  for  Gen.  Edward  Effingham,  a  surveyor,  or  it 

may  have  been  named  for  Lord  Effingham,  an  officer  in  the  British  army,  who 

resigned  his  commission  rather  than  fight  against  the  American  colonies  in  their 

struggle  for  liberty. 
Effingham;  city  in  Atchison  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Effingham  Nichols,  of 

Boston,  a  promoter  of  the  Central  Branch,  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Egbertsville;  village  in  Richmond  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Egberts- 

ville,  a  former  resident. 
Egg  Harbor;  township,  and  city  in  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey,  bordering  on  the 

ocean  and  Great  Egg  Harbor  Bay.     It  was  so  called  because  of  the  number  of 

gull's  eggs  found  near  the  bay. 
Egremont;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  supposed  to  have  received  its 

name  from  Charles  Wyndham^  Earl  of  Egremont,  who  was  secretary  of  state  in 

1671. 
Egypt;  fourteen  places  of  the  United  States  are  named  from  the  ancient  country  in 

Africa,  the  Hebrew  expression  for  "the  land  of  oppression." 
Ehrenberg;  town  in  Yuma  County,  Arizona,  founded  in  1856  by  Herman  Ehren- 

berg. 
Ehrhardt;  town  in  Bamberg  County,  South   Carolina,   named   for  a  prominent 

family. 
Elba;  there  are  sixteen  places  of  this  name  in  the  United  States,  most  of  which 

were  named  from  the  island  in  the  Mediterranean. 


116  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  268. 

Elbert;  county  and  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  Samuel  W.  Elbert,  governor  of  the 

Territory  in  1873-74. 
Elbert;  county  in  Georgia; 
Elberton;  city  in  Elbert  County,  Georgia.     Named  for  Samuel  Elbert,  formerly  a 

governor  of  the  State. 
Elbow;  lake  in  Maine,  so  called  because  of  its  shape. 
Elbridge;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  probably  named  after  Elbridge 

Gerry,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
El  Cajon;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  box,"  often  applied  to  high-walled  canyons. 
El  Campo;  town  in  Marin  County  >  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "the 

flat  country." 
El  Capitan;  cliff  in  the  Yosemite  Valley,  California.    The  name  is  Spanish,  meaning 

"the  captain." 
El  Casco;  village  in  Riverside  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "the 

cranium." 
El  Chorro;  village  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.     A  descriptive  Spanish 

name,  meaning  "the  gushing  water." 
Eldena;  village  in  I^ee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  wife  of  the  founder. 
Eldora;  city  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa; 

Eldorado;  county  in  California,  the  first  in  which  gold  was  discovered,  city  in  But- 
ler County,  Kansas,  and  many  other  places.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "the 

gilded." 
Eldorado;  city  in  Saline  County,  Illinois,  originally  named  for  two  settlers,  Elder 

and  Reed,  but  the  spelling  was  afterwards  changed  to  its  present  form. 
Eldred;  township  and  borough  in  McKean  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Judge 

Nathaniel  B.  Eldred. 
Electric;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  by  Henry  Gannett,  United  States  geog- 
rapher, on  account  of  a  severe  electrical  storm  encountered  there. 
Eleroy;  village  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  E.  Leroy,  son  of  Hiram 

Jones,  a  first  settler. 
Eleven  Mile;  creek  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  so  called  because  it  crosses  the 

Buffalo  road  eleven  miles  from  Buffalo. 
Elgin;  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Elgin.     Another  author- 
ity states  that  the  name  is  transferred  from  the  city  in  Scotland. 
Eliseo;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  Elijah. 
Elizabeth;  cape  in  Maine,  and  group  of  islands  in  Massachusetts,  named  in  honor  of 

Queen  Elizabeth  of  England.     This  word,  either  alone  or  with  suffixes,  forme 

the  names  of  25  places  in  the  United  States,  most  of  which  were  so  named. 
Elizabeth;  city  in  Union  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  wife  of  Lord  Carteret 
Elizabeth;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  the  founder, 

Stephen  Bayard,  for  his  wife. 
Elizabeth;  town  in  Wirt  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Elizabeth,  the  wife  of 

David  Beauchamp. 
Elizabeth  City;  county  in  Virginia,  and  town  in  Pasquotank  County,  North  Carolina, 

named  for  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England. 
Elizabethtown;  town   in   Bartholomew   County,    Indiana,   named  for  Elizabeth 

Bran  ham,  the  wife  of  the  founder. 
Elizabethtown;  city  in  Hardin  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  wife  of  Col.  John 

Hardin,  for  whom  the  county  was  named. 
Elizabethtown;  town  in  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  wife  of 

Lord  Carteret,  Elizabeth. 


cannot.)  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  117 


:;  counties  in  Kansas  and  Pennsylvania.    This  word,  either  alone  or  as  a  prefix, 

forms  the  name  of  63  places  in  the  United  States,  most  of  them  doubtless  given 

on  account  of  the  presence  of  elk. 

Falls;  town  in  Elk  County,  Kansas,  receives  its  name  from  a  waterfall  in  Elk 

River,  near  the  site  of  the  town. 
Elk  Garden;  town  in  Mineral  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  by  Senator  Davis, 

because  of  the  former  abundance  of  elk. 
Elkhart;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Indiana,  which  take  their  name  from 

the  river. 
Elkhart;  village  in  Sheboygan  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  lake,  which  at 

this  point  resembles  an  elk's  heart 
Elkhorn;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  the  river. 
Elkhorn;  city  in  Walworth  County,  Wisconsin.    This  city  is  named  from  the  prairie, 

Elkhorn,  which  was  named  thus  by  Samuel  F.  Phoenix  in  July,  1836,  when  he 

found  an  elk's  horn  upon  a  tree. 
EUrina;  town  in  Randolph  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Senator  S.  B.  El  kins. 
Elko;  county  in  Nevada.    The  origin  of  this  name  is  not  certain,  for  according  to 

some  it  is  an  Indian  word,  and  according  to  others  was  so  named  on  account  of 

the  abundance  of  elk. 
Ellen;  mountain  in  Utah,  named  by  J.  W.  Powell,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 

for  the  wife  of  A.  II.  Thompson,  also  of  the  Geological  Survey. 
EUenburg;  town  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of  John  R. 

Murray,  of  New  York,  the  principal  owner  of  township  5  of  the  military  tract. 
Ellendale;  village  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  named  for  the  wife  of  Dr.  J.  S. 

Pretty  man,  who  laid  it  out 
Ellendale;  township  and  city  in  Dickey  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  wife 

of  S.  8.  Merrill. 
EUenaburg;  city  in  Kittitas  County,  Washington,  named  for  the  wife  of  the  original 

founder. 
Ellery ;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Ellery,  a  signer 

of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
EUicott;  city  in  Howard  and  Baltimore  counties,  Maryland,  first  settled  and  named 

by  the  brothers  Andrew  and  John  EUicott. 

{EUicott;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York; 
EUicottville;  village  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York.     Named  for  Joseph  EUi- 
cott, of  the  Holland  Land  Company. 
Ellijay;  town  in  Gilmer  County,  Georgia.     From  a  Cherokee  Indian  name,  meaning 

"new  ground." 
Ellin  wood;  city  in  Barton  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  John  R.  Ell  in  wood, 

engineer,  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Elliott;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Judge  John  M.  Elliott. 
EHiottsville;  village  in  Richmond  County,  New  York,  named  for  Dr.  Samuel  M. 

Elliott 
Ellis;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  in  honor  of  George  Ellis, 

first  lieutenant,  Twelfth  Kansas  Infantry. 
Ellis;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Richard  Ellis,  president  pro  tempore  of  the  first 

Senate  of  the  Republic. 
Elliaburg;  town  in  Jefferson  County  New  York,  which  derives  its  name  from 

Lyman  Ellis,  of  Troy,  New  York,  who  settled  there  an  a  proprietor  in  1797. 
Ellisville;  township  and  village  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Levi  D.  Ellis, 

its  founder. 
Elliaville;  town  in  Jones  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Powhatan  Ellis,  member 

of  the  supreme  court  and  United  States  Senator. 


118  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bill  2M. 

Ellsworth;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  banker  at  Iowa  Falls. 
Ellsworth;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  from  the  fort,  Ells- 
worth, which  in  turn  was  named  for  Lieut.  Allen  Ellsworth. 
Ellsworth;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  Oliver  Ellsworth,  one  of  the 

delegates  to  the  National  Constitutional  Convention. 
Elm;  this  word,  with  the  suffixes  " hurst,"  "wood,"  "dale,"  "hall,"  "grove," 

"creek,"  "city,"   "bury,"  "branch,"  forms  the  name  of  29  places  in  the 

United  States,  in  most  cases  given  on  account  of  the  presence  of  this  species  of 

tree  in  the  vicinity. 
Elma;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  large  elm  tree  which  stands 

near  the  village. 
Elmira;  township  in  Solano  County,  California,  and  township  and  village  in  Stark 

County,  Illinois,  named  from  Elmira,  New  York. 
Elmira;  city  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  said  to  have  lieen  named  for  Elmira 

Teall,  daughter  of  Nathan  Teall,  a  tavern  keeper. 
El  Monte;  township  in  Ix>s  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "the  mountain." 
Elmore;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  John  A.  Elmore,  of  the  State. 
Elmore;  county  in  Idaho,  named  for  a  celebrated  mine  in  the  county. 
Elmore;  village  and  town  in  Lamoille  County,  Vermont,  named  for  the  original 

grantee,  Col.  Samuel  Elmore. 
Elmsford;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  so  mamed  because  of  the  elm 

trees  in  the  vicinity. 
Elon  College;  town  in  Alamance  County,  North  Carolina,  named,  probable,  for 

Judge  Elon. 
El  Paso;  county  in  Colorado.    The  name  is  given  with  reference  to  the  Ute  Pass, 

which  is  within  the  limits  of  the  county; 
El  Paso;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  which  take  their  name  from 

the  presence  of  a  pass — that  of  the  Rio  Grande.    The  name  is  Spanish,  and 

means  "the  pass,"  "the  gap,"  or  "the  passage." 
El  Paso;  township  and  city  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  so  named  from  the  pass- 
ing or  crossing  of  two  railroads. 
El  Pinal;  village  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  grove  of  pines." 
Elreno;   city  in  Canadian  County,  Oklahoma.     A  Spanish   name  meaning  "  the 

reindeer." 
Elrio;  post-office  in  Ventura  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 

river." 
El  Robles;  town  in  Mendocino  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  oaks." 
Elsie;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Miss  Elsie  Tillotson,  the 

daughter  of  an  early  pioneer. 
Elsie;  town  in  Perkins  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  daughter  of  C.  E.  Perkins. 
Elsinore;  township  and  city  in  Riverside  County,  California.     Corruption  of  the 

Spanish  el  sefior,  meaning  "the  gentleman,"  a  large  part  of  the  land  upon  which 

the  city  is  built  having  l>een  owned  by  a  don. 
El  Toro;  village  in  Orange  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "the bull." 
El  Verano;   village  in  Sonoma  County,  California.     A  Spanish   phrase  meaning 

"the  summer." 
El  win;  village  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  a  combination  of  the  names  of  thefoundere, 

El m wood  and  Martin. 
Elyria;  city  in  Lorain  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Heman  Ely,  who  owned  12,600 

acres  oi  land  around  the  falls  of  Black  River.     "Ria"  was  suggested  by  the 
Greek  name  lllyria. 


oannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  119 

Emanuel;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  David  Emanuel,  at  one  time  president  of 

the  Georgia  senate. 
Emaus;  borough  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  the  Moravians  in 

memory  of  the  little  village  in  Palestine. 
Embarcadero;  Village  in  Sonoma  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"harbor"  or  "port.* » 
Embarrass;  river  and  village  in  Waupaca  County,  Wisconsin.     A  French  word 

meaning  'obstruction." 
Emerick;  village  in  Madison  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  John  Eraerick,  an  early 

settler. 
Emery;  village  in  Macon  County,  I.Iinois,  named  for  Charles  F.  Emery,  a  neigh- 
boring landowner. 
Emery;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  George  W.  Emery,  governor  in  1875-1880. 
Emigrant  Gap;  town  in  Placer  County,  California,  named  from  the  pass  in  the 

Sierra  Nevada  through  which  the  pioneers  of  1849  entered  the  State. 
Eminence;  city  in  Henry  County,  Kentucky,  so  named  because  of  its  situation  on 

the  highest  point  of  land  between  Louisville  and  Lexington. 
Emlenton;  borough  in  Venango  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Emlen,  the  wife 

of  Joseph  M.  Fox,  one  of  the  original  proprietors. 
Emma;  mountain  in  Arizona,  named  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell,  of  the  United  States 

Geological  Survey,  for  his  wife,  Emma. 
Emmet;  county  in  Iowa,  and  county,  and  village  in  Saint  Clair  County,  in  Michigan; 
Emmetsburg;  city  in  Palo  Alto  County,  Iowa.     Named  for  the  Irish  patriot, 

Robert  W.  Emmet. 
Exnmitsburg;  town  in  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  named  for  William  Emmitt, 

its  founder. 
Emmons;  mountains  in  Colorado  and  Utah,  named  forS.  F.  Emmons,  the  geologist. 
Emmons;  mountain  in  New  York,  named  for  Ebenezer  Emmons,  geologist. 
Emmons;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  James  A.  Emmons,  a  pioneer  steam- 
boat man  and  merchant  of  Bismarck. 
Emory;  town  in  Washington  County,  Virginia,  named  from  Emory  and  Henry 

College,  which  is  situated  there  and  which  received  part  of  its  name  from  Bishop 

Emory. 
Empire;  city  in  Cherokee  County,  Kansas,  so  named  by  the  founder,  S.  L.  Cheney, 

on  account  of  the  town  topping  a  ridge. 
Emporia;  city  in  Lyon  County,  Kansas; 
Emporium;  borough  in  Cameron  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  Latin  word  meaning 

"center  of  trade." 

Emuckfaw;  village  in  Tallapoosa  County,  Alabama.     A  Creek  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "shell  medal." 
Encinal;  village  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "for- 
est of  evergreen  oak." 
Encinitas;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"little  oaks." 
Enfield;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named,  according  to  Dr.  J.  G. 

Holland,  for  Robert  Field. 
Enfield;  towns  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  in  Halifax  County,  North 

Carolina,  named  from  the  birthplace  of  John  Wesley  in  England. 
Engelmann;  canyon  and  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  the  Iwtanist. 
Englewood;  city  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  English  "wood 

ingle,"  a  woody  nook  or  corner. 
ISnglund;  village  in  Marshall  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  its  first  postmaster. 

is;  city  in  Ellis  County,  Texas,  named  for  Cornelius  Ennis,  of  Houston,  a  prom- 

inent  railroad  official. 


I 


120  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  2!*. 

Enno;  town  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Enon;  village  in  Clark  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  river  in  Palestine  where  John 

baptized  the  people. 
Enoree;  river  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Enosburg;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Roger  Enos,  to  whom 

the  land  was  originally  granted. 
Enterprise;  towns  in  Clarke  County,  Mississippi,  and  Wallowa  County,  Oregon, 

and  many  other  towns  and  villages,  so  named  to  denote  the  policy  of  their 

inhabitants. 

{Ephrata;  town  in  I^ancaster  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Ephratah;  town  in  Fulton  County,  New  York.    Named  from  the  ancient  city  of 
Palestine. 
Eppes;  creek,  and  island  in  the  James  River,  in  Charles  City  County,  Virginia,  named 

for  an  early  owner  of  the  property. 
Epping;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in 

Essex,  England. 
Epsom;  village  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  of  a  well  near  by 

which  contains  water  much  resembling  epsom  salts  in  taste. 
Epsom;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  Sur- 
rey, England. 
Ep worth;  town  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  town  in  Lincolnshire, 

England. 
Equinunk;  villages  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  and  Wayne  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    An  Indian  word,  meaning  " place  where  clothing  is  distributed." 
Erath;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  an  earler  settler  and  Indian  fighter,  George  B. 

Erath. 
Erie;  one  of  the  Great  Lakes,  drained  by  the  St.  Lawrence.     From  me,  mjfce,  or 

eriga,  meaning  "  wildcat,"  the  name  of  an  ancient  tribe  on  its  borders  conquered 

by  the  Iroquois. 
Erie;  township  and  village  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  county 

in  New  York. 
Erie;  city  in  Neosho  County,  Kansas,  named  from  a  small  lake  near  by  of  that 

name.  • 

Erie;  counties  in  New  York  and  Ohio,  and  comity,  and  city  in  same  county,  in 

Pennsylvania; 
Erieville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York.     Named  from  the  lake. 
Erin;  the  name  of  numerous  towns  and  villages  in  the  United  States,  named  from 

the  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 
Errol;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  parish  in  Scotland. 
Erskine;  village  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  parish  in  Scotland. 
Erving;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  man  who  owned 

"Ervings  Grant,"  in  early  days. 
Erwin;  town  in  Steutaii  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Arthur  Erwin,  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 
Escambia;  river  in  Alabama  and  Florida.     Probably  derived  from  the  Spanish, 

cambutr,  meaning  "barter"  or  "exchange." 
Escambia;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Florida,  named  from  the  river  traversing  both 

States. 
E  scan  aba;  river,  and  city  in  Delta  County,  in  Michigan.     According  to  Haines  it  is 

an  Indan  won!  meaning  "flat  rock,"  but  according  to  other  authorities  it  means 

a  "young  male  quadruped." 
Eschscholtz;  inlet  of  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska,  named  for  J.  F.  EschBcholtz,  the 

naturalist 


oahnbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  121 

Escoheag;  town  in  Kent  County,  Rhode  Island.     An  Indian  word,  supposed  to 

mean  "origin  of  three  rivers." 
Escondido;  city  in  San  Diego  County,   California.     A  Spanish  word    meaning 

"hidden  treasure." 
Esculapia;  watering  place  in  Lewis  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  god  of  the 

medical  art — Esculapius. 
Eskridge;  city  in  Wabaunsee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  C.  V.  Eskridge,  the  first 

purchaser  of  a  town  lot. 
Eskutassis;  stream  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "small 

trout." 
Eskweskwewadjo;  mountain  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "she-bear 

mountain." 
Esmeralda;  post  village  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  mining  camp  in  Idaho, 

and  county  in  Nevada.    The  Spanish  term  for  "emerald,"  the  places  being  so 

named  on  account  of  the  presence  of  this  gem. 
Esopus;  stream  in  New  York.     A  difference  of  opinion  exists  as  to  whether  the 

Indian  tribe  of  this  name  took  the  name  from  the  river  or  whether  the  river  was 

named  for  the  tribe.    Schoolcraft  gives  "seepus"  or  " aeepu,"  "river,"  as  the 

word  nearest  like  it  in  the  Indian  language. 
Esparto;  village  in  Yolo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "feather 

grass." 
Esperance;    town   in  Schoharie  County,  New  York.     A  French  word  meaning 

"hope." 
Espinoso;  towns  in  Monterey  and  Solano  counties,  California.     A  Spanish  word 

meaning  "thorny." 
:;  township  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Isaac  B.  Essex,  the  first  white 

settler  in  the  county. 
:;  counties  in  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Vermont,  and  Virginia, 

named  from  the  English  county  of  Essex. 
Essexville;  village  in  Bay  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  early  settler,  Ransom 

Essex. 
Estaboga;  town  in  Talladega  County,  Alabama.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "where 

people  reside." 
Estherville;  city  in  Emmet  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Esther  A.  Ridley,  wife  of  one 

of  the  original  proprietors. 
Estill;  county,  and  town  in  Madison  County,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  James 

Estill,  an  Indian  fighter. 
Estill;  town  in  Howard  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Col.  John  R.  Estill. 
Estrado;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "guest 

chamber." 
Estrella;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"star." 
Ethel;  town  in  Attala  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Capt.  S.  B. 

McConnico. 
Etna;  many  places  in  the  United  States  are  named  from  the  celebrated  volcano  in 

Sicily. 
Etowah;  county  in  Alabama,  and  river  in  Georgia.     A  Cherokee  Indian  corruption, 

meaning  unknown. 
Etruria;  township  in  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  division  of 

ancient  Italy. 
Eucalyptus;  town  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  prevailing 

species  of  trees. 
Euclid;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  and  town  in  Cuyahoga  County <» 
Ohio,  and  named  for  the  celebrated  geometer  oi  Alexandra. 


122  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Eudora;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Pascal  Fish. 
Eufaula;  town  in  Barlx)ur  County,  Alabama;  named  from  a  former  noted  Creek 

Indian  town  ( Yufala)  of  that  vicinity;  meaning  unknown. 
Eugene;  city  in  Lane  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Eugene  F.  Skinner,  its  first  settler. 
Eulalia;  town  ship  in  Potter  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  first  child  horn 

within  its  limits. 
Eureka;  cities  in  Humboldt  County,  California,   Woodford  County,  Illinois,  and 

Greenwood  County,  Kansas,  and  county  in  Nevada.    A  Greek  expression  mean- 
ing "I  have  found  it." 
Eustis;  town  in  Lake  County,  Florida,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  L.  Eustis. 
Eustis;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Charles  L.  Eustis,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Eutaw;  town  in  Greene  County,  Alabama. 
Eutaw  Spring;  small  affluent  of  the  San  tee  River  in  South  Carolina.     According  to 

Gatschet  it  is  named  from  the  Indian  tribe,  also  known  as  etiwaw,  or  from  itawa, 

"pine  tree." 
Eutawville;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  famous 

Eutaw  Spring. 
Evangeline;  township  in  Charlevoix  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  heroine  of 

Longfellow's  poem. 
Evans;  town  in  Weld  County,  Colorado,  named  for  John  Evans,  a  former  governor 

of  Colorado. 
Evans;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  David  E.  Evans,  agent  of  the 

Holland  Land  Company. 
Evansburg;  village  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Isaac  Evans,  who  laid 

it  out. 
Evans  Mills;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Ethni  Evans,  a 

resident  mill  owner. 
Evanston;  town  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  and  city  in  Uinta  County,  Wyoming, 

named  for  John  Evans,  a  former  governor  of  Colorado. 
Evans ville;  city  in  Vanderburg  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  Robert  Evans, 

who  laid  it  out. 
Evansville;  city  in  Rock  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Calvin  Evans,  a  first  settler. 
Evart;  township  and  village  in  Osceola  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Frank  Evart, 

a  pioneer. 
Evarts;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Truman  C.  Evarts. 
Evening  Shade;  town  in  Sharp  County,  Arkansas,  no  named  from  the  density  of 

shade  cast  by  the  tall  pine  timber  on  an  adjacent  hill. 
Everett;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  town  in  Bedford  County, 

Pennsylvania,  named  for  Edward  Everett,  of  Massachusetts. 
Everetts;  town  in  Martin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Ewing;  village  in  Cole  County,  Missouri,  named  from  citizen  living  near  by. 
E wings;  creek  in  Missouri.     Ewing  is  probably  a  contraction  of  "E.  Wing,"  which 

designated  this  creek  upon  an  early  map. 
Excelsior;  towns  in  Sonoma  and  Sierra  counties,  California.     A  Latin  word  mean- 
ing "ever  upward." 
Excelsior  Springs;  city   in  Clay   County,    Missouri,   named  from  the  medicinal 

springs. 
Exeter;  town  in  Scott  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  the 

former  home  of  its  founders. 
Exeter;  towns  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Washington  County, 

Rhode  Island,  and  twelve  other  places,  named  from  Exeter  in  England. 
By ota;  village  in  Olmateud  County,  Minnesota.    Yroiw  a  SVowx.  ludvau  vord,  iyotak\ 
meaning  "greatest,"  "most." 


oaxnktt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  123 

Fabius;  river  in  Missouri  and  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the 

celebrated  Roman  consul.    The  town  was  named  by  the  State  land  hoard  of 

New  York. 
Factory;  hill  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  covered  with  geysers  and  hot  spring**, 

so  named  because  of  the  noise  and  steam  proceeding  from  them,  resembling  in 

this  respect  an  active  factory  town. 
Fair;  a  name  used  with  various  suffixes,  such  as  "brook,"  "  land,"  "port,"  etc.,  to 

indicate  an  attractive  appearance. 
Fairbank;  township  in  Sullivan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  General  Fairbanks. 
Fairbury;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Nebraska,   named  by  an  early  settler,  Mr. 

McDonell,  for  his  home,  Fairbury,  Illinois. 
Fairchild;  creek  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  named  for  A.  Fairchild,  a  prospector. 
Fairfax;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  J»nl  Fairfax, 

grandson  of  Lord  Culpeper. 
Fairfield;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Connecticut,  town  in  Somerset 

County,  Maine,  and  counties  in  Ohio  and  South  Carolina,  so  named  from  the 

beautv  of  their  fields. 
Fairmont;  city  in  Marion  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  for  its  situation  on  a 

hill. 
Fairplay;  town  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  established  by  gold  miners  who  named 

it  as  a  living  reproof  to  their  "grab-all"  neighbors. 
Fairport;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  so  named  for  its  pleasing  location 

on  the  Erie  Canal. 
Faison;  town  in  Duplin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 
Falkner;  island  in  Long  Island  Sound,  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut.     Named 

by  the  discoverer,  Capt.  Adrien   Block,   Valcken  Eijlandt  (Falcon   Island),  of 

which  the  present  appellation  is  a  corruption. 
Fall;  river  in  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  it  is  only  about  2  miles  in  length  and 

falls  about  140  feet  in  a  half  mile. 
Fall  River;  city  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Fall  River. 
Fall  River;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  river.     A  literal  translation 

of  the  Indian  name. 
Fallowfield;  township  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Lancelot 

Fallowfield,  one  of  the  first  purchasers  of  the  land  from  William  Penn. 
Falls;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  falls  in  Brazos  Kivor. 
Falls  Church;  town  in  Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  so  named  l>ccauseof  the  Kpinoopal 

church  established  there. 
Falls  ton;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  falls  in  Beaver 

River. 
Falls  Village;  village  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  falls  in 

the  Housatonic  River. 
Falmouth;  towns  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  and  Barnstable  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, named  from  the  seaport  town  in  Cornwall. 
Faxnoso;  town  in  Kern  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "famous," 

or  "celebrated." 
Fannin;  county  in  Georgia,  and  county,  and  village  in  Goliad  County,  in  Texas,  named 

for  Col.  James  W.  Fannin,  of  North  Carolina,  who  fought  in  the  Texan  war. 
Farallone;  group  of  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  California,  named  by  the  early 

Spanish  explorers.    The  word  J'araUon  means  "needle,"  or  "small,  pointed 

island." 
Fargo;  city  in  Cass  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  one  of  the  members  of  the 

Wells,  Fargo  Express  Company.    Several  other  places  l>ear  his  name. 
Faribault;  county,  and  city  in  Rice  County,  in  Minnesota,  imwed  (or  Jolvu  Ba\\tiete 
Faribault,  a  settler  and  French  fur  trader  among  the,  S\oyvk  YvvWaw*. 


124  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  256. 

Farina;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  in  the  wheat- 
growing  district. 

Farley;  town  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  superintendent  of  the  Sioux 
City  Railroad. 

Farmer;  name  applied  to  many  small  places,  either  with  or  without  suffixes,  indic- 
ative of  rural  conditions  and  appearance. 

Farmersville;  village  in  Collin  County,  Texas.  An  early  settler  set  apart  a  square 
piece  of  land  as  a  gathering  place  for  farmers  from  the  surrounding  country, 
which  square  forms  the  nucleus  of  the  existing  village. 

Farmington;  town  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California;  an  agricultural  district,  so 
designated  to  distinguish  it  from  the  mining  regions. 

Farmington;  town  and  river  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  a  place 
in  England. 

Farmington;  township  and  city  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Ontario 
County,  New  York,  named  from  Farmington,  Connecticut. 

Farmington;  village  in  Oakland  County,  Michigan,  named  from  Farmington,  New 
York. 

Farmington;  town  in  Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  so  named  because  of  its 
unusual  adaptability  to  fanning  purposes. 

Farnham;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Le  Roy  Farnham,  the  first 
merchant. 

Farnham;  town  in  Richmond  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  town  in  Surrey, 
England. 

Farragut;  town  in  Fremont  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Admiral  Farragut. 

Farrandsville;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania,  laid  out  by  and  named  for 
William  P.  Farrand,  of  Philadelphia. 

Farrar;  town  in  Edgecombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  wealthy  citizen. 

Farwell;  village  in  Clare  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Samuel  B.  Farwell,  an  officer 

of  the  old  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  Railroad. 
Faulk;  county  in  South  Dakota; 

Faulkton;  township  and  city  in  Faulk  County.     Named  for  Andrew  J.  Faulk tho, 
the  second  governor  of  Dakota  Territory. 

Faulkner;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Sandy  Faulk- 
ner, the  real  "Arkansas  Traveller." 
Fauquier;  county  in  Virginia; 

Fauquier  Springs;  village  in   Fauquier  County.     Named  for  Francis  Fauquier, 
governor  of  the  State. 

Fausse  Riviere;  village  in  Louisiana,  so  called  because  it  is  situated  on  what  was 
formerly  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Many  years  ago  the  river  wore 
through  an  isthmus  and  left  its  former  bed  dry  for  a  distance  of  about  30  miles. 
A  French  name,  meaning  "false  river." 

Faustburg;  village  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  first  settler. 

Fayette;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  West  Virginia,  and  many  places  through- 
out the  country,  named  for  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette.  The  name  is  also  used 
with  suffixes,  such  as  "ville"  and  "corner." 

Fear;  cape  and  river  in  North  Carolina.  Sir  Richard  Grenville  narrowly  escaped 
being  wrecked  near  the  cape,  in  consequence  of  which  he  so  named  it. 

Feather;  river  in  California.     A  translation  of  the  early  Spanish  name,  pluma*. 

February;  village  in  Washington  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  a  resident  of  the 
place. 

Federal;  name  given  to  several  places  in  the  country,  in  reference  to  the  national 
form  of  government. 


oann«it.]  PLACE  NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  125 

Federalsburg;  village  in  Caroline  County,  Maryland,  so  named  because  settled  by 

persons  from  the  Northern  States. 
Felix;  townships  in  Grundy  counties,  Illinois  and  Iowa,  named  for  Felix  Grundy, 

Senator  from  Tennessee. 
Fells;  point  in  Maryland  named  for  the  purchaser,  a  ship  carpenter,  William  Fell. 
Felts  Mills;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Felt,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Fence;  rivers  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan.    A  translation  of  the  Indian  word  " milch- 

igan,"  referring  to  a  wooden  fence  constructed  near  its  banks  by  the  Indians  for 

catching  deer. 
Fenner;  towns  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  and  Madison  County,  New 

York,  named  for  Governor  Fenner,  of  Rhode  Islond. 
Fennimore;  village  in  Grant  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  a  settler  who  disap- 
peared during  the  Black  Hawk  war. 
Fennville;  village  in  Allegan  County,  Michigan,  named  for  a  lumberman,  Elam 

Fenner,  who  founded  the  village. 
Fen  ton;  village  in  Genesee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Colonel  Fenton,  who 

owned  a  large  tract  of  land  on  the  present  site. 
Fenton ville;  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Reuben  Eaton 

Fenton,  governor  of  the  State  in  1865-1869. 
Fentress;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  James  Fentress,  member  of  a  commission 

appointed  to  fix  upon  a  place  for  the  seat  of  justice  for  Shelby  County. 

Fergus;  county  in  Montana; 
ergus  Falls;  city  in  Ottertail  County,  Illinois.    Named  for  John  Fergus,  a  pioneer 
of  the  West 
Ferguson  ville;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Ferguson 

brothers,  who  were  largely  engaged  in  business  there. 
Fermanagh;  township  in  Juniata  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  county  in 

Ireland. 
Fern;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California,  named  from  its  location  in  the  fern  district 

of  the  Siskiyou  Range. 
Fern;  name  used  with  various  suffixes,  generally  given  because  of  the  presence  of 

the  plant.    Eighteen  places  bear  this  name,  some  with  suffixes,  such  as  "  dale," 

"bank,"  and  "ridge." 
Fernandina;  city  in  Nassau  County,  Florida,  named  for  a  Spaniard,  Fernandez. 
Ferrisburg;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Benjamin  Ferris,  who 

applied  for  a  charter  in  1762. 
Ferry;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  Elisha  P.  Ferry,  governor  of  the  Territory. 
Fetterman;  town  in  Taylor  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  resident  of  Pitts- 
burg, Pennsylvania,  who  owned  the  land. 
Fever;  river  in  Illinois,  named  by  the  early  French,  In  rivih-e  de  fhx,  "the  river 

of  the  bean,"  because  of  the  immense  quantity  of  wild  lnjans  upon  its  banks. 

The  name  was  corrupted  to  fibvre,  "fever,"  which  gave  rise  to  the  impression 

that  the  place  was  unhealthy. 
Fidalgo;  island  and  village  in  Skagit  County,  Washington,  and  harbor  in  Alaska, 

named  for  the  Spanish  explorer. 
Fields  Landing;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Fifty  Eight;  village  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  so  l>ecause  it  is 

58  miles  from  Charleston. 
Fillmore;  mount  in  California,  named  for  a  naval  officer. 
Fillmore;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Nebraska,  and  many  places  in  the  country 

named  for  Millard  Fillmore,  President  of  the  United  States. 
Fillmore;  station  in  Wyoming,  named  for  a  superintendent  of  the  Southern  Pacific 

Railroad. 


126  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bill.  258. 

Fincastle;  town  in  Botetourt  County,  Virginia,  and  several  other  places  directly 

or  indirectly  named  for  Governor  Lord  Dunmore  and   his  son  George,  Lord 

Fincastle. 
Findlay;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Ohio,  named  from  Fort  Findlay,  built  by  Col. 

James  Findlay,  of  Cincinnati. 
Findley ;  township  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Findley, 

governor  of  the  State  in  1817-1820. 
Fine;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Fine,  the  principal 

proprietor. 
Finney;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  David  W.  Finney,  lieutenant-governor  in 

1881-1885.  * 
Fire;  hill  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  so  named  because  in  early  days  it  was 

used  as  a  station  from  which  to  signal  with  fire. 
Fire;  creek  in  Missouri,  originally  called  Fire-prairie  Creek,  because  of  the  fires  that 

swept  over  the  prairies. 
Firehole;  river  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming.    The  word  "hole"  was  used  by 

the  early  explorers  to  designate  depressions  among  the  mountains,  while  the  first 

part  of  the  name  refers  to  the  remarkable  geyser  region  from  which  the  river 

flows. 
Fisher;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  S.  Rhodes  Fisher, 

secretary  of  the  navy  in  Houston's  cabinet. 
Fishkill;  town,  creek,  plains,  and  mountains  in  Dutchess  County,  New   York, 

named  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers,  lisvkkitt,  "fish  creek." 
Fitch;  stream  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  Fitch,  an  early  settler  on 

its  banks. 
Fitchburg;  city  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  John  Fitch,  one  of 

the  committee  that  procured  the  act  of  incorporation. 
Fitch ville;  township  in  Huron  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Colonel  Fitch. 
Fithian;  village  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  William  Fithian. 
Fitzwilliam;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  Earl  of 

Fitzwilliam. 
Five  Corners;  village  in  Miami  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  it  is  at  the  junc- 
tion of  several  roads. 
Flack  ville;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  P.  Flack, 

first  postmaster. 
Flagstaff;  town  in  Coconino  County,  Arizona,  named  from  a  pole  set  by  a  party  of 

immigrants  who  camped  near  and  celebrated  the  Fourth  of  July. 
Flagstaff;  plantation  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  Benedict  Arnold 

encamped  here  on  his  Quebec  expedition  and  erected  a  flagstaff. 
Flambeau;  river  and  lakes  in  Wisconsin,  so  called  because  of  the  practice  of  using 

torches  to  catch  fish  at  night. 
Flambeau;  town  in  Gates  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  river  of  the  same 

name. 
Flatbu8h;  part  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  so  named  from  woods  that  grew  on  flat 

countrv. 
Flathead;  lake,  county,  and  river  in  Montana,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe.     The 

name  originated  with  the  early  settlers  who  called  several  different  tribes  of 

Indians  by  this  name  on  account  of  their  custom  of  flattening  the  heads  of 

infants  by  fastening  a  piece  of  board  or  a  pad  of  grass  upon  the  forehead.     After 

this  had  been  worn  several  months  it  caused  a  flat  appearance  of  the  head. 
Flatonia;  city  in  Fayette  County,  Texas,  named  for  F.  W.  Flato,  a  first  settler. 
Flattery;  promontory  in  Washington,  so  nani°d  by  Captain  Cook,  "in  token  of  an 

improvement  in  our  prospects." 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  127 

Flavel;  summer  resort  in  Clatsop  County,  Oregon,  named  for  a  prominent  resident 
of  Astoria. 

Fleming;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  George  Fleming,  an 

old  resident. 
Fleming;  county  in  Kentucky; 

Flemingsburg;  town  in  Fleming  County.     Named  for  Col.  John  Fleming,  an  early 
settler  in  the  State. 

Flint;  river  in  Georgia;  a  translation  of  the  Indian  word  throniUuska,  also  lonoto, 
"flint." 

Flint;  city  in  Genesee  County  and  river  in  Michigan;  called  by  the  I ndians,  jtawon- 
nuk-nung,  ** river  of  the  flint.'' 

Flirt;  lake  in  Florida,  named  for  a  Government  schooner. 

Flora;  city  in  Clay  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Flora  Whittleby,  daughter  of  the 
founder. 

Flora;  town  in  Madison  County,  Mississippi,  named  by  W.  B.  Jones  for  his  wife. 

Floral  Park;  village  in  Nassau  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  abun- 
dance of  flowers. 

Florence;  city  in  Lauderdale  County,  Alabama,  village  in  Hampshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  and  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city 
in  Italy. 

Florence;  city  in  Marion  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Miss  Florence  Crawford,  of 
Topeka. 

Florence;  town  iA  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  Florence  Abbott  Ham- 
mond, wife  of  A.  B.  Hammond,  of  Missoula. 

Florence;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Miss  Florence  Kilbourn. 

Florence;  county,  and  township  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named 
for  the  daughter  of  Gen.  W.  W.  Hardlee. 

Florence;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Florence  Mining  Company. 

Flores;  creek  in  Idaho,  named  from  the  flowers  on  its  banks. 

Florida;  State  of  the  Union,  named  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  the  florid  or  flowery  land. 
He  chose  this  name  for  two  reasons:  First,  because  the  country  presented  a 
pleasant  aspect;  and,  second,  because  he  landed  on  the  festival  which  the  Span- 
iards call  Pascua  de  Flores,  or  Pascua  Florida,  "  Feast  of  flowers,"  which  corre- 
sponds to  Palm  Sunday.  The  second  reason  is  generally  considered  to  have  more 
weight. 

Florissant;  town  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  named  by  Judge  James  Castello  from 
his  old  home  in  Missouri. 

Florissant;  city  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  flowery  valley  in 
which  it  is  situated. 

Flowing  Well;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  from  the  artesian 
wells  used  for  irrigating  purposes. 

Floyd;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  John  Floyd,  at  one  time  member  of  Con- 
gress from  that  State. 

Floyd;  county  in  Indiana,  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  been  named  for  Col. 
John  Floyd,  while  others  claim  that  it  was  named  for  Davis  Floyd. 

Floyd;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Iowa,  named  for  Sergt.  Charles 
Floyd,  of  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  exploring  party. 

Floyd;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  John  Floyd,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

Floyd;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Floyd,  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Floyd;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Dolfin  Floyd,  who  fell  at  the  Alamo. 

Floyd;  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Gov.  John  Floyd. 

Floyds;  creek  in  Adair  County,  Missouri,  named  for  an  early  settler  who  came  from 
Kentucky. 


128  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  Ibull.258. 

Flushing;  town  in  Queens  County,  New  York,  now  a  part  of  New  York  City,  called 
by  the  early  Dutch  settlers,  "  Vlisttengen"  of  which  the  present  name  is  a  cor- 
ruption. Some  authorities  claim  that  the  early  settlers  came  from  Flashing, 
Holland. 

Fluvanna;  county  in.  Virginia,  named  from  a  river  which  was  named  for  Queen 
Anne,  of  England. 

Fly;  stream,  and  swamp  of  12,000  acres,  in  Fulton  County,  New  York.  From  claie, 
meaning  a  "channel  of  water, "  a  name  given  by  the  Dutch  settlers,  from  the 
fact  that  the  region  is  land  at  certain  seasons  and  water  at  other  times.  The 
name  was  corrupted  by  the  Scotch,  Dutch,  and  Irish  settlers  to  the  present  form. 

Foard;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Robert  L.  Foard. 

Folsom;  ]>ost-oftice  in  Sacramento  County,  California,  laid  out  on  a  ranch  formerly 
owned  by  the  Folsom  family. 

Folsom;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  David  E.  Folsom,  leader  of  an  expedi- 
tion in  1869. 

Fonda;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Douw  Fonda. 

Fond  du  Lac;  town  in  St.  Louis  County,  Minnesota,  and  county,  and  city  in  same 
county,  in  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  their  situation.  A  French  phrase, 
meaning  "end  of  the  lake." 

Fontaine-qui-Bouille;  creek  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  its  head  is  a  spring  of 
water  highly  aerated.     A  French  phrase,  "fountain  which  boils.,, 

Font  ana;  city  in  Miami  County,  Kansas,  named  from  a  spring  a  mile  west  of  the 
town  site. 

Fontanelle;  town  in  Adair  County,  Iowa,  and  creek  in  Wyoming,  named  for  a 
trapper  in  the  employ  of  the  American  Fur  Company. 

Ford;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Ford,  governor  of  the  State  in  1842-1846. 

Ford;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  James  H.  Ford, 
colonel  of  Second  Colorado  Cavalry. 

Ford;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Forellen;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming.  A  German  word  meaning 
"trout." 

Forest;  counties  in  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin,  so  named  from  the  forests  within 
their  limits.  The  name  occurs,  either  alone  or  with  suffixes,  as  the  name  of 
ninety  places  in  the  country. 

Forrest;  town  in  St.  Francis  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Gen.  N.  B.  Forrest,  who 
built  the  first  house  there. 

Forsyth;  county,  and  city  in  Monroe  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Governor  John 
Forsvth. 

Forsyth;  village  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Robert  Forsyth,  a  railroad 
official. 

Forsyth;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Major  Forsyth,  a  distinguished  officer 
of  the  State,  killed  in  the  war  of  1812. 

Fort  Ann;  village  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  from  an  old  fortifica- 
tion built  in  1756,  during  the  wars  with  the  French. 

Fort  Atkinson;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Atkii.- 
son,  who  commanded  a  stockade  there  during  the  Black  Hawk  war. 

Fort  Bend;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  a  fort  on  Brazos  River. 

Fort  Benton;  town  in  Choteau  County,  Montana,  on  the  site  of  an  old  fort  which 
was  named  for  Thomas  H.  Benton,  of  Missouri. 

Fort  Collins;  city  in  Larimer  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Col.  W.  T.  Collins  of 
the  Eleventh  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Fort  Covington;  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Leonard 
Covington. 


UMTT.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  129 

tort  Crook;  village  in  Sarpy  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  a  fort  which  was 

named  for  Gen.  George  Crook. 
tort  Dade;  village  in  Hernando  County,  Florida,  so  named  because  situated  near 

the  spot  where  Major  Dade  and  companions  perished  while  defending  them- 
selves against  a  party  of  Seminoles. 
tort  Dodge;  city  in  Webster  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Senator  Dodge,  of  Wisconsin. 
tort  Edward;  town  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  from  an  old  fort 

built  in  1709,  named  in  honor  of  Edward,  Duke  of  York. 
tort  Fairfield;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  old  fort  which 

took  its  name  from  John  Fairfield,  who  was  governor  of  Maine  for  many  years. 
tort  Fetterman;  village  in  Albany  County,  Wyoming,  named  for  Lieut.  Col.  W.  J. 

Fetterman,  killed  by  the  Indians  in  1866. 
tort  Gaines;  town  in  Clay  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  E.  P.  Gaines. 
tort  Gratiot;  township  in  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  named  for  General  Gratiot, 

U.  S.  Army,  who,  as  an  engineer,  laid  out  the  fort. 
tort  Hall;  part  of  an  Indian  reservation  in  Bingham  County,  Idaho,  named  from  a 

fort  which  was  built  by  Capt.  N.  J.  Wyeth  and  named  for  one  of  his  partners. 
tort  Hamilton;  village  in  Kings  County,  now  a  part  of  New  York  City,  named  for 

Alexander  Hamilton. 
tort  Kent;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  from  a  fort  which  was  named 

for  Governor  Edward  Kent,  of  Maine. 
tort  Xeogh;  village  in  Custer  County,  Montana,  named  from  a  fort  which  took  its 

name  from  Captain  Keogh,  who  fell  with  General  Custer. 
tort  Klamath;  town  in  Klamath  County,  Oregon,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 
tort  I*eavenworth;  town  in  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  Henry 

Leavenworth,  who  erected  the  fort. 
tort  I*emhi;  precinct  and  fort  in  Lemhi  County,  Idaho.    The  fort  was  built  for 

protection  against  the  Indians  by  the  early  Mormon  settlers.    The  name,  mean- 
ing "land,"  is  taken  from  the  Book  of  Mormon. 
tort  "Logon;  town  in  Meagher  County,  Montana,  named  for  Captain  Logan,  killed 

in  battle  of  the  Big  Hole. 
tort  Lupton;  town  in  Weld  County,  Colorado,  named  for  an  early  settler  on  Adobe 

Creek  in  1840. 
tort  Madison;  city  in  Lee  County,  Iowa,  named  for  James  Madison,  President  of 

the  United  States. 
tort  Monroe;  United  States  school  of  artillery  and  arsenal  on  Hampton  Roads, 

Elizabeth  City  County,  Virginia,  named  for  James  Monroe,  fifth  President  of 

the  United  States. 
tort  Morgan;  town  in  Morgan  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Col.  C.  A.  Morgan. 
tort  Motte;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  because  situ- 
ated upon  the  site  of  Motte's  house,  which  was  fortified  by  the  British  during 

the  Revolution. 
tort  Myers;  town  in  Lee  County,  Florida,  first  a  military  post,  named  for  Capt. 

Abraham  C.  Myers. 
tort  Pierre;  village  in  Stanley  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Pierre  Choteau. 
tort  Plain;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  from  an  old  fortress 

erected  on  a  plain  at  the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  and  Osquaga  rivers. 
tort  Recovery;  village  in  Mercer  County,  Ohio,  named  from  an  old  fort  built  by 

General-Wayne. 
tort  Scott;  city  in  Bourbon  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  Winfield  Scott. 
tort  Sheridan;  village  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  military  post  near, 

which  was  named  for  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan. 

Bull.  25&-05 9 


130  PLAGE   NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED  8TATE8.  [bfll.268. 

Fort  Smith;  town  in  Sebastian  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  a  fort  built  under  the 

direction  of  Gen.  Persifer  F.  Smith,  for  whom  it  was  named. 
Fortuna;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "fortune." 
Fort  Wayne;  city  in  Allen  County,  Indiana,  named  from  a  fort  built  by  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Ham  tram  ck  in  1794,  named  for  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne. 
Fort  Worth;  city  in  Tarrant  County,  Texas,  named  for  General  Worth,  prominent 

in  the  Mexican  war. 
Fortyfort;  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  old  fort  of 

Revolutionary  days. 
Foster;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  George  L  Foster,  a  pioneer, 

prominent  in  the  Territorial  legislature. 
Foster;  town  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Theodore  Foster, 

United  States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Foster  burg;  township  and  village  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Oliver 

Foster,  who  made  the  first  land  entry  in  the  vicinity. 
Fostoria;  city  in  Senica  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Governor  Charles  Foster. 
Fountain;  name  given  to  many  places,  mostly  because  of  Springs. 
Fountain;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Major  Fountain,  of  Kentucky,  killed  at  the 

battle  of  Maumee  in  1790. 
Four  Oaks;  town  in  Johnston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  four  great  oaks 

near. 
Fowler;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Michigan,  named  for  John  N.  Fowler. 
Fowler;  town  in  St  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Theodocius  Fowler, 

former  proprietor. 
Fowler;  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Samuel  Fowler,  a  land 

proprietor. 
Fowlerville;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Ralph  Fowler,  the 

first  settler. 
Fowlerville;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Wells  Fowler, 

the  first  settler. 
Foxburg;  village  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  original  pro- 
prietor, H.  M.  Vox. 
Fox  Chase;  substation  in  Philadelphia,  named  from  an  old  race  course  and  fox 

chase  frequented  many  years  ago  by  citizens  of  Philadelphia. 
Foxcroft;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Col.  Joseph  E.  Foxcroft,  of 

New  Gloucester,  an  early  proprietor. 
Fox  Lake;  village  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  Indian  name  of 

the  Lake,  hash  a  rac  ah  tah,  "fox." 
Frackville;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Daniel  Frack, 

one  of  the  original  settlers. 
Framboise;  island  in  the  Missouri  River.     A  French  word  meaning  " raspberry. " 
Framingham;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.    The  name  is  evidently 

a  corruption  of  Framlingham,  Suffolk  County,  England. 
Francestown;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  wife  of 

Governor  Benning  Wentworth,  whose  maiden  name  was  Frances  Deering. 
Franceville;  town  in  El  Pa**o  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Hon.  Matt  France,  of 

Colorado  Springs. 
France  way;  creek  in  Grant  County,  Arkansas.    The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the 

name  Francois,  given  by  the  early  French. 
Francis;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Franconia;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  Duchy  in 

Germany. 
Frank;  inland  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  lot  the  brother  of  Henry  W. 
Elliott,  of  the  Hayden  expedition. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IK   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  131 

Frankford;  station  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  a  land  company  which 
organized  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in  Germany,  and  which  purchased  the  land 
upon  which  Germantown  and  other  suburbs  now  stand. 

Frankfort;  city  in  Clinton  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  city  in  Kentucky. 

Frankfort;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  in  dispute; 
one  authority  says  it  was  named  for  Frank  Schmidt,  of  Marysville,  owner  of  the 
site,  and  another  states  the  name  was  transferred  from  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Frankfort;  city  in  Franklin  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  one  of  aband  of  pioneers, 
who  alone  succeeded  in  fording  the  Kentucky  River,  and  was  killed  by  Indians 
on  reaching  the  opposite  bank. 

Frankfort;  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  for  Lawrence  Frank,  an 
early  settler. 

Franklin;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida;  county,  and  town  in  Heard 
County,  in  Georgia;  counties  in  Illinois  and  Indiana;  county,  and  town  in  Lee 
County,  in  Iowa;  county  in  Kansas;  county,  and  city  in  Simpson  County,  in  Ken- 
tucky; parish  in  Louisiana;  county,  and  town  in  Hancock  County,  in  Maine; 
county,  and  town  in  Norfolk  County,  in  Massachusetts;  counties  in  Mississippi 
and  Missouri;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska;  county,  and 
village  in  Delaware  County,  in  New  York;  county,  and  town  in  Macon  County, 
in  North  Carolina;  county  in  Ohio;  county,  and  boroughs  in  Cambria  and 
Venango  counties,  Pennsylvania;  counties  in  Tennessee,  Vermont,  Virginia,  and 
Washington;  and  mountain  in  New  Hampshire;  named  for  Benjamin  Franklin. 
Many  other  places  throughout  the  country  bear  his  name. 

Franklin;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Temple  Franklin. 

Franklin;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  B.  C.  Franklin,  first  judge  of  the  district  court 
of  the  republic. 

Franks  town;  village  in  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Stephen  Franks,  a 
German  trader. 

Franktown;  town  in  Douglas  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Hon.  J.  Frank  Gard- 
ner, an  early  resident. 

village  in  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  named  for  a  lawyer  from  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler, 
village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Hugh  Frazer,  an  early 
patentee. 

Frederic;  town  in  Crawford  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Frederick  Barker,  a 
pioneer. 

Frederica;  town  in  Glynn  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales. 

Frederick;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  Frederick,  son  of  Charles,  Fifth  Lord 
Baltimore.    It  may  have  been  given  also  in  reference  to  Frederick,  Prince  of 
Wales. 
Frederick;  county  in  Virginia; 

Fredericksburg;  city  in  Spottsylvania  County,  Virginia.    Named  for  Frederick, 
Prince  of  Wales. 

Fredericktown;  city  in  Madison  County,  Missouri,  named  for  George  Frederick 
Bollinger,  a  former  member  of  the  State  legislature. 

Fredonia;  city  in  Wilson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Fredonia,  New  York. 

Fredonia;  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York.  The  name  was  devised  to 
signify  "land  of  freedom, "  and  proposed  as  a  name  for  the  United  States. 

Freeborn;  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  William 
Freeborn,  a  member  of  the  council  in  1855. 

Freehold;  town  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  originally  a  freehold. 

FreelancUrpiU**  village  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  lot  Dt.  3o\*n.^/$TO&»sA. 


132  PLACE   NAME8    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  288. 

Freeman;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Samuel  Freeman,  of  Port- 
land, Maine. 

Freemansburg;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Jacob 
Freeman. 

Freeo;  creek  in  Arkansas.    A  corruption  of  the  Spanish  word  frio,  "cold." 

Freeport;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  it  was  intended 
that  it  should  be  a  free  port.  The  named  is  found  frequently  in  the  country, 
generally  having  been  given  in  the  spirit  of  liberty. 

Freeport;  township  and  city  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois.  The  name  was  first 
applied  to  the  home  of  an  early  settler  because  of  his  hospitality,  and  clung  to 
the  settlement. 

Freestone;  county  in  Texas,  so  named  from  the  character  of  the  soil. 

Freetown;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  called  by  the  original  settlers 

Freeman's  Land. 
Fremont;  county  and  pass  in  Colorado;  counties  in  Idaho  and  Iowa;  town  in  Rock- 
ingham County,  New  Hampshire;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York;  city  in 
Sandusky  County,  Ohio;  island  in  Utah;  county  and  peak  of  the  Wind  River 
Mountains,  Wyoming;  and  many  other  places; 
Fremontville;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California.  Named  for  Gen.  John  C.  Fre- 
mont. 

French;  river  in  Massachusetts,  so  named  from  a  settlement  of  French  Protestants 
in  the  town  of  Oxford. 

French  Broad;  river  in  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  the  country  west  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  was  held  by  the  French,  according  to  some  authorities.  Others  hold 
that  the  river  was  named  by  a  party  of  hunters  for  their  captain,  whose  name 
was  French.    The  latter  part  of  the  name  is  used  descriptively. 

Frenchburg;  town  in  Menifee  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Judge  Richard  French, 
prominent  politician. 

French  Camp;  town  in  Choctaw  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  from  an  old  settle- 
ment made  by  French. 

Frenchman;  bay  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  so  named  because  a  settlement  was  made 
here  by  Frenchmen. 

Frenchs  Mills;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Abel  French,  who 
owned  a  factory  there. 

Fresno;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  California,  so  named  from  the 
heavy  growth  of  ash  trees;  the  Spanish  form  for  "ash  tree." 

Friar  Point;  town  in  Coahoma  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  an  old  woodchopper, 
an  early  settler. 

Friedensville;  village  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  an  old  Dutch 
church,  Frieden*kirche,  meaning  "peace  church." 

Friend;  village  in  Saline  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  C.  E.  Friend,  the  original 
owner  of  the  town  site. 

fFrio;  county  in  Texas; 

iFriotown;  village  in  Frio  County,  Texas.     A  Spanish  wTord,  meaning  "cold." 

Frontier;  county  in  Nebraska,  so  named  because  it  was  on  the  frontier  at  the  time 
of  its  naming. 

Front  Royal;  town  in  Warren  County,  Virginia,  first  known  as  Royal  Oak,  named 
for  an  immense  tree  growing  in  the  common.  Front  Royal  originated  from  the 
circumstance  of  a  colonel,  who,  becoming  confused  in  his  commands,  ordered 
his  regiment  to  "front  the  royal." 

Frostburg;  town  in  Allegany  County,  Maryland,  named  for  a  family  who  owned 

the  land. 
Fruita;  town  in  Mesa  County,  Colorado; 

Fruito;  town  in  Glenn  County,  California.    R&mediTomfowtaBQ&s^^^ 
growing  districts. 


{' 


oankctt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITKD   STATES.  133 

Fnutam;  mount  in  Colorado,  named  from  its  shape. 

Fryburg;  town  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  General  Fry,  United  States  Army. 

Fryeburg;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  its  founder,  Gen.  Joseph 

Frye,  a  veteran  officer  of  the  French  wars,  who  received  a  grant  of  land  in  Maine 

as  a  reward  for  his  services. 
Fulford;  village  in  Eagle  County,  Colorado,  named  for  A.  H.  Fulford,  a  pioneer. 
Fullerton;  city  in  Nance  County,  Nebraska,   named  for  Randall  Fuller,  early 

stockman. 
Fulton;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  William  Savin  Fulton,  governor  of  the 

Territory. 
Fulton;  counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky;  county,  and  villages  in 

Montgomery  and  Oswego  Counties,  in  New  York,  and  county  in  Pennsylvania, 

named  for  Robert  Fulton.     His  name  has  been  given  to  numerous  places 

throughout  the  country. 
Fulton;  city  in  Bourbon  County,  Kansas,  named  from  Fulton,  Illinois. 
Funk;  town  in  Phelps  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  P.  C.  Funk. 
Funks  town;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maryland,  named  for  Jacob  Funk,  original 

proprietor. 
Furnas;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Robert  W.  Furnas,  governor  in  1873-1875. 
Gabilan;  mountain  ridge,  spur  of  the  coast  range  in  California.    A  Spanish  word 

meaning  " sparrow  hawk." 
Gadsden;  town  in  Etowah  County,  Alabama,  and  county  in  Florida,  named  for 

James  Gadsden,  the  American  statesman. 
Gafihey;  city  in  Cherokee  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  in  the  State. 
Gage;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  a  Methodist  minister. 
Gagetown;  village  in  Tuscola  County,  Michigan,  named  for  James  Gage,  the  first 

settler. 
Gaines;  town  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  E.  P.  Gaines. 
Gaines;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Gaines,  who  fought  in  the  war  for  Texan 

independence. 
Gainesville;  city  in  Alachua  County,  Florida,  towns  in  Hall  County,  Georgia,  and 

Wyoming  County,  New  York,  and  city  in  Cooke  County,  Texas,  named  for  Gen. 

E.  P.  Gaines. 
Galatia;  township  and  village  in  Saline  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Albert  Gallatin. 
Galen;  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board  for 

Claudius  Galenus,  an  illustrious  physician  of  antiquity. 
Galena;  cities  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  Illinois,  and  Cherokee  County,  Kansas,  and 

mount  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  lead  ore  found  in  the  several  vicinities. 
Galesburg;  city  in  Knox  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Rev.  George  W.  Gale,  the 

founder. 
Galesburg;  village  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Gen.  L.  Gale,  early 

settler. 
Galesville;  village  in  Trempealeau  County,  Wisconsin,  named   for  Hon.  George 

Gale,  who  laid  it  out. 
Gallatin;  counties  in  Illinois  and  Kentucky;  county  and  river  in  Montana;  towns 

in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  Copiah   County,   Mississippi,   and  Sunnier 

County,  Tennessee;  named  for  Albert  Gallatin,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 

President  Thomas  Jefferson. 
Gallaway;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Governor  Gallaway. 
Gallia;  county  in  Ohio,  settled  in  1790  by  a  colony  of  Frenchmen,  and  named  by 

them  from  the  Latin  appellation  of  France. 
Gallinas;  river  in  New  Mexico.     A  Spanish  word,  gallina,  "hen,"  used  figuratively 

to  denote  a  coward. 
QaUipolim;  city  in  Gallia  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  aettXfc&Vy  Yrax&v. 


134  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Gallitzin;  borough  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  Prince 

Demetrius  Augustine  Gallitzin. 
Gallman;  town  in  Copiah  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  leading  citizen. 
Galloo;  islands  in  Lake  Ontario,  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  old 

resident 
Gait  on;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  stockholder. 
Galva;  township  and  town  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  by  Olaf  Johnson, 

from  Gefle,  his  home  in  Sweden,  and  Anglicized  to  the  present  form. 
Galva;  city  in  McPherson  County,  Kansas,  named  by  Mrs.  J.  E.  Doyle  for  her  old 

home  in  Illinois. 
Galveston;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  Don  Jose"  Galvez, 

Spanish  viceroy  of  Texas;  in  1797  proclaimed  king  by  the  people  of  Mexico. 
Gal  way;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  county  in  Ireland. 
Gambier;  village  in  Knox  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Lord  James  Gambier,  a  British 

admiral,  a  benefactor  of  Kenyon  College,  located  there. 
Gannett;  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  in  Nebraska,  named  for  J.  W.  Gan- 
nett, auditor  of  the  road. 
Gans;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Gansevoort;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Peter  Ganse- 

voort,  who  located  there  soon  after  the  war. 
Garberville;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  J.  C.  Garber. 
Garden;  thirty  places  in  the  country  bear  this  name,  used  descriptively,  either  with 

or  without  suffixes. 
Garden  of  the  Gods;  locality  near  Pikes  Peak,  Colorado.    Lewis  N.  Tappan  and 

three  others  went  from  Denver  to  select  a  site  for  a  town.    They  stood  upon  a 

rocky  prominence  and  exclaimed,  "A  fit  garden  for  the  gods,"  hence  the  name. 
Gardiner;  city  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  named  for  Sylvester  Gardiner,  one  of 

the  proprietors  of  the  old  Plymouth  patent. 
Gardiner;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  Addison  Gardiner,  formerly 

lieutenant-governor. 
Gardiner;  river  in  Yellowstone  Park,  probably  named  for  an  old  trapper  who  was 

a  companion  of  Joseph  Meek. 
Gardiner 8;  island  lying  eaHt  of  Long  Island,  named  for  the  first  settler,  Lyon  Gar- 
diner, a  Scotchman. 
Gardner;  village  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry  C.  Gardner,  its 

founder. 
Gardner;  city  in  Johnson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Henry  J.  Gardner,  governor 

of  Massachusetts  in  1855. 
Gardner;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  Thos.  Gardner, 

who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
Garfield;   town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named   for  the  son  of  Gilbert 

Garfield,  a  settler. 
Garfield;  county  and  mountain  in  Colorado;  mountain  in  Idaho;  town  in  Lasalle 

County,  Illinois;   town  in  Pawnee  County,  Kansas;  plantation  in  Aroostook 

County,  Maine;  county  in  Nebraska;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey; 

town  in  Mahoning  County,  Ohio;   county  in  Oklahoma;   town  in  Clackamas 

County,  Oregon;  and  counties  in  Utah  and  Washington;  named  for  President 

James  A.  Garfield.     His  name  is  also  borne  by  many  other  places  in  the  country. 
Garfield;  lake  in  the  town  of  Monterey,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named 

for  a  resident  familv. 
Garland;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  A.  H.  Garland,  governor  of  the  State  in  1874. 
Garland;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Joseph  Garland,  the  first 

settler. 


gannbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  135 

Qarnett;  city  in  Anderson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  W.  A.  Garnett,  of  Louisville, 

Kentucky. 
Garrard;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  James  Garrard,  governor  of  the  State 

in  1796. 
Garrett;  city  in  Dekalb  County,  Indiana,  county  in  Maryland,  and  borough  in 

Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  W.  Garrett,  president  of  the 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
Garrettsville;  township  and  village  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  John 

Garrett,  its  founder. 
Garrison;  village  in  Nacogdoches  County,  Texas,  named  for  Z.  B.  Garrison,  an 

early  settler,  although  the  name  was  probably  also  given  in  reference  to  others 

of  that  name  in  the  first  settlement. 
Garysburg;  town  in  Northampton  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Roderick  B. 

Gary. 
Garza;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  family  of  that  name  of  which  Governor 

Garza,  who  founded  San  Antonio,  was  a  member. 
Gasconade;  river  and  county  in  Missouri.    The  name  is  from  Gascon,  an  inhabitant 

of  Gascony,  and  was  applied  by  the  early  French. 
Gasport;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  so  named  from  springs  which  emit 

an  inflammable  gas. 
Gaston;  camp  in  Nevada  County,  California,  named  for  a  military  commander. 
Gaston;   county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  William  Gaston,  a  judge  of  the 

supreme  court  of  the  State. 
Gaston;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Gaston  family. 
Gastonia;  town  in  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  William  Gaston,  a 

judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  State. 
Gates;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  and  county  in  North  Carolina; 
Gatesville;  town  in  Gates  County,  North  Carolina.    Named  for  Gen.  Horatio  Gates, 

Revolutionary  commander. 
Gates;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  J.  L.  Gates  of  the  Gates  Land  Company. 
Gaviota;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  a  Spanish  word  meaning  t(sea 

gull." 
Gay  Head;  headland  and  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  from 

the  brilliant  colors  of  the  cliffs. 
Gaylesville;  town  in  Cherokee  County,  Alabama,  named  for  George  W.  Gayle,  a 

prominent  politician  of  the  State. 
Gay  lord;  city  in  Smith  County,  Kansas,  named  for  C.  E.  Gay  lord,  of  Marshall 

County. 
Gaylord;  village  in  Otsego  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  attorney  of  the  Michi- 
gan Centra]  Railroad. 
Gayoso;  village  in  Pemiscot  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Governor  Don  Manuel 

Gayoso  de  Lemos. 
Geary;  county,  and  town  in  Doniphan  County,  in  Kansas,  named  for  John  W. 

Geary,  governor  of  the  Territory  in  1856-57. 
Geauga;  county  in  Ohio.    The  name  is  thought  by  some  to  have  been  derived  from 

the  same  source  as  Cuyahoga;  others  say  it  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word 

shcauga-sipe  meaning  "raccoon  river,"  a  name  originally  applied  to    Grand 

River.    Haines  says  that  it  was  the  name  of  a  chief  of  one  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Still  another  theory  derives  it  from  cageauga,  "dogs  around  the  fire." 
Geddes;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Geddes,  the  first 

settler. 
Genesee;  county,  river,  and  town  in  Wyoming  County,  in  New  York,  and  county  in 

Michigan,  besides  several  other  small  places,  named  from  the  Indian,  rr  eaning 

"shining  valley,,  or  "beautiful  valley." 


136  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  twnx.288. 

Geneseo;  cities  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  and  Rice  County,  Kansas,  and  town  in 

Livingston  County,  New  York,  on  the  Genesee  River.    The  name  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  Genesee. 
Geneva;  county,  and  town  in  name  county,  in  Alabama,  and  city  and  town  in  Ontario 

county,  New  York,  and  twenty  other  places,  the  name  having  been  transferred 

from  the  city  in  Switzerland. 
Geneva;  township  and  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  and  township  and  village  in 

Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 
Genoa;  township  and  village  in  Dekalb  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in 

New  York. 
Genoa;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  and  fourteen  other  places  bear  the 

name  of  the  city  in  Italy. 
Gentry;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  named  for  Col.  Richard 

Gentry,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  Florida. 
George;  lake  in  eastern  New  York,  named  for  George  II  of  England. 
Georgetown;  town  in  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado,  named  for  George  Griffith, 

clerk  of  the  court. 
Georgetown;  town  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Commissioner  George 

Mitchell,  a  prominent  resident. 
Georgetown;  formerly  a  city,  now  a  part  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  named  for 

George  Boone,  an  Englishman  who  purchased  several  tracts  of  land  in  the 

neighborhood. 
Georgetown;  village  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  Haworth,  son 

of  the  founder. 
Georgetown;  village  in  Brown  County,  Indiana,  named  for  George  Grove,  its 

founder. 
Georgetown;  towns  in  Eldorado  County,  California,  and  Scott  County,  Kentucky, 

named  for  President  George  Washington. 
Georgetown;  town  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  and  county,  and  city  in  same 

county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  George  I,  King  of  England. 
Georgetown;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  thought  to  be  named  from 

George  Peabody,  a  London  banker,  who  built  a  memorial  church  and  endowed 

a  public  library. 
Georgetown;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  King 

George  III,  of  England. 
Georgetown;  town  in  Williamson  County,  Texas,  said  to  have  been  named  for 

George  Glasscock,  an  early  pettier. 
Georgia;  State  of  the  Union,  named  by  and  for  King  George  II,  of  England. 
Georgia;  strait  totween  Washington  and  Vancouver  Island,  named  for  George  III, 

King  of  England. 
German;  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Obadiah  German, 

the  original  proprietor. 
German  Flats;  town  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  so  from  the  German 

settlers  on  the  Mohawk  Flats. 
Germanton;  village  in  Stokes  County,  North  Carolina,  settled  by  Germans. 
Gerry;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Elbridge  Gerry,  a  signer 

of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Gervais;  town  in  Marion  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Joseph  Gervais,  a  pioneer. 
Gethsemane;  town  in  Nelson  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  garden  at  the  foot 

of  the  Mount  of  Olives. 
Gettysburg;  borough  in  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  James  Gettys, 

who  laid  it  out. 
Geuda;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  mineral  springs  near. 


OAK»fiTT.]  PLACE   NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  137 

{Gibbon;  river  and  hill  in  Yellowstone  Park  and  village  in  Umatilla  County,  Oregon; 
Gibbonsville;  town  in  Lemhi  County,  Idaho.     Named  for  Gen.  John  Gibbon, 
United  States  Army. 
Gibraltar;  villages  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  Union  County,  North  Carolina, 

and  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  in  Spain. 
Gibson;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  John  Gibson,  secretary  and  acting  governor 

of  Indiana  Territory  in  1811-1813. 
Gibson;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  Thomas 

Gibson. 
Gibson  City;  city  in  Ford  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  founder  for  his  wife's 

family. 
Gibson ville;  town  in  Guilford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident. 
Gilford;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,  B.  F.  Gif- 

ford. 
Gila;  county  in  Arizona  and  river  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.    The  name  is  said 

to  be  of  Spanish  origin,  but  the  meaning  is  lost. 
Gilberton;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Gilbert, 

who  owned  coal  mines  there. 
Gilboa;  towns  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  and  Putnam  County,  Ohio,  named 

from  the  mountain  in  Palestine.    The  name  means  "  bubbling  fountain. " 
Gildehouse;  village  in  Franklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  family  who  first 

settled  there. 
Gilead;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  large  balm  of  gilead  tree 

standing  in  the  middle  of  the  town.    The  name  means  "strong,"  "rocky." 
Giles;  village  in  Brown  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  first  postmaster,  Giles 

Mead. 
Giles;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  William  Branch  Giles,  governor  of  the  State 

in  1827-1830.    The  county  in  Tennessee  was  probably  named  for  the  same. 
Gilford;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  S.  S.  Gilman,  who 

made  the  first  settlements  there. 
Gill;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Moses  Gill,  one  time  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  State. 
Gillespie;  township  and  village  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Judge 

Joseph  Gillespie. 
Gillespie;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Robert  A.  Gillespie,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of 

Monterey. 
Gilliam;  village  in  Saline  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  fanner  residing  in  the 

neighborhood. 
Gilliam;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  Col.  Cornelius  Gilliam,  member  of  the  vol- 
unteers of  Willamette  Valley.  ' 
Gilman;  town  in  Eagle  County,  Colorado,  named  for  H.  M.  Gilman,  a  prominent 

resident 
Gilman;  city  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Samuel  Gilman,  a  prominent 

railroad  man. 
Gilman;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  railroad  contractor. 
Gilman;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  M.  Gilman,  an 

early  settler,  from  New  Hampshire. 
Gilman  ton;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  former  owners 

of  the  site. 
Gilmer;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  George  P.  Gilmer,  governor  of  the  State  in 

1830. 
Gilmer;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  a  member  of  Con- 

greasirom  Virginia. 


138  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Gilpin;  county  and  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  for  William  Gilpin,  the  first  Ter- 
ritorial governor. 
Gilroy;  township  and  city  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  named  for  an  old 

trapper  and  guide. 
Gilsum;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  first  proprietors, 

Gilbert  and  Sumner. 
Girard;  township  and  city  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois;  village  in  Trumbull 

County,  Ohio,  and  borough  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Girardville;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  several  other  towns 

and  villages.     Named  for  Stephen  Girard,  at  one  time  the  wealthiest  man  in  the 

United  States. 

Girard;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  borough  in  Pennsylvania. 
Gladstone;  village  in  Henderson  County,  Illinois;  city  in  Delta  County,  Michigan, 

and  town  in  Stark  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  English  statesman, 

William  E.  Gladstone. 
Gladwin;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  named  for  Maj.  Henry  Glad- 
win, in  command  at  Detroit  at  the  time  of  Pontiac's  conspiracy. 
Glasco;  city  in  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  Scotland,  and  spelled 

by  the  first  postmaster  "Glasco." 
Glascock;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Thomas  Glascock,  an  oflieer  of  the  war  of 

1812. 
Glasford;  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas  Glassford,  its  founder. 
Glasgow;  city  in  Barren  County,  Kentucky,  and  several  other  places,  named  from 

the  citv  in  Scotland. 
Glassboro;  town  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  its  glass  factories. 
Glasscock;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  George  W.  Glasscock,  who  took  part  in  the 

storming  of  San  Antonio. 
Glastonbury;  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Glazypool;  mountain  and  creek  in  Arkansas.     A  corruption  of  the  French  name 

glciiseti  Paul,  "Paul's  clay  pit." 
Glen;  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  places  in  the  country  bear  this  name  alone  or  with 

suffixes.     In  the  majority  of  cases  the  word  is  used  descriptively,  but  in  a  few 

cases  it  is  a  proper  name. 
Glen;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jacob  Glen,  a  prominent 

citizen. 
Glencoe;  township  and  village  in  McLeod  County,  Minnesota;  the  name  is  taken 

from  Scott's  writings. 
Glenn;  county  in  California,  named  for  Hugh  J.  Glenn,  a  prominent  resident  of 

the  county. 
Glenn  Springs;  town  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  a  famous 

spring  owned  by  the  Glenn  family. 
Glens  Falls;  village  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  named  by  and  for  John  Glenn. 
Glenville;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  manor  of 

Sandir  lx»enderste  Glen,  which  formerly  occupied  the  site. 
Glenwood;  township  and  city  in  Mills  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  Presbyterian 

minister,  Glenn  Wood. 
Glenwood  Springs;  town  in  Garfield  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  city  in 

Iowa  and  the  famous  hot  springs  in  the  neighborhood. 
Glidden;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  manufacturer  of  barbed  wire. 

I Gloucester;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  counties  in  New  Jersey  and 
Virginia; 
Gloucester  City;  city  in  Camden  County,  New  Jersey.     Named  from  Gloucester- 
shire, England. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES  IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  139 

Glover;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Gen.  John  Glover,  of  Marble- 
head,  a  principal  proprietor. 
Glovers viUe;  city  in  Fulton  County,  New  York,  named  from  its  glove  factories. 
Glynn;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  John  Glynn,  an  English  lawyer  and  warm 

friend  of  the  American  colonies. 
Gnadenhutten;  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  settled  by  Moravian  mission- 
aries.   A  German  word  meaning  "sacred  hut"  or  "log  tabernacle." 
Goddard;  city  in  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas,  named  for  J.  F.  Goddard,  general 

manager  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Godfrey;  township  and  village  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Capt.  Ben- 
jamin Godfrey,  who  founded  a  seminary  in  1837. 
Goff;  city  in  Nemaha  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Edward  II.  Goff  of  the  Union 

Pacific  Railroad. 
Goffstown;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  John  Goffe. 
Gogebic;  county  and  lake  in  Michigan.     An  Indian  word,  according  to  some  author- 
ities, a  contraction  of  agqjebic,  meaning  "  rocky,"  or  "rocky  shore;"  others  say 

it  is  from  gogebing,  "dividing  lake." 
Golconda;  city  in  Pope  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Humboldt  County,  Nevada, 

named  from  the  city  in  India. 
Gold;  a  name  of  frequent  occurrence  throughout  the  country.     It  appears  with 

numerous  suffixes  and  in  most  cases  was  given  to  denote  the  presence  of  the 

metal, 
f Golden;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  Golden  Gate; 
| Golden  Gate;  narrow  pass  in  the  mountains  in  Jefferson  County,  Colorado,  which 
'      at  the  time  of  naming  led  to  the  principal  gold  mines  of  the  State. 
Golden  Gate;  bay  in  California,  named  by  Colonel  Fremont,  before  the  discovery 

of  gold  in  the  country,  because  of  the  brilliant  effect  of  the  setting  sun  on  the 

cliffs  and  hills. 
Gold  Point;  town  in  Martin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  gold  leaf 

tobacco. 
Goldsboro;  township  and  city  in  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  M.  T. 

Goldsboro,  of  Maryland. 
Goldthwaite;  town  in  Mills  County,  Texas,  named  for  a  man  prominent  in  the 

organization  of  a  railroad  running  into  the  town. 
Goleta;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,   California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"schooner." 
Goliad;  county  in  Texas,  named  by  making  an  anagram  of  the  name,  "Hidalgo," 

the  Mexican  revolutionary  hero. 
Gonzales;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Raphael  Gonzales,  at  one  time  provisional 

governor  of  the  State. 
Goochland;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  William  Gooch,  lieutenant-governor  of 

Virginia  in  1727-1749. 
Goodhue;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  James  M. 

Goodhue,  the  first  journalist  of  the  Territory,  who  founded  the  Pioneer,  of 

St.  Paul,  in  1849. 
Goodland;  town  in  Newton  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  of  the  rich  character 

of  the  soil. 
Goodman;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  first  president  of  the 

Mississippi  Central  Railroad. 
Goose;  river  in  Maine,  named  from  a  pond  at  the  source,  so  called  by  an  early  settler 

from  a  wild-goose  nest  which  he  found  on  a  rock  on  the  bank  of  the  pond. 
Gooski;  lake  in  Florida,  named  for  an  old  settler,  a  Pole. 
Gorda;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "fat/' 

"full-fed." 


140  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  256 

Gordon;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  William  W.  Gordon,  first  president  of  the 

Central  Railroad  of  Georgia. 
Gordonsviile;  town  in  Orange  County,  Virginia,  named  for  its  founder,  Nathaniel 

Gordon. 
Gore;  pass  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  gunsmith  of  Denver. 
Gorham;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine.    Some  authorities  say  it  was  named 

for  Col.  Shubael  Gorham,  one  of  the  original  proprietors,  but  Whitmore  says 

that  it  was  named  for  Capt  John  Gorham,  an  early  proprietor. 
Gorham;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Captain  Gorham,  who 

was  in  the  Narragansett  fight. 
Gorham;  town  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  named  for  Nathaniel  Gorham. 
Gorman;  township  in  Ottertail  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Willis  A.  Gorman, 

former  governor  of  the  State. 
Goahen;  township  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Goshen,  Ohio. 
Goshen;  city  in  Elkhart  County,  Indiana,  village  in  Orange  County,  New  York, 

and  township  and  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  "Land 

of  Goshen."    The  name  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  applied  as  a 

synonym  of  fruitfulness  and  fertility. 
Goaiute;  peak  and  lake  in  Nevada,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Gosnold;  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  settled  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold. 
Gosper;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  John  J.  Gosper,  secretary  of  state. 
Gothic;  mountains  in  the  Adirondack^,  New  York,  and  Elk  Mountains,  Colorado, 

so  named  because  of  pinnacles  resembling  gothic  architecture. 
Gouldsboro;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  Robert  Gould,  one  of  the 

original  proprietors. 
Gouverneur;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gouverneur 

Morris,  an  American  statesman. 
Go  van;  town  in  Bamberg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  prominent 

in  South  Carolina  history. 
Gove;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Grenville  L.  Gove, 

captain  in  the  Eleventh  Kansas  Regiment. 
Governors;  island  in  Boston  Harbor,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Governor  Winthrop, 

to  whose  descendant*  it  still  belongs. 
Governors;  island  in  New  York  Harbor,  named  for  Governor  Van  Twiller,  who 

owned  it  at  an  early  date. 
Gowanda;  village  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"town  among  the  hills  by  the  water  side." 
Grafton;  village  in  Pope  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts, 

the  native  place  of  the  first  settler. 
Grafton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  Fitz-Roy, 

Duke  of  Grafton. 
Grafton;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Augustus 

Henry  Fitz-Roy,  Duke  of  Grafton. 
Grafton;  city  in  Taylor  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

Railroad,  because  they  graft ed  a  branch  from  this  point  to  Wheeling. 
Graham;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  John  L.  Graham,  captain  of  the  Eighth 

Kansas  Regiment. 
Graham;  county,  and  town  in  Alamance  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Senator 

William  A.  Graham,  secretary  of  the  navy  under  President  Fillmore. 
Graham;  city  in  Young  County,  Texas,  named  for  one  of  two  brothers,  who  owned 

salt  works  near  where  the  town  was  built. 
Graham8ville;  village  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York,  named  for  Lieutenant  Gra- 
ham, who  was  killed  by  Indians  near  the  site  of  the  village. 
Orahamton;  town  in  Meade  County,  Kentucky,  name&ioY  uaeaxV}  \tarc«ex. 


gaxkbtt.]  PLACE  NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  STATE8.  141 

Grahanwille;  town  in  Beaufort  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  founder. 

Grainger;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Mary  Grainger. 

Oranby;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  said  to  have  been  named  for 

John,  Marquis  of  Granby. 
Granby;  town  in  Essex  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Earl  Granby,  in  1761. 
Grand;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  Grand  Lake,  the  source  of  Grand  River. 
Grand  Goteau;  town  in  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana,  so  named  because  of  its  posi- 
tion.   A  French  name  meaning  "great  hill." 
Grand  Forks;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  North  Dakota,  which  take  their 

name  from  the  junction  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North  with  Red  Lake  River. 
Grand  Haven;  city  in  Ottawa  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  it  is  situated  on 

the  best  harbor  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 
Grand  Island;  city  in  Hall  County,  Nebraska,  on  Platte  River,  which  is  divided 

into  two  channels  at  that  point  by  an  island  nearly  50  miles  long. 
Grand  Isle;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  from  an  island  in  the  river 

at  that  point. 
Grand  Isle;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Vermont,  named  from  an  island 

in  Lake  Champlain,  now  called  South  Hero.    The  early  French  called  it  Grand 

Isle. 
Grand  Junction;  city  in  Mesa  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  its  location 

at  the  junction  of  the  Gunnison  and  Grand  rivers. 
Grand  Junction;  town  in  Greene  County,  Iowa,  so  named  from  its  position  at  the 

junction  of  the  Keokuk  and  Dee  Moines  and  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 

railroads. 
Grand  Lake  Stream;  plantation  in  Washington  County ,  Maine,  named  from  a  lake 

in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 
Grand  Ledge;  city  in  Eaton  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  the  rock  ledges 

along  the  Grand  River  in  the  vicinity. 
Grand  Rapids;  cities  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  and  Wood  County,  Wisconsin, 

named  from  rapids  and  falls  in  the  Grand  and  Wisconsin  rivers. 
Grand  Sonde;  river  and  valley  in  Oregon.     A  French  name  meaning  "great 

round."     It  was  applied  by  the  early  French  trappers  to  the  valley  because  of 

its  circular  shape. 
Grand  Tower;  city  in  Jackson  County,  Illinois,  named  from  a  high  rocky  island  in 

the  Mississippi  River,  which  resembles  a  tower. 
Grand  Traverse;  county  in  Michigan,  named  from  Grand  Traverse  Bay. 
Granite;  county  in  Montana,  named  from  a  mountain  which  contains  the  celebrated 

Granite  Mountain  silver  mine. 
Granite  Falls;  city  in  Yellow  Medicine  County,  Minnesota,  located  at  falls  in 

Minnesota  River,  so  named  because  of  the  presence  of  immense  masses  of  granite 

rock. 
Graniteville;  village  in  Iron  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  quarry  near,  considered 

one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world. 
Grant;  military  post  in  Arizona,  county  in  Arkansas;  town  in  Humboldt  County, 

California;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  Iowa;  county  in  Kansas;  parish  in 

Louisiana;  county  in  Minnesota;  county,  and  village  in  Perkins  County,  Nebraska; 

counties  in  New  Mexico,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  and  West  Virginia; 

and  many  small  places  throughout  the  country;  named  for  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant. 
Grant;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Samuel  and  Moses  Grant,  of  Kentucky,  killed 

in  battle  with  the  Indians. 
Grant;  county  in  Kentucky.    According  to  John  McGee  it  was  named  for  Col.  John 

Grant,  an  early  settler,  but  according  to  J.  Worthing  McCann,  the  county  was 

named  for  Samuel  Grant. 


142  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Grant;  river  and  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  a  trapper  who  had  a  cabin  on  the 

river  bank. 
Grantsdale;  town  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  H.  H.  Grant,  land  owner, 

who  built  the  first  flour  mill  and  kept  the  first  store. 
Grantsville;  town  in  Calhoun  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant 
Granville;  township  and  village  in  Putnam  County,  Illinois,  and  township  and  vil- 
lage in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 
Granville;  towns  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Washington  County, 

New  York,  and  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Carteret,  Earl  of 

Granville. 
Grass;  river  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  from  the  name  given  it  by  the 

early  French,  In  grasse  ririere,  meaning  "the  fertile  river." 
Grass  Valley;  township  and  city  in  Nevada  County,  California,  named  from  a  val- 
ley covered  with  grass. 
Gratiot;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Capt.  Charles  Gratiot,  United  States  Army, 

who  constructed  Fort  Gratiot  in  1814. 
Gratiot;  village  in  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Col.  Henry  Gratiot,  an 

Indian  agent. 
Grattan;  township  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  Irish  orator. 
Gratz;  borough  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  Prussian  town. 
Graves;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  Benjamin  Graves,  who  fell  at  the 

battle  of  Raisin  River. 
Gravesend;  village  in  Kings  County,  New  York,  now  a  part  of  New  York  City. 

named  by  persons  from  Gravesend,  England. 
Gravette;  town  in  Benton  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  E.  T.  Gravette. 
Gray;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Alfred  Gray,  secretary  of  the  Kansas  State 

board  of  agriculture  in  1873-1880. 
Gray;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Thomas 

Gray,  one  of  the  proprietors. 
Gray;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Peter  W.  Gray,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Houston. 
Grayling;  town  in  Crawford  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  fish  for  which  the 

Au  Sable  River  was  famous. 
Grayxnount;  town  in  Colorado  near  the  foot  of  Gray's  Peak;  hence  the  name. 
Grays;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  by  Doctor  Parry  for  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  botanist. 
Grays;  harbor  in  Washington,  nained  for  the  discoverer,  Capt  Robert  Gray,  of 

Boston. 
Grayson;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  Wiliam  Grayson, 

United  States  Senator  from  Virginia. 
Grayson;  town  in  Carter  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  Robert  Grayson. 
Grayson;  county  in  Texas,  nained  for  Peter  W.  Grayson,  attorney-general  of  the 

Texas  Republic  in  1836. 
Graysville;  village  in  Sullivan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Joe  Gray,  its  founder. 
Graysville;  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  for  Latham  Gray,  a 

resident. 
Grayville;  township  and  city  in  White  County,  Illinois,  named  for  James  Gray, 

who  laid  out  the  town  in  1828. 
Great  Barrington;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Lord 

Barringtou.     "Great"  was  prefixed  to  distinguish  it  from  Barrington,  Rhode 

Island,  which  town  wan  formerly  considered  as  possibly  being  within  the  limits 

of  Massachusetts. 
Great  Basin;  an  area  of  territory  in  Utah  whose  waters  do  not  reach  the  sea;  hence 

the  name. 
Great  Bend;  city  in  Barton  County,  Kansas,  which  takoa  fta  name  from  a  bend  in 
the  Arkansas  River  south  of  the  site. 


kasnett.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATE8.  143 

Great  Bend;  borough  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  a  bend 
in  the  Susquehanna  River  at  that  point. 

Great  Black;  river  in  Maine,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  Indian  designation 
chimkazaootook,  meaning  "big  black  stream.'9 

Great  Butte  dee  Morts;  lake  in  Wisconsin,  so  called  from  neighboring  mounds, 
said  to  contain  the  bodies  of  Indians  slain  in  battle.  A  French  phrase,  meaning 
"  hill  of  the  dead." 

Great  Falls;  city  in  Cascade  County,  Montana,  named  from  the  falls  in  the  Mis- 
souri River,  near  the  city. 

Great  Quabbin;  mountain  in  Massachusetts,  named  for  a  celebrated  Indian  sachem. 
The  word  is  supposed  to  mean  "many  waters." 

Great  Salt;  lake  in  Utah,  named  from  the  salinity  of  its  waters. 

Great  Sinabar;  creek  in  Missouri.  A  corruption  of  the  old  French  name  chenal  au 
ftarre,  meaning  "  channel  to  the  bar." 

Greeley;  city  in  Weld  County,  Colorado;  county,  and  city,  in  Anderson  County, 
Kansas,  and  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Horace  Greeley. 

Greeley;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Peter  Greeley. 

Green;  descriptive  word  found  frequently  with  and  without  various  suffixes.  The 
river  in  Wyoming  and  Utah  was  so  called  from  the  green  shale  through  which 
it  flows. 

Green;  river  rising  in  the  Wind  River  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  formerly 
known  as  popo  agie,  words  of  the  Crow  dialect,  meaning  "  head  of  river." 

Green;  mountains  in  Vermont,  so  named  from  their  forests  of  evergreen  trees. 

Green;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene. 

Green  Bay;  city  in  Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  bay  which  was 
called  by  the. early  French  la  grande  baie,  "the  large  bay,"  which  was  cor- 
rupted into  the  present  name.  Other  authorities  claim  that  the  name  was  occa- 
sioned from  the  deep  greenish  hue  of  the  water  of  the  bay. 

Greenbrier;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  from  the  river,  which  was  so  called 
by  Col.  John  Lewis. 

Greenbush;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York;  a  translation  of  the  original 
Dutch  name  groen  boseh,  from  the  pine  woods  which  originally  covered  the  flats. 

Greencastle;  city  in  Putnam  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  town  in  Ireland. 

Green  Cove  Springs;  town  in  Clay  County,  Florida,  named  from  a  large  sulphur 
spring,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  "  fountain  of  youth"  of  Spanish  and  Indian 
legends. 

Greene;  counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa;  town  in  Androscoggin  County, 
Maine;  counties  in  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  New  York,  and  village  in  Che- 
nango County,  New  York;  counties  in  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Ten- 
nessee, and  Virginia;  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  Revolutionary  soldier. 

Greene;  town  in  Butler  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Judge  George  Green  of  Linn 
County. 

(Greenesville;  county  in  Virginia; 
Greeneville ;  town  in  Greene  County,  Tennessee.   Named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene. 

Greenfield;  town  in  Adair  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 

Greenfield;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  which  derives  its  name  from 
the  river  which  intersects  it.  Before  its  incorporation  as  a  town  the  settlement 
was  known  as  "  Green  River  District." 

Greenfield;  village  in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  so  named  from  its  general  appear- 
ance. 

Green  Island;  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  situated  on 
an  island  of  that  name  in  Hudson  River. 

Green  Lake;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  from  a  lake  which  was  called  so  from  the 
color  of  its  waters. 


144  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Greenleaf;  city  in  Washington  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  treasurer  of  the 

Union  Pacific  Railroad,  A.  W.  Greenleaf. 
Greenport;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  so  named  for  the  green  hill  slop- 
ing to  the  bay. 
Greensboro;  town  in  Hale  County,  Alabama,  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  a 

Revolutionary  celebrity. 
Greensburg;  city  in  Kiowa  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  D.  R.  Green. 
Greensburg;  town   in    Westmoreland    County,   Pennsylvania,   named    for  Gen. 

Nathaniel  Greene. 
Greenup;  village  in  Cumberland  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  Greenup,  first 

clerk  of  the  Illinois  Territorial  legislature. 
Greenup;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Christopher 

Greenup,  governor  of  the  State  in  1804-1808. 
Greenville;  city  in  Butler  County,  Alabama,  so  named  by  early  settlers  from  the 

town  in  South  Carolina. 
Greenville;  city  in  Bond  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  North  Carolina. 
Greenville;  city  in  Muhlenberg  County,  Kentucky,  town  in  Pitt  County,  North 

Carolina,  and  city  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel 

Greene. 
Greenville;  city  in  Montcalm  County,  Michigan,  named  for  John  Green,  one  of 

the  first  settlers. 
Greenville;  town  in  Washington  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Greenville;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  the 

physical  appearance.    The  name  was  first  given  to  the  city  and  from  that  applied 

to  the  county. 
Greenwich;  towns  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  village  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  from  Greenwich 

in  England. 
Greenwood;  town  in  Sebastian  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Moses  Greenwood,  a 

prominent  merchant  of  early  days. 
Greenwood;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Alfred  B.  Greenwood,  Commissioner  of 

Indian  Affairs  in  1859-00. 
Greenwood;  city  in  Leflore  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Greenwood  Leflore,  a 

noted  Choctaw  Indian  chief. 
Greenwood;  village  in  Cass  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  an  early  settler,  J.  8. 

Green. 
Greenwood;  county  in  South  Carolina,  descriptively  named. 
Greer;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  John  A.  Greer,  governor  of  Texas  in  1849- 

1853. 
Greer;  town  in  Greenville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Gregg;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen,  John  Gregg,  killed  in  the 

civil  war. 
Gregory;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  J.  Shaw  Gregory,  legislator. 
Greig;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  late  John  Greig,  of 

Canandaigua. 
Grelder  Hollow;  a  deep  cleft  in  the  east  side  of  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  in  the 

town  of  Egremont,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  John  van  Grelder, 

a  Dutchman,  who  lived  in  the  hollow. 
Grenada;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Mississippi,  named  from  the  Spanish 

province. 
Grenola;  city  in  Elk  County,  Kansas,  named  by  compounding  the  first  part  of  the 

name  of  two  rival  towns  in  the  neighborhood — Greenfield  and  Kanola. 
Grey  lock;  mountain  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  its  hoary 

aspect  in  winter.    Greylock  is  the  highest  elevation  in  the  State. 


oajinrt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  145 

Gridley;  township  and  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Asabel  Gridley, 

State  senator,  1850>1854. 
Griffin;  city  in  Spalding  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  L.  L.  Griffin. 

{Grifton;  town  in  Pitt  County,  North  Carolina; 
Grifton  Corners;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York.    Named  for  the  Grifton 
family. 
Griggs;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Alexander  Griggs,  a  pioneer  of 

Grand  Forks,  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  North  Dakota. 
Griggs ville;  township  and  city  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder, 

Richard  Griggs. 
Grimes;  town  in  Colusa  County,  California,  named  for  the  man  who  founded  it. 
Grimes;  town  in  Polk  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Senator  Grimes. 
Grimes;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Jesse  Grimes,  member  of  the  council  of  pro- 
visional government. 
Grimesland;  town  in  Pitt  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Bryan  Grimes. 
Grinnell;  city  in  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Hon.  W.  H.  Grinnell,  a 

citizen. 
Griswold;  town  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Roger  Griswold, 

governor  of  the  State  in  1811. 
Griswold;  town  in  Cass  County,  Iowa,  named  for  J.  N.  A.  Griswold,  a  prominent 

railroad  official. 
Grizzly;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  by  a  party  of  scientists  from  an  adventure  with 

a  grizzly  bear. 
Gross;  point  in  Maine  on  the  Penobscot  River,  named  for  the  first  settler,  Zachariah 

Gross. 
Grossdale;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  for  K.  A.  Gross,  one  of  its 

founders. 
Grosse  Isle;  village  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  which  taken  its  name  from  an 

island  in  Detroit  River,  which  was  called  by  the  early  French  grosse  isle, 

"great  isle." 
Grossepoint;  town  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  a  large  point  which 

projects  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  named  by  the  French  grosse  pointe,  "great  point." 
Grosvenor;  mount  in  Arizona,  named  for  H.  C.  Grosvenor,  who  was  killed  there 

in  1861. 
Groton;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  place  in  Eng- 
land owned  by  the  family  of  Deane  Winthrop,  whose  name  headed  the  petition 

for  the  grant. 
Groton;  village  in  Tompkins  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 
Groveland;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.     The  origin  of  the  name  is 

obscure,  but  the  name  is  believed  to  have  been  suggested  by  attractive  groves 

in  the  neighborhood. 
Grover;  village  in  Cleveland  County,  North  Carolina,  and  town  in  Dorchester 

County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  President  Grover  Cleveland. 
Grubbs;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  for  the  early  owner,  John 

Grubbs. 
Grundy;  counties  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee; 
Grundy  Center;  town  in  Grundy  County,  Iowa.     Named  for  Felix  Grundy, 

United  States  Senator  from  Tennessee. 
dhiadalupe;  county  in  New  Mexico,  and  river,   county,   and  town  in  Victoria 

County,  Texas,  named  for  Don  Felix  Victoria,  first  President  of  Mexico,  known 

as  "Guadalupe  Victoria."    The  name  is  of  Arabic  origin. 
Guernsey;  county  in  Ohio,  named  by  emigrants  from  the  island  of  Guernsey  in  the 

English  channel. 

BulL258—0& 10 


146  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  Ibull.258. 

Guero;  mount  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  Ute  Indian. 

Guilford;  borough  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Guilford;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Guilford,  father  of  Lord 

North. 
Guinda;  town  in  Yolo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "cherry." 
Gulfport;  town  in  Harrison  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  by  W.  H.  Hardy  because 

of  its  situation. 
Gulpha;  creek  in  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas.    The  name  is  a  corruption  of  Calfat,  a 

proper  name,  probably  belonging  to  an  early  settler. 
Gunnison;  county,  town  in  same  county,  mountain,  and  river  in  Colorado,  and 

island  in  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  named  for  Capt.  J.  W.  Gunnison,  an  early 

explorer. 
Gurnet;  point  at  the  entrance  to  Plymouth  Harbor,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the 

gurnet,  a  sea  fish. 
Guthrie;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Guthrie;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Capt.  Edwin  B.  Guthrie. 
Guthrie;  town  in  Callaway  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Guthrie  brothers,  early 

settlers. 
Guthrie  Center;  town  in  Guthrie  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Capt  Edwin  B.  Guthrie. 
Guttenburg;  city  in  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  and  town  in  Hudson  County,  New 

Jersey,  named  for  the  inventor  of  printing. 
Guyandot;  town  in  Cabell  County  and  river  in  West  Virginia;  the  French  form  of 

Wyandotte,  the  name  of  the  tribe  of  Indians. 
Guyot;  mounts  in  Colorado,  New  Hampshire,  and  Tennessee,  named  for  Arnold 

Guyot,  the  geographer. 
Gwinnett;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Button  Gwinnett,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence. 
Gypsum;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  from  the  gypsum 

deposits. 
Habersham;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Joseph  Habersham,  speaker  of  the 

general  assembly  of  Georgia  in  1785. 
Hacienda;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.      A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"estate." 
Hackensack;  town  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey.    An  Indian  word;  authorities 

differ  as  to  its  meaning,  the  many  versions  being  "hook  mouth,"  "stream  that 

unites  with  another  on  low  ground,"  "on  low  ground,"  "land  of  the  big  snake." 
Hackers;  creek  in  Lewis  and  Harrison  counties,  West  Virginia.    Named  for  John 

Hacker,  an  Indian  scout. 
Hackettstown;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Samuel  Hackett, 

a  large  landowner. 
Hackneyville;  town  in  Tallapoosa  County,  Alabama,  named  from  the  suburb  in 

London. 
Haddonneld;  borough  in  Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Elizabeth  H addon. 
Hadley;  mountain  and  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early 

settler. 
Hadley;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  in 

Essex,  England. 
Hadlyme;  town  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut.    The  name  is  formed  of  a 

combination  of  the  names  of  the  two  townships  in  which  it  is  located — Haddam 

and  Lvme. 
Hagerstown;  city  in  Washington  County,  Maryland,  named  for  a  German,  Jonathan 

Hager,  one  of  the  original  proprietors. 


gakmctt.]  PLACE  NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  147 


e;  precinct  in  Alachua  County,  Florida,  and  town  in  Warren  County,  New 
York,  named  from  the  city  in  Holland. 

e;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  Arnold  Hague  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey. 

{Harm;  peak  in  Colorado; 
Hahn  Peak;  village  in  Routt  County,  Colorado.    Named  for  Joe  Hahn,  an  early 
settler. 
Hailey;  precinct  in  Blaine  County,  Idaho,  named  for  its  founder,  Hon.  John  Hailey, 

of  Boise  City. 
Hainesville;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  S.  S.  Haines,  an  early 

settler. 
Halcott;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York,  named  for  George  W.  Halcott,  sheriff. 
Haldane;  village  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Alexander  Haldane,  the  first 

railroad  agent. 
Hale;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Stephen  F.  Hale,  prominent  in  the  State. 
Hale;  village  in  Carroll  County,  Missouri,  named  for  John  P.  Hale,  of  Carrollton. 
Hale;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Lieut.  J.  C.  Hale,  of  the  Confederate  army. 
Hale  Eddy;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  of  early 

settlers. 
Half  Dome;  mountain  of  granite  in  California,  on  the  walls  of  the  Yosemite  Valley, 

so  named  because  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  half  dome. 
Halfmoon;  bay  in  California,  so  named  from  its  crescent  shape. 
Halfmoon;  town  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  so  named  from  a  crescent-shaped 

piece  of  land  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Mohawk. 
Halibut;  island  off  the  coast  of  Alaska,  so  named  on  account  of  the  large  number  of 

halibut  found  there. 
Halifax;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  county  in  North  Carolina,  town 

in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  George  Mon- 
tague, Earl  of  Halifax. 
Hall;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Dr.  Lyman  Hall,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 

Independence. 
Hall;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Augustus  Hall,  former  Congressman  from  Iowa. 
Hall;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  an  early  settler  and  captain  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence, Warren  0.  C.  Hall. 
Halletts  Cove;  part  of  New  York  City,  formerly  a  village  in  Queens  County,  New 

York,  which  received  its  name  from  the  original  patentee. 
Hallo  well;  city  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  named  for  Benjamin  Hallowell,  a 

large  proprietor  in  the  Kennebec  patent. 
Hallstead;  borough  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  F. 

Hallstead,  general  manager  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  Railroad. 
Halls ville;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Capt.  Robert 

Hall. 
Halseyville;  village  in  Tompkins  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  first  settler, 

Nicholi  Halsey. 
Halstead;  city  in  Harvey  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  journalist,  Murat  Halstead. 
Hamblen;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Hezekiah  Hamblen. 
Hamburg;  towns  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  and  Aiken  County,  South  Carolina, 

and  twenty  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  Germany. 
Hamersville;  village  in  Brown  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Lyon  Hamer. 
Hamilton;  counties  in  Florida,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Kansas;  town  in  Essex  County, 

Massachusetts;  counties  in  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Tennessee;  probably  the  county 

in  Nebraska;  and  many  cities,  towns,  and  villages;  named  for  the  statesman, 

Alexander  Hamilton. 


148  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Hamilton;  town  in  Harris  County,  Georgia,  named  for  General  Hamilton,  governor 
of  South  Carolina. 

Hamilton;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Artois  Hamilton,  a  first 
settler. 

Hamilton;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  William  W.  Hamilton,  president  of  the  sen- 
ate in  1857. 

Hamilton;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  a  sym- 
pathizer and  helper  of  Texas  in  its  war. 

Hamlet;  village  in  Richmond  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  its  founder. 

Hamlin;  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  plantation  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine, 
county  in  South  Dakota,  and  several  other  places,  named  for  Hannibal  Hamlin. 

Hammond;  village  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  Goodrich  Ham- 
mond, railway  manager. 

Hammond;  city  in  Lake  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Abram  Hammond,  twelth 
governor,  1860-61. 

Hammond;  town  in  Presque  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Stephen  Hammond. 

Hammond;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Abijah  Hammond, 
an  early  proprietor. 

Hammonton;  town  in  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  family  of  former 
residents. 

Hammonville;  town  in  Hart  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  a  resident 

Hampden;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Massachusetts,  and  town  in  Penob- 
scot County,  Maine,  named  for  the  English  patriot,  John  Hampden. 

Hampshire;  counties  in  Massachusetts  and  West  Virginia,  named  from  the  county 
in  England. 

Hampstead;  village  in  Carroll  County,  Maryland;  town  in  Rockingham  County, 
*New  Hampshire;  and  villages  in  Pender  County,  North  Carolina,  and  King 
George  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  parish  in  England. 

Hampton;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  twenty-five  other 
places,  directly  or  indirectly  named  from  the  parish  in  Middlesex,  England. 

Hampton;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen. 
Wade  Hampton. 

Hamptonburg;  town  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  birthplace — 
Wolverhampton — of  William  Bull,  the  first  settler. 

Hampton  Roads;  Virginia;  a  channel  between  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  estuary  of 
James  River.  Scene  of  the  naval  battle  between  the  Monitor  and  Merrimact 
March  9,  1862. 

Hancock;  counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky;  county,  and 
town  in  same  county,  in  Maine;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts;  county 
in  Mississippi;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New 
York;  and  counties  in  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia;  named  for  John  Han- 
cock, a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Many  other  places  in  the 
I'nited  States  are  named  for  the  same  man. 

Hancock;  mount  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Gen.  Winfield  Scott  Hancock. 

Hand;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  George  A.  Hand,  Territorial  secretary  in 
1880. 

Handsboro;  town  in  Harrison  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  northern  man  who 
established  a  foundry  there  before  the  civil  war. 

Hanford;  city  in  Kings  County,  California,  named  for  one  of  the  earliest  settlers. 

Hanging  Rock;  village  in  Lawrence  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  presence  of  a 
cliff  at  the  back  of  the  town. 

Hangmans;  creek  in  Washington,  tributary  of  the  Spokane  River,  so  named  because 
a  number  of  Indians  were  hanged  on  its,  banV. 


gahnmt.]  PLACE  NAME8   IN   THE  UNITED  8TATE8.  149 


;  township  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Rev.  Philip  Hanna,  a  first 

settler. 
Han  Tift;  reef  and  island  in  Texas,  probably  named  for  Captain  Hanna,  captain  of 

the  Leonidas,  in  1837. 
Hannacrois;  creek  in  New  York,  said  to  have  been  named  by  the  Dutch  hanne- 

kraai,  meaning  "cock-crowing  creek,"  from  the  legend  that  a  rooster  floated 

down  this  creek  on  a  cake  of  ice. 
Hannibal;  town  in  Oswego  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board, 


being  situated  in  the  military  tract  given  to  the  surviving  soldiers  of  the 
Revolution; 

Hannibal;  city  in  Marion  County,  Missouri.     Named  for  the  Carthaginian  general. 

Hanover;  city  in  Washington  County,  Kansas,  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, county  in  Virginia,  and  several  other  places,  named  for  the  Duke  of 
Hanover,  afterwards  George  I  of  England,  or  from  the  Prussian  province  and 
city  belonging  to  him. 

Hansford;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  M.  Hansford,  who  was  a  judge  and 
lawyer  there  during  the  days  of  the  Republic. 

Hanson;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Joseph  R.  Hanson,  clerk  of  the  first 
legislature. 

Happy  Camp;  town  in  Siskiyou  County,  so  called  by  miners  in  the  early  days  of 
prosperity. 

Haralson;  county,  and  village  in  Coweta  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Hugh 
A.  Haralson,  former  congressman  from  that  State. 

Harbeson;  village  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Harbeson  Hickman,  a 
large  landowner. 

Harbine;  village  in  Thayer  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Col.  John  Ilarbine. 

Hardeman;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  two  brothers,  Bailey  and  T.  J.  Hardeman, 
prominent  citizens  in  the  days  of  the  Republic;  and  a  county  in  Tennessee, 
named  for  one  of  the  brothers,  Col.  T.  J.  Hardeman. 

Hardenburg;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  Johannes  Hardenburg, 
an  early  patentee  in  Delaware  and  Sullivan  counties. 

;  county,  and  village  in  Calhoun  County,  in  Illinois;  counties  in  Iowa,  Ken- 
tucky, Ohio,  and  Tennessee,  and  several  towns  and  villages,  named  for  Col.  John 
J.  Hardin,  who  was  killed  in  the  Mexican  war. 

;  city  in  Ray  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Gov.  Charles  H.  Hardin,  1875- 
1877. 

;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  family  of  William  Hardin,  of  Liberty. 
Factory;  town  in  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  builder 
of  the  factory. 

Hardinsburg;  town  in  Breckinridge  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  William 
Hardin,  a  pioneer. 

Hard  wick;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Philip  Yorke, 
Lord  Hardwicke,  a  member  of  the  privy  council. 

;  town  in  Sharp  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  a  railroad  official. 
;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Samuel  Hardy,  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Virginia  in  1784. 

Station;  town  in  Grenada  County,  Mississippi,  named  by  the  railroad  com- 
pany for  Richard  Hardy,  the  owner  of  the  land  upon  which  the  depot  was  built. 

Harford;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Maryland,  named  for  Henry  Har- 
ford, the  natural  son  of  Lord  Baltimore,  the  sixth,  and  proprietor  at  the  time  of 
the  Revolution. 

;  city  in  Shelby  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Senator  Harlan. 
;  village  in  Smith  County,  Kansas,  named  for  John  C.  Harlan,  one  of  the 
first  settlers. 


150  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  STAGES,  [bull.  268. 

Harlan;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Ma].  Silas  Harlan. 

Harlan;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  James  Harlan,  secretary  of  the  interior, 
1865-66. 

Harlem;  part  of  New  York  City  and  the  channel  which  extends  northward  from 
Hell  Gate,  connecting  with  the  Hudson,  named  from  the  town  in  Holland. 

Harleyville;  town  in  Dorchester  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident 
family. 

Harman;  village  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  L.  B.  Harman,  its 
founder. 

Harmer;  township  and  village  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the 
Hon.  Harmer  Denny. 

Harmony;  borough  in  Butler  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  a  colony  of  Ger- 
mans to  indicate  the  principle  of  its  organization. 

Harnett;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Cornelius  Harnett,  an  American 
statesman. 

Harney;  county,  city  in  same  county,'  and  lake  in  Oregon,  named  for  General 
Harney. 

Harper;  county  in  Kansas,  named  far  Marion  Harper,  first  sergeant  Company  E, 
Second  Kansas  Regiment. 

Harpers  Ferry;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Robert  Har- 
per, who  settled  there  in  1734  and  established  a  ferry. 

Harper sfield;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Joseph  Harper,  an 
original  patentee. 

Harper  sfield;  township  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  New 
York. 

Harperville;  village  in  Scott  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  G.  W.  Harper,  an  old 
resident. 

Harpswell;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  probably  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Harrellsville;  town  in  Hertford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  former  resi- 
dent. 

Harriet;  lake  in  Minnesota,  named  for  the  wife  of  Colonel  Leavenworth. 

Harrietstown;  town  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  wife  of  James 
Duane. 

Harrietta;  village  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan,  a  combination  of  the  names  of  the 
manager  of  the  Ann  Arbor  Railroad,  Harry,  and  that  of  his  wife,  Henrietta. 

Harrington;  town  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  the  Hon.  Samuel  M.  Har- 
rington, at  one  time  chancellor  of  the  State. 

Harris;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Harris;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Charles  Harris,  a  prominent  lawyer  and  judge. 

Harris;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  R.  Harris,  who  erected  the  first  steam 
sawmill  in  Texas  (1829). 

Harrisburg;  township  and  city  in  Saline  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  of  first 
settlers. 

Harrisburg;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Richard  Harrison,  of 
New  York. 

Harrisburg;  city  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Harris,  the 
original  proprietor. 

Harrison;  counties  in  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Mississippi;  town  in  Gloucester  County, 
New  Jersey,  and  twenty  other  places,  named  for  President  William  Henry  Har- 
rison. 

Harrison;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  West  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Har- 
son,  father  of  William  Henry  Harrison. 


qahkwt.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  151 


;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  of 
Boston. 
Harrison;  town  in  Tallahatchie  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  James  T.  Harrison, 

a  prominent  lawyer. 
Harrison;  county,  and  city  in  Cass  County  in  Missouri,  named  for  Albert  G.  Har- 
rison, of  Callaway  County,  member  of  Congress  in  1838. 

;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Harrison. 
;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  an  early  pioneer. 
Harrisonburg;  village  in  Catahoula  Parish,  Louisiana,  and  town  in  Rockingham 

County,  Virginia,  named  for  the  Harrisons  of  Virginia. 
Harrisville;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Milan  Harris, 

who  established  a  mill  there. 
Harrisville;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Fosket  Harris,  the  first 

settler. 
Harrisville;  village  in  Medina  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Joseph  Harris,  a  pioneer. 
Harrisville;  town  in  Ritchie  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas 

Harris. 
Harrodsburg;  city  in  Mercer  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  James  Harrod, 
who  built  the  first  cabin. 

;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Nancy  Hart,  the  celebrated  Georgia  heroine  of 
the  Revolution. 
;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Nathaniel  Hart,  an  officer  of  the  War  of  1812. 
Hart;  township  and  village  in  Oceana  County,  Michigan.    The  name  was  originally 

"  Heart,"  to  signify  the  center  of  the  county. 
Hart;  river  and  lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Hart  Hunney,  an  old  hunter. 

Others  say  it  was  named  "Heart "  from  its  shape. 
Hartford;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Connecticut,  and  twenty  other  cities, 

towns,  and  villages,  the  name  being  transferred  from  England. 
Hartford;  city  in  Lyon  County,  Kansas,  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  town 

in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  and  village  in  Mason  County,  West  Virginia; 
Hartford  City;  city  in  Blackford  County,  Indiana.    Named  from  the  city  in  Con- 
necticut 

Hartley;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  O.  C.  and  R.  K.  Hartley,  distinguished  mem- 
bers of  the  bar  in  the  days  of  the  Texas  revolution. 
HartsgTOve;  township  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Richard  Hart,  of 

Connecticut. 
Hartsville;  town  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Gideon  B.  Hart,  a 

pioneer. 
Hartsville;  town  in  Darlington  County.  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
;  town  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  named  for  Christopher  Hartwick, 
patentee. 

;  mountain  in  Colorado,  and  city  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named 
from  the  university. 

;  university  in  Cambridge,  Middlesex  County,  and  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts.  Named  for  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  founded  the 
university. 

;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  James  M.  Harvey,  captain  Company  G,  Tenth 
Kansas  Regiment,  governor,  and  United  States  Senator. 

;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  seaport  in 
Essex  County,  England. 
Harwinton;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.    The  name  is  formed  from 

Hartford  and  Windsor,  of  which  it  originally  comprised  two  half  townships. 

Hasbrouck  Heights;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Mr.  Has- 

brouck,  the  principal  owner  of  the  land  upon  which  the  borough  is  located. 


1 


152  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Hasenclever;  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  German  who 
received  a  grant  of  land  there. 

Haskell;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Dudley  C.  Haskell,  a  former  member  of 
Congress. 

Haskell;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Charles  Haskell,  of  Tennessee. 

Hastings;  city  in  Barry  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Eurotas  P.  Hastings,  for- 
merly auditor-general  of  the  State. 

Hastings;  city  in  Dakota  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Henry  Hastings  8ibley, 
one  of  the  proprietors. 

Hastings;  city  in  Adams  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Col.  T.  D.  Hastings,  who 
was  instrumental  in  introducing  a  railroad  through  the  town. 

Hatboro;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  its 
extensive  hat  factories. 

Hatchechubee;  town  in  Russell  County,  Alabama.  A  combination  of  the  Creek 
Indian  words  hatchie,  " creek,"  and  chubba,  "halfway,"  "the  middle." 

Hatchie;  river  in  Tennessee.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "small  river." 

Hatfield;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Hatteras;  township  and  cape  in  Dare  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  tribe  of 
Indians. 

Hattiesburg;  town  in  Perry  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  wife  of  Capt.  W. 
H.  Hardy,  its  founder. 

Havana;  township  and  city  in  Mason  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in  Cuba. 

Havens ville;  city  in  Pottawatomie  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Paul  E.  Havens,  of 
Leavenworth. 

Haver  ford;  township  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
Wales. 

Haverhill;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Haverhill;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in 
Massachusetts. 

Haverstraw;  town  in  Rockland  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  early  Dutch 
harerstroo,  meaning  "oats  straw." 

Havilah;  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  from  the  Bible,  the  word  mean- 
ing "land  of  gold." 

Havilandsville;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Robert  Havi- 
land. 

Havre  de  Grace;  town  in  Harford  County,  Maryland.  A  French  phrase  meaning 
"harbor  of  grace."  Probably  named  from  the  French  seaport,  Havre,  formerly 
known  as  Havre  de  Grace. 

Haw;  river,  and  town  in  Alabama  County,  in  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Indian 
tribe  Sissipahaw. 

Hawes ville;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Richard  Hawes. 

Hawkeye;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  noted  Indian  chief. 

Hawkins;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Benjamin  Hawkins,  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  North  Carolina. 

Hawkinsville ;  town  in  Pulaski  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Haw- 
kins, Indian  agent. 

Hawks  Nest;  town  in  Fayette  County,  West  Virginia,  named  from  a  cliff  on  New 
River. 

Hawley;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Joseph  Hawley,  of 
Northampton. 

Hawthorne;  borough  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne. 


GAifeHT.]  PLACE  NAME8  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES.  153 

n;  town  in  Grand  County,  Colorado;  mountain  in  the  Grand  Teton  Range  in 
Wyoming,  and  valley  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming; 

n  Hill;  village  in  Lassen  County,  California.    Named  for  Dr.  Ferdinand  V. 
Hayden,  the  geologist. 

Haydensville;  village  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Joel  Hayden, 
its  founder. 

Hayes;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Samuel  Jarvis  Hayes,  a  rail- 
road official. 

Hayes;  county  in  Nebraska  and  mount  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  President 
Rutherford  B.  Haves. 

Hayesville;  town  in  Clay  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  George  W.  Hayes, 
State  senator. 

;  city  in  Ellis  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  William  Hays,  United  States 
Army. 

;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  C.  Hays,  colonel  in  the  Texan  service  in 
the  war  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States. 

Springs;  village  in  Sheridan  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  of  the  vast 
quantities  of  hay  cut  in  the  valley  juBt  east  of  the  springs. 

Hayward;  town  in  Sawyer  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Anthony  J.  Hayward, 
its  founder. 

Haywards;  town  in  Alameda  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Haywood:  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Haywood,  State  treasurer. 

Haywood;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Judge  John  Haywood,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Tennessee. 

Hazardville;  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Colonel  Hazard, 
owner  of  powder  works. 

Hazelton;  city  in  Barber  County,   Kansas,  named  for  its  founder,  Rev.  J.  H. 
Hazelton. 

Hazlehurst;  town  in  Copiah  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  George  H.  Hazle- 
hurst. 

Haslerigg;  village  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  named  for  H.  G.  Hazlerigg,  its  founder. 

Hazleton;  city  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  from  the  great  abund- 
ance of  hazel  bushes. 

Healdsburg;  city  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  named  for  Col.  Harmon  Heald,  an 
early  settler. 

Healing  Springs;  village  in  Bath  County,  Virginia,  named  for  the  thermal  mineral 
springs,  situated  there. 

Heard;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Stephen  Heart!,  an  officer  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

Heath;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Gen.  William  M.  Heath. 

Heath  Springs;  town  in  Lancaster  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  firm  of 
capitalists,  Heath  &  Springs. 

Heber;  city  in  Wasatch  County,  Utah,  named  for  Heber  C.  Kimball,  a  leader  of  the 
Mormons. 

Hebron;  twenty-five  cities,  towns,  and  villages  in  the  United  States  bear  the  name 
of  the  ancient  city  in  Palestine. 

Heceta;  village  in  Lane  County,  Oregon,  probably  named  for  the  early  explorer, 
Gapt  Bruno  de  Heceta. 

Hector;  town  in  Schuyler  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  character  in  the  Iliad. 

Hedges;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Cornelius  Hedges. 

Hedrick;  town  in  Keokuk  County,  Iowa,  named  for  General  Hedrick. 

Heidelberg;  name  of  several  places  in  the  United  States  settled  by  colonists  from 
Heidelberg  in  Germany. 


154  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Helderberg;  plateau  in  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  fine  prospect  from  it. 
A  Dutch  word  meaning  "  clear  mountain. " 

Helena;  city  in  Lewis  and  Clark  County,  Montana.  Opinions  differ  as  to  the  origin 
of  the  name,  for  by  some  it  is  supposed  to  be  named  for  Helen  of  Troy,  but, 
according  to  the  Helena  Historical  Directory  of  1879,  it  was  named  by  John 
Somerville,  of  Minnesota,  St.  Helena,  from  the  resemblance  in  its  location  to  that 
of  the  original  St.  Helena.     It  was  then  voted  to  drop  the  prefix  Saint. 

Helena;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of 
Joseph  Pitcairn,  of  New  York. 

Helicon;  village  in  Winston  County,  Alabama,  named  from  the  ancient  mountain 
in  Boeotia. 

Hellertown;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family 
of  early  settlers. 

Hellgate;  river  in  Montana,  named  by  Father  de  Smet  porte  de  Venfer,  meaning 
" gate  of  hell,"  because  by  way  of  the  river  the  Blackfeet  Indians  reached  the 
settlers. 

Hell  Gate;  narrow  pass  in  East  River,  New  York.  A  Dutch  word  hellegal,  the 
translation  of  which  is  "bright  strait,' '  or  "clear  opening."  The  Anglicized 
form  was  applied  to  the  pass  as  being  appropriate  on  account  of  whirlpools  which 
made  navigation  at  that  point  dangerous. 

Hell  Roaring;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  by  a  prospecting  party,  one  of 
whom  described  the  creek  as  a  "hell  roarer.'/ 

Helvetia;  village  in  Randolph  County,  West  Virginia,  settled  by  Swiss,  and  by 
them  given  the  ancient  name  of  Switzerland.  Post- villages  in  Pima  County, 
Arizona,  and  Clearfield  County,  Pennsylvania,  also  bear  this  name. 

Hemlock;  lake  in  New  York.     A  translation  of  the  Indian  word  onehda. 

Hemphill;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  Hemphill,  former  Congressman  from 
Texas. 

Hempstead;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Edward  Hempstead,  first  delegate  to 
Congress  from  Missouri  Territory. 

Hempstead;  towns  in  Nassau  County,  New  York,  and  Waller  County,  Texas, 
named  by  early  setters  from  Heinel-Hempstead  in  England. 

Henderson;  county  and  river  in  Illinois;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  county,  and  village  in  Chester  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Col. 
Richard  Henderson,  of  Kentucky. 

Henderson;  town  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan,  named  for  its  first  settler. 

Henderson;  village  in  York  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  David  Henderson,  one  of 
its  first  settlers. 

Henderson;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Henderson, 
a  proprietor. 

Henderson;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Chief  Justice  Leonard  Henderson. 

Henderson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Pinckney  Henderson,  foreign  min- 
ister in  the  days  of  the  republic;  its  first  governor. 

Henderson;  village  in  Mason  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  family  of  early 
settlers. 

Henderson ville;  town  in  Henderson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Chief 
Justice  Leonard  Henderson. 

Hendricks;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  William  Hendricks,  one  of  the  early  gov- 
ernors of  the  State. 

Hendrix;  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Hendrix,  the  first 
settler  in  the  county. 

Henlopen;  cape  on  the  coast  of  Delaware.  Derived  from  the  Dutch  words  fun 
loop  or  iidopen,  meaning  to  "run  in." 


GAmim.]  PLACE  NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  155 

Hennepin;  county  in  Minnesota,  and  village  in  Putnam  County,  Illinois,  named  for 

Louis  Hennepin,  a  Franciscan  missionary,  explorer,  and  author. 
Hennessey;  city  in  Kingfisher  County,  Oklahoma,  named  for  Pat  Hennessey,  an 

Indian  fighter,  who  was  killed  upon  the  ground  which  later  became  the  town 

site. 
Henniker;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  John  Henni- 

ker,  esq.,  a  merchant  of  Ixmdon. 
Henrico;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  Prince  of  Wales,  son  of  James  I. 
Henrietta;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henrietta  Laura,  Count- 
ess of  Bath. 
Henrietta;  town  in  Rutherford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  wife  of  S.  B. 

Tanner. 

■;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and 

Ohio;  county  and  mountain  in  Tennessee,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for 

Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia. 

;  lake  in  Idaho,  and  fork  of  Snake  River,  named  for  one  of  the  partners  of  the 

Northwest  Fur  Company. 

';  township  and  city  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  James  D. 

Henry,  a  prominent  leader  in  the  Black  Hawk  war. 

p;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Dodge,  governor  of  the  Territory  of 

Wisconsin. 

';  cape  on  coast  of  Virginia,  named  for  the  Prince  of  Wales,  son  of  James  I. 
Henson;  town  in  Hinsdale  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  creek,  which  was 

named  for  any  early  settler. 
Hepburn;  town  in  Page  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Congressman  Hepburn. 
Hepler;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  named  for  B.  F.  Hepler,  of  Fort  Scott. 
Herculaneum;  village  in  Jefferson  County,   Missouri,   named   from  the  ancient 

Roman  city. 
Herington;  city  in  Dickinson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  M.  D.  Herington,  its 

founder. 

•;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Nicholas  Herkimer,  a  German, 

one  of  the  patentees. 

l;  village  in  Washington  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Samuel  Herman,  con- 
ductor on  the  Omaha  and  Northwestern  Railroad. 
Hermann;  town  in  Gasconade  County,  Missouri,  settled  by  Germans,  and  named  by 

them  for  their  countryman,  who  fought  so  bravely  at  the  time  of  the  Roman 

invasion. 
Hermitage;  town  in  Hickory  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  residence  of  A  ndrew 

Jackson. 
Hermon,  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  mountain  in 

Syria. 
Hermosa;  town  in  San   Bernardino  County,  and  beach  in  Los  Angeles  County, 

California,  descriptively  named.     A  Spanish  word,  meaning  "beautiful." 
Hernando;  county  in  Florida  and  city  in  De  Soto  County,  Mississippi,  named  for 

Hernando  De  Soto,  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Hersey;  village  in  Nobles  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  General  Hersey,  of  Maine, 

largely  interested  in  the  then  Territory. 
Hertford;  county,  and  town  in  Perquimans  County,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for 

Conway,  Marquis  of  Hertford. 
Hettinger;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Heuvelton;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jacob  Van 

Heuvel. 

\;  point  in  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine,  named  for  its  first  settler,  Paola  Hewes. 


156  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [mu-VA 

Heyworth;  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Lawrence  Hey  worth,  a 

railroad  stockholder. 
Hiawatha;  city  in  Brown- County ,  Kansas,  named  for  the  hero  of  Longfellow's 

poem. 
Hibernia;  villages  in  Clay  County,  Florida,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  and  Dutch- 
ess County,  New  York,  bearing  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  Ireland. 
Hickman;  county,  and  city  in  Fulton  (bounty,  Kentucky,  named  for  Gapt.  Paschal 

Hickman. 
Hickman;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Edmund  Hickman. 
Hickory;  town  in  Newton  County,  Mississippi,  county  in  Missouri,  and  town  in 

Catawba  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  President  Andrew  Jackson — Old 

Hickory.    This  name  alone  or  with  suffixes  is  borne  by  46  places  in  the  United 

States. 
Hickory  Flats;  town  in  Benton  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  near-by  hickory 

grove. 
Hicks;  island  at  entrance  to  Napeague  Bay,  tang  Island,  New  York,  named  for  the 

owner. 
Hicksville:  village  in  Queens  County,  New  York,  named  for  Charles  Hicks,  the 

Quaker  reformer. 
Hicksville;  village  in  Defiance  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Henry  W.  Hicks,  who  was 

one  of  the  founders. 
Hidalgo;  county  in  Texas,  said  to  be  named  for  Hidalgo  y  Costilla,  a  priest,  and 

leader  in  Mexican  war  of  independence. 
Higganum;  village  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut     A  corruption  of  the  Indian 

word  tomhegan-ompakut,  meaning  "at  the  tomahawk  rock." 
Higginsport;  village  in  Brown  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  Robert  Higgins,  who 

laid  it  out. 
Higginsville;  city  in  Lafayette  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Harvey  J.  Higgins, 

who  originally  owned  the  land  upon  which  the  city  is  built. 
Highbridge;  borough  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  its  remarkable 

railroad  bridge. 
Highgate;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  chapelry  in  Mid- 
dlesex, England. 
Highland;  city  in  Doniphin  County,  Kansas,  and  counties  in  Ohio  and  Virginia,  so 

named  on  account  of  the  high  location. 
Highlands;  lx>rough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  adjacent  to  the  Atlantic 

Highlands,  and  taking  ite  name  therefrom. 
Highlands;  broken  hills  on  the  Hudson  River,  New  York.    The  name  is  derived 

from  hogeknuJy  or  hooyland,  meaning  "highland,"  originally  given  by  the  Dutch. 
Highlands;  town  in  Mason  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  is  the 

highest  village  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
High  Point;  village  in  Guilford  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  is  the 

highest  point  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad. 
High  tower;  village  in  Forsyth  County,  Georgia,  on  the  Etowah  River.    The  name 

is  a  corruption  of  the  name  of  the  river. 
Hightstown;  borough  in  Mercer  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Hight  family. 
Hildebran;  village  in  Burke  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Pope  Gregory  VII. 
Hilgard;  mountain  in   Utah,  named  for  J.  E.  Hilgard,  formerly  superintendent 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survev. 
Hill;  city  in  Graham  County,  Kansas,  named  for  W.  R.  Hill,  who  located  the  town. 
Hill;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Isaac  Hill,  governor, 

1836-1839. 
Hill;  county  in  Texas,  so  named  because  of  the  range  of  hills  extending  through  the 

easterly  /*art.    Another  authority  contends  it  was  named  (or  George  W.  Hill. 


GA2WWT.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  157 


i;  town  in  Rockland  County,  New  York,  originally  named  Woodburn, 

changed  in  1882  to  Hillburn  in  order  not  to  conflict  with  a  post-office  of  the  same 

name  in  that  State.    Both  names  are  descriptive. 
Hillers;  mountain  in  Utah,  named  for  John  H.  Hillers,  photographer. 
Hillaboro;  counties  in  Florida  and  New  Hampshire,  and  town  in  Orange  County, 

North  Carolina,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough. 
Hillaboro;  township  and  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  loca- 
tion on  hills. 
Hillaboro;  city  in  Marion  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  former  mayor,  John  G. 

Hill. 
Hillaboro;  township  and  city  in  Traill  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  James 

Hill,  a  prominent  railroad  official. 
Hillaboro;  city  in  Hill  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  county. 
Hillaboro;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  named  for  its  location  In  a  gap  of  a 

short  hill  range. 
Hillaboro;  village  in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Hillaboro  brothers, 

who  made  the  first  claim  within  the  town. 
Hillsdale;  county  in  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  its  rolling  surface — hills  and 

valleys. 
Hiltonhead;  village  in  Beaufort  County,  North  Carolina,  said  to  have  been  named 

for  the  captain  of  the  Bhip  in  which  Colonel  Sayle  came  over  to  make  discoveries. 
Hinckley;  lake,  and  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  resident 

family. 
Hinda;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Hinds,  former  Congressman 

from  that  State. 
Hinesburg;    town  in  Chittenden  County,  Vennont,  named  for  an  original  pro- 
prietor, Abel  Hines. 

i;  town  in  Liberty  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Charlton  Hines,  esquire. 
i;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Hinsdale;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Lieutenant-Governor  George  A.  Hinsdale. 
Hinsdale;  village  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  named  for  H.  W.  Hinsdale,  a  promi- 
nent railroad  man,  and  from  the  town  of  Hinsdale,  New  York. 
Hinsdale;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Rev.  Theodore 

Hinsdale. 
Hinsdale;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Ebenezer 

Hinsdale,  one  of  its  principal  inhabitants. 
Hinton;  city  in  Summers  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  former  owner  of 

the  town  site. 
Hippocrass;  island  in  Maine,  probably  so  named  by  seamen,  the  word  meaning 

"spiced  wine.' ' 
Hiram;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  and  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio, 

named  for  Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  1014  B.  C.     The  name  means  "nobly  born.,, 
Hitchcock;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Phineas  W.  Hitchcock,  senator  from 

Nebraska. 
Hoback;  peak  and  river  in  Wyoming,  named  for  an  early  trapper  with  the  Missouri 

Fur  Company. 
Hobart;  town  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Hobart;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Bishop  Hobart,  of  New 

Jersey. 
Hobgood;  town  in  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  principal  of  the 

Oxford  Female  Seminary. 


158  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Hoboken;  city  in  Hudson  County,  New  Jersey.    Derived  from  the  Indian  word 

hopoccm,  meaning  "tobacco  pipe,"  or  "pipe  country." 
Hockanum;  river  and  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word, 

meaning  "hook -shaped,"  or  "hook;"  so  named  because  of  the  change  in  the 

course  of  the  river  at  this  point. 
Hockendaqua;  stream  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania.    A  Delaware  Indian 

word,  meaning  "searching  for  land." 
Hockessin;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"good  bark;"  applied  to  this  locality  on  account  of  the  good  quality  of  white 

oak  found  there. 
Hocking;  river  and  county  in  Ohio.     Derived  from  the  Delaware  Indian  word 

hockhock,  "gourd"  or  "bottle,"  and  ing,  meaning  "place;"  so  called  because  at 

this  point  the  river  suddenly  assumes  the  shape  of  a  bottle. 
Hockley;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  G.  W.  Hockley,  prominent  in  the  Texan 

revolution. 
Hodgdon;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  proprietor,   John 

Hodgdon. 
Hodgeman;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Amos  Hodgeman,  captain  Company  H, 

Seventh  Kansas. 
Hodgensville;  town  in  Larue  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Robert  Hodgen. 
Hodges;  ledge  of  rock  in  Massachusetts,  named  for  Isaac  Hodges. 
Hodges;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Hoffman;  mount  in  California,  named  for  Charles  F.  Hoffman,  State  geological 

survey. 
Hoffman;  village  in  Richmond  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Hoffmans  Ferry;  village  in  Schenectady  County,   New  York,   named  for  John 

Hoffman,  owner  of  a  ferry. 
Hog  Creek;  village  in  Allen  County,  Ohio,  named  from  a  stream  with  the  Indian 

name,  ko*ko*epe,  meaning  "  hog  river." 
Hohenlinden;  village  in  Chickasaw  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  village  in 

Bavaria.  ** 

Hohokus;  town  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Indian' 

word  ho-hoke*,  meaning  "a  shout,"  or  "some  kind  of  a  tree  bark." 
Hoisington;  city  in  Barton  County,  Kansas,  named  for  A.  J.  Hoisington,  of  Great 

Bend. 
Hokah;  village  in  Houston  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  river.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "horn." 
Hokaman;  lakes  in  Minnesota.     An   Indian  word  meaning  "where  herons  set." 
Holbrook;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Elisha  Holbrook,  a 

prominent  citizen. 
Holden;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Hon.  Samuel 

Holden,  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England. 
Holden;  city  in  Johnson  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Major  Nathaniel  Holden, 

prominent  in  the  history  of  the  county. 
Holderness;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  district  in 

Yorkshire,  England. 
Holdridge;  town  in  Phelps  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  G.  W.  Holdridge,  super- 
intendent Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railway. 
Holgate;  stream  in  northern  Illinois,  named  for  James  Holgate,  the  first  judge  of 

Stark  County. 
Holland;  village  in  Dubois  County,  Indiana,  and  city  in  Ottawa  County,  Michigan, 

named  by  early  settlers  from  the  country  of  Europe. 
SoUandale;  town  in  Washington  County,  Mississippi)  named  for  Dr.  Holland,  whose 
plantation  the  town  site  now  occupies. 


gannbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  159 

Holland  Patent;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry,  Lord 

Holland,  patentee. 
Holley;  village  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  named  for  Byron  Holley,  one  of  the 

first  canal  commissioners. 
Holliday;  town  in  Johnson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Cyrus  K.  Holliday,  of 

Topeka. 
Holliday;  village  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Samuel  Holliday,  of  St. 

Louis. 
Holliday  sburg;  borough  in  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  and 

Adam  Holliday,  the  first  settlers. 
Hollia;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Thomas  Hollis,  a 

benefactor  of  Harvard  College;  or,  according  to  Togg,  for  the  Duke  of  Newcastle. 
Holliater;  town  in  San  Benito  County,  California,  named  for  Col.  W.  W.  Hollister, 

an  early  settler. 
Holliater;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Thomas  Hollis,  of 

London,  a  patron  of  Harvard  College. 
Holly;  township  and  village  in  Oakland  County,  Michigan,  named  from  Holly 

Beach  in  New  Jersey. 
Holly  Beach;  borough  in  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  beach  within 

its  precincts  where  holly  is  supposed  to  have  been  found  abundantly. 
Holly  Springs;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  and  village  in  Wake  County, 

North  Carolina,  so  named  on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  these  two  features. 
Holmes;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  David  Holmes,  governor  of  the  Territory 

and  State,  1809-1817. 
Holmes;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  Major  Holmes,  an  officer  of  the  War  of  1812. 
Holmes;  mounts  in  Utah  and  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  the  geologist, 

W.  H.  Holmes. 
Holmesville;  village  in  Gage  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  L.  M.  Holmes,  its 

founder. 
Holmesville;  village  in  Holmes  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Major  Holmes. 
Holston;  branch  of  the  Tennessee  River,  named,  according  to  Haywood,  for  its 

discoverer. 
Holt;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  David  Rice  Holt,  member  of  the  State  legis- 
lature. 
Holt;  town  in  Clay  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Jerry  Holt,  upon  whose  land  the 

town  was  established. 
Holton;  city  in  Jackson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Hon.  Edward  Hoi  ton. 
Holts  Summit;  village  in  Callaway  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Timothy  Holt. 
Holy  Cross;  mountain  peak  in  Colorado,  so  named  for  a  cross  of  snow  upon  its  east- 
ern face. 
Holyoke;  town  in  Phillips  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  city  in  Massachusetts. 
Holyoke;  city  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Rev.  Edward  Hol- 
yoke, an  early  president  of  Harvard  College. 
Holyoke;  mountain  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  about  1650  for 

Elizur  Holyoke,  father  of  Rev.  Edward  Holyoke. 
Homer;  village  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  and  sixteen  other  places  bear  the 

name  of  the  Greek  poet. 
Homestead;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania.    Named  for  the  company 

by  which  the  town  was  laid  out. 
Homosassa;  town  in  Citrus  County,  Florida.     A  Seminole  Indian  word,  the  meaning 

differing  according  to  different  authorities,  two  versions  being  "  river  of  fishes  " 

and  "  pepper  ridge." 
Honda;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  yrord  moaning 

"sling." 


160  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Honesdale;  through  in  Wayne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Philip  Dale,  a 

patron  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Company. 
Honeoye;  lake  in  Ontario  County,  New  York; 
Honeoye  Falls;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York.    From  the  Iroquois,  haye- 

ayeh,  meaning  "a  finger  lying." 
Honey  Grove;  city  in  Fannin  County,  Texas,  ho  named  by  explorers,  who,  encamp- 
ing in  the  wood,  found  large  quantities  of  honey  in  the  trees. 
Honolulu;  name  transferred  from  the  city  in  Hawaii  to  a  village  in  Craven  County, 

North    Carolina,    meaning   "fair   haven,"   from  hono,   "harbor,"    and  hUu, 

"smooth,"  "quiet" 
Hood;  river  and  mountain  in  Oregon  and  a  canal  in  Washington,  named  for  Alex- 
ander Arthur  Hood,  afterwards  Lord  Brinport. 
Hood;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  John  B.  Hood,  a  frontiersman. 
Hookerton;  town  in  Greene  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
Hookstown;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Matthias  Hook, 

an  early  resident. 
Hookton;  village  in' Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Major  Hook. 
Hoopa;  town  and  valley  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  the  Hoopa 

Indians,  a  tribe  on  the  lower  Trinity  River. 
Hoopeston;  city  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,  Thomas 

Hoopes. 
Hoosac;   river  in  Massachusetts,   New  York,  and  Vermont.    Derived  from  the 

Mohican  Indian,  wmijoo,  meaning  "mountain,"  and  afc'c,  "rock." 
Hoosick;  town  in  Renssalacr  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  river. 
Hoover;  village  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Riley  Hoover,  its  founder. 
Hopatcong;  lake  in  New  Jersey.    An  Indian  name  meaning  "stone  over  water," 

because  of  an  artificial  causeway  of  stone  which  connected  an  island  of  the  lake 

with  the  shore. 
Hope;  town  in  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  the  daughter  of  J.  M. 

Lough  borough. 
Hope;  town  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  so  named  by  its  Moravian  settlers  as 

a  monument  to  the  sentiment  which  caused  them  to  emigrate  there. 
Hopedale;    township  and   village  in   Tazewell  County,  Illinois.    The   name  is 

descriptive  of  the  location  and  the  sentiment  that  inspired  the  founders. 
Hopedale;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  by  a  community 

known  as  "The  Dale"  (now  defunct)  to  which  "hope"  was  prefixed  as  an 

expression  of  their  sentiment  as  to  the  welfare  of  the  settlement. 
Hopewell;  lx>rough  in  Mercer  County,  New  Jersey,  named  according  to  the  Puritan 

system  of  nomenclature,  the  place  having  been  settled  early  in  the  eighteenth 

century  by  families  from  Long  Island,  formerly  from  Connecticut 
Hopkins;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Samuel  Hopkins,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Hopkins;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  pioneer  family. 
Hopkinsville;  city  in  Christian  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  Samuel  Hopkins, 

a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Hopkinton;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Edward  Hopkins, 

early  governor  and  patron  of  Harvard  College. 
Hopkinton;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in 

Massachusetts. 
Hopkinton;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Roswell  Hopkins, 

the  first  settler. 
Hopkinton;  town  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  said  to  have  been  named 

for  Stephen  Hopkins,  governor. 
Hoppeny;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "where  the  wild 
potato  grows. " 


oAmnRT.)  PLACE   NAME8  IN  THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  161 

Hoppogue;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  New  York.    A  corruption  of 

the  original  Indian  name  winganhappague,  meaning  "sweet  water." 
Hoquiam;  river  and  city  in  Chehalis  County,  Washington.      From  the  Indian 

ho-qui~umpUe,  meaning  "hungry  for  wood;"  the  river  being  so  called  on  account 

of  the  great  amount  of  driftwood  at  its  mouth. 
Horace;  city  in  Greeley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Horace  Greeley. 
Horicon;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  and  lake  and  city  in  Dodge  County, 

Wisconsin;  an  Indian  derivation  of  unknown  meaning. 
Hornby;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Hornby,  an  early 

English  landholder. 
Hornellsville;  city  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  first  settler,  George 

Hornell. 
Hornersville;  village  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  William  H.  Horner, 

its  founder. 
Horry;  county  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Peter  Horry. 
Horse;  creek,  a  branch  of  Green  River  in  Wyoming,  which,  at  the  time  of  receiving 

its  name  was  the  grazing  ground  of  a  herd  of  wild  horses. 
Horseheads;  town  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  at  this  point, 

during  an  expedition  against  the  Indians,  General  Sullivan  caused  his  pack 

horses  to  be  killed  and  the  heads  piled  up. 
Horton;  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Chief  Justice  A.  H.  Horton. 
Hortonville;  village  in  Outagamie  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  its  founder. 
Hosensack;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.     A  German  word  meaning  "breeches  pocket," 

and  so  called  by  a  hunter  who  became  bewildered  in  its  valley. 

:;  village  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  creek. 
Creek;  stream  in  Vermont,  so  named  because  of  the  hospital  built  upon 

its  banks  by  General  Gates. 
Hot  Springs;  county  in  Arkansas,  so  named  for  the  famous  springs  formerly  within 

its  limits. 
Houghs;  neck  of  land  in  Quincy,  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Allerton 

Hough,  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  Boston  and  a  large  landowner. 
Houghton;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Douglas  Houghton,  formerly  State 

geologist 
Houlton;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  settler,  Joseph 

Houlton. 
Hounsfleld;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Ezra  Hounsfield,  early 

proprietor. 
Housatonic;  river  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.     From  the  Indian  words 

wusfri,  "beyond,"  and  adene,  "mountain,"  meaning  "beyond  the  mountain." 

According  to  other  authorities,  from  the  Indian  words  ?/•«««,  "proud,"  alon, 

"stream,"  and  ick,  from  azhubic,  meaning  "rocks,"  the  whole  meaning  "proud 

river  flowing  through  the  rocks." 
Housatonic;  village  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  river. 
House ville;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  founder,  Eleazer 

House. 
Houston;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Gov.  R.  L.  Houston  of  the  State. 
Houston;  village  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  John  W.  Houston. 
Houston;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  John  Houston,  an  early  governor. 
Houston;  county  in  Minnesota;  cities  in  Chickasaw  County,  Mississippi,  and  Texas 

County,  Missouri;  county  in  Tennessee;  and  county,  and  city  in  Harris  County, 

in  Texas;  and  several  other  places;  named  generally  for  Gen.  Samuel  Houston, 

president  of  the  Texas  republic,  and  later  United  States  Senator  from  the  State 
.   of  Texas. 
SouBtonia;  village  in  Pettis  County,  Missouri,  named  ior  Gen.  fom^Ytarcatarcu 

Boll  258— 05 U 


162  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Houtzdale;  borough  in  Clearfield  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Dr.  Daniel 

Houtz,  who  owned  the  land  upon  which  the  town  is  built 
Hovenweep;   creek   in   Mineral  County,  Colorado.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"deserted  valley." 
Howard;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  James  Howard,  State  senator. 
Howard;  counties  in  Indiana  and  Iowa,  named  for  Gen.  T.  A.  Howard,  of  Indiana. 
Howard;  city  in  Elk  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  0.  0.  Howard. 
Howard;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  Gen.  John  Eager  Howard,  of  Revolution- 
ary fame. 
Howard;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin  Howard,  an  early  governor. 
Howard;  county  in  Nebraska.    Opinions  differ  as  to  whether  this  county  was  named 

for  Gen.  0.  0.  Howard  or  Howard  Paul,  son  of  an  early  settler. 
Howard;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Volney  Howard,  United  States  Congressman. 
Howe;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Howell;  town  in  Vanderburg  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Capt.  Lee  Howell,  a  local 

railroad  man. 
Howell;  township  and  village  in  Livingston  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Thomas 

N.  Howell,  of  Canaudaigua,  New  York. 
Howell;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Howell;  town  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  probably  named  for  Richard 

Howell,  an  early  governor. 
Howell;  town  in  Marion  County,  Oregon,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Howe's  Cave;  cave  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  six  miles  east  of  Cobleskill, 

from  which  a  strong  current  of  cold  air  issues.     Named  for  Lester  Howe,  who 

first  explored  its  recesses. 
Hoxie;  city  in  Sheridan  County,  Kansas,  named  for  H.  M.  Hoxie,  general  manager 

of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad. 
Hoyt;  mount  in  Wyoming,  named  for  Hon.  John  W.  Hoyt,  formerly  governor  of 

Wyoming. 
Hubbard;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen.  Lucius  F.  Hubbard,  governor  of 

the  State,  1882-87. 
Hubbard;  village  in  Dakota  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Judge  A.  W.  Hubbard. 

{Hubbardston;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts; 
Hubbardton;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont.     Named  for  Thomas  Hubbard, 
of  Boston,  one  of  its  charter  citizens. 
Hudson;  township  and  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Hudson,  New 

York,  the  home  of  its  founders. 
Hudson;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Hon.  Charles 

Hudson,  born  in  the  town. 
Hudson;  township  and  village  in  Lenawee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Dr.  Daniel 

Hudson,  one  of  the  first  landowners  in  the  township. 
Hudson;  county  in  New  Jersey,  and  river  in  and  city  in  Columbia  County,  in  New 

York,  named  for  Henry  Hudson,  the  discoverer. 
Hudson;  village  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  David  Hudson,  an  early  settler. 
Huerfano;  county,  town  in  same  county,  river,  and  canyon  in  Colorado,  named 

from  an  isolated  mountain  in  the  river  valley.      A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"orphan." 
Hughes;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  in  honor  of  Alexander  Hughes,  legislator, 

1873. 
Hughes;  river  in  West  Virginia,  a  tributary  of  the  Little  Kanawha,  named  for  Jesse 

Hughes,  an  Indian  fighter. 
Hughesville;  town  in  Gilpin  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Patrick  Hughes,  upon 

whose  ranch  the  town  is  located. 


OAWKWT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  163 

Hugo  ton;  city  in  Stevens  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Victor  Hugo,  "ton"  being 

added  to  prevent  conflict  with  Hugo,  Colorado. 
Hulberton;  village  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  named  for  Hulbert,  a  former 

resident. 
Hull;  town  in  Sioux  County,  Iowa,  named  for  John  Hull. 

Hull;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Humboldt;  counties  in  California  and  Iowa,  city  in  Allen  County,  Kansas,  county 

and  river  in  Nevada,  and  nine  other  places,  named  for  the  geographer,  Baron 

Alexander  von  Humboldt. 
Hume;  village«in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  named  for  E.  W.  Hume,  its  founder. 
Hummelstown;  borough  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Frederick 

Hummel,  by  whom  it  was  laid  out. 
Humphrey;  peak  of  the  San  Francisco  Mountains  in  Arizona,  and  mount  in  Yel- 
lowstone Park,  named  for  Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Chief  of  Engineers,  United 

States  Army. 
Humphrey;  town  in  Cattaraugus  County ,  New  York,  named  for  Charles  Humphrey, 

speaker  of  the  assembly  when  the  town  was  founded. 
Humphreys;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Parry  W.  Humphreys. 
Humphrey s ville;  village  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  the  Hon. 

David  Humphreys. 
Hump  tulips;  river  in  Chehalis  County,  Washington.      An  Indian  word  meaning 

"chilly  region." 
Hunnewell;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  and  city  in  Shelby  County,  Missouri, 

named  for  H.  H.  Hunnewell,  of  Boston. 
Hunniwell;  point  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  River,  Maine,  named  for  a  former 

resident  of  the  vicinity. 
Hunt;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Memucan  Hunt,  at  one  time  minister  from  the 

Republic  of  Texas, 
Hunter;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Hunter,  a  proprietor. 
Hunterdon;  county  in  New  Jersey,  named  for  Governor  Robert  Hunter,  of  New 

York. 
Hunters  ville;  town  in  Mecklenburg  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  promi- 
nent citizen. 
Huntersville;  village  in  Pocahontas  County,  West  Virginia,  so  called  because  the 

site  was  originally  occupied  by  hunters'  cabins. 
Huntingourg;  city  in  Dubois  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  the  neighborhood 

was  originally  known  as  an  excellent  hunting  field. 
Huntingdon;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania.    The  town  was 

named  for  Selena,  Countess  of  Huntingdon,  and  the  county  was  named  from  the 

town. 
Huntingdon;  town  in  Carroll  Cdunty,  Tennessee,  named  for  Memucan  Hunt,  whose 

heirs  donated  the  land  for  its  site. 
Huntington;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Samuel  Huntington,  of  Connecticut,  a 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Huntington;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  P. 

Huntington,  of  Northampton. 
Huntington;  town  in  Baker  County,  Oregon,  named  for  J.  B.  Huntington,  upon 

whose  ranch  the  town  was  built. 
Huntington;  city  in  Cabell  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  C.  P.  Huntington, 

of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railway. 
Huntley;  village  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  one  of  its  founders. 
Huntsburg;  township  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Dr.  Eben  Hunt,  a  land 

proprietor. 


164  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [»cll.im. 

Hunts ville;  town  in  Madison  County,  Alabama,  named  for  John  Hunt,  its  first 
settler. 

Huntsville;  city  in  Randolph  County,  Missouri,  named  for  David  Hunt,  of  Ken- 
tucky, the  first  settler. 

Huntsville;  town  in  Walker  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  town  in  Alabama. 

Hurley;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Lovelace  family,  who 
were  Barons  Hurley,  of  Ireland. 

Hurley;  town  in  Iron  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  M.  A.  Hurley,  of  Wausau, 
Wisconsin. 

Huron;  one  of  the  Great  Lakes  of  North  America.  Opinions  differ  as  to  the  classi- 
fication of  the  name,  whether  French  or  Indian,  and  to  its  meaning.  According 
to  most  authorities,  it  is  a  corruption  of  the  French  word  huret  given  a  tribe  of 
Indians  by  the  French,  the  word  meaning  "wild  boar,"  on  account  of  their 
unkempt  appearance. 

Huron;  city  in  Atchison  County,  Kansas,  county  in  Michigan,  and  city  in  Beadle 
County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  the  Huron  Indians. 

Huron;  county,  and  village  in  Erie  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  lake. 

Hufltisford;  village  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  John  Hustis,  an  early 
settler. 

Hutchinson;  city  in  Reno  County,  Kansas,  named  for  C.  C.  Hutchinson,  its  founder. 

Hutchinson;  village  in  McLeod  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  Hutchinson 
brothers,  its  founders. 

Hutchinson;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  John  Hutchinson,  first  Territorial 
secretary. 

Hutchinson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Anderson  Hutchinson,  a  prominent  citi- 
zen in  the  days  of  the  Republic. 

Huttonsville;  village  in  Randolph  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Jonathan 
Hutton,  the  first  settler. 

Hyannis;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Indian  sachem, 
Ilianna. 

Hyde;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Edward  Hyde,  governor  during  colonial 
day  8. 

Hyde;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  James  Hyde,  a  member  of  the  legislature 
in  1873. 

Hyde  Park;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Dutchess  County,  New 
York,  named  from  Hyde  Park,  London. 

Hyde  Park;  town  in  Lamoille  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Jedediah  Hyde,  an 
early  pettier. 

Hydesville;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Hyndman;  ]>eak  in  Idaho,  named  for  an  old  resident  of  the  vicinity. 

Iberia;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  from  the  ancient  name  of  Spain. 

Iberville;  parish  in  Ixmisiana,  named  for  Pierre  le  Moyne  Iberville,  a  Canadian 
naval  commander,  who  built  the  first  fort  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Ibex;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  from  the  circumstance  of 
the  finding  of  a  pair  of  horns  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  goat  by  early  settlers. 

Ichoconnaugh;  creek  in  Georgia*     A  Creek  Indian  word  meaning  "deer  trap." 

Icy;  cape  in  Alaska,  so  named  liecause  of  the  ice  along  the  coast  at  this  point. 

Ida;  county  in  Iowa,  named  by  the  pioneers  from  the  mountain  in  Greece,  thereby 
linking  the  new  State  with  the  ancient  civilization. 

Idaho;  State  of  the  Union  and  county  in  same  State.  An  Indian  word  of  unknown 
meaning. 

Iliff ;  town  in  fx>gan  County,  Colorado,  named  for  John  W.  Iliff,  a  Colorado  cattle 
king,  near  whose  ranch  the  town  is  located. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  8TATES.  165 

Hion;  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  place  mentioned  in 

Homer's  poem. 
Illinois;  State  of  the  Union  and  river  in  same  State.     Named  from  the  Illini  Indians, 

who  inhabited  the  region,  the  name  meaning  "men." 
Uliopolis;  township  and  village  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois.     A  name  coined 

from  Illinois  and  polis,  meaning  "  city." 
Ulyria;  village  in  Fayette  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  ancient  kingdom  of 

Austria. 
Ixnlay  City;  village  in  Lapeer  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Judge  Imlay,  of  New 

York,  who  owned  a  mill  in  the  township. 
Independence;  county  in  Arkansas,  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kansas;  and 

twenty-six  cities,  towns,  and  villages  bear  this  name  in  commemoration  of  the 

Declaration  of  Independence. 
Indiana;  State  of  the  Union;  probably  so  named  because  of  the  purchase  from  the 

Indians  of  that  tract  of  land  lying  along  the  Ohio  River;  by  another  authority 

said  to  have  been  named  from   the  Indian   tribes  who  settled  in  western 

Pennsylvania. 
Indiana;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  general  appellation  of  the  Indian 

tribes. 
Tndian  Cattle;  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  Indian 

fort,  part  of  a  chain  of  defenses  which  guarded  the  approach  to  Canada. 
Indio;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "Indian." 
Industry;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  so  named  on  account  of  the  industrious 

character  of  the  people. 
Ingalls;  town  in  Payne  County,  Oklahoma,  named  for  the  senator  from  Kansas. 
Ingham;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Samuel  D.  Ingham,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury under  President  Jackson. 
Ingold;  village  in  Sampson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Inkpa;  tributary  of  the  Minnesota  River.     An  Indian  word,  eenk~pat  or  piah,  mean- 
ing "end"  or  "point." 
In  man;  city  in  McPherson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Maj.  Henry  Inman. 

.;  station  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  W.  H.  Inman,  an  early  settler. 
;  town  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Interlaken;  city  in  Putnam  County,  Florida,  named  from  a  town  in  Switzerland. 
Inverness;  township  in  Cheboygan  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  city  in 

Scotland,  meaning  "mouth  of  Ness." 
Inverury;  village  in  Sevier  County,  Utah,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Iola;  city  in  Allen  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  wife  of  J.  F.  Colborn. 
Ionia;  county  in  Michigan,  and  twelve  other  places,  the  name  being  transferred 

from  Greece. 
Iosco;  county  in  Michigan.     An  Indian  derivative,  manufactured  by  Schoolcraft. 

meaning  "water  of  light,"  or  "shining  water." 
Iowa;  State  of  the  Union,  county  and  river  in  same  State,  and  county  in  Wisconsin. 

The  name  is  derived  from  the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe,  meaning  "sleepy  ones," 

or  "drowsy  ones." 
Iowa  Falls;  city  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  falls  in  the  river. 
Ipswich;   town  in  Essex  County,   Massachusetts,  and  township  and  village  in 

Edmunds  County,  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  capital  city  of  Suffolk,  England. 

(Ira;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont; 
Irasburg;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont.     Probably  named  for  Ira  Allen,  a 
grantee. 
Iredell;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  James  Iredell,  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 


166  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES  [bull.«8. 

Irion;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Iron;  counties  in  Michigan,  Missouri,  Utah,  and  Wisconsin,  so  named  on  account  of 
the  great  amount  of  iron  ore  found  within  their  limits. 

Irondequoit;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  which,  accord- 
ing to  some  authorities,  means  "  place  where  the  waves  gasp  and  die,"  and 
according  to  others,  "bay." 

Iron  Mountain;  city  in  Dickinson  County,  Michigan.  Large  iron-ore  mines  being 
discovered  in  the  Menominee  range;  a  settlement  grew  up  around  them,  hence 
the  name. 

Ironton;  city  in  Lawrence  County,  Ohio.  The  name  is  contracted  from  "iron 
town." 

Iroquois;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  river  which  flows  through  it 

Iroquois;  river  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  town  in  Kingsbury  County,  South 
Dakota.  The  river  is  so  named  from  a  battle  on  its  banks  between  the  Iroquois 
and  Illinois  Indians,  in  which  the  former  were  defeated.  From  the  famous 
Iroquois  Indian  Confederacy.  The  word  is  said  to  be  from  hiro,  "I  have  said," 
and  koue,  a  vocable,  which  expressed  joy  or  sorrow,  according  to  the  rapidity 
with  which  it  is  pronounced. 

Irvine;  town  in  Estill  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  William  Irvine. 
Irving';  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas; 

Irvington;  township  and  village  in  Washington  County,  Illinois,  town  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  and  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.  Named 
for  Washington  Irving. 

Irwin;  village  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Richard  Irwin,  a  noted 
mining  man. 

{Irwin;  county  in  Georgia; 
Irwinton;  town  in  Wilkinson  County,  Georgia.    Named  for  Gen.  Jared  Irwin,  for- 
mer governor  of  the  State. 
Irwin;  borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania.    Named  for  John  Irwin, 

who  owned  the  land  upon  which  the  town  is  built. 
Isa;  lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Miss  Isabel  Jelke,  of  Cincinnati. 
Isaac;  branch  of  St.  Jones  Creek,  Delaware,  named  for  Isaac  Webb,  an  early  settler. 
Isabella;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  the  daughter  of  John  Hurst,  who  was  the 

first  white  child  born  within  its  limits. 
Isanti;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  from  the  Sioux  Indian  word  isafl,  "knife," 

applied  to  the  eastern  division  of  the  Sioux  tribe  formerly  occupying  that  region. 
Iahawooa;  town  in  Bighorn  County,  Wyoming.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  much 

cascara." 
Ishpeming;  township  and  city  in  Marquette  County,  Michigan.     An  Ojibwa  Indian 

word  meaning  "heaven"  or  "high  up." 
Island;  county  in  Washington,  so  named  because  it  is  composed  entirely  of  islands. 
Island  Falls;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  so  named  on  account  of  an  island 

which  is  midway  of  the  stream  at  the  verge  of  the  falls. 
Island  Mine;  village  on  Isle  Royale,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  a  copper  mine 

there. 
Island  Pond;  village  in  Essex  County,  Vermont,  so  named  because  of  an  island  in 

the  center  of  a  little  lake  l)etween  the  spurs  of  the  mountains. 
Isle  au  Chene;  island  iu  Lake  Superior,  Wisconsin;  one  of  the  Apostle  Islands.     A 

Franch  phrase  meaning  "island  of  the  oak." 
Isle  au  Haut;  island  at  the  entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine,  composed  of  high, 

steep  cliffs.     A  French  phrase  meaning  "island  of  the  height." 
Isle  au  Haut;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  island. 
Isle  Lamotte;  town  in  Grand  Isle  County,  Vermont,  named  for  a  French  officer, 

JjH  Motte. 


GAMimT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  167 

Isle  of  Wight;  county  in  Virginia,  named  from  the  island  in  the  English  Channel. 
Isleaboro;  township  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  it  consists  of  a  long 
narrow  island  in  Penobscot  Bay. 

m 

Islington;  village  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  in 

England. 
Islip;  town  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  parish  in  England. 
Israels;  stream  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  noted  trapper,  Israel 

G  lines. 
Issaquena;  county  in  Mississippi.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "deer  river." 
Istachatta;  town  in  Hernando  County,  Florida.    A  Seminole  Indian  word  meaning 

"man  snake." 
Italian;  mountain  peak  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  at  a  distance  it  displays  the 

national  colors  of  Italy — red,  white,  and  green. 
Itasca;  village  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  lake  in  Minnesota. 
Itasca;  county  and  lake  in  Minnesota.    An  alleged  Indian  form,  coined  by  School- 
craft, based  upon  the  Ojibwa  totosh,  a  "  woman's  breast." 
Itawamba;  county  in  Mississippi,  said  to  have  been  named  for  the  daughter  of  a 

Chickasaw  Indian  chief. 
Ithaca;  village  in  Gratiot  County,  Michigan,  and  city  in  Tompkins  County,  New 

York,  and  named  for  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  supposed  to  be  the  one  celebrated 

in  the  Homeric  poems  as  the  Kingdom  of  Ulysses. 
Ivanhoe;  town  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,  and  several  other  places,  named  from  Scott's 

novel. 
Izard;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  George  Izard,  former  governor. 
Izuza;  tributary  of  the  Minnesota  River.    A  Sioux  Indian  word,  meaning  "  white 

stone." 
Jacinto;  towns  in  Glenn  County,  California,  and  Alcorn  County,  Mississippi.    A 

Spanish  word  meaning  "hyacinth." 
Jack;  county  in  Texas; 
Jacksboro;  town  in  Jack  County,  Texas.    Named  for  William  Houston  and  Patrick 

Jack,  brothers,  early  settlers  and  prominent  citizens  in  the  days  of  the  republic. 
Jackson;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas, 

and  Kentucky;  parish  in  Louisiana;  counties  in  Michigan,  Mississippi,  and  Mis- 
souri; town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire;  county  in  North  Carolina; 

county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Ohio;  counties  in  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas, 

West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin;  and  many  other  places,  named  for  Gen.  Andrew 

Jackson. 
Jackson;  mountain  in  theSawatch  Range  in  Colorado,  named  for  the  photographer, 

W.  H.  Jackson. 
Jackson;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  James  Jackson,  United  States  Senator 

from  that  State. 
Jackson;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  named  for  Henry  Jackson,  a  contemporary 

of  Colonel  Knox  in  the  Revolution. 
Jackson;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Henry  Jackson, 

the  first  merchant  of  Saint  Paul. 
Jackson;  river  in  western  Virginia,  named  for  the  first  settler  on  its  banks. 
Jackson;  lake  in  Wyoming,  named  for  David  Jackson,  a  noted  mountaineer. 
Jacksonville;  city  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  prominent  colored 

preacher. 
Jacksonville;  town  in  Randolph  County,  Missouri,  and  village  in  Onslow  County, 

North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson. 
Jacoby;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Jaffiray;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  and  southern  point  of  entrance  to  Portsmouth 

Harbor,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  George  Jaffray,  one  of  the  original  proprie- 
tor and  later  a  chief  justice  of  the  State. 


168  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bpll.258. 

Jalama;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  From  the  Spanish  jalma,  mean- 
ing "pack  saddle." 

Jamaica;  town  in  Queens  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning,  accord- 
ing to  some  authorities,  " country  abounding  in  springs;"  according  to  others, 
"land  of  water  and  wood." 

James;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  the  botanist. 

James;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Jesse  J.  James. 

James;  river  in  Virginia,  named  for  James  I  of  England. 

Jamesburg;  borough  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

James  City;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  first  English  settlement,  Jamestown. 

Jamestown;  town  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  named  for  James  Mattock,  its  founder. 

Jamestown;  city  in  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  named  for  James  P.  Pomeroy,  of  the 
Central  Branch  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Jamestown;  city  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Pendergast, 
an  early  settler. 

Jamestown;  village  in  Greene  County,  Ohio,  named  for  James  Browder,  a  first 
settler. 

Jamestown;  town  in  Newport  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  the  Duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  later  James  II  of  England. 

Jamestown;  town  in  James  City  County,  Virginia,  named  for  King  James  I,  and 
the  first  English  settlement  in  America. 

Jamesville;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  De  Witt 

Jamesville;  town  in  Martin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 

Janes  ville;  town  in  Lassen  County,  California,  and  city  in  Rock  County,  Wiscon- 
sin, named  for  Henry  F.  Janes,  of  Wisconsin. 

Janes  ville;  town  in  Bremer  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  wife  of  John  T.  Barrick, 
its  founder. 

Jar  a;  creek  in  Colorado.  A  Spanish  word,  literally  "  rock  rose,"  but  in  connection 
with  the  creek  meaning  "  willow  brush." 

Jarrolds;  village  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Jasonville;  village  in  Greene  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Jason  Rogers,  one  of  its 
founders. 

Jasper;  county,  and  town  in  Pickens  County,  in  Georgia;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Mississippi,  and  Missouri;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York;  county  in 
Texas;  and  many  other  places;  named  for  Sergt.  William  Jasper,  of  Fort  Moultrie 
(S.  C.)  fame,  who  was  killed  in  the  siege  of  Savannah. 

Java;  town  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago.     A  Malay  word  meaning  "  the  land  of  nutmegs." 

Jay;  county  in  Indiana,  towns  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  Essex  County,  New 
York,  and  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Hon.  John  Jay,  an  eminent 
statesman,  proprietor,  and  early  governor  of  New  York. 

Jeddo;  village  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  and  borough  in  Luzerne  County, 
Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  capital  of  Japan,  the  old  name  of  Tokyo. 

Jeff  Davis;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Jefferson  Davis. 

Jefferson;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Georgia1,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas, 
and  Kentucky;  parish  in  I  Louisiana;  counties  in  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Mon- 
tana; town  in  Coos  County,  and  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire; county  in  New  York;  mount  in  Oregon;  counties  in  Pennsylvania,  Ten- 
nessee, Washington,  West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin;  probably  the  counties  in 
Alabama,  Florida,  Nebraska,  and  Ohio;  and  many  towns  and  vMlages;  named 
for  President  Thomas  Jefferson. 

Jefferson;  town  in  Ashe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 

Jefferson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Jefferson  Beaumont,  an  early  settler  and 
prominent  citizen. 


GAmnciT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  169 

Jekyl;  island  in  Georgia,  named  for  Sir  Joseph  Jekyl. 

Jenkintown;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William 

Jenkins,  early  settler. 
Jennings;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Jonathan  Jennings,  first  governor  of  the 

State. 
Jenny;  lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  the  Shoshone  wife  of  Rich- 
ard Leigh. 
Jenny  land;  town  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  named  for  the  Swedish  song- 
stress. 
Jerauld;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  H.  J.  Jerauld,  legislator. 
Jericho;  town  in  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  ancient  city  in 

Palestine. 
Jerome;  town  in  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
Jeromeville,  village  in  Ashland  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  Baptiste  Jerome,  a 

French  trader. 
Jersey;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 
Jersey  City;  city  in  Hudson  County,  New  Jersey,  originally  called  the  "city  of 

Jersey,"  named  from  one  of  the  channel  islands  of  England. 
Jersey  Shore;  town  in  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  the  first  settlers 

for  their  native  State — New  Jersey. 
Jerseyville;  city  in  Jersey  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 
Jerusalem;  towns  in  Lake  County,  California,  and  Yates  County,  New  York, 

named  from  the  ancient  city  of  Jerusalem.    A  Hebrew  name  meaning  "founda- 
tion of  peace.91 
Jessamine;  county  and  creek  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Jessamine  Douglass,  the 

daughter  of  an  early  settler. 
Jessup;  village  in  Antelope  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  ex-Governor  Jessup,  of 

Iowa. 
Jesup;  town  in  Buchanan  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Morris  K.  Jesup,  of  New  York. 
Jetmore;  city  in  Hodgeman  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  A.  B.  Jetmore,  of 

Topeka. 
Jewell;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Lieut.  Col.  Lewis 

K.  Jewell,  Sixth  Kansas  Cavalry. 
Jewett;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York,  named  for  Freeborn  G.  Jewett,  justice 

of  the  supreme  court. 
Jewett;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Ohio,  named  for  T.  M.  Jewett,  former  president 

of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  and  St  Louis  Railroad. 
Jo  Daviess;  county    in  Illinois,   named  for  Col.   Joseph   Hamilton    Daviess,  of 

Kentucky,  killed  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe. 
Joe  Gee;  hill  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  last  Indian  who  had  his 

cabin  on  the  hill 
Joes;  brook  near  Walden,  Vermont,  named  for  Captain  Joe,  a  friendly  Indian  of 

the  St  Francis  tribe. 
Johannesburg;  mining  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in 

South  Africa. 
John  Day;  river,  and  town  in  Grant  County,  in  Oregon,  named  for  a  member  of 

Hunt's  Astoria  overland  expedition. 
Johns;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Johnsburg;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Thurman,  an 

early  settler. 
Johnson;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Judge  Benjamin  Johnson. 
Johnson;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Governor  II .  V.  Johnson. 
Johnson;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  John  Johnson,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 

of  the  State. 


170  PLACE    NAME8    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Johnson;  counties  in  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska,  named  for  Richard 

Johnson,  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 
Johnson;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Andrew  Johnson. 
Johnson;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson,  missionary  to  the 

Shawnees. 
Johnson;  city  in  Stanton  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  Alexander  S.  Johnson,  of 

Topeka. 
Johnson;  village  in  Nemaha  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Julius  A.  Johnson,  large 

landowner. 
Johnson;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Samuel  Johnson. 
Johnson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  M.  G.  Johnson,  a  member  of  the  Texas 

congress. 
Johnson;  town  in  Lamoille  County,  Vermont,  named  for  the  proprietor,  William  S. 

Johnson. 
Johnson;  county  in  Wyoming,  named  for  E.  P.  Johnson,  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture at  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the  county. 
Johnson  City;  town  in  Washington  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Johnsons;  creek  in  New  York,  named  for  Sir  William  Johnson,  who  encamped  on 

its  banks  when  on  his  way  to  Fort  Niagara. 
Johnsonville;  town  in  Humphreys  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Andrew  Johnson. 
Johnston;  town  in  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Augustus  J.  Johnston,  attorney-general 

of  the  colony. 
Johnston;  pass  in  Utah,  named  for  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston. 
Johnstons;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gabriel  Johnston,  governor. 
Johnstown;  city  in  Fulton  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  founder,  Sir  William 

Johnson. 
Johnstown;  city,  and  borough  in  Cambria  County,  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  an 

early  settler,  Joseph  Jahns  or  Yahns. 
Joliet;  township  and  city  in  Will  County,  Illinois,  first  called  Juliet,  for  Juliet 

Campbell,  daughter  of  the  founder.    By  an  act  of  the  Illinois  General  Assem- 
bly the  name  was  changed  to  Joliet,  the  name  of  the  explorer. 
Jones;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  James  Jones,  member  of  Congress  from  that 

State. 
Jones;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  George  W.  Jones,  United  States  Senator  from 

that  State. 
Jones;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Commodore  John  Paul  Jones. 
Jones;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  William  Jones,  a  North  Carolina 

statesman. 
Jones;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Anson  Jones,  one  of  the  first  Senators  in  the 

United  States  Congress  from  Texas. 
Jones;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  Col.  W.  A.  Jones,  United 

States  Army,  its  first  explorer. 
Jonesboro;  township  and  city  in  Craighead  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Senator 

William  A.  Jones. 
Jonesboro;  city  in  Union  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Doctor  Jones,  a  prominent 

settler. 
Jonesboro;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  John  C.  Jones,  one  of 

the  original  proprietors. 
Jonesboro;  town  in  Washington  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  William  Jones,  a 

North  Carolinian  statesman. 
Jonesburg;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Jonesport;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  John  C.  Jones,  one  of 

the  original  proprietors. 


cannot.]  PLACE   KAMES   IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  171 

Jonesville;  town  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Benjamin  Jones,  its 

founder. 
Jonesville;  village  in  Hillsdale  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Jonesville;  town  in  Union  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Joplin;  city  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  named   from  Joplin  Creek,  which  was 

named  for  Rev.  H.  Q.  Joplin,  who  lived  on  its  banks. 
Joppa;  post-offices  in  Cullman  County,  Alabama,  and  Harford  County,  Maryland, 

and  several  towns  and  villages,  the  name  being  transferred  from  the  ancient  city 

in  Palestine.    A  Hebrew  word  meaning  "beauty." 
Jordan;  villages  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  and  Onondaga  County,  New 

York,  stream  in  Utah,  and  25  other  places,  the  name  being  transferred  from  the 

river  in  Palestine.    A  Hebrew  word  meaning  "  descender." 
Joseph;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  the  famous  Nez  Perce1,  Chief  Joseph. 
Josephine;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  Josephine  Rollins,  the  daughter  of  the 

discoverer  of  the  first  gold  in  that  county. 
Juab;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  a  friendly  Indian  of  the  region. 
Juan  de  Fuca;  strait  separating  Washington  from  Vancouver  Island,  named  for  a 

Greek  navigator  in  the  Spanish  service,  who  explored  it. 
Judith;  river  in  Montana,  named  for  Miss  Hancock,  of  Fine-as  tie,  Virginia. 
Judsonia;  town  in  White  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Rev.  Adoniram  Judson,  a 

Baptist  missionary. 
Juhelville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Madame  Juhel,  a 

relative  of  the  Le  Ray  family. 
Julesburg;  town  in  Sedgwick  County,  Colorado,  said  to  be  named  for  Jules  Benard, 

a  frontiersman. 
Julien;  township  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Julien  Dubuque,  the  French 

trader  for  whom  the  county  was  named. 
Junction;  city  in  Geary  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  it  is  near  the  junction 

of  the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers. 
Junction;  borough  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  it  is  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  two  railroads. 
Junction;  butte  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  so  named  l>ecause  it  is  at  the 

junction  of  the  Yellowstone  and  Lamar  rivers. 
June;  mountain  in  the  town  of  Great  Barrington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

named  for  Benjamin  June,  who  lived  on  the  mountain. 
Juneau;  city  in  Alaska,  named  for  Joseph  Juneau,  a  gold  prospector  of  1851. 
Juneau;  county,  and  city  in  Dodge  County,  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  founder  of 

Milwaukee. 
Juniata;  county,  river,  and  township  in  Perry  County,  in  Pennsylvania; 
Juniataville;  village  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania.    From  an  Indian  word 

which  means  "they  stay  long,"  or,  according  to  another  derivation,  "beyond 

the  great  bend." 
Junius;  town  in  Seneca  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  State  land  board  for 

Junius,  of  the  classics. 
Kahoka;  city  in  Clark  County,  Missouri.    See  Ca?iokia. 

Kaibab;  plateau  in  Arizona.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "mountain  lying  down." 
Kalama;  town  in  Cowlitz  County,  Washington,  probably  named  from  the  Indian, 

okala  kalama,  meaning  "goose." 
Kalamazoo;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Michigan.     According  to  one 

authority  the  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word,  negihanamazo,  meaning 

"ottertail."     "Beautiful  water,"  "boiling  water,"  and  "stones  like  otters"  are 

other  translations. 
Kalispel;  city  in  Flathead  County,  Montana,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 


172  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Kamas;  town  in  Summit  County,  Utah.    The  Indian  name  for  Caanauia  etculenta, 

the  root  of  which  is  used  as  food  by  the  Indians  of  the  Pacific  coast. 
Kamrar;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Senator  Kamrar. 
Kanab;  town,  creek,  and  plateau  in  Kane  County,  Utah.    A  Ute  Indian  word, 

meaning  "  willow.1 ' 
Kanabec;  county  in  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word,  meaning  "snake."    The  usual 

Ojibway  word  given  by  these  Indians  to  the  Snake  River  flowing  through  the 

county. 
Kandiyohi;  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in  Minnesota.    From  the  Sioux 

Indian  kandi,  meaning  "buffalo  fish,"  and  ohi,  "arrive  in." 
Kane;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Elias  Kent  Kane,  United  States  Senator  from 

Illinois,  1824-1835. 
Kane;  town  in  McKean  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  resident  family: 
Kane;  county  in  Utah; 
Kaneville;  town  in  Kane  County,  Illinois.     Named  for  Gen.  Thomas  L.  Kane,  of 

Philadelphia. 
Kanopolis;  city  in  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.    The  name  is  a  combination  of  Kansas 

and  Centropolis,  Ellsworth  being  the  central  county  of  the  State. 
Kansas;  State  of  the  Union,  river  in  same  State,  and  nation  in  Oklahoma; 
Kansas  City;  cities  in  Wyandotte  County,  Kansas,  and  Jackson  County,  Missouri. 

Named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Kaolin;  village  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  the  large 

deposits  of  kaolin. 
Kappa;  village  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  Kappa  Indians. 
Karnes;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Henry  Karnes,  an  early  settler  and  Indian 

fighter. 
Karsaootuk;  stream  in  northern  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  black  river," 

or  "pine stream." 
Kaskaskia;  town  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  and  river  in  the  same  State.    An 

Indian  word  of  unknown  meaning,  the  name  of  a  tribe  of  Illinois  Indians. 
Kasota;  village  in  Lesueur County,  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "cleared," 

"cleared  off,"  or  "sky  clear  from  clouds." 
Kasson;  village  in  I )odge  County,  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "to  use 

up." 
Katahdin;  mountain  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning,  according  to  different 

authorites,  "  highest  land,"  "  big  mountain,"  "chief  mountain." 
Katchenaha;  lake  in  Florida.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "turkey  lake." 
Katellen;  village  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Kate  Ellen 

Brodhead. 
Katonah;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 

The  word  means  "sickly." 
Kaufman;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  David  S.  Kaufman, 

a  former  congressman. 
Kaukauna;  city  in  Outagamie  County,  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word,  which,  accord- 
ing to  different  authorities,  means  "portage,"  "long  portage,"  "place  where 

pickerel  are  caught,"  "place  of  pike." 
Kay;  county  in  Oklahoma,  formerly  written  "K,"  alphal>etically  lettered. 
Kearney;  county,  and  city  in  Buffalo  County,  in  Nebraska,  and  town  in  Hudson 

County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Gen.  Philip  Kearny. 
Kearney;  city  in  Clay  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Gen.  Stephen  W.  Kearny. 
Kearny;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  Philip  Kearny. 
Kearsarge;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "peaked 

mountain,"   or  kooiras,    "pointed   mountain,"   "highest  place;"    another  au- 

thority  gives  "proud"  or  "selfish." 


oannktt.]  PLACE   NAMES  IN   THE    UNITED  STATES.  173 

;  city  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Sir  Benjamin  Keene. 
;  village  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  founder,  Richard 


Keith;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  John  Keith,  of  North  Platte,  Nebraska. 

Keitnsburg;  township,  and  city  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  early 
settler. 

Kelleys  Island;  township,  and  village  in  Erie  County,  Ohio,  named  from  an  island 
in  Lake  Erie,  which  was  owned  by  Datus  and  Irad  Kelly. 

Kellogg;  town  in  Jasper  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Kemper;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  Reuben  Kemper,  an  American  sol- 
dier in  the  Florida  and  Mexican  wars. 

Kemper  City;  town  in  Victoria  County,  Texas,  named  for  Captain  Keinj>er. 

Kenansville;  town  in  Duplin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  lion.  James 
Kenan,  member  of  Congress. 

Kendall;  county  in  Illinois,  and  town  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  named  for 
Hon.  Amos  Kendall,  Postmaster-General  of  the  United  States,  1835-1840. 

Kendall;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  George  W.  Kendall,  a  prominent  citizen. 

Kendallville;  city  in  Noble  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Amos  Kendall,  Postmaster- 
General  under  President  Jackson. 

Kenduskeag;  town  and  river  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "little  eel  river,"  or  "place  for  taking  salmon." 

Kenly;  town  in  Johnston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  railroad 
official. 

Kennard;  town  in  Washington  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Hon.  Thomas  P. 
Kennard,  Secretary  of  State,  1867. 

Kennebec;  county  and  river  in  Maine;  the  word  is  said  to  mean  "long  lake." 

(Kennebunk;  town  in  York  County,  Maine; 

\Kennebunkport;  town  in  York  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  name,  said  to  mean 

(    ' '  long  water  place. ' ' 

Kenner;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Louisiana,  named  for  Duncan  F.  Kenner,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  that  State. 

Kennett  Square;  borough  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Kennett,  Wiltshire,  England. 

Kenney;  village  in  Dewitt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Moses  Kenney,  its  founder. 

Kenosha;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"fish,"  "pickerel,"  "pike." 

Kenoza;  lake  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "pick- 
erel." 

Kensington;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the 
parish  in  England. 

Kent;  counties  in  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Rhode  Island,  named  from  the  county 
of  Kent  in  England. 

Kent;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Chancellor  Kent  of  New  York. 

Kent;  town  in  Putnam  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 

Kent;  village  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  family  of  extensive  real-estate 
holders. 

Kent;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  R.  Kent,  an  early  settler. 

Kentland;  town  in  Newton  County,  Indiana,  named  for  A.  J.  Kent,  who  laid  out 
the  town. 

Kenton;  county  in  Kentucky  and  city  in  Hardin  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen. 
Simon  Kenton,  pioneer  of  Kentucky. 

Kentucky;  State  of  the  Union.     An  Indian  word  of  uncertain  meaning. 

Kentwood;  town  in  Tangipahoa  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  a  local  merchant, 
Amacker  Kent 


174  PLACE   NAME8   IN    THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Keokuk;  county,  and  city  in  Lee  County,  in  Iowa,  named  for  an  Indian  chief,  the 

word  meaning  "running  fox"  or  "watchful  fox." 
Keosauqua;  town  in  Van  Buren  county,  Iowa.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "great 

bend,"  so  named  for  a  bend  in  the  Dee  Moines  River. 
Keota;  town  in  Keokuk,  County,  Iowa.    An  Indian  word  meaning  either  "gone  to 

visit"  or  "the  fire  is  gone  out." 
Kern;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  California,  named  for  three  brothers. 
Kernersville;  town  in  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

citizen. 

IKerr;  county  in  Texas; 
Kerrville ;  town  in  Kerr  County,  Texas.    Named  for  James  Kerr,  a  prominent  early 
settler. 

Kershaw;  county,  and  town  in  Lancaster  County,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  the 
Kershaw  family,  early  settlers. 

Ke8hena;  town  in  Shawano  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  Indian  chief,  the 
word  meaning  "swift  flying." 

Keswick;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California,  named  by  English  mine  owners  from 
the  city  in  England. 

Ketchum;  precinct  in  Blaine  County,  Idaho,  named  for  David  Ketchum,  a  pioneer 
settler. 

Ketten  Chow;  valley  in  California.     An  Indian  name  meaning  "cammas  valley." 

Kewanee;  township  and  city  in  Henry  County,  Illinois.  An  Indian  word,  same  as 
kewaunee. 

Kewaskum;  village  in  Washington  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  old  Indian 
chief,  the  word  meaning  "returning  track." 

Kewaunee;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "prairie  hen"  or  "wild  duck;"  or,  according  to  another  authority, 
"to  go  around." 

Keweenaw;  county  in  Michigan;  the  vicinity  was  so  named  by  the  Indians  because 
of  the  point  of  land  which  projects  into  Lake  Superior;  the  word  means  "canoe 
carried  back,"  "carrying  place,"  hence,  a  portage. 

Key ap aha;  county  and  river  in  Nebraska.  A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "  turtle 
hills. 

Keyser;  town  in  Moore  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 

Keyser;  town  in  Mineral  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  officer  of  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Keystone;  towns  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  and  Dickey  County,  North  Dakota, 
named  by  its  Pennsylvania  settlers  for  the  Keystone  State. 

Keytesville;  city  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Rev.  Keyte,  an  early 
settler. 

Key  West;  city  on  Thompsons  Island,  or  Bone  Key,  Monroe  County,  Florida, 
named  for  its  location  on  one  of  the  most  westerly  keys.  Bone  Key  is  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Spanish,  cayo  hueso,  meaning  "bone  reef,"  so  named  because  of 
the  bones  found  iii>on  the  island. 

Kezar;  village  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Gardner  H.  Kezar. 

Kezar;  ponds  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  old  hunter. 

Khartoum;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  named  from  the  city  in  Egypt. 

Kickapoo;  town  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  township  in  Leavenworth  County, 
Kansas,  town  in  Anderson  County,  Texas,  and  river  in  Wisconsin,  named  from 
an  Indian  tribe. 

Kidder;  village  in  Caldwell  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  Kidder  Land  Com- 
pany, of  Boston,  who  laid  out  the  town. 

Kidder;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Jefferson  P.  Kidder,  prominent 
in  the  State's  political  affairs. 


oajikmt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  175 

Kidron;  town  in  Coweta  County,  Georgia,  named  from  the  brook  near  Jerusalem. 
Kilbourn  City;  village  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Byron  Kilbourn, 

a  pioneer. 
JKilbuck;  town  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania; 

IKillbuck ;  town  in  Wayne  County,  Ohio.  Named  for  a  chief  of  the  Delaware  Indians. 
Kildare;  township  in  Juneau  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  town  in  Ireland. 
Kilkenny;  village  in  Lesueur  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  town  in  Ireland. 
Killingworth;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  intended  by  its  Scotch 

settlers  to  be  named  Kenil worth,  but,  by  the  mistake  of  the  clerk  of  the  court, 

named  as  above. 
Kilmarnock;  town  in  Lancaster  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Kimball;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  John  P.  Kimball. 

Kimball;  township  and  city  in  Brule  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  F.  W.  Kim- 
ball, chief  engineer  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Saint  Paul  Railroad. 
Kimble;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  George  C.  Kimble,  an  early  settler. 
Kimbolton;  village  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Kincaid;  city  in  Anderson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Robert  Kincaid,  of  Mound 

City. 
Kinderhook;  town  in  Columbia  County,  New   York.    The  Anglicized  form  of 

kinder  hoecky  the  name  given  the  place  by  Henry  Hudson,  meaning  "children's 

point,"  on  account  of  the  many  Indian  children. 
Kineo;  mountain  in  Maine.    An  Indian  word,  meaning  "high  bluff." 
King:;  peak  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Captain  King,  of  the  United 

States  Army. 
King;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  William  King,  a  prominent  citizen. 
King;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  William  Rufus  King,  former  Vice-President 

of  the  United  States. 
King  and  Queen;  county  in  Virginia,  founded  in  1691,  and  named  for  William  and 

Mary,  of  England. 
Kingfisher;  county  in  Oklahoma;  so  named  on  account  of  the  great  number  of 

birds  of  this  species  which  live  on  the  banks  of  Kingfisher  Creek  within  the 

county. 
George;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  King  George  I  of  England. 
Lan;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Chief  Justice  S. 

A.  Kingman. 

.;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  R.  S.  Kingman. 
Lan;  pass  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Lieut.  D.  C.  Kingman,  United 

States  Army. 

i;  peak  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Captain  King. 
i;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  the  Stuart  dynasty. 
Kingsbury;  plantation  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Hon.  Sanford 

Kingsbury,  of  Gardiner. 
Kingsbury;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  C.  W.  Kingsbury,  an  early  legislator. 
Kingsley;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Hon.  J.  T.  Kingsley,  a 

prominent  railroad  official. 
Kingsley;  village  in  Grand  Traverse  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Judson  Kings- 
ley,  who  gave  the  site  for  the  railway  depot. 

>n;  town  in  Barton  County,  Georgia,  named  for  J.  P.  King,  of  Augusta. 
>n;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Evelyn  Pierre- 

pont,  first  Duke  of  Kingston. 

>n;  village  in  Tuscola  County,  Michigan,  named  for  two  families,  King  and 

Kingsbury. 

>n;  city  in  Caldwell  County,  Missouri,  named  for  an  early  governor,  Austin 

A.  King. 


176  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull. 25*. 

Kingston;  city  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 
Kingstree;  town  in  Williamsburg  County,  South  Carolina;  so  named  because  of  the 

presence  of  a  large  pine  tree  on  the  bank  of  Black  River. 
Kingsville;  village  in  Johnson  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Gen.  William  M.  King, 

who  located  it. 
William;  county  in  Virginia,  founded  in  1701,  and  named  for  William  III  of 

England, 
tans;  pond  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Seth  Kinman,  an  early 

settler. 
Lundy;  township  and  city  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Kinmundy 

in  Scotland. 
Kinney;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  an  early  settler,  H.  L.  Kinney. 
Kinnikinnick;  village  in  Rose  County,  Ohio.    An  Indian  word  meaning  a  mixture 

of  tobacco  and  red  willow  bark. 
Kinsale;  village  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,   named  from  the  town  in 

Ireland. 
Kinsey;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Kinsley;  city  in  Edwards  County,  Kansas,  named  for  W.  E.  W.  Kinsley,  of  Boston, 

Massachusetts. 
Kinsman;  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  pioneer  family. 
Kinston;  town  in  Lenoir  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  King  George  III  of 

England. 
Kinzua;  creek  in  Central  Pennsylvania,  meaning,  according  to  8.  M.  Sener,  "they 

gobble,"  referring  to  the  wild  turkeys  that  congregated  on  its  banks. 
Kiowa;  county  and  river  in  Colorado,  county,  and  city  in  Barber  County,  in  Kansas, 

and  county  in  Oklahoma.     Named  from  the  Kiowa  Indian  tribe.     The  meaning 

of  the  word  is  unknown. 
Kirkland;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rev.  Samuel  Kirkland. 
Kirklin;  town  in  Clinton  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Nathan  Kirk,  its  founder. 
Kirklin;  town  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Martin  Kirk,  proprietor. 
Kirks ville;  city  in  Adair  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Jesse  Kirk. 
Kirk  wood;  village   in   Newcastle  County,    Delaware,   and  township  in   Belmont 

County,  Ohio,  named  for  Maj.  Robert  Kirkwood,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Kirk  wood;  town  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  first  chief  engineer 

of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway. 
Kirtland;  township    in  Mahoning  County,    Ohio,   named    for   Judge  Turnhand 

Kirtland. 
Kirwin;  city  in  Phillips  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  John  Kirwin,  of  the  Reg- 
ular Army. 
Kishacolquillas;  creek,  and  village  in  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a 

Delaware  Indian  chief;  the  meaning  is  said  to  be  "the  snakes  are  already  in 

their  dens." 
Kishwaukee;  river  and  town  in  Winnebago  County,  Illinois.    An  Indian  word 

which  means  "sveaniore  tree." 
Kiskiminitas;  township  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian 

word  meaning  "  make  daylight." 
Kisnop;  creek  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  the  outlet  of  Twin  Lakes  in 

Salisbury,  Connecticut,  named  for  John  Sconnoup,  an  early  Dutch  settler,  of 

whose  name  Kisnop  is  a  corruption. 
Kit  Carson;  county,  and  town  in  Cheyenne  County,  in  Colorado,  named  for  the 

Rooky  Mountain  guide. 
Kitsap;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  Kitsap,  a  former  noted  Indian  chief  of 

that  region. 


I 


oannettJ  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  177 

Kittanning;  borough  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  located  on  the  site  of  an 

Indian  village.     The  name  is  corrupted  from  the  Delaware  Indian  kUhanne, 

meaning  " greatest  river.' ' 
Kittatinny;  range  of  hills  in  eastern   Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.    A  Delaware 

Indian  word  meaning  "  endless  hills. " 
Kittitas;  county  in  Washington,  named  from  an  Indian  settlement  on  the  banks  of 

the  Yakima  River.    The  word  means  " shoal"  in  the  Yakima  language. 
Kittrell;  town  in  Vance  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident. 
Kittson;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Norman  W.  Kitson,  a  leading  pioneer  of 

the  State. 
Klamath;  river  in  California,  lake  and  county  in  Oregon; 

Klamath  Falls;  town  in  Klamath  County,  Oregon;  named  for  the  Indian  tribe. 
Klej  Grange;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Maryland;  the  name  is  a  combination  of 

the  first  letters  of  the  names  of  the  daughters  of  J.  W.  Drexel,  of  New  York — 

Kate,  Louise,  Emma,  and  Josephine. 
Klickitat;  county  in  Washington,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  name  signify- 
ing "  beyond." 
Kline;  town  in  Barnwell  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident 
Kneeland;  prairie  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Knife;  river  in  North  Dakota,  the  original  French  name  being  cotiteau,  meaning 

"knife." 
Knightstown;  town  in  Henry  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Jonathan  Knight,  United 

States  engineer. 
Knightsville;  town  in  Clay  County,  Indiana,  named  for  A.  W.  Knight,  its  founder. 
Knott;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Proctor  Knott. 

Knowersville;  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Knower  family. 
Knox;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky,  county,  and  town  in  Waldo 

County,  in  Maine,  and  counties  in  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  Texas. 
Knoxville;  village  in  Crawford  County,  Georgia;  town  in  Albany  County,  New 

York,  and  city  in  Knox  County,  Tennessee;  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Knox. 
Knoxville;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Mississippi,  named  by  the  first  settlers  from 

the  city  in  Tennessee. 
Knoxville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Herman  Knox,  an 

early  resident. 
Knoxville;  village  in  Steuben  County,   New   York,  and  borough  in  Allegheny 

County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Chief  Justice  John  Knox,  of  the  supreme  court. 
Konkapot;  creek,  rising  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Capt.  John 

Konkapot,  chief  of  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  about  1720. 
Kooskia;  town  in  Idaho  County,  Idaho,  named  from  the  Clearwater  River,  whose 
•  Nez  Perce*  Indian  name,  kooskooskee,  means  "small  water"  or  "small  stream." 
Korbel;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Kortright;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  I^awrence  Kortright, 

a  patentee. 
Kosciusko;  county  in  Indiana  and  town  in  Attala  County,  Mississippi,  named  for 

Tadeusz  Kosciusko,  a  Polish  patriot. 
Koshkonong;  village  in  Oregon  County,  Missouri,  and  lake,  creek,  and  town  in 

Rock  County,  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  of  doubtful  meaning,  possibly  refer- 
ring to  koshkosh,  a  hog. 
Kossuth;  county  in  Iowa,  plantation  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  town  in  Alcorn 

County,  Mississippi,  and  village  in  Auglaize  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Louis 

Kossuth,  the  Hungarian  patriot. 
Kotzebue;  sound  of  Alaska,  named  for  its  discoverer,  the  Russian  navigator,  Otto 

von  Kotzebue. 

BnU.  258— 05 12 


178  PLACE    NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  2* 

Kreischerville;  village  in  Richmond  County,  New  York,  named  for  B.  Kreischer. 
Krenitzin;  five  islands  in  the  Aleutian  Archipelago,  named  for  the  navigator  who 

first  discovered  them. 
Kubbakwana;  lake  at  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"rest  in  the  path." 
Kutztown;  borough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  George  Kutz,  who 

laid  out  the  town. 
Kwichluak;  an  arm  of  the  Yukon  River  in  Alaska.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"crooked  river." 
Labaddie;  village  in  Franklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  citizen  of  Saint  Louis. 
La  Bajada;  town  in  New  Mexico,  on  the  road  from  Santa  Fe,  which  at  this  point 

make  a  rapid  descent.     It  was  so  named  by  the  Spanish  on  this  account,  the 

name  meaning  " descent,"  or  "landing." 
Labette;  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  in  Kansas.    French  words  meaning 

"the  beet."" 
Labonte;  creek  and  town  in  Converse  County,  Wyoming,  named  for  La  Bonte,  an 

early  French  trapper. 
Laceyville;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Maj.  John  S.  Lacey. 
Lackawanna;  county  and  river  in  Pennsylvania.    A  Delaware  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "stream  that  forks." 
Lackawannock;  mountain,  and  township  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  named 

from  the  Lackawanna  River,  with  the  suffix  signifying  "at  the  river  fork." 
Lackawaxen;  township  in  Pike  County,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  confluence  of  the 

Lackawanna  and  Delaware  rivers,  and  on  this  account  given  the  Indian  name, 

which  means  "  where  the  roads  fork." 
La  Clede;  township  in  Fayette  County,  Illinois. 
Laclede;  county,  and  town  in  Linn  County,  in  Missouri.     Named  for  Pierre  Laclede 

Ligueete,  founder  of  St.  Louis. 
Lacon;  township  and  city  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Laconiain 

Greece. 
Laconia;  city  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  a  portion  of  Greece. 
La  Conner;  town  in  Skagitt  County,  Washington,  named  for  J.  J.  Connor,  an  early 

settler. 
La  Costa;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning  "the 

coast."  . 

Lac  qui  Parle;  county,  lake,  and  river  in  Minnesota.     A  French  name  meaning 

"lake  that  speaks."    Translated  from  the  Dakota  (Sioux).     Probably  suggested 

by  the  echoes  from  the  bluffs  bordering  the  lake. 
La  Crosse;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin.     A  French  name  given 

the  town  l)ecause  before  its  settlement  the  ground  was  a  favorite  place  for  Jjall 

playing  with  the  Indians,  the  game  being  called  by  the  French  la  cromte. 
Lac  Traverse;  lake  in  Minnesota.     A  French  phrase,  meaning  "across  the  lake." 
Lacygne;  city  in  Linn  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  river  Marais  des  Cygnes. 

A  French  name  meaning  "the  swan." 
Laddonia;  city  in  Audrain  County,  Missouri,  named   for  Amos  Ladd,  an  early 

settler. 
Ladrillo;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "brick." 
Ladys  Creek;  stream  in  Missouri,  named  for  William  Lady. 
La  Fave;  stream  in  Perry  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  a  French  family,  La  Feve, 

who  lived  at  its*  mouth. 
Lafayette;  counties  in  Arkansas  and  Florida;  parish  in  Louisiana;  counties  in  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire;  town  in  Yamhill  County, 

Oregon;  county  in  Wisconsin;  and  many  towns  and  villages;  named  for  Marquis 

de  Lafayette,  who  served  in  the  American  Army  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 


I 


gansett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  179 

Laflin;  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  probably  named  for  Laflin,  of  the 
firm  of  Laflin  &  Rand,  powder  manufacturers. 

Lafourche;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  the  Bayou  La  Fourche,  which  intersects 
it.    The  name  is  French,  meaning  "  the  fork/1 

I/Agles;  stream  in  Bradley  County,  Arkansas,  corrupted  from  the  French  Vaigle, 
meaning  ' '  the  eagle. ' ' 

Graciosa;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase,  mean- 
ing "the  graceful." 

i;  county  in  Indiana,  and  towns  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  and 
Lenoir  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  home  of  Lafayette,  near  Paris. 

Lagrue;  stream  in  Arkansas;  a  French  name  meaning  "  the  crane." 

Lafpina;  station  in  Sonoma  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "lake." 

Laffunita;  town  in  Inyo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "little 
lake." 

La  Harpe;  township  and  city  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Bernard  de 
la  Harpe,  who  led  an  exploring  party  in  the  southern  Mississippi  Valley  about 
1720. 

La  Honda;  town  in  San  Mateo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  term  meaning  "  the 
sling." 

Laingsburg;  village  in  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Doctor  Laing,  an 
early  settler  and  founder  of  the  village. 

Lairdsville;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Samuel  Laird,  an  early 
settler. 

La  Junta;  town  in  Otero  County,  Colorado,  at  the  junction  of  two  railroads;  a 
Spanish  name  meaning  "the  junction"  or  "the  meeting." 

Lake;  counties  in  California,  Colorado,  Florida,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Min- 
nesota, Ohio,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  and  Tennessee.  The  name  alone  and  with 
various  suffixes  is  borne  by  more  than  two  hundred  cities,  towns,  and  villages, 
being  generally  used  descriptively. 

Lake;  city  in  Columbia  County,  Florida,  so  named  on  account  of  its  location  near 
ten  lakes. 

Lake  Ann;  village  and  lake  in  Benzie  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  wife  of  the 
first  settler,  A.  P.  Wheelock. 

Lake  Charles;  town  and  lake  in  Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  Charles 
Sal  lei  r,  the  first  settler  on  the  shores  of  the  lake. 

Lake  City;  city  in  Calhoun  County,  Iowa,  named  from  a  lake  near  by. 

Lake  Forest;  city  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location. 

Geneva;  city  in  Walworth  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  the  resem- 
blance in  its  geographical  situation  to  Geneva,  New  York. 

Helen;  village  in  Volusia  County,  Florida,  named  for  the  daughter  of  its 
founder,  H.  A.  De  Land. 

Lake  Linden;  village  in  Houghton  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
i;  town  and  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because 
situated  on  Rock  Lake,  which  is  the  source  of  power  for  saw  and  grist  mills. 

Odessa;  township  and  village  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the 
city  in  Russia. 

Lake  of  the  Woods;  lake  in  Minnesota.  Originally  railed  lac  tie*  boh  by  the 
French,  "  lake  of  the  woods,"  because  of  the  heavily  wooded  islands  in  the  lake. 

Lakeville;  village  in  the  town  of  Salisbury,  Connecticut,  near  and  overlooking  Lake 
Wononscopomu8,  whence  the  name. 

Lakeville;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  township  is  occupied  by  a  chain  of  lakes. 

Lakin;  city  in  Kearny  County,  Kansas,  named  for  David  L.  Lakin,  of  Topeka. 


180  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  2f». 

Lamanda;  town  in  Ix>s  Angeles  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 

proposal." 
Lamar;  county  in  Alabama,  towns  in  Prowers  County,  Colorado,  and  Benton  County 

Mississippi,  city  in  Barton  County,  Missouri,  and  river  in  Yellowstone  Park, 

Wyoming,  named  for  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Lamar;  town  in  Darlington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Lamar;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar,  a  prominent  Texas  states- 
man. 
Lamartine ;  town  in  Fond  du  Lac  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  French  historian. 
Lamb;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Lieutenant  Lamb. 
Lambertville;  city  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  John  Lambert, 

an  early  settler. 
La  Meaa;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "  the 

plain.* ' 
La  Mirada;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

44  the  transient  view." 
La  Moille;  township  and  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Lamoille 

Valley  in  Vermont. 
Lamoille;  county  and  river  in  Vermont;  the  name  is  probably  a  mistaken  rendition 

of  La  Mouette,  the  name  originally  given  the  river  by  Champlain. 
Lamoine;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  early  French  resident. 
La  Motte;  island  in  Lake  Champlain,  New  York,  named  for  Capt.  Pierre  Sieur  de 

la  Motte,  who  built  a  fort  on  the  island. 
Lamoure;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Judson  Lamoure,  an  early  settler 

and  a  prominent  man  in  Territorial  politics. 
Lampasas;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  creek  in  Texas.     A  Spanish  word 

meaning  "  water  lily.M 
Lampeter;   village  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 

Wales. 
Lamy;  village  in  Sante  Fe  County,  New  Mexico,  named  for  Archbishop  Lamy. 
Lana;  stream  in  Vermont,  named  for  General  Wool,  United  States  Army,  lana 

being  Latin  for  "wool." 
Lanark;  city  in  Carroll  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Lancaster;   town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in 

Pennsylvania. 
Lancaster;  city  in  Garrard  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  and  laid  out  after  the 

plan  of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 
Lancaster;  counties  in  Nebraska,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  and 

22  cities,   towns,   and  villages;   the  name  is  transferred  from  the  county  in 

England. 
LandafF;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  Wales. 
Landenberg;  town  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Martin  Landen- 

berger,  a  mill  operator  and  large  real  estate  owner. 
Lander;  county  in  Nevada,  named  for  Gen.  F.  W.  Lander. 
Landisburg;  Ixmmgh  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  James  Land  is,  its 

founder. 
Landrum;  town  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Lane;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  James  H.  Lane,  Senator  from  that  State. 
Lane;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  Joseph  Lane,  twice  governor  of  the  Territory. 
Lanesboro;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  James  Lane,  Vis- 
count Lanesborough. 
Lanesboro;  borough  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Martin  Lane, 

an  early  settler. 


gakwwt.]  PLACE  NAMES  IK  THE  UNITED  STATE8.  181 


on;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Governor  John 
Langdon. 

Langford;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  the  first  superintendent  of  the 
park,  Nathaniel  Pitt  Langford. 
Langhorne;  borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania; 

Langhorne  Manor;  through  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.     Named  for  Jere- 
miah Langhorne,  an  early  settler  and  prominent  in  State  politics. 

Langlade;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  first  white  settler  in  the  State. 

L'Anguille;  stream  and  township  in  Arkansas.     French  words  meaning  "the  eel." 

Lanier;  town  in  Bryan  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Clement  Lanier. 

Lanaingburg;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  named  for  Abraham  Lan- 
sing, its  founder. 

La  Panza;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  name  meaning 
"the  belly." 

La  Patera;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 
"  the  goblet." 

Lapeer;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.  A  corruption  of  the  French 
la  pierre,  meaning  ' '  the  flint.  * ' 

Lapile;  stream,  and  town  in  Union  County,-  Arkansas.  French  words  meaning 
"the  pier." 

Pita;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 
agave  "  or  "  the  aloe,"  a  common  desert  plant. 

Plata;  county  in  Colorado,  which  contains  the  Sierra  La  Plata,  and  river  in  the 
same  State.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "  mountain  of  silver." 

La  Play  a;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"shore"  or  "strand,"  and  given  to  this  village  on  account  of  its  location  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Lapompique;  branch  of  the  Aroostook  River,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"rope  stream." 

Laporte;  county  in  Indiana.  A  French  name  meaning  "  the  door"  or  "  the  open- 
ing" between  two  stretches  of  forest  connecting  two  prairies. 

Laporte;  borough  in  Sullivan  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  French  family 
who  were  large  land  owners. 

Presa;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "the 
prize." 

Punta;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "  the 
point." 

Lapwai;  town  in  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of 
division,"  or  "boundary." 

Laramie;  village  in  Shelby  County,  and  river  in  Ohio,  named  for  Peter  Laramie,  a 
French  Canadian  trader. 

Laramie;  county,  and  city  and  peak  in  Albany  County,  in  Wyoming,  and  river  in 
Colorado  and  Wyoming,  named  for  Jacques  Laramie,  a  French  fur  trader. 

Laredo;  city  in  Webb  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  seaport  town  in  Spain. 

Laribee;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Larimer;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Gen.  William  Larimer,  an  early  pioneer 
in  Colorado  and  Nebraska. 

Larimore;  township  and  city  in  Grand  Forks  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for 
N.  G.  Larimore,  a  proprietor. 

Lamed;  city  in  Pawnee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  B.  F.  Lamed. 

La  Rocha;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  From  theSpaniHh  la  roca,  mean- 
ing "the  bluff." 

Larrabee;  town  in  Cherokee  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Governor  William  Larrabee. 
;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  La  Rue,  ai\  eat\^  wl\\w. 


182  PLACE  NAMES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Ibull.258. 


Las  Aguilas;  town  in  San  Benito  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"the  eagles." 
Las  Aguites;  town  in  San  Benito  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  mists." 
Lasalle;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Illinois;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New 

York,  and  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Rene  Robert  Cavalier,  Sieur  de  La  Salle. 
Las  Animas;  county,  and  town  in  Bent  County,  in  Colorado.     A  contraction  of  the 

name  originally  given  the  river  by  the  Spaniards,  el  rio  de  la*  animas  perditas, 

"the  river  of  the  lost  souls,"  because,  traditionally,  a  Spanish  regiment  on  its 

way  to  Florida  was  lost  in  the  river. 
Las  Cruces;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  crosses/ '  a  term  frequently  applied  to  cemeteries. 
Las  Gallinas;  town  in  Marin  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 

hens." 
Lassecks;  peak  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Lassen;  county  and  peak  in  California,  named  for  Peter  Lassen,  an  early  explorer. 
Last  Chance;  mining  town  in  Placer  County,  California,  so  named  by  miners  who 

had  l>een  unfortunate  in  finding  "pay  gravel.' ' 
Las  Vegas;  city  in  San  Miguel  County,  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"the  plains,"  or  "the  meadows,"  and  given  this  city  on  account  of  its  situation 

in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  meadow.  , 

Latah;  county  in  Idaho,  said  by  one  authority  to  be  an  Indian  word  meaning 


"succession." 


Latrobe;  borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Benjamin  H. 

Latrobe,  jr.,  a  distinguished  engineer  and  architect. 
Latta;  town  in  Marion  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 
Lattimore;  town  in  Cleveland  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident. 
Latty;  village  in  Paulding  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  first  settler,  Judge  A.  S. 

Latty. 
Lauderdale;  county  in  Alabama,  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Mississippi, 

and  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  James  Lauderdale. 
Laughery;  river  and  town  in  Ohio  County,  Indiana,  so  named  from  the  massacre 

of  Captain  Laughery's  company  by  the  Indians. 
Laughing  Fish  Pond;  point  in  Schoolcraft  County,  Michigan,  so  named  from  the 

Indian  name,  stikameg  bapid,  meaning  "laughing  white  fish." 
Laura;  village  in  Knott  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  wife  of  the  first  settler, 

whose  name  was  Estep  or  Estop. 
Laurel;  county  in  Kentucky,  and  town  in  Jones  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  on 

account  of  the  dense  laurel  thickets  growing  within  their  limits. 
Laurens;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  John  Laurens,  of  South  Carolina,  the 

Bayard  of  the  American  Revolution. 
Laurens;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  Henry 

Laurens  and  his  son,  John. 
Lausanne;  township  in  Carl>on  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 

Switzerland. 
Lava;    station   in  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  named  from  the   volcanic 

deposits  that  cover  the  Mohave  desert  in  the  vicinity. 
Lavaca;  river,  county,  and  bay  in  Texas.     A  corruption  of  the  name  les  vaches, 

given  the  river  by  the  Spanish  explorer,  La  Salle,  on  account  of  the  number  of 

buffalo  found  there,  les  vnches  meaning  "the cows." 
Lavallette;  city  in  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Lawrence;  conniloa  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee,  axu\  m&xvy  oYtax  \Awefc,YO!cra&V\t 


untrn.)  PLACE  NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED  STATES.  188 

Capt.  James  Lawrence,  of  the  battle  with  the  British  on  Lake  Erie  in  the  war 

of  1812. 
iawr*nce;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
lawrence;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Amos  Lawrence,  of  Boston. 
iawrence;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence, 

of  Boston. 
iawrence:  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  John  Lawrence,  a  former  member  of 

State  legislature. 
»awrenceburg;  city  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  wife  of  Captain 

Vance,  whose  maiden  name  was  Lawrence. 
Lawrenceburg;  town  in  Lawrence  County,  Tennessee; 
Lawrenceville;  town  in  Gwinnett  County,  Georgia,  and  city  in  Lawrence  County, 

Illinois.    Named  for  Capt.  James  Lawrence. 
Awson;  village  in  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Alexander  Lawson, 

keeper  of  a  wayside  inn. 
Awton;  village  in  Van  Buren  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Nathaniel  Lawton,  who 

donated  the  right  of  way  to  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad. 
Lead;  city  in  Lawrence  County,  South  Dakota; 
Lead  Hill;  town  in  Davidson  County,  North  Carolina; 
Leadville;  city  in  Lake  County,  Colorado.    So  named  on  account  of  the  species  of 

ore  found  within  their  limits. 
leadbetter;  point  in  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington,  named  for  Lieutenant  Lead- 
better,  United  States  Army. 
Leake;  county  in  Mississippi; 
Leakesville;  town  in  Greene  County,  Mississippi.    Named  for  the  Hon.  Walter 

Leake,  an  early  governor  of  the  State, 
leaks ville;  village  in  Rockingham  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident. 
ieakton;  village  in  Newton  County,  Georgia,  named  for  the  man  who  kept  the 

village  store  in  early  times. 
ieaven worth;  town  in  Crawford  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  proprietors, 

S.  M.  and  Z.  Leavenworth. 
«eaven worth;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  Henry 

Leavenworth,  for  whom  Fort  Leavenworth  is  named. 
iebanon;  city  in  Marion  County,  Kentucky,  village  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  and 

town  in  Wilson  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  because  of  the  abundance  of  cedar 

trees.     A  Semitic  word,  meaning  "whitish." 
iebanon;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania.     This  name,  either 

alone  or  with  suffixes,  is  borne  by  many  places  in  the  United  States,  being  trans- 
ferred from  the  mountain  in  Palestine. 
jebo;  city  in  Coffey  County,  Kansas,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
jeboeuf;  township  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  creek  which  was 

so  named  by  the  French  on  account  of  the  number  of  buffalo  found  upon  its 

banks. 
<e  Claire;  town  in  Scott  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Antoine  Le  Clair,  the  French 

founder  of  Davenport. 
«ecompton;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Judge  D.  S.  Lecompte, 

chief  justice  of  the  Territory. 
jeconte;  mountain  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Joseph  Leconte,  a  geologist. 
jedyard;  town  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Col.  William  Led- 

yard,  of  the  State  militia. 
jedyard;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Benjamin  Ledyard,  agent 

for  the  disposal  of  the  lands  of  the  military  tract. 


184  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Lee;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Sooth  Caro 

lina,  and  Texas,  named  for  Robert  E.  Lee,  commander  of  the  armies  of  the 

Confederacy. 
Lee;  counties  in  Georgia  and  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  the 

Revolution. 
Lee;  towns  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Oneida  County,  New  York, 

named  for  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  of  Massachusetts. 
Lee;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  a  member  of  the  New  York  land  company,  Albany, 

New  York. 
Lee;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Henry  I^ee,  a  former  governor  of  the  State. 
Leechburg;  borough  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  David  Leech. 
Leech  Lake;  lake  in  Minnesota.    A  translation  of  the  Indian  name,  which  means 

"place  of  leeches." 
Leeds;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  15  other  places,  bear  the 

name  of  the  manufacturing  town  in  Yorkshire,  England. 
Leelanau;  county  in  Michigan.    An  Indian -word,  meaning  "delight  of  life." 
Leesburg;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia; 
Leesville;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina.    Named  for  the  Lee  family, 

of  Virginia. 

Leflore;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Greenwood  Leflore. 
Left  Hand;  creek  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Arapaho 

Indians,  still  living  in  1904. 
Lehi;  city  in  Utah  County,  Utah,  named  for  a  character  in  the  book  of  Mormon. 
Lebigh;  town  in  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory.     A  coal  mining  district,  named 

from  the  county  in  Pennsylvania. 

I  Lehigh;  river  and  county  in  Pennsylvania; 
Lehighton;  borough  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania.    Named  by  the  Delaware 
Indians,  lechauwehink,  "where  there  are  forks,' '  of  which  the  present  name  is  a 
corruption. 
Leicester;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Robert  Dudley, 

Earl  of  Leicester. 
Leicester;  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Leicester  Phelps,  son 

of  Judge  Oliver  Phelps. 
Leidy;  mountains  in  Utah  and  Wyoming,  named  for  the  paleontologist,  Joseph 

Leidy. 
Leigh;  township  in  Prince  Edward  and  Amelia  counties,  Virginia,  named  for  the 

Leigh  family  of  Virginia. 
Leigh;  lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Richard  Leigh,  "Beaver  Dick,"  hunter 

and  guide  in  the  Teton  Mountains. 
Leipsic;  villages  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  and  Putnam  County,  Ohio,  named  from 

the  city  in  Saxony. 
Leitchfield;  town  in  Grayson  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Maj.  David  Leitch. 
Leland;  village  in  1a  Salle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Edwin  8.  Leland. 
Le  Mars;  city  in  Plymouth  County,  Iowa.     The  name  is  composed  of  the  initials  of 

the  ladies  who  accompanied  its  founder  on  his  first  visit  to  the  spot. 
Lemhi;  county  in  Idaho,  named  from  Fort  Lemhi,  which  was  erected  by  the  Mor- 
mons for  protection  against  the  Indians.     The  name  is  taken  from  the  Book  of 

Mormon,  meaning  "land." 
Lemon;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from  the  lemon  orchards 

in  the  district. 
Lemon t;  township  and  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  elevated 

location. 
Lena;  town  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  Plain  of  Lena  in  the 

poem  of  Fingal  by  Ossiau. 


OAHNtTT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATE8.  185 

Lenape;  villages  in  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  and  Chester  County  Pennsylva- 
nia. The  name  is  the  proper  name  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  and  means  "  origi- 
nal people,"  or  "first  people/ ' 

Lenawee;  county  in  Michigan.    The  Shawnee  Indian  word  for  "Indian." 

Lenoir;  county,  and  town  in  Caldwell  County,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen. 
William  Lenoir,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 

Lenora;  city  in  Norton  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Mrs.  Leonora  Hauser. 

Lenox;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  the  family  name  of  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  who  was  secretary  of  state  at  the  time. 

Leominster;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
Hertfordshire,  England. 

Leon;  county  in  Florida,  and  city  in  Butler  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Ponce  de 
Leon. 

Leon;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Alonzo  de  Leon,  a  Spanish  captain  and  builder 
of  missions  in  Texas. 

Leonard;  village  in  Oakland  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Leonard  Rowland. 

Leonardville;  city  in  Riley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Leonard  T.  Smith,  an  officer 
of  the  Kansas  Central  Railroad. 

Leonard  Wood;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  Maj.  Gen.  Leonard  Wood, 
United  States  Army. 

Leopold;  town  in  Perry  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Leopold,  King  of  the  Belgians. 

Leoti,  city  in  Wichita  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  white  girl  captured  by  the 
Indians,  the  name  meaning  "  prairie  flower." 

Le  Ray;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Mr.  Le  Ray  Chaumont. 

Le  Raysville;  borough  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Vincent  Le 
Ray,  the  son  of  a  large  landowner. 

Lerdo;  town  in  Kern  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "slow"  or 
"dull." 

Le  Roy;  town  in  Osceola  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  Indian  chief  who  lived 
near  the  town. 

Leroy;  town  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  for  Herman  Le  Roy,  a  large 
proprietor. 

Lea  Cheneaux;  strait  in  Mackinaw  County,  Michigan.  A  French  phrase  meaning 
"the  little  oaks." 

Leslie;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Governor  Preston  H.  Leslie. 

Lesueur;  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Pierre 
Charles  Le  Sueur,  an  explorer,  who  was  on  the  upper  Mississippi  River,  1683- 
1701. 

Letcher;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Robert  P.  Letcher,  former  governor  of  the 
State. 

Letitz;  borough  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  by  the  Moravian  foun- 
ders from  the  barony  in  Bohemia. 

Leverett;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Sir  John  Leverett, 
colonial  governor. 

Levy;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  a  prominent  politician. 

Lewiedale;  town  in  Lexington  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  member  of  a 
prominent  resident  family. 

Lewis;  creek  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  pioneer  ranch  owner. 

Lewis;  counties  in  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  Washington,  named  for  Meri- 
wether Lewis. 

Lewis;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  Morgan  Lewis,  former  governor  of  the  State. 

Lewis;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  Charles  Lewis. 

Lewis  and  Clark;  county  in  Montana,  and  river  in  Clatsop  County,  Oregon, 
named  for  Capt  Meriwether  Lewis  and  Capt.  Wttttam  C\&tVl,  <A  IVv^  Lstra  wwl 
Clark  expedition. 


186  WiACE  NAMES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Lewisberry;  borough  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Lewis  family, 

of  which  Dr.  Ellis  Lewis  was  a  member. 
Lewisboro;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Lewis,  a 

prominent  resident. 
Lewisburg;  town  in  Greenbrier  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Samuel  Lewis. 
Lewis  Fork;  southern  branch  of  Columbia  River,  in  Idaho,  named  for  Meriwether 

Lewis. 
Lewiston;  township  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in  Maine. 
Lewis  ton;  city  in  Nez  Perce  County,  Idaho,  named  for  Meriwether  Lewis,  of  the 

Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Lewiston;  city  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  founders,  the  Lewis 

families. 
Lewis  ton;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  Morgan  Lewis,  former 

governor  of  the  State. 
Lewiston;  town  in  Bertie  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident 
Lewistown;  township  and  city  in  Fulton  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Lewis  Ross, 

son  of  the  founder. 
Lewistown;  town  in  lx>gan  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Capt.  John  Lewis,  a  noted 

Shawnee  chief. 
Lexington;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  of 

liexington,  England. 
Lexington;  county  in  South  Carolina,  and  twenty-seven  other  places,  most  of  them 

having  l>een  named  in  commemoration  of  the  Revolutionary  battle. 
Ley  den;  towns  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Lewis  County,  New  Yoik, 

named  from  the  town  in  the  Netherlands,  the  refuge  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 

prior  to  their  emigration  to  America. 
Liberal;  cities  in  Seward  County,  Kansas,  and  Barton  County,  Missouri,  so  named 

to  characterize  the  ideas  of  the  people. 
Liberty;  counties  in  Florida  and  Georgia,  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kansas,  and 

county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  sentiment  of  the  American  people. 
Liberty  Center;  village  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  it  is  located 

in  the  center  of  Liberty  Township. 
Licking;  county  in  Ohio,  so  named  because  the  deer  and  elk  found  the  saline 

dejKJsits  of  the  Licking  River  a  favorite  feeding  ground. 
Ligonier;  city  in  Noble  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  borough  in  Pennsylvania. 
Ligonier;   borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Sir  John 

Ligonier,  Lord  Viscount  of  Enniskillen. 
Lilesville;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  merchant  of  the 

place. 
Lillington;  town  in  Harnett  County,  and  village  in  Pender  County,  North  Carolina, 

named  for  Col.  John  A.  Lillington,  of  the  Revolution. 
Lily;  bay  and  township  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  so  named  on  account  of  the 

luxuriant  growth  of  lilies. 
Lime;  lake  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  a  translation  of  the  Indian  name, 

tecanwuwndit,  meading  "lime  lake." 
Limerick;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  Limerick,  an  early 

settler. 
Limerick;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  and  township  in  Montgomery  County, 

Pennsylvania,  named  from  Limerick  in  Ireland. 
Limesprings;  town  in  Howard  County,  Iowa,  so  named  from  the  springs  in  the 

rocks. 
Limestone;  county  in  Alabama,  village  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  and 

county  in  Texas,  so  named  because  of  the  nature  of  the  rock  found  within  their 

/hn  Its. 


OAmnnT.l  PLACE  HAttfcS  W  THE  tTKIfED  Sf  AtES.  167 

Lincklaen;  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Lincklaen,  an 
early  proprietor  of  the  township. 

Lincoln ;  county  in  Arkansas;  county  and  mountain  in  Colorado;  counties  in  Idaho 
and  Kansas;  parish  in  Louisiana;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Mississippi;  county, 
and  city  in  Lancaster  County,  Nebraska;  county  in  Nevada;  mountain  in  New 
Hampshire;  counties  in  New  Mexico,  Oklahoma,  and  Oregon;  town  in  Provi- 
dence County,  Rhode  Island;  and  counties  in  South  Dakota,  Washington,  West 
Virginia,  and  Wisconsin;  named  for  President  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Lincoln;  counties  in  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee, 
named  for  Gen.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

Lincoln;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  ninth  Earl  of 
Lincoln. 

Lincoln;  county  in  Maine,  named  from  Lincolnshire,  England. 

Lincoln;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Governor  Enoch  Lincoln. 
Lincoln  ton;  towns  in   Lincoln   County,    Georgia,    and   Lincoln   County,  North 

Carolina; 
Lincoln ville;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine.     Named  for  Gen.  Benjamin  Lincoln, 
an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

Lincolnville;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  President  Abra- 
ham Lincoln. 

Linda  Rosa;  towns  in  San  Diego  and  Riverside  counties,  California,  in  the  flower 
districts.     A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning  " pretty  rose." 

Linda  Vista;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase,  mean- 
ing "beautiful  view." 

Lindley;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Eleazar  Lindley. 

Lindsay;  creek  iu  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Lindsborg;  city  in  McPherson  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  the  first  syllable 
of  the  names  of  many  of  the  early  settlers  was  "  linds,"  the  "berg"  being  added, 
which  in  Swedish  means  " castle." 

» 

Line  Port;   town  in  Stewart  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  because  it  is  situated 
on  the  Cumberland  River  and  on  the  line  between  the  States  of  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 
Linn;  mountain  in  California;  counties  in  Iowa  and  Kansas;  county,  and  village  in 


Osage  County,  Missouri,  and  county  in  Oregon ; 
Linneus;  city  in  Linn  County,  Missouri.     Named  for  Hon.  Lewis  F.  Linn,  United 

States  Senator  from  Missouri. 
Linton;  city  in  Greene  County,  Indiana,  named  for  a  resident  of  Terre  Haute. 
Linwood;  city  in  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  Butler  County, 

Nebraska,  so  named  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  linden  trees. 
Lipscomb;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Abner  Lipscomb,  a  prominent  early  resi- 
dent, and  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 
Lisbon;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  and  21  other  towns  and  villages 

bear  the  name  of  the  city  in  Portugal. 
Lisbon;  city  in  Ransom  County,  North  Dakota,  named  from  the  town  in  New  York. 
Lisle;  towns  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  and  Broome  County,  New  York,  named 

from  the  city  in  France. 
Litchfield;  county  in  Connecticut  and  town  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named 

from  the  city  in  England. 
Litchfield;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Illinois,  named  for  K.  B.  Litchfield,  one  of 

its  founders. 
Li  tit  z;  borough  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from   the  barony  of 

Lititz  in  Bohemia. 
Little;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  L.  B.  Little. 


188  PLACE   NAMES  IN  THE   UNITED  &TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Little  Beaver;  stream  on  the  boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio;  transla- 
tion of  the  Delaware  Indian  name,  tangamochke. 

Little  Ferry;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  on  account  of  the 
ferry  at  Overpeck  Creek. 

Little  Mountain;  town  in  Newberry  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  because  it 
is  situated  near  Little  Mountain. 

Little  River;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  from  the  river  which  forms  its  northern 
boundary. 

Little  Rock;  city  in  Pulaski  County,  Arkansas,  so  named  because  it  is  built  upon  a 
bed  of  rock. 

Little  Sioux;  river  in  Iowa.  A  translation  of  the  name  originally  given  it  by  the 
French,  jtetite  riviere  des  Sioux. 

Little  Tabeau;  river  in  Missouri;  the  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  original  French 
name,  terre  beau,  "  beautiful  land." 

Littleton;  town  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Richard  S.  Little. 

Littleton;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  George  Littleton, 
a  member  of  the  British  Parliament. 

Littleton;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Moses  Little. 

Live  Oak;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  abundance  of  this  species  of  oak. 

Livermore;  town  in  Alameda  County,  California,  named  for  a  pioneer  settler  who 
owned  the  greater  part  of  the  valley. 

Livermore;  town  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Deacon  Elijah  Liver- 
more,  an  early  settler. 

Livermore;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  prominent  res- 
ident family. 

Liverpool;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  and  township  in  Medina 
County,  Ohio,  and  seven  other  towns  and  villages,  named  from  the  city  in 
England. 

Livingston;  counties  in  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Missouri,  named  for  Edward  Living- 
ston, secretary  of  state  under  President  Jackson. 

Livingston;  county  in  Kentucky,  parish  in  Louisiana,  and  county  in  New  York, 
named  for  Robert  R.  Livingston,  a  prominent  politician. 

Livingston;  city  in  Park  County,  Montana,  named  for  Crawford  Livingston,  one 
of  the  proprietors  of  the  town  site. 

Livingston;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 
resident  family. 

Livonia;  townships  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  and  Livingston  County,  New  York, 
named  from  a  province  of  Russia. 

Lizard;  river  in  Iowa;  the  name  is  a  translation  of  the  Indian  name,  tvassaka- 
pompah,  " river  with  lizards." 

Llagas;  post-office  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.  A  Spanish  name  meaning 
"  wounds,"  a  term  frequently  applied  to  the  crucifixion. 

Llano;  towns  in  Los  Angeles  and  Sonoma  counties,  California,  named  from  their 
location  on  level  ground.     A  Spanish  wrord  meaning  "plain." 

Llano;  county  and  river  in  Texas,  so  called  because  of  the  level  character  of  the 
land. 

Llano  Estacado;  an  elevated  plateau  in  northwest  Texas  and  New  Mexico;  Span- 
ish words  meaning  "staked  plain,"  applied  to  this  plateau  on  account  of  the 
stake-like  lM>les  of  the  yucca  plant  which  grows  there. 

Loachapoka;  town  in  Macon  County,  Alabama.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "here 
terrapins  are  killed." 

Locke;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  philosopher,  John  Locke. 

Lock  Haven;  city  in  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  the  two 
locks  and  a  tmfe  harbor  near  it. 


gamnbtt.]  PLACE   NAMB8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATE8.  189 

Lockport;  township  and  village  in  Will  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  location  at 
the  principal  locks  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal. 

Lockport;  village  in  Lafourche  Parish,  Louisiana,  so  named  because  it  was  once  a 
favorite  tying-up  place  for  the  river  boats. 

Lockport;  city  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  so  named  for  the  double  tier  of  locks 
at  this  point. 

Loda;  township  and  village  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Ossian's  poem, 
Cath-Loda. 

Lodi;  borough  and  township  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  town  in  Columbia 
County,  Wisconsin,  and  several  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  Italy. 

Logan;  mountain  in  Arizona  and  counties  in  Colorado,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  North 
Dakota,  and  Oklahoma,  named  for  Gen.  John  A.  Logan. 

Logan;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  James  Logan,  a  pioneer  settler. 

Logan;  county  in  Illinois,  named  forjudge  Samuel  T.  Logan,  for  several  years  a  law 
partner  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Logan;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin  Logan,  a  pioneer. 

Logan;  creek  in  Nebraska,  village  in  Hocking  County,  Ohio,  and  city  in  Cache 
County,  Utah,  named  for  Logan  Fontanelle,  a  friendly  Indian  chief. 

Logan;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Logan,  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Mingo 
tribe. 

Logansport;  city  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Captain  Logan,  a  Shawnee 
Indian  chief,  nephew  of  Tecumseh. 

Loleta;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California.  The  Mexican  colloquial  term  for 
"  Mary  of  the  Sorrows.0  Another  authority  states  it  is  of  Indian  origin,  mean- 
ing "pleasant  place." 

Lolo;  town  in  Missoula  County,  Montana,  meaning,  in  the  Nez  Perce1  language, 
"muddy  water. " 

Loxna  Linda;  town  in  San  Bernardino  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "boundary  hill,1'  marking  a  corner  in  the  old  Spanish  land  grant. 

Lonaconing;  village  in  Allegany  County,  Maryland.  A  Delaware  Indian  word 
meaning  "where  many  waters  meet." 

Loxna  Prieta;  village  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "dark-colored  hillock." 

Loxna  Vista;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 
"view  from  a  hill  in  the  midst  of  a  plain." 

Lombardville;  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Lombard  family, 
its  founders,  and  part  owners  of  the  site. 

Lomitas;  town  in  Napa  County,  California.  A  descriptive  Spanish  name  meaning 
"little  hills." 

London;  village  in  Madison  County,  Ohio,  and  ten  other  places,  being  directly  or 
indirectly  named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Londonderry;  towns  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Windham 
County,  Vermont,  so  named  in  compliment  to  Rev.  Matthew  Clark,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  defense  of  Londonderry,  Ireland. 

Lone  Rock;  village  in  Richland  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  on  account  of  the 
remarkable  mound  of  sandstone  situated  near  the  town. 

Lone  Tree;  town  in  Johnson  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  single  tree  which  stands  in 
the  prairie. 

Long  Branch;  celebrated  watering  place  in  New  Jersey,  taking  its  name  from  a 
branch  of  South  Shrewsbury  River. 

Long  Island;  island  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  part  of  the  State  of  New  York.  An 
Anglicization  of  the  Dutch  name,  Lange  Eylandt. 

Longmeadow;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  on  account  of 
the  presence  of  a  long  meadow  within  the  township. 


190  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Longmont;  town  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado.    A  combination  of  the  name  of  the 

discoverer  of  Longs  Peak  and  the  French  monl,  "mountain." 
Longton;  city  in  Elk  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Longs;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  Capt.  Stephen  D.  Long. 
Long  Tom;  stream  in  the  Willamette  Valley;  the  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian 

word,  lung-tum-ler. 
Longview;  town  in  Gregg  County,  Texas,  so  named  because  of  the  extensive  view 

afforded  by  a  hill. 
Lonoke;  county  in  Arkansas.    Said  by  one  authority  to  be  an  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "the  people,"  but  according  to  another  authority  it  was  so  named  on  account 

of  the  presence  of  a  lone  oak  tree  which  stood  near  its  present  site. 
Lonsdale;  village  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  from  the  division  in 

England. 
Lookout;  town  in  Modoc  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  extensive  view. 
Lookout;  capes  in  North  Carolina  and  Oregon,  so  named  because  of  the  dangers  of 

navigation  at  these  points. 
Lookout;  mountain  in  Tennessee,  so  named  on  account  of  the  extensive  prospect 

from  its  summit. 
Loose;  creek  in  Osage  County,  Missouri.    Corrupted  from  POurs. 
Lorain;  county  in  Ohio,  named  from  Loraine  in  France. 
Lordstown;  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  Lord  family  of  the 

State. 
Loretto;  borough  in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  in  Italy. 
Los  Alamos;  town  in  Kern  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 

poplars.' ' 
Los  Alisos;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"the  alder  trees,"  a  descriptive  name. 
Los  Angeles;  county,  and  city  in  the  same  county,  in  California.    A  Spanish  name 

meaning  "the  angels." 
Los  Banos;  health  resort  in  Merced  County,  Calif orina.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"the  baths." 
Los  Berros;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.    From  the  Spanish  mean- 
ing "the  water  cresses." 
Los  Gatos;  city  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the 

cats,"  and  doubtless  applied  to  the  city  because  of  the  presence  of  wild-cats  in 

the  country. 
Los  Laureles;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name,  descriptively 

applied,  meaning  "the  laurels." 
Los  Medanos;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"the  sand  dunes  on  the  seashore." 
Los  Nietos;  township  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  term  meaning 

"the  grandchildren." 
Los  Olivos;  village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.     A  Spanish  term  meaning 

"the  olives." 
Los  Pinos;  river  in  Colorado.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "the  pines." 
Lost;  river  in  Washington  County,  Indiana,  which  for  several  miles  is  lost  in  a 

subterranean  channel. 
Lostant;  village  in  I^asalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Countess  of  Lostant, 

wife  of  the  French  minister  to  the  United  States  about  1860. 
Lost  River;  stream  in  Hardin  County,  West  Virginia,  which  flows  through  a  cave 

in  a  mountain  and  on  the  other  side  is  known  as  the  Capon  River. 
Lott;  town  in  Falls  County,  Texas,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
Loudon;  town  in  Merrimac  County,   New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  Earl  of 

Loudon. 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATE8.  191 

Loudon;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  from  Fort  Loudon. 

Loudonville;  village  in  Ashland  County,  Ohio,  named  for  James  Loudon  Priest, 

one  of  the  original  surveyors. 
Loudoun;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Loudon. 
Louisa;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Louisa  Massey. 
Louisa;  county,  and  town  in  the  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  daughter 

of  George  II. 
Louisburg;  town  in  Franklin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  fortress. 
Louisiana;  State  of  the  Union,  named  for  Louis  XIV  of  France. 
Louisiana;  city  in  Pike  County,  Missouri,  named  from  Louisiana  Territory,  of  which 

it  was  a  part  when  founded. 
Louisville;  township  and  village  in  Clay  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  of 

settlers  named  Lewis,  the  change  in  orthography  having  been  made  by  mistake. 
Louisville;  city  in  Pottawatomie  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Louis  Wilson,  the  son 

of  the  original  preemptor  of  the  town  site. 
Louisville;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Louis  XVI  of  France. 
Louisville;  town  in  Winston  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  Louis  Winston,  a 

prominent  early  settler. 
Loup;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  the  tribe  of  Pawnee  Loups. 
Love;  town  in  De  Soto  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Colonel  Love. 
Loveland;  village  in  Larimer  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Hon.  W.  A.  H.  Love- 
land. 
Love  well;  mountain  and  pond  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Capt.  John  Lovewell, 

the  hero  of  a  fight  with  the  Indians. 
Loving;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Oliver  Loving,  an  early  pioneer. 
Lovington;  township  and  village  in  Moultrie  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Andrew 

Love,  the  first  postmaster. 
Lowell;  military  poet  in  Arizona,  named  for  Gen.  C.  R.  Lowell. 
Lowell;   town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Lowell  Hayden,  the  first 

person  born  within  its  limits. 
Lowell;  plantation  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, village  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  and  town  in  Gaston  County,  North 

Carolina,  named  for  Francis  Cabot  Lowell,  of  Boston. 
Low  Freight;  stream  in  Clark  County,  Arkansas.    The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the 

original  French  name,  VeaufroxiU  meaning  "the  cold  water." 
Lowndes;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi,  named  for  William  Jones 

Lowndes,  member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina. 
Lowndesville;  town  in  Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Lowndes 

family,  prominent  in  that  State. 
Lowville;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Nicholas  Low. 
Loyalhanna;  stream  and  township  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania.    The 

name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Delaware  Indian    word   laiveel-hanna,  meaning 

44 middle  stream." 
Loyalsock;  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  township  in  Lycoming  County, 

Pennsylvania.      A  corruption  of  the  Delaware    Indian,  latui-aaquik,  meaning 

"middle  creek.' ' 
Loydsville;  town  in  Belmot  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  Welsh  family. 
Lubbock;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Tom  Lubbock,  a  colonel  in  the  civil  war. 
Lucas;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Iowa,  and  county  in  Ohio,  named  for 

Robert  Lucas,  governor  of  Ohio  and  first  governor  of  Iowa  Territory. 
Luce;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Governor  Cyrus  G.  Luce. 
Lucerne;  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  luxurious  growths 

of  alfalfa  (lucerne)  in  the  district. 


192  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [boll.  258. 

(Lucerne;  town  in  Columbiana  County,  Ohio; 

ILucerneville ;  village  in  Knox  County,  Ohio.    Named  from  the  lake  in  Switzerland. 

Ludington;  city  in  Mason  County,  Michigan,  named  for  James  Ludington,  of 
Milwaukee. 

Ludlow;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Thomas 
W.  Ludlow,  a  railroad  incorporator. 

Ludlow;  town  in  Kenton  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Israel  Ludlow,  a  prominent 
pioneer. 

Ludlow;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Shrop- 
shire, Kngland. 

Lugenberl;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Major  Lugenberl,  of  the  regular 
army,  who  was  stationed  at  Fort  Randall  in  territorial  days. 

Luling;  town  in  Caldwell  County,  Texas,  named  for  Charles  Luling,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

Lumberton;  town  in  Pearl  River  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  on  account  of  its 
principal  industry. 

Lumpkin;  county,  and  town  in  Stewart  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Wilson 
Lumpkin,  an  early  governor. 

Luna;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  a  prominent  resident  family. 

Lunenburg;  towns  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Essex  County,  Ver- 
mont, named  for  the  Duke  of  Luneburg,  George  II  of  England. 

Lunenburg;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  royal  family.  The  Anglicized  form 
of  Luneburg,  one  of  the  titles  of  George  I,  as  Duke  of  Bunswick-Luneburg. 

Luray;  town  in  Page  County,  Virginia,  a  corruption  of  la  reine. 

Lutesville;  village  in  Bollinger  County,  Missouri,  named  for  its  founder,  Eli  Lutes. 

Luther;  village  in  Lake  County,  Michigan,  named  for  William  A.  Luther,  an  early 
settler. 

Luther sburg;  village  in  Clearfield  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  W.  H.  Luther, 
an  old  resident. 

Luverne;  township  and  village  in  Rock  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  daughter 
of  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  town  site. 

Luzerne;  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Cheva- 
lier della  Luzerne,  former  minister  from  France  to  the  United  States. 

Lycoming;  branch  of  Susquehanna  River,  and  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in 
Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "sandy  stream. " 

Lyell;  mountain  in  California,  named  for  the  English  geologist,  Sir  Charles  Lyell. 

Lykens;  borough  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania;  a  corruption  of  the  name  of 
the  man  for  whom  it  was  named — Andrew  Lycan. 

Lyman;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  for  Theodore  Lyman,  of  Boston. 

Lyman;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Daniel  Lyman,  one 
of  the  early  proprietors. 

Lyman;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  W.  P.  Lyman,  legislator  and  soldier. 

Lyme;  towns  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  Grafton  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  .Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  either  directly  or  indirectly  from 
the  borough  of  Lyme- Regis,  Kngland. 

Lynchburg;  city  in  Campbell  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  rich  settler  and  officer 
of  the  Revolution. 

Lynchtown;  township  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  owner  of  Lynch'3 
mills. 

Lyndeboro;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Benjamin 
Lynde,  a  large  landowner. 

Lyndon;  city  in  Osage  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  town  in  Caledonia  County, 
Vermont. 


gansett]  PLACE   NAME8    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  193 

Lyndon;  town  in  Caledonia  County; 

Lyndon  Center;  village  in  Caledonia  County; 

Lyndon ville;  village  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont.     Named  for  Josiah  Lyndon, 

son  of  an  early  proprietor. 
Lynn;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Lynn- Regie,  England. 
Lynn;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  G.  W.  Lynn,  an  early  settler. 
Lynnfield;  town  in   Essex  County,  Massachusetts.     It  was  originally  the  West 

Parish  of  Lynn  and  bore  the  name  of  Lynn  End,  and  was  incorporated  in  1814 

as  Lvnn  field. 
Lynnville;  town  in  Jasper  County,  Iowa,  so  named  on  account  of  the  proximity  of 

a  basswood  grove. 
Lynxville;  village  in  Crawford  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  steamer  Lipix, 

which  brought  the  Government  surveyors  to  the  place. 
Lyon;  counties  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  and  Nevada,  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel 

Lyon,  United  States  Army. 
Lyon;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  Crittenden  Lyon. 
Lyoos;  city  in  Rice  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Truman  J.  Lyon,  the  owner  of  the 

town  site. 
Lyons;  village  in  Burt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Waldo  Lyon,  an  early  resident. 
Lyons;  town  in  Wrayne  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  France. 
Lyonsdale;  village  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  first  settler,  Calen 

Lvon. 
Ly sander;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Spartan  general. 
McAden ville;  town  in  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Hon.  R.  Y. 

Me  Aden,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
McArthur;  village  in  Vinton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Duncan  McArthur,  an 

officer  in  the  Indian  wars. 
McBride;  village  in  Montcalm  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
McClellandville;  village   in  Newcastle  County,   Delaware,   named    for  William 

MeClelland,  an  early  settler. 
McColl;  town  in  Marlboro  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  D.  D.  McColl,  a  caj>- 

italist. 
McComb;  town  in  Pike  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  former  owner  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Central  Railroad. 
McConnellsburg;  borough  in  Fulton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder. 
McOonnellstown;  village  in  Huntingdon  County,   Pennsylvania,  named  for  its 

founder. 
McConnelsville;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Robert  McConnel. 
McCook;  city  in  Redwillow  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Gen.  Alexander  McCook, 

of  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
McCook;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Edwin  S.  McCook,  of  Ohio,  distin- 
guished in  the  Civil  war. 
McCool;  town  in  Attala  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Hon.  James  F.  McCool. 
McCracken;  city  in  Rush  County,  Kansas,  named  for  William  McCracken,  of  New 

York  City,  an  official  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway. 
McCracken;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  Virgil  McCracken. 
McCulloch;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Benjamin  McCulloch,  a  brigadier-general 

in  the  Confederate  army. 
McCune;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Isaac  McCune,  its  founder. 
McDonald;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Sergeant  McDonald,  of  South  Carolina. 
McDonough;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,   town  in  Henry  Couniy, 

Georgia*  county  in  Illinois,  and  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  named 

Bull.  2o8— 05 13 


194  PLACE   NAME8    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.2.«W. 

for  the  American  naval  officer  of    the  War   of    1812,  Commodore  Thomas 

McDonough. 
McDowell;  comity  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  two  generals,  Joseph  and 

Charles  McDowell,  of  Revolutionary  fame. 
McDowell;  town  in  Highland  County,  Virginia,  and  county  in  West  Virginia,  said 

to  have  been  named  for  James  McDowell,  former  governor  of  Virginia. 
McDuffie;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  George  McDuffie,  an  early  governor  of 

South  Carolina. 
McFarlan;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
McGrawville;  village  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  in  honor  of  a  Mr. 

McGraw,  who  owned  considerable  property. 
McGregor;  city  in  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  early  proprietor,  Alexander 

McGregor. 
McHenry;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  William  McIIenry,  a  prominent  offi- 
cer in  the  Black  Hawk  war. 
McHenry;  township  and   village  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the 

countv. 
McHenry;  fort  near  Baltimore,  Maryland,  named  for  James  McHenry,  secretary  of 

war  under  Presidents  Washington  and  Adams. 
McHenry;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  James  McHenry,  an  early 

pioneer. 
Mcllhaney;  village  in   Monroe   County,   Pennsylvania,   named   for  Thomas  M. 

Mcllhaney. 
Mcintosh:  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  the  Mcintosh  family,  members  of  which 

accompanied  Oglethorpe  in  his  first  expedition  into  the  State. 
Mcintosh;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  E.  H.  Mcintosh,  a  member  of 

the  Territorial  legislature. 
McKean;  county  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Thomas  McKean,  an  early  governor, 

ami  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
McKee;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Judge  George  R.  McKee. 
McKeesport;  city  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  David  McKee, 

who  kept  a  ferry. 
McKenzie;  county  in  North  Dakota,   named  for  Alexander  McKenzie,  a  State 

politician. 
McKinley;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  President  William  McKinley. 
McKinney;  city  in  Collin  County,  Texas,  named  for  Collin  McKinney,  a  pioneer 

settler. 
McLaurin;  village  in  Perry  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  General  McLaurin,  first 

president  of  the  Gulf  and  Ship  Island  Railroad. 
McLean;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  John  McLean,  United  States  Senator,  1824- 

1830. 
McLean;  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  county. 
McLean;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  forjudge  Alney  McLean. 
McLean;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  John  R.  McLean,  a  prominent 

State  politician. 
McLeansboro;  township  and  city  in  Hamilton  County,  Illinois,  nained  for  Dr.  Wil- 
liam McLean,  the  first  settler. 
McLennan;  countv  in  Texas,  named  for  Neil  McLennan. 
McLeod;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Hon.  Martin  McLeod,  president  of  the 

State  council. 
McLouth;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  owner  of  the  town  site. 
McMechen;  town  in  Marshall  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  former  resident. 
McMinnville;  city  in  Yamhill  County,  Oregon,  named  from  the  town  in  Tennessee, 

the  native  place  of  an  early  settler. 


GANNETT.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  195 


;  county  in  Tennessee; 
cMinnville;  town  in  Warren  County,  Tennessee.     Named   for  (Jen.  Joseph 

McMinn,  an  early  governor. 
McMullen;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  McMullen,  a  colonizer  of  western 

Texas. 
McNairy;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Judge  John  McNairy. 
McNeils;  island  in  Washington,  named  for  the  captain  of  a  steamer  of  the  Hudson 

Bay  Company. 
McPherson;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  and  counties  in  Nebraska 

and  South  Dakota,  named  for  Maj.  Gen.  James  B.  McPherson. 
Mabbettsville;  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Mabbett, 

the  former  proprietor. 
Macedon;  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York; 

Macedonia;  village  in  Hamilton  County,  Illinois,  township  and  town  in  Pottawat- 
tamie County,  Iowa,  and  nine  other  places.    The  name  is  transferred  from  the 

ancient  Macedonia  of  the  Greeks. 
Machado;  town  in  Los  Angeles   County,  California.     A  Spanish  word   meaning 

"hatchet" 
Machhanna;  the  largest  of  the  three  streams  which,  united,  form  the  Lehigh  River. 

A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "the  largest  stream." 
Machias;  river  and  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine; 
Machiasport;    town  in  Washington  County,   Maine.     From   the    Indian   word 

machisses,  "bad  small  falls." 
Machigamic;  river  in  northern  Wisconsin,  so  called  because  it  flows  from  the  lake 

bearing  the  Indian  name,  mitchigamic^  meaning  "large  lake." 
Macintire;  mountain  in  the  Adirondacks,  named  for  an  iron  speculator  of  the  region. 
Mackinac;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.    Derived  from  the  Ojibwa 

Indian  word  michilimaekinac,  meaning  "island  of  the  great  turtle,"  or  in  other 

dialects,  "island  of  the  giant  fairies." 
Mackinaw;  township  and  town  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "turtle."     See  Mackinac. 
Macksville;  city  in  Stafford  County,  Kansas,  named  for  George  Mack,  the  first 

postmaster  in  the  county. 
Maclenny;  town  in  Baker  County,  Florida,  named  for  H.C.  MaeClcnnv,  its  founder. 
Macomb;  township  and  city  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  county  in  Michigan, 

and  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named    for   Gen.  Alexander 

Macomb  of  the  War  of  1812. 
Macon;  county  in  Alabama;  county,  and  city  in  Bibb  County,  in  Georgia;  county, 

and  village  in  same  county,  in  Illinois;  city  in  Noxubee  County,  Mississippi; 

county,   and  city  in  same  county,  in   Missouri;  county,  and  city  in  Warren 

County,  in  North  Carolina;  and  county  in  Tennessee;  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel 

Macon,  United  States  Senator  from  North  Carolina,  18HM828. 
Macoupin;  county  and  creek  in  Illinois,  so  named  by  the  Indians  because  the  white 

potato,  signified  by  the  name,  was  found  abundantly  along  the  banks  of  the 

creek. 
Macungie;  borough  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  name  meaning 

"the  feeding  place  of  bears." 
Madawaska;  branches  of  the  St.  John  and  Aroostook  rivers  in  Maine,  and  town  in 

Aroostook  County.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "porcupine  place,"  or,  "where 

one  river  enters  another." 
Madden;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Captain  Madden. 
Madera;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"lumber;"  the  county  having  been  formed  from  a  part  of  Fresno  County  alter 


196  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  25* 

the  building  of  the  town  of  Madera,  it  was  named  from  the  town,  which  was  a 
lumber  center. 

Madison;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  and  Florida;  county,  and  city  in  Morgan 
County,  in  Georgia;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Iowa;  township  ami  city  in 
Greenwood  County,  Kansas;  county  in  Kentucky;  parish  in  Louisiana;  town  in 
Somerset  County,  Maine;  counties  in  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Montana,  and 
Nebraska;  town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire;  counties  in  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  Virginia;  city  in  Dane  County, 
Wisconsin;  and  peak  in  the  White  Mountains;  named  for  President  James 
Madison. 

Madison;  city  in  Lake  County,  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  city  in  Wisconsin, 
because  of  its  proximinity  to  several  lakes. 

Madrone;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.  From  madrofUt,  an  evergreen 
tree  of  northern  California. 

Mag  alio  way;  river  in  New  Hampshire.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "large  tail." 

Magataukamde;  lake  in  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "swan  lake." 

Magnolia;  town  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  and  twenty-five  other  towns  and  vil- 
lages, being  generally  named,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  Dr.  Pierre  Magnol,  for 
whom  the  species  of  magnolia  tree  was  named. 

Magoffin;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Beriah  Magoffin,  a  former  governor. 

Magothy;  river  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "small  plain  devoid  of 
timber." 
Mahanoy;  mountain  and  river  tributary  to  the  Susquehanna,  Schuylkill  County, 

Pennyslvania; 
Mahanoy  City;  lx>rough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania.    From  the  Delaware 
Indian   mahoni,   "a  lick,"  a  survival  of  the    expression  to  describe    saline 
deposits  where  deer  congregate. 

Mahantango;  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian 
word  meaning  "where  we  had  plenty  of  meat  to  eat." 

Mahaska;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Iowas. 

Mahomet;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  founder  of  the 
Mohammedan  religion. 

Mahon;  village  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  John  Mahon. 

Mahoning;  county  ami  river  in  eastern  Ohio.  From  the  Delaware  Indian  word 
mahoHhtk,  meaning  "there  a  lick,"  applied  to  many  places  of  saline  deposits. 

Mahtowa;  town  in  Carlton  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "grass  lands." 

Maiden  Rock;  village  in  Pierce  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  llie  rock,  famous  in 
Indian  legends,  from  which  it  is  said  an  Indian  maiden  leaped  to  escape  mar- 
riage with  a  warrior  of  another  tribe. 

Maidstone;  town  in  Essex.  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in  Kent, 
England. 

Maine;  State  of  the  Union,  said  to  be  named  for  the  private  estate  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  in  Maine,  a  province  of  France;  or,  according  to  another  authority,  so 
called  Ixrause  the  fishermen  of  the  islands  along  the  coast  referred  to  the  main- 
land as  the  main,  and  in  some  early  documents  it  was  spelled  Mayn. 

Makage;  western  tributary  of  the  Minnesota  River.  From  an  Indian  word,  makagi, 
meaning  "brown  earth." 

Makanda;  township  and  village  in  Jackson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  Indian 
chief. 

Makiapier;  pond  in  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "water  of  a  reddish 
color." 

Malade;  river  and  village  in  Oneida  County,  Idaho.  A  French  word  meaning 
"sick  "  or  "infirm." 


Gannett.]  PLACE    NAME8    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  197 

Malaga;  towns  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  and  Monroe  County,  Ohio,  named 

from  Malaga  in  Spain. 
Malcom;  town  in  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  early  Scotch  settler. 
Maiden;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  borough  of 

Maldon  in  England. 
Malheur;  river  and  county  in  Oregon.     A  French  word  meaning  "misfortune." 
Malmaison;  village  in  Pittsylvania  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  chateau  in  France. 
Malta;  towns  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  and  Morgan  County,  Ohio,  named 

from  the  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Malvern;   town  in  Hot  Spring  County,  Arkansas,  named  from  Malvern  Hill  in 

Virginia. 
Malvern;  towns  in  Emanuel  County,  Georgia,  and  Carroll  County,  Ohio,  and 

borough  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Malvern  Hill;  watering  place  in  Henrico  County,  Virginia.     Named,  directly  or 

indirectly,  from  the  watering  place  in  England. 
Mamajuda;  island  in  the  Detroit  River,  Michigan,  named  for  an  Indian  squaw. 
Mamakating;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Mamaroneck;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Mammoth;  cave  in  Kentucky,  so  named  on  account  of  its  great  size. 
Manada;  stream  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word   meaning 

"island." 
Manahan;    stream   in  York  County,  Pennsylvania.      An  Indian  word   meaning 

"where  liquor  has  been  drunk." 
Manahawkin;  town  in  Ocean  County  and  creek  in  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  name 

meaning  "good  corn  land,"  and  applied  to  this  section  on  account  of  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  land. 
Manalapan;  river  in  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "good  bread"  or 

"good  country." 
Man  an;  islands  on  the  coast  of  Maine.    The  Indian  word  for  island. 
Manasquan;  village  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  word,  origin- 
ally wandsquan,  meaning  a  "point"  or  "top." 
Manatawny;  branch  of  the  Schuylkill  River  in  Pennsylvania.     Derived  from  the 

Delaware  Indian  word  menJialtanink,  "here  we  drank"  (liquor). 
Manatee;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Florida,  ho  named  l>ecause  the 

sea  cow  or  manatee  is  found  on  the  coast. 
Manaticut;  river  in  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  Indian,  and  probably  meaning 

* '  place  of  observation. ' ' 
Manato-Kikewe;  stream  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "stooping  spirit 


river." 


Manayunk;  substation  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word 

meaning  "  place  where  we  drank." 
Mancebona;  village  in  Antrim  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  youngest  daughter 

of  Perrig  Andress,  the  first  settler. 
Manchester;  city  in  Delaware  County,  Iowa.     From  "Chesterman,"  the  name  of 

the  original  proprietor. 
Manchester;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts;  city  in  Ilillshoro  County,  New 

Hampshire;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  and  town  in  Chesterfield 

County,  Virginia;  named  from  the  city  in  England. 
Mandan;  city  in  Morton  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe. 
Mandarin;  town  in  Duval  County,  Florida,  so  named  because  its  chief  orange  crop 

is  of  this  species. 
Mandeville;  town  in  St.  Tammany  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  Mamie vi lie  de 

Marigny,  a  descendant  of  the  French  officer  of  the  first  colonization. 


198  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bitll.258. 

Manhasset;  formerly  a  village  in  Queens  County,  New  York,  and  now  a  part  of 

New  York  City.     An  Indian  name  meaning  "  at  the  little  island." 
Manhattan;  an  island  in  New  York.     An  Indian  word  variously  said  to  refer  to 

"island"  or  "place  of  drunkenness." 
Manheim;  towns  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  and  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, named  from  the  town  in  Germany. 
Manidowish;  river  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "evil  spirit." 
Manistee;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Michigan.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "vermilion  river,"  or,  according  to  other  authorities,  "lost  river,"  or 

"island  in  the  river." 
Manistique;  township  and  village  in  Schoolcraft  County,  Michigan.     An  Indian 

word  with  the  same  meaning  as  Manistee. 
Manito;  township  and  village  in  Mason  County,  Illinois; 
Manitou;  town  in  Kl  Paso  County,  Colorado,  county  in  Michigan,  and  river  in 

Wisconsin.     An  Algonquian  Indian  term  applied  to  any  object  of  reverence, 

meaning  literally  "spirit." 
Manitowoc;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,   in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "spirit  land." 
Mankato;  cities  in  Jewell  County,  Kansas,  and  Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "bule,"  or,  more  properly,  "green  earth." 
Mankisitah-Wakpa;  river  in  South  Dakota,  strongly  impregnated  with  white  slime; 

hence  given  this  name  by  the  Indians,  it  meaning  "cloudy  river." 
Manlius;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  Roman  general. 
Manly;  village  in  Moore  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Governor  Charles 

Manlv. 
Manning;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  merchant  of  the  place. 
Manning;  town  in  Clarendon  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Manning 

family,  prominent  in  South  Carolina  history. 
Mannsville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  H.  B.  Mann. 
Mannussing;  island  in  Long  Island  Sound.     From  an  Indian  wood,  munrwhan, 

meaning  "island." 
Mansfield;  town  in  Holland  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Moses  Mansfield,  mayor 

of  New  Haven. 
Mansfield;  village  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  John  Mansfield,  an 

officer  in  the  civil  war. 
Mansfield;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  William  Murray,  Earl 

of  Mansfield. 
Mansfield;  city  in  Richland  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  Jared  Mansfield,  at  one 

time  surveyor-general,  United  States. 
Mansfield;  town  in  Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Asa  Mann,  original 

owner  of  the  land. 
Manson;  town  in  Calhoun  County,  Iowa,  named  for  a  resident. 
Manteno;  village  in  Kankakee  County,  Illinois.    Possibly  a  corruption  of  the  Indian 

word  manitou,  meaning  "spirit." 
Manteo;  town  in  Dare  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian  chief  of  Roa- 
noke Island  in  l.">85. 
Manton;  village  in  Michigan,  named  for  the  first  white  settler,  George  Manton. 
Mantua;  towns  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  and  Portage  County,  Ohio, 

named  from  the  town  in  Italv. 
Manuelito;  station  in  McKinley  County,  New  Mexico,  named  for  a  former  chief  of 

the  Navajos.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "little  Manuel." 
Manzana;  town   in   Ix>s  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"apple." 


fiAKNETT.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES.  199 


ita;  towns  in  Marin,  San  Diego,  and  Tehama  counties,  California,  named 
from  the  extensive  growths  of  manzanita  brush. 

Maple  Forest;  town  in  Crawford  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  its  beau- 
tiful forests  of  maple  trees. 

Maquon;  town  in  Knox  County,  Illinois.  This  name  was  given  William  Penn  by 
the  Indians  because  in  his  treatv  with  them  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  he 
used  a  quill  pen,  this  word  with  them  signifying  "quill"  or  "feather." 

Marais;  town  in  Orange  County,  Missouri.  French  word  meaning  * 'swamp"  or 
"marsh." 

Marais  des  Gygnes;  river  in  Wabaunsee  County,  Kansas.  A  French  phrase 
meaning  "swans'  marsh." 

Marathon;  town  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  and  county  in  Wisconsin,  named 
from  the  battlefield  in  Greece. 

Marblehead;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  of  the  por- 
phyry-colored rocks  along  the  shore. 

Marcellus;  towns  in  Cass  County,  Michigan,  and  Onondaga  County,  New  York, 
named  for  the  illustrious  Roman,  M.  Claudius  Marcellus. 

Marcus  Hook;  borough  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for,  but  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  name  of,  an  Indian  chief,  Maarte,  who  lived  in  that  section. 

Marcy;  town  in  Oneida  County,  and  mountain,  in  New  York,  named  for  a  former 
governor,  William  L.  Marcy. 

Mare;  island  in  San  Pablo  Bay,  California,  said  to  be  so  named  on  account  of  a  wild 
mare  which  formerly  inhabited  the  island. 

Marengo;  county  in  Alabama,  and  cities  in  McIIenry  County,  Illinois,  and  Iowa 
County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  battlefield  of  Italy. 

Margaretsville;  town  in  Northampton  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Mrs. 
Margaret  Ridley. 

Margaretville;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  owner  of  the 
land,  Margaret  Lewis,  the  daughter  of  Governor  Morgan  Lewis. 

Marias;  river  in  Montana,  named  for  Miss  Maria  Wood. 

Mariaville;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Bing- 
ham, a  large  land  owner. 

Mariaville;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of 
James  Duane. 

Maricopa;  county  in  Arizona,  and  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  from 
an  Indian  tribe. 

Marie  Saline,  township  in  Ashley  County,  Arkansas.  From  the  French,  marais 
saline \  meaning  "salt  marsh." 

Maries;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  named  for  the  Big  and  Little 
Maries  rivers,  which  name  is  of  French  origin. 

Marietta;  city  in  Washington  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Queen  Marie  Antoinette  of 
France. 

Marietta;  town  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  wives  of  the  two 
proprietors. 

Maxilla;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Mrs.  Marilla  Rogers,  of  Alden. 

Marin;  county  in  California,  named  for  the  celebrated  chief  of  the  Lecatuit,  or 
Likatuit,  tribe. 

Marine;  village  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  so  named  because  settled  by  several 
sea  captains  from  the  east. 

Marine;  village  in  Washington  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  Marine  Lumber 
Company  of  Delaware  and  Vermont,  which  settled  the  village. 

Marine  City;  city  in  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  its  location 
on  the  St.  Clair  River. 


200  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE    UNITED  STATES.  [»*■•"-** 

Marinette;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  daughter  of  an  Indian  chief,  Mari- 
nette Jacobs,  the  name  being  a  composite  of  the  names  Marie  and  Antoinette. 
Marion;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Arkansas;  fort  in  Hamilton  County,  Florida; 

counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Mis- 
souri, Ohio,  and  Oregon;  county,  and  town  in  Marion  County,  in  South  Carolina; 

and  counties  in  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  West  Virginia; 
Marion ville;  city  in  Lawrence  County,  Missouri.    Named  for  Gen.  Francis  Marion. 
Mariposa;  river,  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in  California,  named  for  a  flower 

which  grows  abundantly  there.     A  Spanish  won!,  meaning  "butterfly." 
Markle ville;  town  in  Madison  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  Markle,  who  laid 

it  out. 
Marlboro;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  county  in  South  Carolina,  and 

ton  other  places;  some  are  named  from  the  town  in  Wilts  County,  England,  and 

others  for  the  Duke  of  Marlboro. 
Marlin;  town  in  Falls  County,  Texas,  named  for  one  of  the  first  settlers. 
Mar  lint  on;  village  in  Pocahontas  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Mar  low;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  borough  in 

England. 
Marmiton;  stream  in  Missouri.     From  the  French  word,  mariniton,  "scullion," 

from  marmite,  "pot"  or  "kettle." 
Maroa;  township  and  city  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 
Maroon;  peak  in  the  Elk  Mountains,  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  the  peculiar 

color  of  the  sandstone. 
Marquam;  village  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  named  for  P.  A.  Marquam,  an  old 

resident  of  Portland. 
Marquette;  city  in  McPhereon  County,  Kansas,  county,  city  in  same  county,  and 

river  in  Michigan,  county,  and  town  in  Green  Lake  County,  Wisconsin,  named 

for  the  Jesuit  Missionary  Jacques  Marquette. 
Marseilles;  city  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  and  village  in  Wyandot  County,  Ohio, 

named  from  the  city  in  France. 
Marshall;  county  in  Alabama,  county,  and  city  in  Clark  County,  in  Illinois,  counties 

in  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia,  named 

for  John  Marshall,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States. 
Marshall;  town  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Joseph  M.  Marshall,  who 

discovered  coal  in  that  section. 
Marshall;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Francis  J.  Marshall,  member  of  the  first 

Territorial  legislature. 
Marshall;  county,  and  village  in  the  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen. 

William  R.  Marshall,  governor  of  the  State,  1866-1870. 
Marshall;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Thomas  F.  Marshall,  Congressman 

from  North  Dakota. 
Marshallton;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  for  John  Marshall, 

who  started  the  first  rolling  mill. 
Marshalltown;   city  in  Marshall   County,   Iowa,   named   for  Chief  Justice  John 

Marshall. 
Marshneld;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  on  account  of  its 

situation. 
Marshneld;  city   in  Webster  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  home  of  Daniel 

Webster. 
Marshneld;  town  in  Washington  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Capt.  Isaac  Marsh, 

who  purchased  the  town  site  from  the  Indians. 
Marshneld;  city  in  Wood  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  J.  J.  Marsh,  of  New  York, 

who  owned  the  greater  part  of  the  town.     Another  authority  attributes  the  name 

to  large  areas  of  marshy  land  in  the  vicimly. 


gawsbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES  IK  THE   UNITED  STATES.  201 


Vineyard;  island  comprising  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts.  Martha  is 
said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Martin,  the  name  of  a  friend  of  the  discoverer,  Vine- 
yard being  added  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  wild  grapes  on  the  island. 

Martin;  counties  in  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  John  P.  Martin. 

Martin;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Henry  Martin,  an  early  settler. 

Martin;  town  in  Claiborne  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Gen.  W.  T.  Martin,  of 
Natchez,  Mississippi. 

Martin;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  colonial  governor,  Josiah  Martin. 

Martin;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Wyly  Martin,  an  early  settler. 

Martinez;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  named  for  a  prominent  Spanish 
settler. 

Martina;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Martins;  location  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  granted  to  Thomas  Martin,  1773. 

Martinsburg;  village  in  Dixon  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Jonathan  Martin,  its 
first  settler. 

Martinsburg;  borough  in  Blair  County  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder. 

Martinsburg;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  Tom  Martin, 
a  nephew  of  Lord  Fairfax,  a  wealthy  landowner. 

Martins  Ferry;  city  in  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  family  who  estab- 
lished the  ferry. 

Martinsville;  city  in  Morgan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  oldest  of  the  locating 
commissioners,  John  Martin. 

Martinsville;  village  in  Harrison  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Zadoc  Martin,  a 
miller. 

Martinsville;  town  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  founder. 

Martinsville;  town  in  Henry  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Col.  Joe  Martin,  original 
owner  of  the  town  site. 

i;  mountains  in  Colorado  and  Utah,  named  for  the  geologist,  A.  R.  Marvine. 
';  bay  in  Yellowstone  Lake,  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Miss  Mary  Force. 
';  lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Miss  Mary  Clark. 

Maryland;  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  named  for  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of 
Charles  I,  of  England. 

Marysville;  township  and  city  in  Yuba  County,  California,  named  for  Mrs.  Mary 
Covilland,  one  of  the  founders. 

Marysville;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  wife  of  Francis  J  Mar- 
shall, for  whom  the  county  was  named. 

Marysville;  town  in  Lewis  and  Clark  County,  Montana,  named  by  Thomas  Cruse 
for  his  mother. 

Marysville;  village  in  Union  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  daughter  of  the  original 
proprietor. 

Mascoutah;  city  in  St  Clair  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "prairie,"  , 
or  "grassy  plain." 

Masgeek-Hanna;  stream  in    Pennsylvania;  a  Delaware    Indian  word    meaning 
"stream  flowing  through  swampy  ground." 

Mashamoquet;  stream  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  near  the  great 

mountain,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "at  the  great  fishing  place." 
Mashapaug;  village  in  Tolland  County,  Connecticut; 

Mashpee;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts.     From  an   Indian  word, 
mashapaug,  meaning  either  "standing  water,"  or  "great  pond." 

Maskegon;  river  in  Michigan.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "swamp,"  or  "bog." 

Mason;  village  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Roswell  B.  MaHon,  chief 
engineer  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

Mason;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  the  birthplace  of 
many  of  the  early  settlers. 


f 


202  PLAOK   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  STATE8.  [bulk.  aw. 

Mason;    river  in  northern   Illinois,  tributary  to  the  Illinois  River,    named  for 

William  Mason,  an  early  settler. 
Mason;  bayou  in  Chicot  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  early  proprietor,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Maison  Rouge. 
Mason;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  George  Mason,  an  intimate  friend  of  George 

Washington. 
Mason;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Stevens  T.  Mason,  the  last  Territorial  gov- 
ernor and  first  State  governor. 
Mason;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  John  Mason,  the 

founder  of  the  colony. 
Mason;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Captain  Mason,  United  States  Army. 
Mason;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  Charles  H.  Mason,  the  first  State  secretary. 
Mason;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  George  Mason,  governor  of  the  State. 
Mason;  creek  in   Yellowstone  Park,   named  for  Maj.   Julius  W.  Mason,  United 

States  Army. 
Mason  City;  township  and  city  in  Mason  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  county. 
Masonville;  town  in  Delaware  County,  NewT  York,  named  for  Rev.  John  M.  Mason, 

of  New  York. 
Massabesic;  village  in  Hillsl>oro  County,  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "  place  at  a  great  river." 
Massac;  county  in  Illinois  and  fort  on  the  Ohio  River,  named  for  Monsieur  Mas- 

siac,  the  French  minister  of  marine  during  the  French  and  Indian  war. 
Mayfield;  city  in  Graves  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Mayfield,  who  lost  his 

life  by  drowning  in  the  creek  near  the  city. 
Maynard;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  founder  of  the 

woolen  mills  in  the  town. 
Massachaug";   pond  in  Rhode  Island.     An  Indian  word  meaning   "place  where 

rushes  grow." 
Massachusetts;   one  of   the   thirteen  original  States.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"  near  the  great  hills.'' 
Massapeag;  village  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"great  water  land." 
Massena;  village  in  St.  I-»awTrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Andre  Massena,  a 

marshal  of  France. 
Massillon;  city  in  Stark  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Jean  Baptiste  Massillon,  a  cele- 
brated French  divine. 
Masten;  village  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  William  Masten,  an  early 

settler. 
Masthope;  town  in  Pike  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  corruption  of  the  Delaware 

Indian  maxhapi  meaning  "  beads  of  glass." 
Matagoodus;  tributary  of  the  Penobscot  River  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"  meadow  ground." 
Matagorda;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Texas.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"thick  brush." 
Mat  amor  as;    village  in   Pike  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  Spanish   word   meaning 

"  Moor  slaver." 
Matanaucook;  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River,  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"  place  of  bad  lands." 
Matawan;  town  in   Monmouth  Countv,  New  Jersev.     An  Indian  word  to  which 

various  meanings  are  ascribed,  among  them  "magician,"  "charmed  skin,"  "it 

arrives  in  a  lake." 
Mathews;   county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Mathews,  an  officer  of  the 

Revolution. 


iXNCTT.l  WiACK  NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  203 

Catoaca;  village  in  Chesterfield  County,  Virginia.    The  original    name  of   the 

Indian  princess,  Pocahontas,  for  whom  it  is  named. 
[attahumkeag;  lake  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  sand  creek  pond." 
Cattapan;  station  in  Boston,  Massachusetts.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "sitting- 
down  place." 
Cattapoisett;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts.    An  Indian  word  given 

various  meanings,   "at  the  great  rivulet,"  "place  of  rest,"  "unfavorable  for 

the  passage  or  shelter  of  canoes." 
Cattaponi;  river  in  Virginia.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian  form  mattapament,  of 

unknown  meaning. 
Cattawamkeag;  river,  and  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "down  a  stream  which  empties  into  the  main  river." 
latteawan;  stream  and  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  which  in  early 

days  was  noted  for  its  peltrie,  hence  the  Indian  name  meaning  "good  fur,"  or 

"enchanted  skin." 
[atthews;  town  in  Mecklenburg  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident. 
Cattison;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  Joel  Aldrich  Mattison, 

governor  of  the  State,  1853-1857. 
[attituck;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place 

without  wood,"  or  "  land  not  wooded." 
Eattoon;  city  in  Coles  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  Mat  toon,  a  landowner, 
touch  Chunk;  borough  and  river  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania.     From  the 

Indian,  machk,  meaning  "bear,"  and  Uichunk,  "mountain." 
Caumee;  village  in  Lucas  County,  Ohio.    Another  form  of  the  tribal  name  Miami. 
laurepas;  lake  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Frederic  Phillipeaux,  Count  of  Maurepas. 
laurice;  stream  in  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  stadtholder  of  the  United  Dutch 

provinces,  Maurice,  Count  of  Nassau  and  Prince  of  Orange. 
laury;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Abram  Maury. 
laury;  island  in  Washington,  named  for  a  naval  officer. 
Eauaton;  city  in  Juneau  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Gen.  M.  M.  Maughs,  former 

proprietor  of  the  original  village. 
Cauvaises  Terres;  tract  on  the  White  River,  in  North  Dakota.     A  French  name 

meaning  "bad  lands." 
Caverick;  county  in  Texas  named  for  Samuel  A.  Maverick,  a  prominent  early 

settler. 
Caxatawny ;  stream  in  BerksCounty,  Pennsylvania.   From  a  Delaware  Indian  word, 

machmt-hamia,  meaning  "bear's  path  stream." 
Caxwell;  town  in  Colusa  County,  California,  named  for  its  founder. 
Cay;  cape  on  the  southern  extremity  of  New  Jersey,  named  for  Cornelius  Jacolison 

May,  a  Dutch  navigator  of  the  West  Indian  Company. 
Cayaimi;  lake  in  Florida.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "very  large  water." 
Cayersville;  town  in  Issaquena  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  David  Meyers,  a 

large  landowner, 
layesville;  town  in  Sumter  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Mayes  family, 

prominent  in  the  county. 
Cayodan;  village  in  Rockingham  County,  North  Carolina.     A  combination  of  the 

name  of  a  prominent  resident  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  of  the  river  Dan. 
Cays;  creek  in  Michigan,  named  for  Judge  May. 

Cays  Landing;  town  in  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Cornelius  Jacob- 
son  May,  a  Dutch  navigator  of  the  West  Indian  Company. 
Caysville;  city  in  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  original  proprietor, 

John  May. 
Caysville;  village  in  Jones  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 


204  PLACE   KAMES   Itf  THE   UKlTED  STATES.  [bill.*-*. 

Mayville;  villages  in  Tuscola  County,  Michigan,  and  Chautauqua  County,  New 

York,  named  for  the  month  of  May. 
Mayville;  city  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  "Uncle"  May,  an  early 

settler. 
Mazon;  town  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois.    An  Indian  name  meaning  "  weed,"  refer- 
ring to  a  species  which  grew  along  a  stream  near  the  town. 
Meade;  peak  in  Idaho,  county,  and  city  in  same  county  in  Kansas,  and  county  in 

South  Dakota,  named  for  Gen.  George  C.  Meade. 
Meade;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  James  Meade. 
Meadville;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Cowles  Meade,  second 

secretary  of  the  Territory. 
Meadville;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  David  Mead, 

its  founder. 
Meagher;  county  in  Montana,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Francis  Meagher,  a  State 

official. 
Meander  Creek;  stream  in  the  Mahoning  Valley,  Ohio,  so  named  by  the  surveyor 

because  of  its  wandering  course. 
Meares;  cape  in  Washington,  named  for  the  explorer,  John  Meares. 
Mebane;  town  in  Alamance  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Alexander 

Mebaiie. 
Mecca;  town  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  capital  of  Arabia. 
Mechanicsburg;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  of  the  large 

percentage  of  mechanics  in  the  population. 
Mecklenburg;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  named  for  the  Queen  of 

George  III,  Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg. 
Medary;  town  in  Brookings  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Samuel  Medary, 

governor  of  Kansas  Territory. 
Medfield;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts.     A  contraction  of  its  original 

name  of  Meadowfield,  given  it  on  account  of  the  beautiful  meadows. 
Media;  borough  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  its  loca- 
tion in  the  center  of  the  county. 
Mediapolis;  town  in  Des  Moines  County,  Iowa,  so  named  because  it  is  half  way 

between  Burlington  and  Washington. 
Medina;  county,  and  township  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Ohio,  named  from  the 

city  in  Arabia. 
Medina;  county  and  river  in  Texas,  named  for  a  Mexican-Spaniard,  P.  Medina,  an 

early  settler. 
Medo;  village  in  Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota.    The  Indian  name  for  a  root  which 

in  appearance  and  taste  resembles  the  sweet  potato. 
Medora;  town  in  Billings  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  wife  of  the  Marquis 

de  Mores. 
Meeker;  town  in  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado,  named  for  N.  C.  Meeker,  of  the 

New  York  Tribune. 
Meeker;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Bradley  B.  Meeker,  associate  justice  of  the 

supreme  court,  1849-1853. 
Meherrin;  river  in  Virginia.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "island,"  the  name  of  a 

tribe  of  that  region. 
Meigs;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  Gen.  M.  C.  Meigs. 
Meigs;  counties  in  Ohio  and  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  Return  J.  Meigs. 
Melones;  town  in  Calaveras  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning  "elm- 

ons,"  descriptively  applied. 
Melrose;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  by  William  Bogle,  a 

resilient,  from  the  borough  in  Scotland. 
Melvern;  city  in  Osage  County,  Kansas,  warned  lro\\\  \Vu>  Malvwu  Hills  in  Kngland. 


cannot.)  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  205 

Memaloose;  island  in  the  Columbia  River,  near  The  Dalles,  Oregon,  from  a  Chinook 

Indian  word  meaning  "dead/'  so  named  because  it  was  an  Indian  burial  place. 
Memphis;  city  in  Scotland  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  city  in  Egypt. 
Memphis;  city  in  Shelby  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  because  situated  upon  the 

river  in  a  manner  very  similar  to  the  city  in  Egypt. 
Memphremagog;  lake  in  Vermont.     An  Indian  word  said  to  mean  "  beautiful 

water,' '  'Make  of  abundance." 
Menard;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Pierre  Menard,  first  lieutenant-governor  of 

the  State. 
Menard;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  M.  B.  Menard,  a  prominent  early  settler. 
Menaaha;  city  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.     An   Indian   word  meaning 

"thorn,"  or  "island." 
Mendham;  town  in  Mason  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Mendocino;  county,  and  cape  in  Humboldt  County,  in  California,  named  for  Don 

Antonia  de  Mendoza,  the  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Mendon;  township  and  village  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Mendon, 

Massachusetts. 
Mendon;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  of  Mend- 
ham,  England. 
Mendota;  township  and  city  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois.     From  an  Indian  word 

meaning  the  junction  of  two  trails,  and  applied  to  the  settlement  on  account  of 

the  eroding  of  two  railroads. 
Mendota;  village  in  Dakota  County,  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "the 

mouth  of  a  river." 
Mendoza;  village  in  Caldwell  County,  Texas,  named  for  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza, 

the  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Menifee;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Richard  H.  Menifee. 
Menoken;  town  in  Shawnee  County,  Kansas.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "it  grows 

well,"  "good  growing  place,"  "fortunate." 
Menominee;  town  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  Illinois,  river,  county,  and  city  in  same 

county  in  Michigan,  and  city  in  Dunn  County,  Wisconsin.     The  name  of  an 

Indian  tribe,  the  word  referring  to  the  wild  rice  which  grew  abundantly  in  those 

regions. 
Mentor;  township  and  village  in  Lake  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Mentor,  the  coun- 
selor of  Telemachus. 
Mentz;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Germany. 
Mequon;   river  and  township  in  Ozaukee  County,  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  name 

meaning  "ladle,"  and  given  to  the  river  because  of  a  bend  in  the  river  resembling 

a  paddle. 
Meramec;  river  in  Missouri.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian  name   which   signifies 

"cattish  river." 
Merced;  county,  and  city  in  same  county  in  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"mercy." 
Mercer;  counties  in  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 

and  West  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Hugh  Mercer,  of  the  Revolution. 
Mercer;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  William  Henry  Harrison  Mercer,  an 

early  pioneer  and  ranchman. 
Mercersburg;  borough  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Hugh 

Mercer. 
Merchantville;  borough  in  Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Merchant 

family. 
Meredith;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  British  nobleman. 
Meredith;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Samuel  Meredith,  of 

Pennsylvania. 


206  PLACK    NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [hull.  as*. 

Meredosia;  town  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois.     A  French  name,  corrupted  from 

marais    d'osier,   meaning   "willow   marsh. "      Another  authority   gives   mere, 

"lake,"  and  (FOsea,  the  name  of  a  French  priest  living  in  the  vicinity. 
Meriwether;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  David  Meriwether,  former  member  of 

Congress  from  Georgia 
Merom;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  waters  of  Merom  in 

Palestine. 
Merrill;  city  in  Lincoln  County,  Wisconsin,  named  forS.  S.  Merrill  of  the  Wisconsin 

Central  Railroad  Company. 
Merrimac;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  river  in  New  Hampshire  and 

Massachusetts,  and  village  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin; 
[Merrimack;  county,  and  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  in  New  Hampshire.     From  the 

Indian,  meaning  "sturgeon,"  or  "swift  water." 
Mesa;  county  in  Colorado,  from  the  Spanish  "mesa,"  table,  hence  a  table-land  or 

plateau. 
Mesa  Grande;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "great  table-lam  1." 
Mesa  Inclinado;  plateau  in  western  Colorado.     The  name  is  Spanish  and  signifi- 
cant of  the  slope  of  the  mesa. 
Meshoppen;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  name  meaning  "glass 

beads,"  and  given  this  stream  because  of  the  barter  of  trinkets  made  upon  its 

banks. 
Mesick;  town  in  Wexford  County,  Michigan,  named  for  its  first  settler. 
Mesilla;  towns  in  Butte  County,  California,  and  Dona  Ana  County,  New  Mexico. 

A  Spanish  word  meaning  "little  table-land." 
Meskaskeeseehunk;  branch  of  the  Matt wamkeag  River,  Maine.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "little  spruce  brook." 
Mesongo;  stream  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "where  we  killed  deer." 
Mesopotamia;  township  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  situated  between  two  rivers, 

and  named   from   Mesopotamia  in  Asia,  which  lies  between  the  Tigris  and 

Euphrates;  from  the  Greek,  signifying  literally  "between  the* rivers." 
Mesquite;  village  in  Dallas  County,  Texas.     The  Spanish  name  for  a  tree  of  the 

locust  family. 
Met  amor  a;  village  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Indian  chief  who 

was  the  hero  of  Edwin  Forrest's  play. 
Metcalfe;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Thomas  Metcalfe,  an  early  governor  of 

the  State. 
Metea;  village  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Pottawattomie,  an  Indian  chief, 

or  possibly  from  meda  or  metn,  which  means  "prophet"  or  "priest." 
Methuen;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  probably  named  for  Lord  Paul 

Methuen  bv  Governor  Dummer. 
Metuchen;  borough  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  chief  of  the 

Raritans. 
Metropolis;  city  in  Massac  County,  Illinois.     The  name  is  expressive  of  the  hope 

of  the  founders. 
Metz;  township  in  Presque  Isle  County,  Michigan,  and  nine  other  places  bear  the 

name  of  the  town  in  Germany. 
Mexia;  town  in  Limestone  County,  Texas,  named  from  Mexico. 
Mexico;  city  in  Audrain  County,  Missouri.     Named  from  the  country  which  is  said 

to  be  derived  from  the  Aztec  word,  Mrxilili,  the  name  of  a  tutelary  divinity,  but 

according  to  another  authority  meaning  the  "habitation  of  the  god  of  war." 
Meyer;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Fred  Meyer,  civil  engineer  and  land 

surveyor. 


gaxxett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  207 

Meyersdale;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  an  early 
settler. 

Miami;  river  and  city  in  Dade  County,  Florida;  county  in  Indiana;  town  in  Ottawa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory;  county  in  Kansas;  city  in  Saline  County,  Mis- 
souri; and  river  and  county  in  Ohio.  The  name  of  a  noted  Indian  tribe;  the 
meaning  of  the  word  is  uncertain. 

Mi  anus;  village  and  river  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut.  A  corruption  of  the 
name  of  the  Indian  chief  Mayanno,  meaning  "he  who  gathers  together." 

Micanopy;  town  in  Alachua  County,  Florida,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Seminole 
Indians,  whose  name  signifies  "chief  of  chiefs/ ' 

Micnigamme;  village  in  Marquette  County,  Michigan.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"large  lake." 

Michigan;  State  of  the  Union  and  one  of  the  Great  Lakes.  An  Indian  word,  paid 
by  some  to  mean  "  big  lake;"  by  others,  "place  for  catching  fish." 

Middleboro;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  it  was 
situated  between  the  Pilgrim  settlement  at  Plymouth  and  the  village  of  the 
Indian  sachem,  Massasoit,  near  Bristol,  Rhode  Island. 

Middleburg;  town  in  Vance  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  is  the 
middle  point  tot  ween  two  rivers. 

Middleburg;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  so  named  because  of  its  location 
midway  between  Upperville,  in  Fauquier  County,  and  Aldie,  in  lioudoiin  County. 

Middlebury;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  so  named  because  it  was  the  cen- 
tral of  three  towns  surveyed  simultaneously. 

Middlefield;  township  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  from  its  central  location 
tot  ween  Warren  and  Painesville. 

Middlegrove;  town  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  it  is  midway 
between  the  Big  Muddy  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Middleport;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  so  named  on  account  of  its  sit- 
uation on  the  canal  halfway  between  Albion  and  Lockport. 

Middleport;  village  in  Meigs  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  of  its  location  on  the 
Ohio  River,  midway  between  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  Cincinnati. 

Middlesex;  counties  in  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Jersey;  town  in 
Yates  County,  New  York;  township  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania; 
town  in  Washington  County,  Vermont;  and  county  in  Virginia;  generally  named 
from  the  county  in  England. 

Middleton;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  Incorporated  in  1728,  from 
parts  of  Salem,  Topsfield,  Boxford,  and  Andover,  and  said  to  have  tocn  so 
named  because  of  its  central  location  between  those  towns. 

Middle  town;  town  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  so  named  because  of  its  loca- 
tion midway  between  Bunker  Hill,  Maryland,  and  Odessa. 

Middletown;  city  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  situated  midway  between  Cincinnati 
and  Dayton;  hence  the  name. 

Midland;  county  in  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  its  situation  in  the  east-central 
portion  of  the  southern  peninsula. 

Midland;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  its  location  midway  between  Fort  Worth  and 
El  Paso. 

Midlothian;  town  in  Chestsrfield  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in 

Scotland. 
Mifflin;  county  in  Pennsylvania; 

burg;  town  in  Union  County,  Pennsylvania.     Named  for  General  Mifflin, 
once  governor  of  the  State. 

county  in  Texas,  named  for  Benjamin  R.  Milam,  an  early  settler  and  distin- 
guished Indian  fighter. 


208  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATE8.  [bill.**. 

Milan;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  and  sixteen  other  towns  and  villages. 
The  name  is  transferred  from  Milan  in  Italy. 

Milburn;  town  in  Ballard  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  William  Milburn. 
Miles;  city  in  Jackson  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  man  who  laid  it  out. 
Milesburg;  borough  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  Col. 

Samuel  Miles. 
Miles  City;  city  in  Custer  County,  Montana,  named  for  Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles. 
Milestown;  station  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col.  Samuel  Miles, 

a  Revolutionary  celebrity. 
Milford;  towns  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  and  Hillsboro  County,  New 

Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Milford;  town  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  so  named  because  of  the  numerous  mills 

in  and  near  the  town. 
Milford;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  on  account  of  the 

many  mills  erected  upon  Mill  River. 
Milk;  river  in  Montana,  so  named  because  of  its  whitish  appearance. 
Mill;  creek  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  the  first  grist  mil,  in 

northern  Ohio  was  built  upon  its  bank. 
Millard;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  Millard  Fillmore. 

Millard;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Ezra  Millard,  its  founder. 
Millbank;  city  in  Grant  county,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Jeremiah  Millbank,  a 

director  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Saint  Paul  Railroad. 
Millbury;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  the  Black- 
stone  River  at  this  point  is  the  site  of  many  mills. 
Milledgeville;  city  in  Georgia,  named  for  John  Milledge,  an  early  governor  of  the 

State. 
Millelacs;  lake  and  county  in  Minnesota.     From  the  French,  "mille  lacs,"  meaning 

4 'thousand  lakes." 
Miller;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  James  Miller,  former  governor  of  the  State. 
Miller;  county  in  Georgia,  nained  for  a  distinguished  citizen  of  the  State,  Andrew 

J.  Miller. 
Miller;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  John  Miller,  a  former  governor. 
Miller;  village  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  first  settler,  Capt.  J.  M. 

Miller. 
Miller;  township  and  city  in  Hand  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  the  founder, 

Henrv  Miller. 

m 

Miller;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  an  early  pioneer. 

Millerplace;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  for  Andrew  Miller,  the 

sou  of  an  early  pioneer  of  Easthampton. 
Millersburg;  town  in  Callaway  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Thomas  Miller,  an 

earlv  settler. 
Miller  sburg;  village  in  Holmes  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Charles  Miller,  its  founder. 
Millersburg;  Iwrough  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Daniel  Miller, 

its  founder. 
Millerstown;  borough   in   Perry   County,   Pennsylvania,   named  for  its  founder, 

David  Miller. 
Millorton;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  from  Samuel  G.  Miller,  one 

of  the  contractors  and  builders  of  the  extension  of  the  New  York  and  Harlem 

Railroad  from  Dover  Plains  to  Chatham. 
Millinocket;   lake  on  the   Penobscot   River,   Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

'*  place  full  of  islands." 
Mill  River;  village  in  the  town  of  New  Marlboro,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

so  named  from  a  mill  on  the  Konkapot  River — Mill-on-the-River. 
Mills;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Major  M\\\s,  oi  \hfc  &tate. 


gakxct.)  PLACE   NAME8    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  209 

Kills;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  S.  Mills,  prominent  in  law  and  politics  of 

the  State. 
Millsfield;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Sir  Thomas  Mills. 
Millstone;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey,  probably  so  named  for  the 

stone  found  there  which  is  suitable  for  milling  purposes. 
Mill  town;  borough  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  of  the 

numl>er  of  mills  located  there. 
Milo;  township  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Milo,  New  York. 
Milo;  towns  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  and  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  from 

the  island  of  Milo,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 
Milpitas;   town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"meadow." 
Milton;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Homer  V.  Milton. 
Milton;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  of  the  number  of 

mills  operating  on  the  Neponset  River  at  that  point. 
Milton;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York;  village  in  Caswell  County,  North  Caro- 
lina; towns  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  Chittenden  County,  Ver- 
mont, and  Cal>ell  County,  West  Virginia;  named  for  John  Milton,  the  i>oet. 
Milton  vale;  city  in  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Milton  Tootle,  of  St.  Joseph, 

the  former  owner  of  the  town  site. 
Milwaukee;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin;  the  name  is  said  to 

have  been  derived  from  the  Indian  word  mUioke,  which  means  "good  earth" 

or  "good  country." 
Mixnbres;  river  and    mountains  in  New    Mexico.      A   Spanish    word  meaning 

"  willows.' ' 
Minden;  city  in  Kearney  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  the  city  in  <  Jermany. 
Mine;  river  in  Missouri.     A  contraction  of  the  original  French  name,  riviere  a  la 

mine. 

•;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Capt.  Nelson  Miner  and  Mr.  Ephriam 

Miner,  who  were  members  of  the  legislature  which  created  the  county. 
Mineral;  comities  in  Colorado  and  West  Virginia; 
I  Mineral  Point;  village  in  Washington  County,  Missouri,  and  city  in  Iowa  County, 

Wisconsin.    So  named  because  of  the  abundance  of  ore  in  those  regions. 
Mineral;  township  and  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location 

in  the  coal-producing  region. 
Minersville;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  it  is 

the  center  of  the  coal  fields. 
Minerva;  towns  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  and  Stark  County,  Ohio,  named  for 

the  goddess  of  wisdom. 
Mingo;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio,  and  county  in  WTest  Virginia,  named  for 

an  Indian  tribe;  the  name  is  said  to  signify  "spring  people." 
Mingo  Run;  creek  in  Randolph  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  encampment 

of  Mingo  Indians  on  its  banks. 
Minier;  village  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois,  named  for  G.  \V.  Minier,  its  founder. 
Minisink;  town  in  Orange  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  name  meaning  "at  the 

little  island." 
Minneapolis;  cities  in  Ottawa  County,  Kansas,  and  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota. 

A  combination  of  the  Indian  word  minni,  "  water,"  and  the  Greek,  polis,  mean- 
ing "city." 
Minnehaha;  falls  in  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota,  and  county  in  South  Dakota. 

A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "  laughing  water." 
Minneiska;  stream  and  village  in  Wabasha  County,  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word 

mMnino  **  <>1oar  u-otor  " 


210  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  2*. 

Minnequa;  village  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"to  drink." 
Minnesota;  State  of  the  Union,  and  a  river  tributary  to  the  Mississippi.     A  Sioux 

Indian  word  meaning  "cloudy  water"  or  ''sky-tinted  water." 
Minne tonka;  lake  in  Minnesota.    A  Sioux  Indian  name  signifying  " big  water." 
Minnewaukan;  post  village  in  Benson  County,  North  Dakota.    Sioux  Indian  word 

meaning  "spirit  water." 
Minnicotta;  lake  in  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "warm  water." 
Minniwakan;  lake  in  North  Dakota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "spirit  water." 
Minooka;  village  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  maple 

forest"  or  "good  earth." 
Minor;  creek  in  Hum1x>ldt  County,  California,  named  for  Isaac  Minor. 
Minot;  town  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Judge  Minot,  a  member  of 

the  general  court. 
Minto;  village  in  Marion  County,  Oregon,  named  for  John  Minto,  an  early  pioneer. 
Minturn;  village  in  Madera  County,  California,  named  for  Jonas  Minturn,  an  old 

settler. 
Mirabile;  town  in  Caldwell  County,  Missouri.      A  I^atin  word  meaning  "  won- 
derful." 
Miraflores;  town  in  Orange  County,  California.  %  A  Spanish  name,  translated  a« 

"behold  the  flowers." 
Miramar;   town  in   San   Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

44 behold  the  sea." 
Mishawaka;  town  in  St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana,  probably  named  for  the  Indian 

chief,  Mishiniwaka.    The  name  means  "swift  water,"  or  "red  earth." 
Mispan;  branch  of  the  Delaware  River.     An  Indian  word  meaning  *' raccoon." 
Missaukee;  county  in  Michigan,  probably  named  from  the  Indian  tribe,  Mistix- 

muga,  which  means  "people  of  the  wide-mouth  river." 
Missionary;  ridge  extending  along  the  northeast  border  of  Georgia,  so  called  because 

a  Presbyterian  Church  mission  was  established  there  at  an  early  date. 
Missisquoi;  river  in  Vermont.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "big  woman." 
Mississinewa;  river  in  Indiana.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "river  of  great  stones." 
Mississippi;  State  of  the  Union,  counties  in  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  and  the  largest 

river  in  the  United  States.     An4ndian  word  meaning  ''great  river,"  or  "gath- 
ering in  of  all  the  waters,"  and  "an  almost  endless  river  spread  out." 
Missoula;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Montana.    The  name  is  said  to 

have  the  same  meaning  as  Missouri,  "muddy  water." 
Missouri;  State  of  the  Union,  and  one  of  the  largest  rivers.     An  Indian  tribal  name 

said  to  mean  "muddy  water." 
Mitchell;  town  in  I^os  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from  the  county  in  Texas. 
Mitchell;  town  in  Kagle  County,  Colorado,  named  for  George  R.  Mitchell,  a  noted 

resident  of  Gilpin  County. 
Mitchell;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  David   Bradie  Mitchell,  governor  of  the 

State  in  earlv  da  vs. 
Mitchell;  town  in  Lawrence  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  O.  W.  Mitchell,  who 

located  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad. 
Mitchell;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Iowa,  named  for  John  Mitchell,  the 

Irish  patriot. 
Mitchell;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  {jvu.  William  I).  Mitchell. 
Mitchell;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Klisha  Mitchell. 
Mitchell;  town  in  Wheeler  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Senator  John  H.  Mitchell. 
Mitchell;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  brothers  A.  and  E.  Mitchell,  prominent 

Texans  of  early  days. 


GANNETT.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  211 

Mitchells;  peak  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Klisha  Mitchell,  who  lost  his  life 
while  making  a  survey  of  it. 

Mitchell ville;  town  in  Polk  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Thomas  Mitchell. 

Mitchigami;  lake  in  northern  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  large  lake." 

Mobeetie;  town  in  Wheeler  County,  Texas.  From  a  Comanche  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "  walnut" 

Moberly;  city  in  Randolph  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Col.  William  E.  Moherly, 
of  Brunswick. 

Mobile;  county,  city  in  same  county,  river,  and  bay  in  Alabama,  named  from 
Maubila,  an  ancient  Indian  town  upon  the  river. 

Mobjack;  bay  in  Maryland.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  an  Indian 
word. 

Moccasin;  village  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois.  The  Indian  name  for  a  shoe  or 
covering  for  the  foot 

Mocksville;  town  in  Davie  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  former  owner  of 
the  land. 

Modena;  villages  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  and  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named 
from  the  city  in  Italy. 

Modesto;  city  in  Stanislaus  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "mod- 
est" 

Modoc;  county  in  California,  and  towns  in  Randolph  County,  Indiana,  and  Edge- 
field County,  South  Carolina,  and  nine  other  places,  so  called  from  the  Modoc 
Indians  of  California.     Their  name  in  its  original  form  signifies  "southerners." 

Moffat;  town  in  Saguache  County,  Colorado,  named  for  D.  H.  Moffat,  late  president 
of  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad. 

Mogollon;  plateau  in  Arizona  and  range  of  mountains  in  New  Mexico.  A  Spanish 
word  meaning  "hanger-on,"  "parasite." 

Mohave;  county  in  Arizona,  desert  below  sea  level  in  southeastern  California,  and 
town  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  named 
Hamunkh-habi,  meaning  "three  hills." 

Mohawk;  river,  township,  and  village  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named 
from  the  Mohawk  tribe,  the  name  signifying  "eater  of  live  meat,"  referring  to  a 
bear. 

Mohican;  town  and  river  in  Ashland  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  Indian  tril>e, 
the  word  meaning  "wolf." 

Moira;  town  in  Franklin  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Moira. 

Mokane;  village  in  Callaway  County,  Missouri,  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Eastern 
Railroad,  the  name  being  a  combination  of  portions  of  these  names. 

Mokelumne;  river  in  California.  A  corruption  of  the  Indian  Wakahmmi,  the  name 
of  a  river. 

Mokena;  village  in  Will  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "turtle." 

Moline;  township,  and  city  in  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois,  and  many  other  places. 
A  Spanish  word,  sometimes  written  molhio,  meaning  "mill." 

Molunkus,  river  and  plantation  in  Aroostock  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  won! 
meaning  "short  stretch  of  high  land  on  a  small  stream." 

Monadnock;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire.  From  the  Indian  m\in,  meaning  "sur- 
passing," adnt  "mountain,"  and  ock,  "place" — place  of  the  surpassing  (unex- 
celled) mountain. 

Monaghan;  township  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  county  in 
Ireland. 

Mondamin;  town  in  Harrison  County,  Iowa.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "corn." 

Monee;  village  in  Will  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  wife  of  an  Indian  trader, 
Joseph  Bailee,  the  name  being  the  Indian  corruption  of  the  English  baptismal 
name  of  Mary. 


212  PLACE    NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bvli.  af*. 

Monett;  township  and  city  in  Barry  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  general  j»as- 
senger  agent  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad. 

Monhegan;  island  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "grand 
island.* ' 

Moniteau;  county  and  creek  in  Missouri,  so  named  by  the  Indians  because  of  the 
painted  figure  of  a  man  upon  a  rock  in  the  vicinity,  the  word  in  their  language 
meaning  "spirit." 

Monks  Corner;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Thomas  Monk, 
a  prominent  colonial  settler. 

Monmouth;  township  and  city  in  Warren  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Kennel**: 
County,  Maine,  named  from  the  Revolutionary  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28, 
1778. 

Monmouth;  county  in  New  Jersey,  named  from  Monmouthshire,  England. 

Mono;  county  and  lake  in  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  " monkey.' ' 

Monocacy;  river  in  Maryland,  and  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "stream  containing  many  large  bends." 

Monona;  county  in  Iowa.     The  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  meaning  unknown. 

Monongah;  town  in  Marion  County,  West  Virginia.  An  abbreviated  combination 
of  the  names  of  Monongahela  (River)  and  Monongalia  (County). 

Monongahela;  town  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  river  in  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Pennsylvania.  A  corruption  of  the  Delaware  Indian  word  menaiinge- 
hilla,  meaning  "river  with  the  sliding  banks." 

Monongalia;  county  in  West  Virginia.  A  latinized  form  of  the  Indian  word 
Mofiongahela,  meaning  the  "falling  in  river  bank." 

Monroe;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  and  Florida;  county,  and  city  in  Walton 
County,  in  Georgia;  counties  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky;  town  in 
Waldo  County,  Maine;  counties  in  Michigan,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  New  York, 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee;  fort  at  Old  Point  Comfort,  Virginia;  counties 
in  West  Virginia  and  Wisconsin;  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire; also  many  other  cities,  towns,  and  villages;  named  for  President  James 
Monroe. 

Monroe  City;  town  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Monroe  Alton,  its  founder. 

Monroeville;  village  in  Salem  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  S.  T.  Monroe,  a 
minister  of  an  early  church. 

Monrovia;  city  in  Ix>s  Angeles  County,  California,  named  for  Maj.  W.  N.  Monroe, 
one  of  the  founders. 

Monrovia;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Indiana,  the  name  being  a  variation  of  the 
name  of  the  township  in  which  it  is  located. 

Monsey;  village  in  Rockland  County,  New  York.  A  corruption  of  the  Indian  trilial 
name  mhisi,  meaning  "wolf." 

Monson;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  John,  the  second 
liord  Monson. 

Montague;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Capt.  Wrilliam 
Montague. 

Montague;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of  H.  B. 
Pierre  pont. 

Montague;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Daniel  Montague. 

Montana;  State  of  the  Union.  A  Latin  word  meaning  "mountainous  region,"  and 
applicable  to  this  State  on  account  of  the  nature  of  its  topography. 

Montauk;  headland  at  the  extreme  eastern  point  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  A 
corruption  of  the  Indian  mhinawtairkil,  meaning  "island  place,"  or  "in  the 
island  country.''     By  another  authority  said  to  mean  "spirit"  or  "spirit  tree," 

Montcalm;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  (Teneral  Montcalm, 


oakwett.)  PLACE   WAME8   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  213 

Montclair;  town  in  Essex  County,  New  Jersey.    A  French  name  meaning  "clear 

mountain." 
Montebello;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

44 beautiful  mountain.'' 
Monte  Diablo;  mountain  in  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "mountain  of 

the  devil." 
Monterey;  county,  and  city  in  the  same  County,  in  California,  named  for  Count  de 

Monterey,  viceroy  of  Mexico.      A  Spanish  name  meaning  "mountain  of  the 

king." 
Monterey;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  battle  of  the 

Mexican  war. 
Montevideo;  village  in  Chippewa  County,  Minnesota,  meaning  "I  see  the  moun- 
tain," referring  to  the  coteau. 
Monte  Vista;  town  in  Rio  Grande  County,  Colorado.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning 

"mountain  view." 
Montezuma;  county,  and  town  in  Summit  County,  in  Colorado,  named  for  the 

Emperor  of  Mexico. 
Montgomery;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Georgia,  Illinois.  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Ken- 
tucky, Maryland,  Mississippi,  and  Missouri;  county,  and  village  in  Orange  County, 

in  New  York;  counties  in  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia; 

and  many  cities  and  towns;  named  for  Gen.  Richard  Montgomery,  who  was  killed 

in  the  assault  on  Quebec. 
Montgomery;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Lieut.  Lemuel  P.  Montgomery,  of 

Montgomery,  Alabama. 
Montgomery;  town  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Valentine  B.  Montgom- 
ery, its  founder. 
Montgomery;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  John  Montgomery. 
Montgomery;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  James  Montgomery. 
Monticello;  town  in  Jasper  County,  Georgia,  township  and  city  in  Piatt  County, 

Illinois,  town  in  Lawrence  Connty.  Mississippi,  village  in  Sullivan  County,  New 

York,  and  many  other  places;  named  from  the  home  of  President  Jefferson  in 

Albemarle  County,  Virginia. 
Montmorency;  county  in  Michigan,  named  for  Lord  Montmorency. 
Montour;  county,  ridge,  and  borough  in  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  named 

for  Madame  Montour,  an  early  French  settler  from  Quebec. 
Montpelier;  city  in  Washington  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  city  in  France. 
Montrio;  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "river 

mountain." 
Montrose;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Colorado,  named  from  Sir  Walter 

Scott* s  legend  of  "Montrose." 
Montrose;  village  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Montrose;  borough  in  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Dr.  Robert 

H.  Rose.     Another  authority  claims  it  was  named  from  Montrose  in  Scotland. 
Monument;  mountain  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  a  conical 

pile  of  quartz  stones  on  the  southern  slope.     It  is  of  Indian  origin,  but  traditions 

regarding  it  vary,  one  being  to  the  effect  that  the  monument  marks  the  grave  of 

the  tirst  sachem  who  died  in  the  region. 
Moodus;  village  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut.     A  contraction  of  the  Indian 

machemoodus,  meaning  "place  of  noises." 
Moody;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Gideon  G.  Moody,  United  States  Senator. 
Mooers;  town  and  village  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin 

Mooers. 
Moore;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Alfred  Moore,  an  associate  justice  of 

the  United  States. 


214  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  25a. 

Moore;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  William  Moore,  a  prominent  member 

of  the  general  assembly  of  the  State. 
Moore;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  E.  W.  Moore,  commodore  of  the  Texas  navy. 
Moorefield;  town  in  Hardy  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Conrad  Moore. 
Mooresville;  town  in  Morgan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Samuel  Moore,  its 

founder. 
Mooresville;  town  in  Livingston  County,  Missouri,  named  for  its  founder,  W.  B. 

Moore. 
Moorhead;  city  in  Clay  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen.  J.  K.  Moorhead,  of 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 
Moorhead;  town  in  Custer  County,  Montana,  named  for  W.  G.  Moorehead  of  the 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Moosabec;  light-house  on  the  coast  of  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "bald 

pond  place.  * ' 
Moose ;  river  and  plantation  in  Somerset  County,  Maine.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian 

word  mno8(ni,  "  wood  eater8.,, 
Moose;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word  chinklacamoov, 

meaning  "it  almost  joins,"  and  applicable  to  this  river  because  there  is  a  horse- 
shoe bend  in  it  where  the  extremities  almost  meet. 
Moose  tookmeguntic;  lake  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "where  the  hunt- 
ers watch  the  moose  at  night.,, 
Moosup;  river  and  village  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  the  Indian 

sachem  Maussitp. 
Mora;  county  in  New  Mexico.    The  Spanish  name  for  raspberries. 
Moraga;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California.     A  Spanish   word  meaning 

"bundle  made  by  gleaners." 
Moran;  city  in  Allen  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Daniel  Comyan  Moran,  a  capitalist. 
Moran;  mountain  in  the  Teton  Range,  Wyoming,  named  for  Thomas  Moran,  the 

artist. 
Moravia;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  province  in  Austria. 
Moreau;  river  in  Missouri.     A  French  word  signifying  "extremely  well." 
Moreau;  town  in  Saratoga  County,  Newr  York,  named  for  Marshall  Moreau,  of 

France. 
Morehead;  town  in  Rowan  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Gov.  James  T.  Morehead. 
Morehead;  town  in  Carteret  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  M.  Morehead, 

former  governor  of  the  State. 
Morehouse;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  the  man  who  obtained  the  grant  from 

Karon  Kastrop,  1704. 
Morehouse;  town  in  Hamilton  Connty,  New  York,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Morena;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "brown 

bread." 
Morenci;  village  in  Lenawee  County,  Michigan.     The  name  is  contracted  from  Mont- 

morenci. 
Moreno;    township  in  Riverside  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"brownish"  or  "swarthv." 
Moresville;  village  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  first  settler. 
Morgan;  counties  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Ohio, 

Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia,  named  for  (Jen.  Daniel  Morgan,  an  officer  in  the 

Revolution. 
Morgan;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Col.  Christopher  A.  Morgan,  of  the  Colo- 
rado Volunteers. 
Morgan;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  J.  Morgan  Grant,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in 

the  county. 


ojlsnht.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  215 


;  town  in  Orleans  County,  Vermont,  named  for  John  Morgan,  an  original 

proprietor. 
Morganfield;  city  in  Union  County,  Kentucky; 
Morgan  ton;  town  in  Burke  County,  North  Carolina.     Named  for  Gen.  Daniel 

Morgan,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 
1  if  organ  Park;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  M.  Morgan,  the 

first  settler. 
Morgantown;  town  in  Monongalia  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Zacquell 

Morgan,  the  original  owner  of  the  land. 
Morganville;  city  in  Clay  County,  Kansas,  named  for  its  founder,  Ebenezer  Morgan. 
Moriah;  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  township  in  Essex 

County,  New  York,  named  from  the  district  in  Palestine. 
Morocojo;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.     From  the  Spanish,  Moro,  mean- 
ing "  Moor,"  and  rojo,  "crippled." 
Morrill;  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gov.  E.  N.  Morrill. 
Morrill;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  named  for  Anson  P.  Morrill,  former  gover- 
nor of  the  State. 
Morrill  ton;  city  in  Conway  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  the  early  pioneers,  K.  J. 

and  George  II.  Morrill. 
Morris;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  James  Morris,  academy 

principal. 
Morris;  township  and  city  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Isaac  P.  Morris, 

of  Quincy,  canal  commissioner. 
Morris;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Thomas  Morris,  United  States  Senator  from 

Ohio. 
Morris;  township  and  village  in  Stevens  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Charles  A. 

F.  Morris,  civil  engineer. 
Morris;  county  in  New  Jersey,  named  for  Lewis  Morris. 
Morris;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  W.  W.  Morris. 
Morrison;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  Morrison  Stone  and 

Lime  Company. 
Morrison;  city  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  Morrison,  of  New 

York  Citv! 
Morrison;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  William  Morrison,  an  early  Scotch  fur 

trader,  and  the  first  white  man  to  visit  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Morristown;  a  town  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Lewis  Morris,  an 

American  statesman. 
Morristown;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  principal 

proprietor. 
Morristown;  town  in  Hamblen  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  several  brothers 

prominent  in  the  affairs  of  the  town. 
Morris ville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  of  early 

settlers. 
Morrisville;  village  in  Wake  County,  North  Corolina,  named  for  the  owner  of  the 

land. 
Morrisville;  l>orough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Robert  Morris, 

the  financier,  who  fonnerlv  resided  there. 
Monro;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California,  named  from  a  castellated  island 

rock  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "castle." 
Morrow;  county  in  Oregon,  and  town  in  Nez  Perces  (bounty,  Idaho,  named  for 

Gen.  Henry  A.  Morrow. 
Morrow;  county,  and  village  in  Warren  County,  in  Ohio,  named  for  Governor  Jere- 
miah Morrow. 


216  PLACE   NAMES   IN   ttiE    UNITED   8TATES.  Ibtll.2!*. 

Morton;  township  and  village  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Marcus  Mor- 
ton, governor  of  Massachusetts,  1840-1843. 
Morton;  counties  in  Kansas  and  North  Dakota,  named  for  Oliver  P.  Morton,  United 

States  Senator  from  Indiana. 
Morton;  village  in  Scott  County,  Mississippi,  given  the  maiden  name  of  the  wife  of 

Col.  E.  W.  Taylor. 
Morven;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  mountain  in 

Scotland. 
Moscow;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  and  twenty-five  other  places,  named 

from  the  city  in  Russia. 
Moshannon;  creek  in  Pennsylvania.    A  corruption  of  a  Delaware  Indian  word 

meaning  "elk  creek." 
Mosinee;  village  in  Marathon  County,  Wisconsin.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word 

meaning  " moose.* ' 
Motley;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Dr.  William  Motley,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 

of  Independence. 
Moulton;  town  in  Appanoose  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  engineer  on  the  Chicago, 

Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad. 
Moultonboro;  town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Jonathan 

Moulton,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 
Moultrie;  county  in  Illinois,  and  fortification  on  Sullivan  Island,  in  Charleston 

Harbor,  South  Carolina; 
Moultrieville;  town  in  Charleston  County,  South  Carolina.     Named  for  (Jen. 

William  Moultrie,  of  Revolutionary  fame. 
Mound;  city  in  Linn  County,  ridge  in  McPherson  County,  and  valley  in  Labette 

County,  Kansas,  so  named  on  account  of  the  topography  of  the  country. 
Mound  Bayou;  town  in  Bolivar  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  Indian  mounds 

on  the  bavou. 
Mound  City;  city  in  Pulaski  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Indian  mounds  in  the 

vicinitv. 
Mounds ville;  city  in  Marshall  County,  West  Virginia,  ho  named  because  the  largest 

mound  of  the  mound  builders  is  situated  here. 
Mount  Calvin;  mountain  in  the  Adirondacks  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  named 

for  Verplanck  Calvin,  for  several  years  superintendent  of  the  Adirondack  survey. 
Mount  Carmel;  city  in  Wal>ash  County,  Illinois,  and  seventeen  other  places,  l>car 

the  name  of  the  mountain  in  Palestine. 
Mount  Carroll;  township  and  city  in  Carroll  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles 

Carroll,  of  Carrollton,  Maryland. 
Mount  Clemens;   city  in  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Judge  Christian 

Clemens,  its  founder. 
Mount  Gilead;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  a  coun- 
try church. 
Mount  Gilead;   village  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  town  in  North 

Carolina. 
Mount  Holly;  town  in  Burlington   County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  an  eminence 

covered  with  holly  trees. 
Mount  Hopkins;  in  the  town  of  Williamstown,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

named  for  the  Rev.  Dr.  Mark  Hopkins,  for  many  years  president  of  Williams 

College. 
Mount  Horeb;    in   the  town  of  Tyringham,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  so 

called  by  the  Shakers,  who,  in   the  eighteenth  century,  used  the  summit  for 

religious  observances,  after  the  manner  of  Horeb  in  Arabia. 
Mount  Morris;  township  and  village  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  forT.  A.  Mor- 
ris,  a  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Kpisco\ti\\  C\\vvre\\,  VJftft-VKH. 


flAXXOT.]  PhACJt  NAME&   IK  THE   UNITED  STATES.  21 7 

Mount  Morris;  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Mr.  Thomas 

Morris,  of  Philadelphia. 
Mount  Peter;  knob  of  blue  dolomite  in  the  village  of  Great  Barrington,  Berkshire 

County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Peter  Ingersol,  an  early  inhabitant,  who 

owned  it. 
Mount  Pleasant;  township  and  borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania, 

so  named  because  of  its  pleasing  location. 
Mount  Pulaski;  township  and  city  in  Logan  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Revo- 
lutionary general,  Count  Pulaski,  who  was  killed  in  the  siege  of  Savannah  in 

1779. 
Mount  Race;  one  of  the  higher  summits  of  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  in  the  town 

of  Mount  Washington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts.     Named  for  William 

Race,  a  resident  of  the  western  slope  of  the  mountain. 
Mount  Riga;  extreme  southern  point  of  the  Taghkanic  Mountains  in  Litchfield 

County,  Connecticut,  and  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  from 

Mount  Rhigi  in  Switzerland. 
Mount  Sterling;  township  and  town  in  Brown  County,  Illinois,  so  named  by  the 

early  settlers  because  they  considered  it  a  valuable  location  for  a  town. 
Mount  Sterling;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  the  city  in 

Scotland,  and  " mount* '  because  of  the  numerous  mounds  in  the  vicinity. 
Mount  Tom;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named   for  Rowland 

Thomas. 
Mount  Vernon;  residence  of  Gen.  George  Washington,  on  the  Potomac  River,  Vir- 
ginia.   Named  in  honor  of  Admiral  Edward  Vernon,  of  the  British  navy,  by 

Lewis  Washington,  who  willed  the  estate  to  his  brother,  George  Washington. 
Mount  Vernon;  township  and  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Illinois,  city  in  Lawrence 

County,  Missouri,  and  many  other  places,  named  generally  from  the  home  of 

George  Washington. 
Mount  Weston;  situated  in  the  town  of  Dal  ton,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

and  named  for  the  Hon.  Byron  Weston,  a  resident,  and  lieutenant-governor  of 

the  State. 
Movestar;  stream  in  Illinois.     A  corruption  of  the  French  mauraixe  terre,  "bad 

land." 
Moweaqua;  village  in  Shelby  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  Indian,  which  is 

given  the  various  meanings  of  " weeping  woman,"  "wolf  woman,"  "  woman  of 

the  wolf  totem." 
Mower;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  J.  E.  Mower,  a  member  of  the  Council. 
Muhlenberg;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  J.  P.  G.  Muhlenberg,  an  officer 

of  the  Revolutionarv  war. 
Muir;  village  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan,  named  for  W.  K.  Muir,  superintendent  of 

the  Detroit  and  Mackinac  Railway. 
Mullan;  town  in  Shoshone  County,  Idaho,  named  for  Lieut.  John  Mullan. 
Mullins;  town  in  Marion  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Mullin  family, 

prominent  in  that  country. 
Multnomah;  county  in  Oregon.     An  Indian  word,  meaning  "down  river." 
Mulvane;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  named  for  John  R.  Mill  vane,  of  Topeka, 

Kansas. 
Muncie;  village    in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  and  city  in  Delaware  County, 

Indiana.     The  name  of  a  subtribe  of  the  Delaware  Indians  formerly  residing  in 

Central  Indiana.     It  is  said  to  refer  to  an  " island. " 
Muncy;  town  in  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  tribal 

name  Minsi,  meaning  "wolf." 
Mundy ;  township  in  Genesee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Edward  Mundy,  former 

lieutenant-governor  of  the  .State. 


218  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  aw. 

Munfordville;  town  in  Hart  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Richard  I.  Munford,  a 

former  proprietor. 
Munising;  village  in  Alger  County,  Michigan.     From  an  Indian  word  signifying 

"at  the  little  island." 
Munnsville;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Asa  Munn,  the  first 

storekeeper  in  the  place. 
Munson;  township  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  proprietor's  residence 

in  Monson,  Massachusetts. 
Murder;  creek  in  Genesee  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  the  body  of  a  man 

who  was  supposed  to  have  l>een  murdered  was  found  in  the  stream. 
Murfreesboro;  city  in  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee,  and  town  in  Hertford  County, 

North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  Hardy  Murfree,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 
Murphy;  township  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  named  for  the  miner  who  dis- 
covered gold  in  the  vicinity. 
Murphy;  town  in  Cherokee  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  A.  D.  Murphy,  a 

judge  of  the  superior  court. 
Murphy sboro;  township,  and  city  in  Jackson  County,  in  Illinois,  named  for  William 

C.  Murphy,  one  of  the  commissioners  who  located  the  county  seat. 
Murray;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Murray,  former  member  ot  the 

legislature. 
Murray;  precinct  in  Shoshone  County,  Idaho,  named  for  a  miner  who  owned  the 

land  u]K)ii  which  the  town  is  built,  giving  away  many  lots  to  encourage  people 

to  settle  there. 
Murray;  city  in  Callawray  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Hon.  John  L.  Murray, 

member  of  Congress. 
Murray;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Hon.  W.  P.  Murray,  a  member  of  the  Ter- 
ritorial legislature,  and  pioneer  of  St.  Paul. 
Murrayville;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,  Samuel 

Murrav. 
Murrieta;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California,  named  for  a  former  proprietor  of 

a  large  tract  of  land,  J.  Murrieta. 
Muscackituck;  river  in  Indiana.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "pond  river/'  and  so 

named  because  of  the  many  stagnant  ponds  along  its  course. 
Muscatine;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Iowa,  probably  derived  from  the 

Indian  and  meaning  "dweller  in  the  prairie." 
Muscle  Shoals;  series  of  rapids  in  the  Tennessee  River  in  northern  Alabama,  so 

named  because  of  the  great  numlxtr  of  mussels  found  there. 
Muscoda;  village  in  Grand  County,  Kansas.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "prairie," 

or  "grassy  plain." 
Muscogee;  county  in  Georgia  and  town  in  Creek  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  named 

for  the  tribes  of  Indians  of  the  Creek  confederacy.     The  name  possibly  means 

"swamp,"  or  "open  marshy  land." 
Musconetcong;  river  in  New  Jersey.     Indian  word  meaning  "rapid  stream." 
Muscotah;  city  in  Atchison  County,  Kansas.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "beauti- 
ful prairie,"  or  "prairie  of  fire." 
Music;  cliff  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Arizona,  so  named  by  the  expedition  party  of 

the  Colorado  Inrause  of  the  soughing  of  the  wind  al>out  the  cliffs. 
Muskeego;  lake,  river,  and  township  in  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin.     From  an 

Ojibwa  Indian  word  meaning  "swamp." 
Muskegon;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Michigan.     An  Ojibwa  Indian  word 

meaning  "swamp." 
Musketo;  creek  in  Mahoning  Valley,  Ohio,  so  named  by  the  surveyors  on  account 

of  the  overwhelming  numlier  of  mosquitoes  encountered  there. 


oannett.)  PLACE  NAME8   IN  THE    UNITED  STATES.  219 

Muskingum;  river  and  county  in  Ohio.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning 
"moose-eye  river,"  so  called  because  of  the  number  of  moose  and  elk  which 
inhabited  the  country. 

Musquacook;  chain  of  lakes  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "birch -bark 
place." 

Mustang;  stream  in  Texas.  A  Spanish  name  for  the  wild  horse,  herds  of  wild 
horses  having  been  abundant  in  Texas  at  an  early  date. 

Muttonville;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  estal>- 
lishment  of  a  tallow  chandlery. 

Myerstown;  village  in  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founder,  Isaac 
Mvers. 

Myrtle;  village  in  Union  County,  Mississippi,  so  called  because  of  the  abundance  of 
myrtle  trees  in  the  vicinity. 

Mystic;  river  and  village  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  and  river  in  Massa- 
chusetts. From  the  Indian  mis&i,  "great,"  and  tuk,  "tidal  river;"  hence,  "the 
great  river." 

Nacimiento;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  mean- 
ing "nativity." 

Nacio;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California.  From  the  Spanish  meaning 
"I  am  born." 

Nacogdoches;  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  former  inhabitants,  a  subtribe  of 
the  Caddo  Indians. 

Nahant;  town  and  watering  place  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "at  the  point,"  or  "two  things  united,"  the  latter  translation 
applying  to  the  two  islands  connected  by  a  narrow  beach.  Johnson  states  that 
the  name  originated  in  Nahanton,  the  name  of  the  Indian  chief.  Nason  gives 
the  origin  from  riahanlo,  meaning  "twin  islands." 

Nahma;  town  in  Delta  County,  Michigan,  on  the  Sturgeon  River.  The  Indian 
name  for  sturgeon. 

Naiwa;  tributary  of  the  Mississippi.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "copper  snake 


river." 


Namekagon;  lake  in  Wisconsin.     Derived  from  the  Indian  nanma,  "sturgeon," 

signifying  "place  where  sturgeons  are  plentiful." 
Nameless;  town  in  Laurens  County,  Georgia.    So  named  from  the  fact  that  in  a 

list  of  several  hundred  names  submitted  to  the  post-office  authorities  not  one 

was  found  satisfactory. 
Nameoki;  town  in  Madison  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "fishing 

place,"  or  "place  of  fish." 
Nance;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Albinus  Nance. 
Nansemond;  river  and  county  in  Virginia.     Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Indian 

tieuiischimend,  "whence  we  fled,'*  or  "whence  we  were  driven  off." 
Nantahala;  rivers  in  Georgia,  and  Macon  County,  North  Carolina.     A  corrupted 

Cherokee  name,  signifying  "middle  sun,"  "noon  sun." 
Nanticoke;  river  in  Delaware,  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  and  l>orough 

in  Luzerne  County  and  mountain  in  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe. 

The  word  means  "tide- water  people." 
Nantucket;  island  and  county  in  Massachusetts.    This  name  appeared  upon  the 

maps  in  1630  as  Natocho,  and  some  authorities  state  that  it  is  derived  from  an 

Indian  word  meaning  "far  away;"  others  say  that  its  present  form  is  a  direct 

derivation   of  the  Indian  nantuck,  which  means  that  the  sandy,  sterile  soil 

tempted  no  one. 
Napa;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California.     Said  to  be  an  Indian  word 

meaning  "city,"  or  "house." 


220  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bill. 258. 

Naperville;  township  and  city  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Joseph  Naper, 

its  founder. 
Naples;  towns  in  Scott  County,  Illinois,  and  Ontario  County,  New  York,  named 

from  Naples  in  Italy. 
Napoleon;  township  and  village  in  Henry  County,  in  Ohjo,  named  foi  Napoleon 

Bonaparte,  the  Corsican  general. 
Naranjo;  town  in  Tulare  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  orange 

tree." 
Narka;  city  in  Republican  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  daughter  of  a  railroad 

official.    The  name  is  of  Indian  derivation. 
Narragansett;  summer  resort  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island.     An  Anglici- 

zation  of  the  Indian  name  of  a  tribe,  which  in  their  language  means  "  people  of 

the  point." 
Nash;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Francis  Nash. 
Naahota;  town  in  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  which,  in  the 

Algonquin  and  Dakota  languages,  means,  respectively,  "the  twins,"  or  "kiekn 

up  smoke." 
Nashua;  town  in  Chickasaw  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  city  in  New  Hampshire. 
Nashua;  city  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"land  between." 
Nashville;  township  and  city  in  Washington  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city 

in  Tennessee. 
Nashville;  village  in  Barry  County,  Michigan,  named  for  E.  W.  Nash,  who  laid  out 

the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  through  the  town. 
Nashville;  town  in  Nash  County,  North  Carolina,  and  several  other  towns,  named 

for  Gen.  Francis  Nash. 
Nashville;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Ohio,  probably  named  forjudge  Simon  Nash. 
Nashville;  city  in  Davidson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Abner  Nash,  atone  time 

governor  of  North  Carolina.     According  to  another  authority  it  was  named  for 

Gen.  Francis  Nash. 
Nassau;  counties  in  Florida  and  New  York,  and  several  towns  in  different  States, 

named  from  the  Duchy  of  Nassau  in  Germany. 
Natchaug;  river  in  Connecticut.     Derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning  "land 

between,"  or  "in  the  middle." 
Natick;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.     An  Indian  woi-d    meaning 

"place  of  hills." 
Natividad;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "nativity." 
Natrona;  county  in  Wyoming.     Derived  from  the  Spanish,  no/row,  meaning  "native 

carbonate  of  soda,"  and  given  this  county  because  of  the  springs  of  this  character 

within  its  limits. 
Naubuc;  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.     It  is  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  the 

Indian,  npmtk,  "flooded,"  or  "overflowed." 
Naugatuck;  river,  and  borough  in  New  Haven  County,  in  Connecticut.     Authorities" 

differ  as  to  the  meaning  of  its  Indian  origin,  giving  both  "one  tree"  and  "fork 

of  the  river." 
Nauvoo;  city  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  named  in  obedience  to  a  "revelation" 

made  to  Joseph  Smith,  one  of  its  Mormon  founders. 
Navajo;  county,  and  town  in  Apache  County,  in  Arizona,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe, 

who  are  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  the  Spaniards,  the  word  meaning  a  kind 

of  clasp  knife,  and  as  applied  to  the  tril>e  signifying  "knife-whetting  people." 
Navarre;  village  in  Stark  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  province  in  Spain. 
Navarro;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Jose  Antonio  Navarro,  a  Mexican  by  birth, 

hut  a  promimmt  Texas  citizen. 


gannbtt.J  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  221 

Navesink;  village  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"high  land  between  waters." 
Navidad;  village  in  Jackson  County,  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  *' Christmas 

Day." 
Nayattpoint;  village  in  Bristol  County,  Rhode  Island.    Probably  a  corruption  of 

the  Indian,  nayaug,  meaning  "point"  or  "corner." 
Nazareth;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  settled  by  Moravians, 

and  by  them  named  from  the  town  in  Galilee  of  Palestine. 
Nebo;  mountain  in  the  Wasatch  Range,  Utah,  and  fourteen  towns  and  villages,  tiie 

name  being  transferred  from  the  mount  in  Palestine. 
Nebraska;  State  of  the  Union,  and  river  in  Iowa  and  Missouri.    A  Sioux  Indian 

word  meaning  "shallow  water"  or  "broad  water." 
Necedah;  village  in  Juneau  County,  Wisconsin.    A  corruption  of  the  Ojibwa  Indian 

nissida,  "let  there  be  three  of  us." 
Needham;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,   named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Needles;  peaks  of  the  Mojave  Mountains  in  California,  so  named  on  account  of 

their  peculiarly  sharp  and  slender  outlines.    Township  in  San   Bernardino 

County,  California. 
Neenah;  town  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  and  city  in  Winnebago  County, 

Wisconsin.    The  name  is  derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning  "water." 
Negaunee;    city  in   Marquette  County,   Michigan.     An    Indian   word    meaning 

"first,"  "ahead,"  "he  goes  before;"  an  effort  to  translate  the  English  word 

"pioneer." 
Neillsville;  city  in  Clark  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 
Neligh;  city  in  Antelope  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Hon.  John  D.  Neligh. 
Nelson;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  named  for  Thomas  Nelson,  governor 

of  Virginia  in  1781. 
Nelson;  village  in  Nuckolls  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  C.  Nelson  Wheeler,  who 

owned  the  town  site. 
Nelson;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  lion.  N.  E.  Nelson,  a  prominent  pio- 
neer settler. 
Nelson ville;  town  in  Putnam  County,  New  York,  named  for  Elisha  Nelson,  who 

built  the  first  house  in  the  settlement. 
Nema;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "letter 

seal." 
Nemaha;  counties  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "muddy 

water." 
Nenne8cah;  river  in  Kansas.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "good  river." 
Neodesha;  city  in  Wilson  County,  Kansas,  at  the  junction  of  the  Fall  and  Verdigris 

rivers,  and  for  this  reason  given  the  Indian  name  which  means  "meeting  of  the 

waters." 
Neoga;  village  in  Cumberland  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place 

of  the  Deity." 

I Neosho;  river  and  county  in  Kansas  and  city  in  Newton  County,  Missouri; 
[Neosho  Falls;  city  in  Woodson  County,  Kansas.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "clear 

cold  water." 
Nepaug;  small  stream  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "waters"  or 

"fresh  pond." 
Nephi;  city  in  Juab  County,  Utah,  named  for  the  youngest  son  of  Lehi,  a  character 

of  the  Book  of  Mormon. 
Neponset;  township  and  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Neponset, 

Massachusetts. 


222  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE   UNITED    STATES.  [m:ll.25h. 

Neponset;  substation  of  Boston  and  river  in  eastern  Massachusetts.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "he  walks  in  his  sleep." 

Neptune  City;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  of  ite 
location  on  the  seaside. 

Nesbitt;  town  in  De  Soto  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  early  settlers. 

Nescopeck;  creek  and  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware 
Indian  word  meaning  "dark,  deep,  and  still  water." 

Neshaminy;  stream  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word 

meaning  "stream  formed  by  the  confluence  of  two  branches." 
Neshannock;  stream,  and  village  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Neshannock  Falls;   village  in   Lawrence  County,  Pennsylvania.     A    Delaware 
Indian  word  meaning  "two  adjoining  streams"  or   "streams  making  one  by 
flowing  together." 

Neshoba;  county  in  Mississippi.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "gray  wolf." 

Nesowadnehunk;  stream  and  mountains  in  Maine.  An  Indian  name  meaning 
"stream  among  the  mountains." 

Nesquehoning;  stream  and  village  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware 
Indian  word  meaning  "black  lick." 

Ness;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Corpl.  Noah  V.  Ness, 
of  the  Seventh  Kansas  Cavalry. 

Nesselroad1;  village  in  Jackson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  first  postmaster. 

Nettle  Carrier;  creek  and  village  in  Overton  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  a  Chero- 
kee Indian  of  local  note. 

Nettleton;  towns  in  Ix?e  County,  Mississippi,  and  Caldwell  County,  Missouri, 
named  for  a  former  vice-president  of  the  Kansas  City,  Memphis  and  Birmingham 
Railroad. 

Nevada;  State  of  the  Union,  counties  in  Arkansas  and  California,  and  mountains  of 
the  western  coast.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "snow-clad,"  "snowy  land," 
originally  applied  to  the  snow-capped  mountains. 

Nevada;  township  and  city  in  Story  County,  Iowa,  so  named  by  settlers  from  the 
State  of  Nevada. 

Neversink;  river  in  New  Jersey.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian  name,  Naresink. 

New;  village  in  Oconto  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Hon.  John  C.  New,  of  Indian- 
apolis, Indiana. 

New  Albany;  township  and  city  in  Floyd  County,  Indiana,  named  from  Albany  in 
New  York. 

New  Almaden;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  containing  the  most  pro- 
ductive quicksilver  mine  in  the  United  States.  Named  from  the  quicksilver 
mines  of  Almaden  in  Spain.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "mine"  or  "mineral." 

Newark;  town  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  and  cities  in  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey,  and  Licking  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Newark;  village  in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  named  by  early  settlers  from  the 
city  in  New  Jersey. 

Newaygo;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  named  for  an  Indian 
chief.     The  name  is  said  to  mean  "much  water." 

New  Bedford;  citv  in  Bristol  Count  v,  Massachusetts.  The  name  of  the  owner  of 
the  town  site  was  Russell,  the  familv  name  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Newborn;  city  in  Craven  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  town  of  Bern  in 
Switzerland. 

Newberry;  mountain  in  California,  named  for  Captain  Newberry. 

Newberry;  village  in  Luce  County,  Michigan,  named  for  John  A.  Newberry,  stock- 
holder in  the  Detroit,  Mackinac  and  Marquette  Railroad. 

Newberry;  township  in  Miami  County,  Ohio,  probably  named  by  a  settler  from 
iVe  \v  bury  port,  Massacl  i  uset  ta, 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  8TATE8.  223 

Newberry;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  said  to  have  been 

named  for  a  prominent  resident  family ,  or,  according  to  another  authority,  for 

a  captain  in  Sumter's  State  troops. 
New  Boston;  township  and  city  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city 

in  Massachusetts. 
New  Braunfels;  city  in  Comal  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  town  in  Prussia. 
New  Bremen;  village  in  Auglaize  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  Germany. 
New  Brighton;  borough  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  in 

England. 
New  Brunswick;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  incorporated  in  the  time 

of  and  named  for  King  George  II,  of  the  House  of  Brunswick. 
Newburg;  city  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Newbury;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts; 
Newburyport;  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  originally  a  part  of  Newbury. 

Named  from  the  town  in  England. 
!  Newcastle;  county  in  Delaware,  and  twenty  cities  and  towns  in  the  United  States, 

generally  so  called  from  the  town  in  England  or  for  the  Duke  of  Newcastle. 
Newcastle;  city  in  Lawrence  County,   Pennsylvania,   named  from  the  city  in 

England. 
New  Comerstown;  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio.     A  translation  of  the  name 

of  the  Delaware  Indian  chief  Netaimwes,  meaning  "King  Newcomer." 
New  Egypt;  village  in  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  Egypt  in  Africa 

because  of  the  extensive  corn  fields  in  the  vicinity. 
Newfane;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  said  to  have  been  named  for 

Thomas  Fane,  one  of  the  "  men  of  Kent." 
New  Florence;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  daughter  of 

E.  A.  Lewis,  an  early  settler,  and  given  the  prefix  to  distinguish  it  from  another 

town  of  the  same  name  in  the  State. 
New  Geneva;  village  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  principal 

city  of  Switzerland. 
New  Guinea;  neighborhood  in.the  town  of  Sheffield,  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, so  named  because  of  a  settlement  of  several  hundred  negroes  who  escaped 

from  bondage  in  New  York  State. 
New  Hamburg;  village  in  Scott  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  city  in  Germany. 
New  Hampshire;  State  of  the  Union,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 
New  Hanover;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Duchy  of  Germany. 
New  Harmony;  town  in  Posey  County,  Indiana,  settled  by  the  "  Harmonists,"  and 

named  for  that  sect. 
New  Haven;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Connecticut,  settled  by  parties 

from  Boston,  who  called  it  a  "new  haven." 
New  Haven;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  city  in  Connecticut. 
New  Iberia;  town  in  Iberia  Parish,  Louisiana,  given  the  ancient  name  of  Spain. 
Newicargut;  river  in  Alaska.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "frog  river." 
New  Jersey;  State  of  the  Union;  originally  a  grant  to  Sir  George  Carteret,  who 

named  it  for  his  home  on  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  off  the  coast  of  England. 
New  Kent;  county  in  Virginia,  and  island  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  named  from  the 

county  in  England. 
New  Hartford;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  settled  by  people  from 

Hartford. 
New  Lexington;  village  in  Perry  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 
New  London;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Connecticut,  and  town  in  Stanly 

County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  London  in  England. 


224  PLACE   lyAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  256. 

New  London;  city  in  Waupaca  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  New  London, 

Connecticut,  by  an  early  settler. 
New  Madrid;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Missouri.  The  land  was  originally 

a  grant  to  Gen.  George  Morgan  from  Spain,  and  was  named  by  him  from  its 

principal  city. 
Newmarket;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  city 

in  England. 
New  Marlboro;  town  in  Berkshire  Coimty,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  city  in 

Middlesex  County. 
New  Mexico;  Territory  of  the  Union,  named  from  the  country  of  Mexico. 
(Newman;  city  in  Coweta  County,  Georgia; 

Newmanville;  village  in  Alachua  County,  Florida.     Named  for  Gen.  Daniel  New- 
man, an  officer  in  the  Seminole  war. 
New  Orleans;  city  in  Orleans  parish,  Ixniisiana,  named  from  the  city  in  France. 
New  Philadelphia;  city  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  named  by  its  founder,  John 

Knisely,  from  the  city  in  Pennsylvania. 
Newport;   towns  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  and  Carteret  County,  North 

Carolina,  and  county  in  Rhode  Island,  named  from  the  city  in  Rhode  Island. 
Newport;  lx) rough  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  at  the  time  of  the 

opening  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal,  as  t>eing  a  new  port  for  shipping. 
Newport,  city  in  Newport  County,  Rhode  Island,  so  named  by  a  party  of  settlers 

from  Portsmouth,  who  called  it  a  "new  port.,, 
Newport  News;  city  in  Warwick  Coimty,  Virginia,  named  for  Capt  Christopher 

Newport  and  Captain  (or  Sir  William)  Newce. 
New  Richmond;  village  in  Clermont  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  Virginia. 
New  Richmond;  city  in  St.  Croix  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Richmond  Day, 

a  founder. 
New  Rochelle;  city  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in 

France. 
Newry;  towns  in  Troup  County,  Georgia,  and  Oxford  County,  Maine,  township  in 

Freeborn  County,  Minnesota,  borough  in  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  town 

in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  named  either  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  town 

in  Ireland. 
New  Smyrna;  town  in  Orange  County,  Florida,  named  from  the  native  place  of  the 

wife  of  Dr.  Andrew  Turnbull,  a  colonist. 
Newton;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Isaac  Newton,  who  spoke  in  opposition  to 

secession  at  the  meeting  in  Little  Rock,  in  1861. 
Newton;  county,  and  town  in  Baker  County,  in  Georgia,  city  in  Jasper  County, 

Illinois,  and  counties  in  Indiana,  Missouri,  and  Texas,  named  for  Sergt  John 

Newton,  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Newton;  city  in  Harvey  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  Massachusetts. 
Newton;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  originally  a  part  of  Cambridge, 

and  when  separated  called  "new  town,"  afterwards  contracted  to  Newton. 
Newton;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 
New  TJlm;  city  in  Brown  County,  Minnesota,  named  by  immigrants  from  their 

native  city  of  Ulm,  Germany. 
New  York;  State  of  the  Union,  and  county  in  same  State,  named  for  the  Duke  of 

York,  the  original  grantee. 
Nez  Perce;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Idaho,  and  river  in  Yellowstone 

Park,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  who  were  so  called  by  the  French  settlers, 

the  phrase  meaning  "pierced  nose." 
Niagara;  county  in  New  York  and  river  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario.    An 

Iroquois  Indian  word  meaning  "across  the  neck,"  or  "at  the  neck." 


«aw«it.]  PLACE  NAMKS   IN  THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  225 


Falls;  city  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  celebrated  falls 

on  the  Niagara  River. 
Niantic;  river,  village,  and  bay  in  New  London  County  in  Connecticut.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "at  the  point  of  land  on  a  tidal  river." 
Nicholas;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  George  Nicholas,  a  Revolutionary 

officer. 
Nicholas;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  early  governor,  W.  C.  Nicholas. 
Nicholas;  village  in  Wasco  County,  Oregon,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Nicholasville;  city  in  Jessamine  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  George  Nich- 
olas, a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Nicholville;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  E.  8.  Nichols, 

an  agent  of  the  proprietor. 
Niekerson;  city  in  Nickerson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Thomas  Nickerson,  an 

officer  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Nicollet;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Joseph  Nicho- 
las Nicollet,  a  French  explorer,  and  cartographer. 
Nicoxnanchee;   very  dark    stream  in  Washington.    An    Indian  word  meaning 

' •  shadowy  water. ' ' 
Nigger  Baby  Hill;  mining  camp  in  Dolores  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because 

of  the  large  amount  of  black  oxide  of  manganese  found  in  the  outcrop. 
Nilaks;  mountain  in  Oregon.      Derived  from  the  Indian  word,  nilakshi  meaning 

"daybreak." 
Ninety -six;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  was 

96  miles  from  the  Cherokee  Indian  trading  town  of  Keowee. 
Nine  van;  township  in  Johnson  County,  Indiana,  and  six  other  places,  bear  the 

name  of  the  ancient  capital  of  Assyria. 
Niobrara;  river,  and  village  in  Knox  County,  in  Nebraska.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "broad  water,"  or  "running  water." 
Nippenose;  creek  and  valley  in  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "like 

summer,"  or  "where  cold  does  not  penetrate." 
Nishnabotna;  river  in  Iowa,  and  village  in  Atchison  County,  Missouri.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "canoe- making  river." 
Niskayuna;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

* '  extensive  corn  flats. ' ' 
Nitro;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  named -from  the  nitroglycerin 

works  within  its  limits. 
Niwot;  village  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado.    The  Indian  name  for  l>eft  Hand 

Creek. 
Noank;  village  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut.    Derived  from  the  Indian 

word,  naynng,  "point  of  land." 
Noble;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Noah  Noble,  an  early  governor. 
Noble;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  James  Noble,  an  early  settler. 
Noble;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  John  Noble,  at  one  time  Secretary  of  the 

Interior. 
Nobles;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Col.  William  H.  Noble*,  a  ineml>cr  of  the 

Minnesota  Territorial  legislature. 
Noblesboro;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  named  for  James  Noble,  an  early 

settler. 
Noblesville;  city  in  Noble  County,  Indiana,   named  for  Noah  Noble,  an  early 

governor. 
Nockamixon;  township  and  village  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania;  a  Delaware 

Indian  word  meaning  "  where  tnere  are  three  houses." 
Nodoway;  county  and  river  in  Missouri.    An  Algonquian  Indian  word  signifying 

"snakes," and,  figuratively,  "aliens"  or  "enemies." 
Ball  258-05 15 


226  PLAGE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Nogales;  town  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  New  Mexico.  Derived  from  the  Spanish 
word,  nogal,  meaning  "common  walnut  tree." 

Nokomis;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  mother  of  Wenonah 
in  Longfellow's  "  Hiawatha,"  the Ojihwa  Indian  word  meaning  "grandmother.  ' 

Nolan;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Philip  Nolan,  a  trader  and  Indian  fighter  in  the 
early  days  of  Texas. 

Nordhoff;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California,  named  for  Charles  Nordhoff. 

Norfolk;  county  in  Massachusetts,  city  in  Madison  County,  Nebraska,  and  county, 
and  town  in  same  county,  in  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 

Normal;  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  so  named  because  it  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  Normal  School. 

Norman;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Norman  W.  Kittson,  a  prominent 
pioneer. 

Normans  Kill;  stream  in  New  York,  named  for  Albert  Andriessen  firadt  de  Nor- 
man, an  early  settler. 

Norridgewock;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"place  of  deer,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "smooth  water  between 
falls." 

Korris;  town  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Detroit,  settled  by  and  named  for  Col. 
P.  W.  Norris. 

Korris;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Philetus  W.  Norris,  the  second 
superintendent  of  the  reserve. 

Nonistown;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Isaac  Nor- 
ris, who  purchased  the  land  from  William  Penn. 

North;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  John  F.  North,  its 
founder. 

North  Adams;  city  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  its  relation  to 
Adams,  of  which  it  was  originally  a  part. 

Northampton;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  counties  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 

Northampton;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Northampton. 

Northampton;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  by  Simon  Prior,  an  early 
settler  from  Northampton,  Massachusetts. 

North  Anna;  river  in  Virginia,  named  for  Anne,  Queen  of  England. 

North  Bend;  city  in  Dodge  County,  Nebraska,  so  called  because  it  is  situated  in  the 
north  bend  of  the  Platte  River. 

North  Bend;  village  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  bend  in  the  Ohio 
River  at  that  point. 

North  Canaan;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  its  relation  to 
Canaan,  of  which  it  originally  formed  a  part. 

North  Carolina;  State  of  the  Union,  named  for  King  Charles  II  of  England. 

North  Dansville;  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Daniel  P. 
Faulkner,  an  early  settler. 

Northeast;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  its  geographi- 
cal position  in  the  county. 

Northfield;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  so  called  because  of  its  north- 
erly situation  in  the  county. 

Northfield;  city  in  Rice  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  John  W.  North,  who  laid 
out  the  town. 

Northfield;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  its  location  in  the 
county. 

Northford;  village  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut.  The  name  is  formed  from 
North  Branford  and  Walling/ord,  of  which  towns  the  village  was  originally  a  part 


OAmnrrr.)  PLACE  NAMES  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES.  227 

North  Hero;  town  in  Grand  Isle  County,  Vermont,  named  for  one  of  the  two 
islands  which  were  called  "Two  Heroes"  and  granted  to  Ethan  Allen,  the 
intention  being  that  they  should  be  owned  only  by  brave  men  warmly  disposed 
toward  the  Revolution. 

North  Manchester;  town  in  Wabash  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  city  in 
England,  with  the  prefix  "north,"  to  distinguish  it  from  another  Manchester 
in  the  State. 

Northport;  characteristic  name  given  to  several  places  in  the  United  States. 

Northumberland;  towns  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  county,  and  borough  in  same  county  in  Pennsylvania,  and  county 
in  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 

North  Vernon;  township  and  town  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the 
town  of  Vernon  in  France. 

North ville;  township  and  village  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  named  for  its  loca- 
tion in  the  northerly  part  of  the  oldest  county  in  the  State. 

North  Webster;  village  in  Kosciusko  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Daniel  Webster. 

Norton;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Capt.  Orloff  Norton, 
of  the  Fifteenth  Kansas  Cavalry. 

Norton;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Norton;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Birdsey  Norton,  a  principal 
land  proprietor. 

Norton  Sound;  an  inlet  of  Bering  Sea  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  named  for  Sir  Fletcher 
Norton. 

Nortonville;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  L.  Norton,  jr.,  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company. 

Norwalk;  city  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  said  to  have  been  so  named  because, 
when  purchased  from  the  Indians,  the  northern  boundary  was  to  extend  north- 
ward from  the  sea  one  day's  walk,  according  to  the  Indian  marking  of  the  dis- 
tance. According  to  another  authority  it  is  derived  from  nayang,  "point  of 
land." 

Norwalk;  town  in  Warren  County,  Iowa,  and  city  in  Huron  County,  Ohio,  named 
from  Norwalk,  Connecticut. 

Norway;  township  and  city  in  Dickinson  County,  Michigan,  so  named  by  the  early 
Norwegian  settlers. 

Norway;  towns  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  and  Orangeburg  County,  South 
Carolina,  named  from  the  country  in  Europe. 

Norwich;  city  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  and  village  in  Chenango  County, 
New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Norwich;  village  in  Kingman  County,  Kansas,  and  town  in  Hampshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  named  from  Norwich,  Connecticut. 

Norwood;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  and  twenty-two  other  places, 
being  generally  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Nottoway;  river  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe,  the  word 
meaning  "snake" — that  is,  an  enemy. 

Novato;  village  and  township  in  Marin  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word 
meaning  "new,  '  "commencing  in  anything." 

Novo- Arkhangelsk;  seaport  of  Alaska,  named  from  the  city  in  Russia. 

Noxubee;  county  in  Mississippi.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "stinking  water." 

Nuckolls;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  an  early  settler.. 

Nueces;  river  and  comity  in  Texas.  Derived  from  the  Spanish  word  nutz,  meaning 
"nut,"  pecan. 

Nuevo;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "new" 
or  "modern." 


228  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Kunda;  village  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Livingston  County,  New 
York,  derived  from  the  Indian  word  nundao,  meaning  "hilly,"  or,  according 
to  another  authority,  "potato  ground.' ' 

tfyack;  village  in  Rockland  County,  New  York,  originally  written  Niack.  An 
Indian  word  meaning  "corner"  or  "point." 

Nye;  county  in  Nevada,  named  for  James  W.Nye,  the  first  governor  of  the  Territory. 

Oahe;  village  in  Hughes  County,  South  Dakota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  foun- 
dation." 

Oak;  a  prefix  much  used  in  combination  with  lodge,  mont,  park,  point,  ridge,  sum- 
mit, ton,  town,  vale,  and  valley,  and  generally  so  given  on  account  of  the  pre- 
ponderance of  this  species  of  tree. 

Oakham;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Oakland;  county  in  Michigan,  so  named  from  the  prevalence  of  oak  openings. 

Oakland;  city  in  Burt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  man  who  purchased  the 
town  site  from  the  original  settler. 

Oakley;  city  in  Logan  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Mrs.  Eliza  Oakley  Gardner. 

Oakley;  village  in  Saginaw  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  early  pioneer. 

Oatmana  Flat;  place  in  Arizona,  so  named  because  it  was  the  scene  of  the  massacre 
of  Royce  Oatman  and  his  family  by  the  Apaches. 

Oberlin;  city  in  Decatur  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  Ohio. 

Oberlin;  village  in  Lorain  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Jean  Frederick  Oberlin,  a  phi- 
lanthropist. 

Obion;  county  and  river  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Captain  Obion,  who  was  stationed 
at  a  French  garrison  in  the  vicinity. 

O'Brien;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  the  Irish  patriot,  William  Smith  O'Brien. 

Ocala;  city  in  Marion  County,  Florida,  named  from  the  Indian  village,  the  word 

meaning  "green,"  or  "fertile  land." 
Ocean;  county  in  New  Jersey; 
Oceana;  county  in  Michigan; 

Ocean  City;  village  in  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey; 

Oceano;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.    So  named  because  of  their 
location  by  or  near  the  ocean  or  some  large  body  of  water. 

Oceanside;  city  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  The  name  iB  descriptive,  sug- 
gested by  the  location. 

Ocean  Springs;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Mississippi.  So  named  because  of  the 
numerous  mineral  springs  in  the  vicinity. 

Ocheyedan;  town  in  Osceola  County,  Iowa.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of 
mourning." 

Ochiltree;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  W.  B.  Ochiltree,  a  prominent  politician  of 
the  State. 

Ochlockonee;  river  in  Georgia  and  Florida.  A  Creek  Indian  word  meaning  "yel- 
low water." 

Ocklawaha;  branch  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  Florida.  A  Seminole  Indian  word 
meaning  "muddy  water." 

Oconee;  river,  county,  and  town  in  Washington  County,  in  Georgia,  village  in  Shelby 
County,  Illinois,  and  county  in  iSouth  Carolina.  An  Indian  word,  the  name  of 
an  ancient  Creek  town. 

O'Connor;  town  in  Greeley  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Bishop  O'Connor. 

Oconomowoc;  city  in  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"home  of  the  leaver." 

Oconto;  city  in  Custer  County,  Nebraska,  and  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in 
Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "red  ground,"  or,  in  the  Menominee 
dialect,  "place  of  the  pickerel." 


GAmnm.1  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  229 

Ocopeon;  creek  in  Pennsylvania,    An  Indian  name  meaning  "brawling  stream." 

Ocou;  river  in  Tennessee.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "cow." 

October;  mountain  in  the  town  of  Washington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

whose  forests  are  especially  brilliantly  colored  in  the  autumn. 
Odanah;  town  in  Ashland  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "town  " 

or  "village." 
Odebolt;  town  in  Sac  County,  Iowa.    Corrupted  from  Odebeau,  the  name  of  a 

French  trapper,  who  lived  alone  on  the  banks  of  the  creek  flowing  through  the 

town. 
Odell;  township  and  village  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  for  W.  C.  Odell, 

a  prominent  land  owner. 
Odessa;  town  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  from  Odessa  in  Russia. 
Odin;  village  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  and  township  in  Watonwan  County, 

Minnesota.    The  name  is  one  given  to  the  Supreme  Being  by  the  ancient 

northern  nations. 
C  Fallon;  village  in  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  St.  Charles  County, 

Missouri,  named  for  Col.  John  O'Fallon,  of  St.  Louis. 
Offutt;  village  in  Anderson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  the  owner  of  the  land 

upon  which  the  post-office  was  built 
Ogalalla;  village  in  Keith  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  a  subtribe  of  the  Sioux 

Indians.    The  word  has  some  reference  to  "scattering." 
Ogden;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  influen- 
tial resident  family. 
Ogden;  city  in  Riley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Maj.  £.  A.  Ogden,  United  States 

Army. 
Ogden;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Ogden,  the  son-in- 
law  of  the  proprietor. 
Ogden;  city  in  Weber  County,  river,  canyon,  and  valley  in  Utah,  named  for  an  old 

mountaineer  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  Peter  Skeen  Ogden. 
Ogdensburg;  city  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  its  original  pro- 
prietor. 
rOgema;  town  in  Price  County,  Wisconsin; 
Ogemaw;  county  in  Michigan.    Derived  from  an  Ojibwa  Indian  word  meaning 

"great  chief." 
Ogle;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Capt.  Joseph  Ogle,  an  Indian  fighter  of  the 

Ohio  valley. 
Oglesby;  town  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  former 

governor  of  the  State. 
Oglethorpe;  county,  and  town  in  Macon  County,  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  James 

E.  Oglethorpe,  the  founder  of  the  colony  of  Georgia. 
Ogletown;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Thomas  Ogle,  the 

the  former  owner  of  the  land. 
Ogontz;  river  in  Michigan.     Possibly  a  derivation  of  the  Indian  word  og*iasibiy 

meaning  "little  pickerel  river." 
Ogontz;  towns  in  Delta  County,  Michigan,  Erie  County,  Ohio,  and  Montgomery 

County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Indian  chief,  Ogontz,  who  was  a  missionary 

among  his  own  people. 
Ogreeta;  village  in  Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina.     A  manufactured  word  of  no 

meaning. 
Ohio;  State  of  the  Union,  river,  and  counties  in  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia.   An  Iroquois  Indian  word  meaning  "beautiful  river." 
Ohio;  township  and  village  in  Bureau  Coun.y,  Illinois;  so  named  by  settler*  from 

the  State  of  Ohio. 


230  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  26a 

Ohiopyle;  falls  on  the  Youghiogheny  River,  and  town  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   An  Indian  word  meaning  "white  froth  upon  the  water." 
Oil  Center;  town  in  Kern  County,  California.    Named  from  its  location  in  the 

petroleum- producing  district. 
Ojai;  town  in  Ventura  County,  and  valley  inclosed  by  mountains,  in  California.    An 

Indian  word  meaning  "nest." 
Ojo  Caliente;  village  in  Taos  County,   New   Mexico.     Spanish  words  meaning 

' '  spring ' '  and  ( '  hot, ' '  and  given  this  place  on  account  of  its  numerous  hot  springs. 
Okabena;  lake  in  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "heron  rookery." 
Okahumka;  town  in  Lake  County,  Florida.    Derived  from  the  Seminole  Indian 

word,  okihumkee,  meaning  "bad  water." 
Okanogan;  county,  river,  and  lake  in  Washington.    An  Indian  word  and  tribal 

name,  signifying  "rendezvous,"  and  so  applied  first  to  the  river  on  account  of 

the  assembling  of  Indians  to  lay  in  supplies  of  fish  and  game. 
Okauchee;  town  in  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"very  long." 
Okawvillee;  township  and  village  in  Washington  County,  Illinois.    From  an  Indian 

word,  kaug,  meaning  "porcupine." 
Okechobee;  lake  in  southern  Florida.     A  Seminole  Indian  word  meaning  "large 

water." 
Okee;  town  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "evil 

spirit,"  or  if  from  auke,  "earth,"  or  " place." 
Oketo;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  for  an  Indian  chief,  Arkatetah,  the 

same  being  shortened  by  the  settlers. 
Oklahoma;  Territory  of  the  Union,  and  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  said 

Territory.    A  Choctaw  Indian  word  meaning  "  red  people." 
Oklokonee;  river  in  Georgia.    A  Creek  Indian  word  meaning  "yellow  water." 
Okmulgee;  river  in  Georgia.    A  Creek  Indian  word  meaning  "boiling  water." 
Okolona;  town  in  Chickasaw  County,  Mississippi.   An  Indian  word  meaning  "much 

bent." 
Okomi;  river  in  Georgia.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "great  water." 
Oktibbeha;  county  in  Mississippi.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "ice  there  in  creek," 

or,  according  to  another  authority,  "bloody  water,"  because  of  the  battles 

fought  there  between  Chickasaws  and  Choctaws. 
Olathe;  city  in  Johnson  County,  Kansas.     An  Indian  word  of  the  Shawnee  dialect 

meaning  "beautiful." 
Oldham;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  William  Oldham,  a  Revolutionary 

officer  who  settled  in  Kentucky  in  1779. 
Oldham;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Williamson  S.  Oldham,  a  prominent  lawyer 

and  politician  after  the  annexation. 
Old  Orchard  Beach;  town  and  beach  in  York  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  of 

the  extensive  orchard  set  out  by  its  first  settler. 
Old  Point  Comfort;  town  in  Elizabeth  City  County,  Virginia,  so  named  by  Capt. 

Christopher  Newport,  because  he  found  it  a  safe  haven  after  a  severe  storm;  the 

"Old"  added  to  distinguish  it  from  New  Point  Comfort,  a  few  miles  away. 
Oldtown;  city  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  it  has  been  a  town 

site  from  aboriginal  times. 
Olean;  city,  town,  and  creek  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York;  the  name  is  given 

with  reference  to  the  oil  springs  in  the  region. 
Oleona;  village  in  Potter  County,  Pennsylvania,  colonized  by  the  violinist  Ole  Bull 

and  taking  its  name  from  the  first  part  of  his. 
Olimpo;  town  in  Glenn  County,  California.     A  Spanish  term  meaning  "heaven" 

or  "  high  up." 


<U*iOHT.1  M.ACE  NAMES   tN  THE   UNITE©  8TATE8.  231 

• 

Oliver;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  H.  S.  Oliver. 

Oliveras,  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"olive  trees,"  and  applied  descriptively. 
Olmatead;  township  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Charles  H.  Olmstead. 
Olmsted;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Hon.  David  Olmstead,  mayor  of  St  Paul 

in  1854. 
Olney;  township  and  city  in  Richland  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Nathan  Olney  of 

Lawrence  ville. 
Olney;  substation  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Olneyville;  substation  in  Providence,  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named 

for  Christopher  Olney,  a  prominent  citizen. 
Olokikana;  lake  in  Florida.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "spotted  lake,"  so  named 

because  dotted  with  green  islands. 
Olyphant;  borough  in  Lackawanna  County,  Pennylvania,  named  for  George  Tal- 
bot Olyphant. 
Olympia;  city  in  Thurston  County,  Washington,  named  from  the  ancient  mountain 

of  Greece. 
Omaha;  township  and  village  in  Gallatin  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Omaha, 

Nebraska. 
Omaha;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "upstream,0 

also  the  name  of  a  tribe  designated  as  "upstream  people." 
Omar;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  character  in  one  of 

Johnson's  allegories. 
Onancock;  town  and  bay  in  Accomac  County,  Virginia.    An  Indian  name  said  to 

mean  "foggy  place." 
Onarga;  township  and  village  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois.     Probably  an  Indian 

word  meaning  "place  of  rocky  hills." 
Onawa;  township  and  town  in  Monona  County,  Iowa.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"wideawake." 
O'Keala;  village  in  Madera  County,  California,  named  for  Charles  O'Neal,  an  early 

settler. 
Oneco;  village  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  the  son  of  Uncas,  the 

Mohegan  sachem. 
Oneida;  county  in  Idaho,  city  in  Knox  County,  Illinois,  county  and  lake  in  New 

York,  and  county  in  Wisconsin; 
Oneida  Castle;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York.    Named  for  one  of  the  tribes 

of  the  Six  Nations,  the  word   meaning  "granite  people"  or  "people  of  the 

stone." 
O'Neil;  city  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Gen.  John  O'Neil,  an  early 

settler. 
Onekama;  village  in   Manistee  County,   Michigan.      An  Indian  word  meaning 

"portage." 
Oneonta;  town  in  Otsego  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  of 

rest." 
Ong;  village  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Onida;  town  in  Sully  County,  South  Dakota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "hunted," 

or  "looked  for." 
Onion;  creek  in  North  Dakota,  so  named  on  account  of  the  quantities  of  wild  onions 

growing  on  its  banks. 
Onondaga;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  and  lake  in  New  York,  named  from 

the  Indian  tribe,  the  word  meaning  "  people  of  the  hills." 
Onslow;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Arthur  Onslow,  speaker  in  the  British 

House  of  Commons. 


232  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [boll.  2*S. 

• 

Ontario;  one  of  the  Great  Lakes,  county,  and  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York, 
village  in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  and  ten  other  towns  and  villages.  An 
Indian  word,  said  to  mean  " beautiful  lake,"  or  "beautiful  prospect  of  rocks, 
hills,  and  water."    Another  authority  gives  "  village  on  the  mountain." 

Onteora;  village  in  the  Catskills  in  Ulster  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "hills  of  the  sky." 

Ontonagon;  county,  and  river  in  Michigan.  An  Ojibwa  Indian  word  meaning 
"  fishing  place,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  so  named  because  an  Indian 
maiden  lost  a  dish  in  the  stream  and  exclaimed  u  nindonogan,"  which  in  her 
dialect  meant  "  away  goes  my  dish." 

Oostanaula;  river  in  Georgia,  from  a  Cherokee  Indian  name  signifying  a  rock  ledge 
across  a  stream. 

Opelika;  city  in  Lee  County,  Alabama.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "great  swamp." 

Opelousaa;  town  in  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians, 
the  name  signifying  "  black  head,"  or  "  black  moccasins." 

Opequan;  stream  in  Virginia.  Derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning  "froth- 
white  stream,"  or  perhaps  from  another,  meaning  "  rain- worn  stream." 

Oquawka;  village  in  Henderson  County,  Illinois,  so  named  from  the  yellowish 
appearance  of  the  river  banks.     From  an  Indian  word  meaning  "  yellow." 

Orange;  counties  in  California  and  Florida,  so  named  on  account  of  the  large  orange 
groves. 

Orange;  town  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  city  in  Essex  County,  New  Jersey, 
counties  in  New  York  and  North  Carolina,  and  counties,  and  towns  in  same 
counties  in  Vermont  and  Virginia,  named  for  William  IV,  Prince  of  Orange. 

Orange;  county  in  Indiana,  named  from  the  county  in  North  Carolina,  the  home  of 
its  settlers. 

Orange;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  so  named  because  of  the  luxuri- 
ant wild  orange  trees  growing  in  the  swamp  of  the  Sabine  River. 
Orangeburg;  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in  South  Carolina; 
Orange  City;  town  in  Sioux  County,  Iowa,  the  center  of  a  large  settlement  of  Hol- 
landers.   Named  for  William  IV,  Prince  of  Orange. 

Orbisonia;  borough  in  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William 
Orbison,  an  early  settler. 

Orchard;  village  in  Morgan  County,  Colorado;  so  named  from  Fremont's  encamp- 
ment in  an  orchard  of  cotton  woods  while  reconnoitering. 

Orchard;  village  in  Antelope  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  of  the  presence 
of  a  large  orchard  of  apple  trees. 

Ord;  city  in  Valley  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Gen.  E.  O.  C.  Ord. 

Ordway;  town  in  Otero  County,  Colorado,  named  for  George  N.  Ordway,  of  the 
Denver  board  of  supervisors. 

Oreana;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  Nevada.    A  latin  word  meaning  "town  of  gold." 

Oregon;  State  of  the  Union,  and  county  in  Missouri.  The  name  said  to  have  been 
derived  from  origanum,  a  species  of  wild  sage  found  along  the  coast  in  the  State; 
but  another  authority  states  that  it  is  derived  from  the  Spanish  OregoneSy  which 
name  was  given  the  Indian  tribes  inhabiting  that  region  by  a  Jesuit  priest,  the 
word  meaning  "big-eared  men." 

Oregon;  township  and  city  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  State. 

Orejas  Del  Oso;  mountain  in  Utah.     A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "bear's  ears." 

Organ;  mountains  in  New  Mexico,  so  called  because  of  their  resemblance  to  the 
pipes  of  an  organ. 

Orion;  village  in  Oakland  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  constellation. 
Oriskany;  creek,  and  village  in  Oneida  County,  in  New  York; 
Oriskany  Falls;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning 
";>Jace  of  nettles." 


oahnstt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  233 

Orland;  town  in  Glenn  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in  Maine. 

Or  land;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  the  first 

settler  because  of  the  finding  of  an  oar  upon  the  shore. 
Orlando;  city  in  Orange  County,  Florida.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "seat  of 

justice. M 
Orleans;  parish  in  Louisiana,  township,  and  city  in  Harlan  County,  Nebraska,  and 

coon  ties  in  New  York  and  Virginia,  named  from  the  city  in  France. 
Orleans;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  in  1797  for  the  Duke  of 

Orleans,  alias  Citizen  Equality,  popular  for  his  democratic  principles. 
Ormsby;  county  in  Nevada,  named  for  Major  Ormsby. 
Orneville;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Hon.  Henry 

Orne,  of  Boston. 
Oro  Ohino;  town  in  Mariposa  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the  Chinese 

employed  in  the  gold  placer  mines.    From  the  Spanish  oro,  meaning  "gold," 

and  chino,  "Chinese." 
Orofino;  town  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  and  town  in  Shoshone  County,  and 

creek  in  Idaho,  so  named  by  the  Spanish  because  of  their  gold  mines. 
Oroville;  town  in  Butte  County,  California,  so  named  by  the  early  miners  because 

of  the  gold  mines. 
Orphans  Island;  island  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  it  was  an 

orphan' 8  share  of  an  estate  of  the  Waldo  Patent. 
Orrick;  town  in  Ray  County,  Missouri,  named  for  John  C.  Orrick,  of  St.  Louis. 
Orrington;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  the  name  being  a  misspelling  of  the 

original  name  of  "Orangetown." 
Ortega;  town   in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"grouse." 
Orville;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Orville  Westcott,  a  resident. 
Orwigsburg;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Peter  Orwig, 

its  founder. 
Osage;  township  and  city  in  Mitchell  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Orrin  Osage,  bene- 
factor of  the  town. 
Osage;  counties  in  Kansas  and  Missouri,  Indian  reservation  in  Oklahoma,  and 

many  towns,  cities,  and  rivers  in  the  United  States.    Named  from  the  Wasashi 

(French,  Onaaage)  or  Osage  Indians.    The  meaning  of  the  word  is  unknown. 
Osakis;  village  in  Douglas  County,  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "yellow 

earth." 
Osawatomie;  city  in  Miami  County,  Kansas,  a  combination  of  the  names  of  the  two 

rivers  at  whose  junction  the  town  is  situated — Osage  and  Pottawattomie. 
Osborne;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Vincent  B.  Osborne, 

of  the  Second  Kansas  Cavalry. 
Osceola;  town  in  Mississippi  County,  Arkansas;  counties  in  Florida,  Iowa,  and 

Michigan;  city  in  St.  Clair  County,  Missouri;  village  in  Polk  County,  Nebraska; 

mountain  in  New  Hampshire;  towns  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  and  Tioga 

County,  Pennsylvania,  and  village  in  Polk  County,  Wisconsin;  also  many  other 

cities  and  towns,  named  either  directly  or  indirectly  for  the  Seminole  Indian 

chief.    The  name  refers  to  a  medicine  drink  used  by  the  tribe  in  certain  cere- 
monies. 
Oscoda;  county,  and  village  in  Iosco  County,  in  Michigan.    An  Indian  word,  Raid 

by  some  to  mean  "fire,"  by  others,  "strong  prairie." 
Oshawa;  village  in  Nicollet  County,  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "ferry 

him  over,"  or  "across  the  river." 
Oskaloosa;  cities  in  Mahaska  County,  Iowa,  and  Jefferson  County,  Kansas,  named 

for  the  wife  of  the  Indian  chief  Mahaska. 


234  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [toll.  268. 

Oshkosh;  city  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  Indian  chief;  the 
name  is  said  to  mean  "nail,"  "claw,"  or  "horny  part  of  the  foot  of  beasts." 

Oso;  mountain  in  Colorado.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "bear." 

Ossineke;  village  in  Alpena  County,  Michigan.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "stony 
land,"  or  "place  of  a  stone." 

Ossining;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York;  the  name  is  said  to  have  been 
derived  from  that  of  the  Indian  tribe  Sinisink  or  Singsing,  "stone  upon  stone," 
or  from  osinxing,  "place  of  stones." 

Ossipee;  river  in  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "pine  river,"  or  "stony  river." 

•Oswegatchie;  river  in  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "coming  around  a 
hill." 

Oswego;  village  in  Kendall  County,  Illinois,  city  in  Labette  County,  Kansas,  and 
county,  city,  and  town  in  same  county,  and  river  in  New  York.  Derived  from 
the  Indian  on  ti  ahan  toque,  meaning  "where  the  valley  widens"  or  "flowing 
out." 

Osweya;  creek  in  McKean  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"place  of  flies." 

Otay;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    Named  from  an  Indian  rancheria. 

Otero;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Miguel  Otero,  of  a  prominent  Mexican  family. 

Otero;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  governor  M.  A.  Otero. 

Otis;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  James  Otis,  an  early  proprietor. 

Otis;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Harrison  Gray  Otis. 

Otisfleld;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  James  Otis,  an  early  pro- 
prietor. 

Otisville;  village  in  Genesee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Byron  Otis,  an  early 
settler. 

Otisville;  village  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  for  Isaac  Otis,  its  first  settler. 

Otoe;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe. 

Otsego;  county,  village,  and  township  in  Allegan  County,  Michigan;  county,  town, 
and  lake  in  same  county  in  New  York;  village  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  and 
town  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "welcome 
water,"  or  "place  where  meetings  are  held." 

Otselic;  town  in  Chenango  County,  and  creek  in  Madison  County,  New  York.  An 
Indian  word  meaning  "plum  creek." 

Otsquago;  creek  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  signifying 
"under  the  bridge." 

Ottawa;  city  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois;  reservation  in  Indian  Territory;  county, 
and  city  in  Franklin  County,  Kansas;  county  in  Michigan;  village  in  Lesueur 
County,  Minnesota;  county  in  Ohio,  and  several  other  places,  named  for  the 
Indian  tribe. 

Otter;  creek  in  Missouri.  The  present  name  is  a  translation  of  the  original  French 
name  of  "loutre." 

Otter  Lake;  village  in  Lapeer  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  the  abun- 
dance of  otter  in  the  adjacent  lakes. 
Otter  Tail;  lake  in  Ottertail  County,  Minnesota; 

Ottertail;  county,  and  town  in  same  county  in  Minnesota.  A  translation  of  the 
Ojibwa  name  of  the  lake,  referring  to  the  form  of  a  long  and  narrow  sand  bar 
which  separates  the  lake  from  the  last  mile  of  the  inflowing  Otter  Tail  River. 

Otto;  town  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jacob  8.  Otto,  of  the  Hol- 
land I^and  Company. 

Ottumwa;  city  in  Wapello  County,  Iowa.  An  Indian  word  said  to  mean  "place 
of  the  lone  chief,"  but  more  probably  meaning  "rapids,"  or  "tumbling 
water." 


OANNBrr.l  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  235 

Ouachita;  county  and  river  in  Arkansas  and  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  a  now 

extinct  Indian  tribe. 
Ouray;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  friendly 

chief  of  the  Ute  Indians.    The  Ute  Indian  corruption  of  "  Willie. " 
Outagamie;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Outagamies,  or  "Fox"  Indians. 

By  another  authority  said  to  mean  "those  who  live  on  the  opposite  side." 
Overton;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Judge  John  Overton. 
Ovid;  township  and  village  in  Clinton  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  town  in 

New  York. 
Ovid;  town  in  Seneca  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Roman  poet 
Owasco;  lake,  town,  and  creek  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "bridge,"  or  "lake  of  the  floating  bridge." 
Owaasa;  town  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  derived  from  otoasse,  the  Indian  word  for 

"bear." 
Owatonna;  river,  and  city  in  Steele  County,  in  Minnesota,    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing ' '  straight  river. ' ' 
(Owen;  counties  in  Indian   and  Kentucky; 
Owenaboro;  city  in  Daviess  County,  Kentucky.    Named  for  Col.  Abraham  Owen, 
of  Kentucky,  killed  at  Tippecanoe. 
Owenaburg;  village  in  Greene  County,  Indiana,  named  for  its  founder. 
Owenyo;  station  in  Inyo  County,  California.    A  compound  of  Owen  and  Inyo,  from 

its  situation  near  Owens  Lake. 
Owingsville;  city  in  Bath  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  T.  D.  O wings. 
Owobopta;  tributary  of  the  Minnesota  river.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "where 

they  dig  roots." 
Owoboo;  city  in  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  principal  chief  of  the 

Chippewas  in  that  country,  the  word  meaning  "  he  is  afar  off." 
Owsley;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Judge  William  Owsley,  a  former  governor. 
Oxbow;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  on  the  Oswegatchie  River,  so  named 

because  of  a  bend  in  the  river  at  this  point  in  the  form  of  an  ox  bow. 
Oxford;  town  in  Calhoun  County,  Alabama,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 
Oxford;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Maine;  town  in  Worcester  County, 

Massachusetts;  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York;  township  and  village  in 

Butler  County,  Ohio;  and  borough  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania;  named 

from  the  university  in  England. 
Oxford;  city  in  Lafayette  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  from  the  university  city  in 

England  because  it  is  the  location  of  the  State  University. 
Oxford  Church;  substation  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  cathe- 
dral of  Oxford,  England. 
Oyster  Bay;  town  in  Nassau  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  abundance 

of  oysters  found  in  the  bay. 
Osan;  town  and  stream  in  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas.    A  corruption  of  the 

French,  prairie  <Tdnef  "prairie  of  the  donkey." 
Ozark;  group  of  hills  principally  in  Arkansas  and  Mississippi;  village  in  Dale  County, 

Alabama,  county  and  city  in  Christian  County,  Missouri,  and  several  other  places. 

The  aux  arcs  were  said  to  refer  to  the  bends  in  the  White  River,  and  applied  to 

the  Ozark  Mountains,  through  which  the  river  pursues  a  wandering  course;  in 

other  words,  the  mountains  at  the  bends  of  the  river. 
Ozaukee;  county  in  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "yellow  clay."     The 

proper  name  of  the  Sauk  Indians. 
Pacheco;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  Spanish 

settler. 
Pachuta;  town  in  Clarke  County,  Mississippi.    A  Choctaw  Indian  word  meaning 

"possum  creek." 


236  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Pacific;  ocean,  the  largest  division  of  water  on  the  globe,  so  named  by  Magellan,  its 

discoverer,  because  of  the  fair  weather  encountered  there  after  experiencing  heavy 

gales  in  the  straits. 
Pacific;  city  in  Franklin  County,  Missouri,  county  in  Washington,  and  creek  in 

Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  named  from  the  ocean. 
Pactolus;  town  in  Pitt  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  ancient  river  in  Asia 

Minor. 
Paddock;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  A.  S.  Paddock,  United  £tates 

Senator  from  that  State. 
Paducah;  city  in  McCracken  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  a  celebrated  Indian  chief 

who  formerly  lived  in  the  vicinity  and  was  buried  on  the  banks  of  Tennessee 

River,  now  within  the  city  limits. 
Page;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Colonel  Page,  of  Palo  Alto  fame. 
Page;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  John  Page,  an  early  governor  of  the  State. 
Pahaquarry;  township  in  Warren  County,  New  Jersey.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

41  termination  of  two  mountains." 
Pahcupog;  pond  near  Westerly,  Connecticut.    The  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian 

word  pahke-paug,  meaning  "  pure  water  pond." 
Painesville;  village  in  Lake  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  E.  Paine,  an  early 

settler. 
Paint;  creek  in  Ohio.     From  the  Indian  words  olomon  sepung,  " paint  stream." 
Painted  Post;  village  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  erec- 
tion of  a  painted  monument  by  the  Indians  over  the  grave  of  their  chief,  Captain 

Montour. 
Paint  Bock;  town  in  Concho  County,  Texas,  so  named  because  situated  near  a 

ledge  of  rock,  profusely  decorated  with  Indian  hieroglyphics. 
Pajaro;  town  in  Monterey  County  and  river  in  California.    Named  from  the  wild 

ducks  that  abound  in  the  vicinity.    A  Spanish  word  applied  to  birds  in  general. 
Pala;  township  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  signifying  a 

wooden  shovel  used  for  grain. 
Palarm;  town  and  stream  iri  Faulkner  County,  Arkansas.    A  corruption  of  the 

French,  place  des  alarmes. 
Palatine;  township  and  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois;  village  in  Salem  County, 

New  Jersey;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  and  village  in  Marion 

County,  West  Virginia. 
Palatine  Bridge;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York.    The  name  is  trans- 
ferred from  the  division  of  Germany. 
Palatka;  city  in  Putnam  County,  Florida.     A  Seminole  Indian  word  said  by  some 

to  mean  "  spilled,"  and  by  others,  "  cow  ford." 
Palestine;  town  in  St.  Francis  County,  Arkansas,  village  in  Crawford  County, 

Illinois,  and  eleven  othei  towns  and  villages,  tlie  name  being  transferred  from 

Palestine,  in  Syria. 
Palisades;  cliff  of  trap  rock  from  200  to  500  feet  high,  forming  the  westerly  bank  of 

the  Hudson  River,  New  York,  extending  from  Fort  Lee  about  fifteen  miles  to 

the  north. 
Palisades  Park;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  of  its 

location  on  the  Palisades. 
Palmdale;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  luxuriant 

growth  of  palms. 
Palmer;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Chief  Justice  Thomas 

Palmer. 
Palmer;  village  in  Marquette  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Waterman  Palmer,  of 

Pittsburg,  its  founder. 


oanhstt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  237 

Palmer  Lake;  town  and  creek  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  named  for  General 

Palmer,  an  official  of  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad. 

\;  creek  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Martin  Palmer. 
i;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  large  pate  trees 

in  the  neighborhood. 

•a;  towns  in  Marion  County,  Missouri,  Wayne  County,   New  York,  and 

Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Syria. 

>;  town  in  Linn  County,  Iowa,  and  village  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan.    A  Span- 
ish word  meaning  "stick." 
Palo  Alto;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"high  timber." 
Palo  Alto;  county  in  Iowa,  and  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,   Pennsylvania, 

named  from  the  famous  battlefield  in  Texas. 
Palo  Blanco;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  descriptively 

applied,  meaning  "white  timber." 
Palo  Cedro;  town  in  Shasta  County,  California,  so  named  from  the  abundant 

growths  of  cedars.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "cedar  timber." 
Paloma;  villages  in  Calaveras  County,  California,  and  Adams  County,  Illinois.    A 

Spanish  word  meaning  "  dove." 
Palo  Pinto;  county  and  river  in  Texas.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "stained 

timber." 
Palo  Verde;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"green  timber,"  descriptive  of  the  district. 
Pamelia;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  wife  of  Gen.  Jacob 

Brown. 
Pamlico;  county,  sound,  and  river  in  North  Carolina,  named  from  a  former  Indian 

tribe. 
Pampa;  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  so  named  from  its  location.    A  Spanish 

word  meaning  an  "  extensive  plain." 
Pamunkey;  river,  and  town  in  Orange  County,  in  Virginia.    Said  to  have  been 

derived  from  the  Indian  pihmunga,  meaning  "  where  he  sweat." 
Pana;  township  and  city  in  Christian  County,  Illinois.    The  corrupted  form  of 

Pani,  the  name  of  a  small  tribe  of  Indians. 
Panasoffkee;  town  in  Sumter  County ,  Florida.     From  the  Indian  word,  panaaofkee, 

"deep  valley." 
Panola;  counties  in  Mississippi  and  Texas.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "cotton." 
Panton;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Lord  Panton,  a  British 

nobleman. 
Paola;  city  in  Miami  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Baptiste  Peoria,  the  town  name 

being  the  Indian  pronunciation. 
Papillion;  village  and  creek  in  Sarpy  County,  Nebraska,  given  the  French  name 

because  many  butterflies  were  seen  upon  the  banks  of  the  stream. 
Papinsville;  village  in  Bates  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Pierre  Mellecourt  Papin. 
Paragould;  city  in  Greene  County,  Arkansas.     A  compound  of  the  names  of  two 

railroad  men,  W.  J.  Paramore  and  Jay  Gould. 
Paraiso  Springs;  post-office  in  Monterey  County,   California,  descriptive  of  the 

beauty  of  the  springs.    The  Spanish  form  of  "paradise." 
Pardee  ville;  village  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  John  S.  Pardee, 

the  founder. 
Paris;  township  and  city  in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Paris,  Kentucky. 
Paris;  city  in  Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  city  in 

Lamar  County,  Texas,  and  many  other  places,  named  from  the  city  in  France. 
Paris;  a  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Isaac  Paris,  a  merchant  of 

Fort  Plain. 


238  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Parish;  town  in  Oswego  County  and  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York; 
Parishville;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York.    Named  for  David  Parish, 

an  extensive  landowner. 
Parita;  village  in  Bexar  County,  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "grapevine." 
Park;  county  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  it  includes  a  large  area  of  South  Park. 
Park;  county  in  Montana,  so  named  from  its  proximity  to  Yellowstone  Park. 
Park  City;  town  in  Yellowstone  County,  Montana;  when  platted  a  portion  of  the 

land  was  set  apart  as  a  park,  from  which  the  town  took  its  name. 
Parke;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Benjamin  Parke,  a  prominent  State  politician. 
Parker;  city  in  Linn  County,  Kansas,  named  for  J.  W.  Parker,  the  former  owner 

of  the  town  site. 
Parker;  township  and  city  in  Turner  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  the  wife 

(nee  Parker)  of  the  chief  engineer  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Saint  Paul 

Railroad. 
Parker;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  the  family  of  Parker's  Fort,  who  in  1836  were 

captured  and  killed  by  the  Indians. 
Parker  sburg;  town  in  Sampson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

citizen. 
Parkersburg;  city  in  Chester  County ,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Dr.  Thomas  Parker, 

an  eminent  physician  of  Chester  County. 
Parkersburg;  city  in  Wood  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Alexander  Parker, 

of  Pennsylvania. 
Parkers  Landing;  city  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  former 

proprietors. 
Parkersville;  village  in  Lyon  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Thomas  Parker,  a 

wealthy  citizen. 
Parkerville;  city  in  Morris  County,  Kansas,  named  for  C.  G.  Parker,  the  former 

owner  of  the  town  site. 
Parkman;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  its  early  proprietor,  Sam- 
uel Parkman,  of  Boston. 
Parkman;  village  and  township  of  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Robert  P. 

Parkman. 
Parkman;  town  in  Sheridan  County,  Wyoming,  named  for  Francis  Parkman. 
Park  River;  city  in  Walsh  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  stream  which 

flows  through  the  natural  park. 
Parksville;  town  in  Edgefield  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

family  of  the  county. 
Parkville;  village  in  Platte  County,  Missouri,  named  for  George  S.  Park,  its  founder. 
Parmele;  town  in  Martin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident 
Parmer;  creek  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  and  county  in  Texas.     Named  for 

Martin  Parmer,  who  was  a  meml>er  of  the  first  legislature  of  Missouri,  and  later 

went  to  Texas,  where  he  engaged  in  an  attempted  revolution  about  1827. 
Parramore;  l)each  and  island  in  Accomac  County,  Virginia,  named  for  the  family 

who  were  its  former  owners. 
Parrott;  town  in  La  Plata  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  California  capitalist. 
Parry;  i>eak  in  the  Front  Range,  Colorado,  named  for  the  botanist. 
Parsons;  city  in  Labette  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Judge  Levi  Parsons,  a  promi- 
nent railroad  official. 
Parsons;  town  in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  former  resident 
Parsonsfleld;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  for  Thomas  Parsons,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Pasadena;  city   in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.     An    Indian  word  meaning 

"crown  of  the  valley." 
Pascagoula;  river,  and  town  in  Jackson  County  /\n^\snsA^\&,iwm^  for  an  Indian 
tribe,  the  name  meaning  "bread  peopW 


gax9ett.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  239 

Pasco;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  Senator  Pasco. 

Paacoag;  village  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"dividing  place,"  and  so  named  because  it  is  situated  at  the  forks  of  the  Black- 
stone  River. 

Paso  Robles;  city  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase  mean- 
ing "pass  of  the  oak  trees." 

Pasquotank;  county  in  North  Carolina.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "divided  tidal 
river,' '  and  given  this  county  because  a  river  forms  one  of  its  boundaries. 

Pasaaconaway;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  sachem  of  the  Merri- 
mack tribe  of  Indians. 

Passadumkeag;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  by  reason  of  which  it  was  given  this  Indian  name,  which 
means  "falls  running  over  a  gravel  bed." 

ic;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  New  Jersey;  derived  either  from 
the  Indian  word,  passaic  or  pastajeek,  "valley,"  or  from  the  Indian  equivalent 
of  "peace." 

uoddy;  bay  on  the  coast  of  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "pollock 
ground,"  or  "pollock-plenty  place." 

istian;  town  in  Harrison'County,  Mississippi.  Received  its  name  from 
Nicholas  Christian,  a  Norwegian  navigator,  who  discovered  a  channel  or  pass 
between  Cat  Island  and  the  mainland. 

Passumpsic;  river  and  village  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "much  clear  water." 

Pastor o;  mountain  in  Arizona,  so  named  because  of  its  high  mountain  pastures. 

Patagumkis;  tributary  of  the  Penobscot  River  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
1  *  sandy-ground  cove. ' ' 

Patapsco;  river  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "black  water." 

Patata;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"potato." 

Patchogue;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"turning  place." 

Paterson;  city  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  William  Paterson,  an 
early  governor. 

Patkaakaden;  tributary  of  James  River.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "tortoise" 
or  "turtle." 

Patoka;  township  and  village  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  local  Indian 
chief. 

Patrick;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  orator,  Patrick  Henry. 

Pattaquonk;  hill  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian  name  meaning 
"round  place"  or  "round  hill." 

Patterson;  town  in  Putnam  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 

Paulding;  county  in  Georgia,  town  in  Jasper  County,  Mississippi,  and  county,  and 
town  in  same  county,  in  Ohio,  named  for  John  Paulding,  who  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  Major  Andre\ 

Pauquepaug;  brook  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  Indian  word  papte-paug,  meaning  "pure- water  pond." 

Pautuck;  river,  and  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "fall." 

Pawling;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.  The  name  is  derived  from 
Paulding. 

i;  creek  in  Colorado,  so  named  by  the  Indians  because  a  party  of  200  Paw- 
nee Indians  were  here  surrounded  by  a  greatly  outnumbering  force  of  Sioux, 
who,  when  they  found  they  could   not  capture  the  Pawnees,  proceeded  to 
starve  them  oat;  bat  the  Pawnees  refused  to  surrender  to  escape  even  this 
death,  and  every  man  perished  by  starvation. 


240  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  I  bull.  258. 

Pawnee;  counties  in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Oklahoma,  named  for  the  tribe  of 

Pawnee  Indians. 
Pawpaw;  villages  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  and  Van  Buren  County,  Michigan;  and 

creek,  and  town  in  Morgan  County,  West  Virginia;  so  named  because  of  the 

presence  of  pawpaw  trees. 
Pawtucket;  river  in  New  England  and  city  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "at  the  little  falls."  * 

Paxton;  city  in  Ford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  of  England, 

who  was  prominent  in  promoting  emigration  to  Illinois. 
Paxton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  Paxton,  of 

Boston. 
Paxton;  town  in  Keith  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  W.  A.  Paxton,  of  Omaha, 

Nebraska. 
Payette;  river  and  a  village  in  Canyon  County,  Idaho,  named  for  a  member  of  the 

Hudson  Bay  Company. 
Payne;  village  in  Paulding  County,  Ohio,  probably  named  for  Henry  B.  Payne, 

United  States  Senator  from  that  State. 
Payne;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  Captain  Payne,  "  Oklahoma  Boone." 
Paynes  ville;  town  in  Pike  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  resident  of  St.  Louis. 
Pay  son;  township  and  village  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Rev.  Edward 

Payson,  of  Portland,  Maine. 
Peabody;  city  in  Marion  County,  Kansas,  named  for  F.  H.  Peabody,  of  Boston. 
Peabody;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  George  Peabody,  the 

philanthropist. 
Peace;  creek  in  Florida,  so  named  because  it  was  the  scene  of  a  treaty  of  peace. 
Peale;  highest  peak  of  the  Sierra  la  Sal  in  Utah,  named  for  Dr.  A.  C.  Peale,  the 

geologist. 
Pearl;  river  in  Mississippi; 

Pearlington;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Mississippi; 
Pearl  River;  county  in  Mississippi.    So  named  on  account  of  the  pearl  fisheries 

which  where  early  established  by  the  French  upon  the  Pearl  River. 
Pecan;  village  in  Clay  County,  Georgia.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "nut." 
Pecatonica;  township  and  village  in  Winnebago  County,  and  river  in  Illinois.    A 

corrupted  form  of  the  Indian  word  pickatolica,  the  name  of  a  species  of  fish. 
Peckamin;  river  in  New  Jersey.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word  pakihm,  "cran- 
berries." 
Pecos;  county  and  river  in  Texas.     Named  from  the  Pecos  (Shepherd)  Indians  of 

New  Mexico,  who  had  been  taught  sheep  husbandry  by  the  Spanish.    The  name 

is  derived  from  the  Latin  pecus,  meaning  a  "flock." 
Pecunktuk;  stream  in  Vermont.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "crooked  river." 
Pedernales;  rivers  in  North  Carolina  and  Texas.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  flints," 

"rocks,"  or  "stones." 
Peekskill;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jan  Peek,  a  Dutch 

mariner  of  the  seventeeth  century. 
Pegumock;  creek  in  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "dark  stream." 
Pelham;  towns  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Hillsboro  County,  New 

Hampshire,  named  for  Thomas  Pelham  Holies,  Duke  of  Newcastle. 
Pelham;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  original  pat- 
entee, John  Pell. 
Pella;  city  in  Marion  County,  Iowa,  colonized  by  Dutch  settlers,  to  whom  the  word 

meant  "city  of  refuge." 
Pemadumcook;  lake  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  word    meaning 
lake  of  the  sloping  mountain." 


n 


OAjnwrr.]  PLACE   NAME8  IN  THE  UNITED  8TATE8.  241 

Pemaquid;  point  of  land  and  village  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "long  point,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "that  runs  into  the 

water." 
Pembina;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  North  Dakota,  from  the  Ojibwa  name 

for  "cranberry." 
Pembroke;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Pembroke;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  probably  named  for  the 

Earl  of  Pembroke. 
Pemigewaeset;  river  in  New  Hampshire.    The  word  is  of  Indian  derivation,  said 

to  mean  " crooked  place  of  pines." 
Pemiscot;  county  in  Missouri,  named  from  its  principal  bayou.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "liquid  mud." 
Penacook;  substation  in  Concord,  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian 

tribal  name  meaning  "crooked." 
Fender;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  William  D.  Pender,  an  officer 

of  the  Confederate  Army. 
Pendleton;  town  in  Madison  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  former  proprietor, 

Thomas  M.  Pendleton. 
Pendleton;  counties  in  Kentucky  and  West  Virginia,  named  for  Edmund  Pendle- 
ton, a  prominent  politician  of  Virginia. 
Pendleton;  town  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  Sylvester  Pendleton 

Clarke,  ex-governor  of  Grand  Island. 
Pendleton;  town  in  Northampton  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident 
Pendleton;  town  in  Umatilla  County,  Oregon,  named  for  George  H.  Pendleton. 
Pendleton;  town  in  Anderson  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Judge  Henry 

Pendleton,  a  Revolutionary  jurist. 
Pend  Oreille;  lake  in  Idaho,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  who  were  given  this 

name  by  the  French  because  of  their  habit  of  wearing  pendants  in  their  ears, 

the  phrase  meaning  "  hanging  ear." 
Penfield;  town  in  Green  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Josiah  Penfield. 
Penneld;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  builder. 
Penneld;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Daniel  Penfield,  an  early 

settler. 

i;  one  of  the  Elizabeth  islands  in  Buzzards  Bay,  Massachusetts.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  ' '  sloping  land . " 
l;  township  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Pennsylvania,  whence  many 

of  the  early  settlers  came. 
Penn;  the  name  of  many  townships,  and  the  prefix  to  the  name  of  many  towns  and 

villages  in  the  United  States,  generally  given  in  honor  of  William  Penn. 
Pennington;  borough  in  Mercer  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Pennington 

family,  two  members  of  which  were  governors  of  the  State. 
Pennington;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  John  L.  Pennington,  a  former 

governor. 
Pennsylvania;  State  of  the  Union,  named  for  William  Penn,  to  whom  the  land 

comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  State  was  granted,  and  sylrania,  from  the 

Latin iilva,  "forest." 
Penn  Tan;  village  in  Yates  County,  New  York.    The  name  is  a  compound  of  the 

names  of  the  two  classes  of  settlers — Pennsvlvanians  and  Yankees. 
Pennypack;  creek  in  Philadelphia  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "body  of  water  with  no  current" 

Boll.  268-06 16 


242  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Penobscot;  county,  town  in  Hancock  County,  bay,  and  river  in  Maine.    Derived 

from  the  Indian  word  pcnobskeag,  meaning  "  rocky  place,"  or  "  river  of  rock?." 
Penryn;  mining  town  in  Placer  County,  California,  named  by  miners  from  the 

borough  in  Cornwall. 
Pensacola;  bay  and  city  in  Escambia  County,  Florida.    Said  to  be  derived  from 

the  Indian  word  pansha-okla,  meaning  "  hair  people." 
Pentwater;  river  and  lake  in  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  the  supposition  that 

the  river  had  no  outlet 
Pentwater;  township  and  village  in  Oceana  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  river. 
Peosta;  village  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "gorge  in 

the  rocks." 
Peotone;  town  in  Will  County,  Illinois.    Derived  from  the  Indian  word  petone, 

meaning  "  bring,"  "  bring  here,"  or  "  bring  to  this  place." 
Pepin;  lake  between  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  county  in  Wisconsin,  named 

for  Pepin  le  Bref. 
Pepper  ell;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Sir  William  Pep- 

perell,  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  council. 
Pepperville;  township  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Hubbel  Pepper,  an 

early  settler. 
Pequabuck;  river  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word   meaning  "clear  pond,"  or 

"open  pond." 
Pequanac;  village  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey.    An  Indian  word    meaning 

"cleared  land." 
Pequannock;  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"  land  naturally  clear  and  open." 
Peoria;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Illinois,  and  nation  in  Indian  Territory. 

A  corrupted  form  of  an  Indian  tribal  name,  signifying  "carriers,"  or  "packers" 

(Uatsehet). 
Pequea;  township  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  from  Piqua,  the  name  of  a 

band  of  the  Shawnee  Indians  who  once  inhabited  the  valley  of  the  Pequea.    The 

name  signifies  "  ashes  "  and  has  a  mythic  reference. 
Pequots;  town  in  Crow  Wing  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the 

word  being  commonly  rendered  "destroyers,"  or  "enemies." 
Perdido;  rivers  in  Alabama  and  Florida,  and  bay  into  which  these  empty,  so  named 

by  the  Spanish,  the  word  meaning  "lost,"  because  a  Spanish  ship  was  destroyed 

in  the  bav. 
Pere  Marquette;  town  in  Mason  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Father  Marquette. 
Perham;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  Hon.  Sidney  Perham,  a 

governor  of  the  State. 
Perham;  town  in  Ottertail  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Josiah  Perham,  an  official 

of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Perkins;  plantation  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Doctor  Perkins,  of  Farm- 

ington. 
Perkins;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  C.  E.  Perkins,  an  official  of  the  Burlington 

and  Missouri  River  Railroad. 
Perkiomen;  branch  of  the  Schuylkill  River  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania. 

A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "where  there  are  cranberries." 
Perinton;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Glover  Perrin,  the  first 

permanent  settler. 
Perry;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Illinois,  Indiana,   Kentucky,  Mississippi, 

and  Missouri;  town  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York;  and  counties  in  Ohio, 

Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee;  named  for  Commodore  Oliver  Hazard  Perry. 
Perry;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  John  D.  Perry,  a  railroad  official. 


uannIbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  243 

Perrysburg;  town  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  and  village  in  Wood  County, 

Ohio,  named  for  Commodore  Oliver  Hazard  Perry. 
Perry  a  Kills;  village  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  George  Perry,  a 

former  proprietor. 
Perryville;  city  in  Perry  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Commodore  Oliver  Hazard 

Perry. 
Person;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Person,  an  officer  of 

the  Revolution. 
l;  town  in  Fulton  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Scotland. 
Amboy;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey;  the  name  is  a  combination 

of  the  name  of  the  Earl  of  Perth  and  a  corruption  of  the  original  Indian  name 

of  the  town,  Ompage. 
Peru;  township  and  city  in  Lasale  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  New 

York. 
Peru;  township  and  city  in  Miami  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  South  American 

State. 
Peru;  towns  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Clinton  County,  New  York, 

named  from  the  country  in  South  America. 
Pescadero;  village  in  San  Mateo  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"  fish  monger.' ' 
Pescongamoc;  lake  in  Maine  near  the  Penobscot  River.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"divided  lake." 
Peshtigo;  river  in  Oconto  County  and  town  in  Marinette  County,  Wisconsin.     An 

Indian  word  meaning  "wild  goose  river." 
Peso  turn;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  said  to  be  named  for  an  Indian 

who  was  active  in  the  Chicago  massacre  in  the  war  of  1812. 
Petaluma;  township  and  city  in  Sonoma  County,  California.     An   Indian  word 

meaning  "duck  pond." 
Peterboro;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  city  in 

England. 
Peterboro;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  Peter  Smith. 
Petersburg;  town  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Peter  Magnes,  its 

founder. 
Petersburg;  village  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  named  for  the  descendants  of  Peter 

Fowler,  who  adopted  his  baptismal  name  as  a  surname. 
Petersburg;  city  in  Menard  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Peter  Lukins,  a  founder. 
Petersburg;  town  in  Pike  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Peter  Brenton,  an  early 

settler. 
Petersburg;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  named  for  Peter  Simmons,  an 

early  settler. 
Petersburg;  borough  in  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Peter  Fleck, 

an  early  settler. 
Petersburg;  city  in  Dinwiddie  County,  Virginia,  founded  by  Col.  William  Byrd 

and  Peter  Jones,  and  named  for  the  latter. 
Petersham;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  William  Stan- 
hope, Earl  of  Petersham. 
Petersville;  village  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Peter  T.  Blessing, 

its  founder. 
Petoskey ;  city  in  Emmett  County,  Michigan.     Named  from  an  Ojibwa  Indian  chief, 

the  name  being  said  to  refer  to  some  one  of  the  heavenly  iKnlies. 
Pettis;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Spencer  Pettis,  secretary  of  state  of  Missouri. 
Pettit;  island  off  the  Maine  coast,  named  for  the  Pettit  family. 
Pewabic;  town  in  Ontonagon  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  river  which  bears 

the  Indian  n&me pewabik  sipi,  "  iron  river." 


244  -  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Pewakpa;  tributary  of  the  Dakota  River;   a  Sioux  Indian  name  meaning  "elm 

river. " 
Pewamo;  village  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  son  of  Shaooe,  a  chief 

of  the  Ojibwa  Indians. 
Pewaukee;  village  in  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  lake  which 

bore  the  Indian  name  of  peevxiukee-wec-ning,  "lake  of  shells." 
Peytona;  village  in  Boone  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  William  M.  Peyton. 
Pheasant  Branch;  village  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  stream 

which  t)ears  the  name  of  Peona,  possibly  a  corruption  of  the  French  paon, 

"peacock,"  or  "pheasant." 
Pheba;  village  in  Clay  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Mrs.  Pheba  Robinson. 
Phelps;  county,  and  village  in  Atchison  County,  in  Missouri,  named  for  Gov.  John  S. 

Phelps. 
Phelps;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  William  .Phelps,  an  early  resident  of  the 

county. 
Phelps;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  named  for  Oliver  Phelps,  one  of  the 

original  proprietors. 
Philadelphia;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania,  so  named  by 

William  Penn  in  order  that  the  principle  of  the  Quakers — brotherly  love — might 

t>e  identified  with  their  city,  the  name  being  that  of  the  city  in  Asia  Minor. 

From  the  Greek,  philartelphos,  meaning  "loving  one's  brother." 
Philadelphia;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 
Philippi;  town  in  Barbour  County,  West  Virginia,  both  town  and  county  being 

named  for  Philip  P.  Barbour,  an  early  governor  of  Virginia. 
Philipsburg;  city  in  Granite  County,  Montana,  named  for  the  manager  of  the 

Granite  mine. 
Philipsburg;  borough  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  its  founders,  two 

Englishmen,  Henry  and  James  Philips. 
Philipstown;  town  in  Putnam  County,  New  York,  named  for  Adolph  Philipse,  the 

orignal  patentee. 
Phillips;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Sylvan  us  Phillips,  a  prominent  resident 
Phillips;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  R.  0.  Phillips,  a  prominent  statesman. 
Phillips;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Col.  William  A. 

Phillips. 
Phillips;  lake  in  Maine,  named  for  the  man  who  has  owned  it  for  fifty  years. 
Phillips;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  a  prominent  resident  family, 

by  whom  the  town  site  was  formerly  owned. 
Phillips;  city  in  Price  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Elijah  B.  Phillips,  a  railroad 

constructor. 
Phillipsburg;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Phillipston;  town  in   Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Lieut.  Gov. 

William  Phillips,  1814. 
Phillipsville;  village  in  Huml)oldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Philmont;  village  in  Columbia  County,  New  York.     Compound  of  Philip,  the  name 

of  a  prominent  family,  and  ww</,  from  its  elevated  location. 
Philo;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Philo  Hale, 

who  made  the  first  land  entry  in  the  vicinity. 
Phippsburg;  town  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  named  for  Sir  William  Phipps, 

governor  of  Massachusetts. 
Phoenix;   city  in   Maricopa  County,    Arizona,    named    in  prophecy  of   a    "  new 

growth,"  being  situated  in  the  midst  of  prehistoric  ruins. 


oanxbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  245 

Phoenix;  village  in  Oswego,  County,  New  York,  named  for  Alexander  Phoenix. 

Fhoenixville;  borough  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  Phoenix 
Iron  Works. 

Piasa;  town  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois.  The  Indian  name  of  a  huge  animal 
figure  which  they  had  chiseled  in  an  adjacent  ledge  of  rock  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River.    The  word  seems  to  refer  to  a  panther. 

Piatt;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  James  Andrew  Piatt,  the  first  white  settler 
within  the  limits  of  the  county. 

Piccowaxen;  creek  in  Maryland.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "torn  shoes." 

Pickaway;  county  in  Ohio.  Another  form  of  Piqua  or  Pequea,  the  name  of  a  sub- 
tribe  of  the  Shawnee  Indians. 

Pickens;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Georgia,  and  county,  and  town  in  same  county, 
in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Andrew  Pickens,  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Pickens;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  James  Pickens  a  land- 
owner. 

Pickensville;  town  in  Pickens  County,  Alabama,  named  for  Gen.  Andrew  Pickens, 
an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

Pickett;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  George  Edward  C.  A.  Pickett,  who 
led  the  famous  charge  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

Piedmont;  town  in  Alameda  County,  California,  at  the  foot  of  the  Berkeley  Hills; 
city  in  Wayne  County,  Missouri;  and  town  in  Mineral  County,  West  Virginia, 
at  the  base  of  the  Alleghenies.  From  the  French  pied9  meaning  "foot,"  and 
mont,  "mountain." 

Piedra;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  A  Spanish  name  meaning 
"stone." 

Piegan;  village  in  Chouteau  County,  Montana,  named  for  a  subtribe  of  the  Blackfeet 
Indians,  the  original  form  being  apikuni,  meaning  "badly  tanned  robes." 

Pierce;  mountain  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  and  counties  in  Georgia,  Nebraska, 
Washington,  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  President  Franklin  Pierce. 

Pierce;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Gilbert  A.  Pierce,  first  United 
States  Senator  from  North  Dakota. 

Pierce;  village  in  Wharton  County,  Texas,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Pierce,  an  early 
railroad  man. 

Pierce  City;  city  in  Lawrence  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Andrew  Pierce,  of  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

Pierce  ton;  town  in  Kosciusko  County,  Indiana,  named  for  President  Franklin  Pierce. 

Piermont;  village  in  Rockland  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  it  is  backed 
by  high  hills  and  facing  the  river,  into  which  extends  a  long  pier. 

Pierre;  city  in  Hughes  County,  South  Dakota.  Derives  its  name  from  Pierre 
Choteau,  who  established  a  post  for  fur  trading  with  the  Indians. 

Pierrepont;  town  in  St.  I^awrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Hezekiah  B. 
Pierrepont,  one  of  the  original  proprietors. 

Pierrepont  Manor;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Hon. 
William  C.  Pierrepont's  residence. 

Pierres  Hole;  valley  in  Idaho,  named  for  an  Iroquois  chieftain  in  the  employ  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

Pierson;  village  in  Montcalm  County,  Michigan,  named  for  O.  A.  Pierson,  the  first 
white  settler. 

Piffard;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  David  Piffard,  a  prom- 
inent settler. 

>n;  one  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  in  Lake  Superior,  Wisconsin.     A  translation  of 
the  Indian  name. 


246  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  f  bull.  258. 

Pike;  counties  in  Alabama  and  Arkansas,  peak  in  Colorado,  counties  in  Georgia, 

Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  and  Missouri,  town  in  Wyoming  County, 

New  York,  and  counties  in  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Zebulon  M. 

Pike,  the  explorer. 
Pike  ton;  village  in  Pike  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  county. 
Pikeville;  town  in  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident 
Pill8bury ;  village  in  Todd  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  an  early  governor. 
Pilot  Grove;  city  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  the  presence  of 

a  grove  in  a  nearby  prairie,  which  served  as  a  landmark. 
Pilot  Knob;  town  in  Iron  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  hill  which  is  a  promi- 
nent feature  of  the  landscape. 
Pima;  county  and  town  in  Graham  County,  Arizona,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Pinal;  county  in  Arizona,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Apaches. 
Pinckney;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  a 

prominent  statesman  of  South  Carolina. 
Pinckney;  town  in  Union  County,  South  Carolina; 

Pinckneyville;  towns  in  Clay  County,  Alabama,  and  Wilkinson  County,  Missis- 
sippi.    Named  for  the  Pinckney  family  of  South  Carolina. 
Pinckneyville;  city  in  Perry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  of 

South  Carolina. 
Pinconning;  village  in  Bay  County,  Michigan.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "potato 

place." 
Pine;  county  in  Minnesota,  so  named  because  of  the  extensive  forests  of  red  and 

white  pines  in  the  district. 
Pine  Log;  town  in  Tuolumne  County,  California,  so  named  because  the  crossing  of 

the  Stanislaus  River  at  this  point  was  originally  by  a  large  log. 
Pinkham;  grant  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Daniel  Pinkham,  the 

grantee. 
Pino  Blanco;  town  in  Mariposa  County,  California.     A  descriptive  Spanish  name, 

meaning  "white  pine." 
Pino  Grande;  town  in  Eldorado  County,  California,  in  a  forest  of  large  pine  trees. 

A  Spanish  phrase,  meaning  "big  pine." 
Pinole;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California.      A    Spanish   word    meaning 

"parched  corn." 
Pinon  Blanco;  peak  and  ridge  in  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "moun- 
tain of  white  rock." 
Pinos  Altos;  town  in  Grant  County,  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"high  pines." 
Pintada;  peak  of  the  San  Juan  Mountains,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"mottled"  or  "spotted." 
Piper  City;  village  in  Ford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,  Dr.  William 

Piper. 
Pipestone;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  so  named  because  of 

its  celebrated  quarry  of  red  pipestone. 
Piqua;  city  in  Miami  County,  Ohio.     From  an  Indian  word  signifying  "ashes,"  the 

name  of  one  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  Shawnee  Indians,  formerly  occupying 

that  region. 
Pissacassick;  river  in  New  Hampshire; 
Piscasset;  stream  in  Maine.      Derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning   "white 

stone. ' ' 
Piscataqua;  river  in  New  Hampshire,  said  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Indian 

word  pishgaehtigok,  meaning  "the  confluence  of  two  streams,"  or  "great  deer 

river." 
Piscataquis;  county,  and  branch  of  the  ¥ei\obaco\,  I&set  \tv  ^fakia.    An  Indian 
word  meaning  "divided  tidal  river." 


oaxniett.I  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THK    UNITED   STATES.  247 

Pischelville;  town  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  tirwt  ixwtmaster, 
Anton  Pischel. 

;  mountain  in  Colorado,  and  town  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  named  indi- 
rectly from  the  mountain  in  Palestine.    A  Hebrew  word  meaning  "peak." 
;  lake  in  northern  Illinois.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "fox." 
Pit;  river  in  California,  so  named  because  the  Indiana  dug  pits  upon  it*  hanks  to 
catch  men  and  animals. 

;  island  in  the  Pacific,  named  for  its  discoverer,  Major  Pitcairn. 
;  town  in  St  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Joseph  Pitcairn,  the 
original  proprietor. 

;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  setler. 
;  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  named  for  Nathaniel  Pitcher,- lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  State. 
Pithole  City;  village  in  Venango  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  a  creek  which 

had  a  deep  hole  in  the  rocks  upon  its  banks. 
Pitkin;  county,  and  village  in  Gunnison  County,  in  Colorado,  named  for  F.  W.  Pitkin, 

an  early  governor  of  the  State. 
Pitt;  county  in  North  Carolina,  and  mountain  in  Oregon,  named  for  Sir  William 

Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham. 
Pittsboro;  town  in  Calhoun  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Pittsboro;  town  in  Chatham  County,  North  Carolina; 
Pittsburg;  city  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania.     Named  for  Sir  William  Pitt, 

Earl  of  Chatham. 

'  ttttsburg;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  named  from  ttie  city  in  Pennsylvania. 
Pittaneld;  township  and  city  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in 

Massachusetts,  the  home  of  many  of  the  settlers. 
Pittaneld;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  named  for  William  Pitts,  of  Boston. 

I  Pittaneld;  city  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts; 
Pittston;  town  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine; 
Pittsylvania;  county  in  Virginia.     Named  for  Sir  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham, 
the  celebrated  English  statesman. 

Piute;  mountain  in  San  Bernardino  County,  and  town  in  Kern  County,  California, 
and  county  in  Utah.     Named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
;  county  in  California; 

Placerville;  city  in  Eldorado  County,  California.  From  the  Span  inn  plaza,  mean- 
ing "place;"  in  mining  districts,  a  place  where  surface  deposition  is  washed  for 
valuable  minerals. 

Plainfield;  city  in  Union  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  l>ecauHc  it  is  situated  on  a 
beautiful  plain. 

Plan  kin  ton;  township  and  city  in  Aurora  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  John 
Plankinton,  of  Milwaukee. 

Piano;  town  in  Tulare  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "plan"  or 
"draft" 

Plant  City;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  Florida,  named  for  H.  C.  Plant,  who  organ- 
ized a  railroad  system  in  that  State. 

Plaquemines;  parish,  and  town  in  Iberville  Parish,  in  Louisiana,  so  named  by  Bien- 
ville on  account  of  the  quantities  of  persimmons  which  grow  in  the  vicinity. 

Plata;  river  in  Colorado.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "silver." 

Platte;  river   in    Nebraska,  Colorado,  and   Wyoming.     From  the  French  plate, 
meaning  "dull,"  "shallow,"  a  term  singularly  applicable  to  this  stream. 

Platte;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  and  county  in  Nebraska,  named 
from  the  Platte  River. 

Plattekill;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York.     A  Dutch  word  meaning  "flat 
brook." 


248  PLACE    NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED  STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Plattsburg;  village  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  Zephaniah 
Piatt,  its  founder. 

Plattsmouth;  city  in  Cass  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  of  its  location  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Platte  and  Missouri  rivers. 

Plattville;  village  in  Porter  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Thomas  Piatt,  who  laid 
it  out. 

Pleaaanton;  city  in  Linn  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  Alfred  Pleasanton. 

Pleasant  Plains;  village  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois,  a  descriptive  name  sug- 
gestive of  the  location. 

Pleasants;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  James  Pleasants,  an  early  governor. 

Plessis;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  France. 

Plum;  stream  in  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania,  the  name  being  a  translation  of 
the  Indian  word  sipuas-hanne. 

Plumas;  county  in  California  traversed  by  the  Feather  River.  A  Spanish  word 
meaning  " feather." 

Plymouth;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Indiana;  counties  in  Iowa  and  Massachusetts, 
towns  in  Washington  County,  North  Carolina,  and  Windsor  County,  Vermont; 
and  city  in  Sheboygan  County,  Wisconsin;  named  from  the  town  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

Plymouth;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  the  landing  place  of  the 
Pilgrims,  named  from  Plymouth  in  England,  where  they  were  hospitably  enter- 
tained prior  to  their  emigration  to  America. 

Plymouth;  township  and  village  in  Richland  County,  Ohio,  so  named  by  pioneers 
from  Plymouth,  Pennsylvania. 

Plympton;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  doubtless  named  for  one  of 
the  Plymptons  of  England. 

Pocahontas;  village  in  Bond  County,  Illinois;  county  in  Iowa;  village  in  Cape 
Girardeau  County,  Missouri;  and  county  in  West  Virginia;  named  for  the  Indian 
princess.    The  name  is  said  to  signify  "stream  between  two  hills." 

Pocantecs;  stream  running  through  "Sleepy  Hollow,"  near  Tarrytown,  New  York. 
An  Indian  word  meaning  "a  run  between  two  hills." 

Pocasset;  village  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"at  which  a  strait  widens." 

Pochaug;  stream  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "where  they  divide 
in  two." 

Pockwocamus;  lake  on  Penobscot  River,  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "mud 
pond." 

fPocomoke;  river  in  Maryland; 
Pocomoke  City;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Maryland.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "broken  by  knolls." 
Pocono;   stream   in  Monroe  County,   Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"stream  between  mountains." 
Poconteco;  river  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  said  to  have  been  densely 

shaded  by  trees.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "dark  river." 
Pocosen;  river  in  Virginia.     Derived  from  the  an  Indian  word  signifying  "grassy 

bottom." 
Poe;  township  in  Hancock  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  family  of  pioneers 

and  Indian  fighters. 
Poestenkill;  town  in   Rensselaer  County,   New  York,   named  from  its  principal 

stream.     A  Dutch  word  meaning  "foaming  creek." 
Poge;  capo  at  the  north  end  of  Chappaquidick  Island,  Massachusetts.     Derived  from 

an  Indian  word  which  means  "harbor"  or  "place  of  shelter." 
Pogues;  creek  in  Indiana,  named  for  an  earlv  settler. 


oaxnrt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  249 

Pohopoco;  stream  in  Pennsylvania,  Derived  from  the  Indian  word  pochkapockla, 
signifying  "two  mountains  bearing  down  upon  each  other  with  a  ntream  inter- 
vening." 

Poinsett;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Joel  R.  Poinsett,  secretary  of  war  during 
the  administration  of  President  Van  Buren. 

Point  a  la  Hache;  town  in  Plaquemines  Parish,  Louisiana.  A  French  name  mean- 
ing "  hatchet  point." 

Point  Allerton;  point  near  Boston,  Massachusetts,  named  for  a  passenger  on  the 
Mayflower. 

Point  Arena;  town  in  Mendocino  County,  California,  on  the  coast.  From  the 
Latin,  harena,  meaning  "sand,"  and  point. 

Point  Bonita;  southern  extremity  of  Marin  County,  California.  A  Spanish  phrase 
meaning  "  beautiful  point" 

Point  Caswell;  village  in  Pender  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Richard  Cas- 
well, a  Revolutionary  governor  and  general. 

Pointe  Coupee;  parish,  and  town  in  same  parish,  in  Louisiana,  so  named  because  of 
an  extensive  cut-off  formed  by  the  change  in  the  course  of  the  river.  A  French 
name  meaning  " cut-off  point" 

Point  Pleasant;  town  in  Mason  County,  West  Virginia,  so  named  because  it  was 
once  a  place  of  great  natural  beauty. 

Point  Remove;  stream  in  Conway  County,  Arkansas.  A  corruption  of  the  French 
word  remous,  meaning  "eddy." 

Point  Reyes;  town  in  Marin  County,  California,  named  from  the  point  on  which  a 
light-house  is  situated,  called  by  the  Spanish  puida  des  reye*,  "point  of  the 
kings." 

Point  Roberts;  cape  on  the  coast  of  Washington,  named  for  its  discoverer. 

Point  Saint  Ignace;  village  in  Mackinac  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Saint 
Ignacius. 

Point  Shirley;  point  and  strait  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for 
William  Shirley,  an  early  governor. 

Point  Sur;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.  From  the  Spanish  meaning 
"south  point" 

Pokagon;  village  in  Cass  County,  Michigan,  named  for  a  Pottawatomie  chief,  the 
name  meaning  "woman  butcher." 

Pokomoka;  river  in  Maryland.    An  Indian  name  meaning  "place  of  shellfish." 

Poland;  town  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  said  to  have  been  named  for  a  noted 
Indian  chief. 

Poland;  village  in  Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  named  for  George  Poland,  its  original 
proprietor. 

Polk;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and 
Wisconsin,  and  probably  the  counties  of  the  same  name  in  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
and  Oregon,  named  for  President  James  K.  Polk. 

Polk;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  William  Polk,  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Continental  Line. 

Polkton;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Leonidas  Polk. 

Pollepel;  island  on  the  Hudson  River,  New  York.     A  Dutch  word  meaning  "ladle." 

Polloksville;  town  in  Jones  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 

Polo;  city  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  distinguished  traveler,  Marco  Polo. 

Pomeroy;  city  in  Meigs  County,  Ohio,  named  for  its  original  proprietor,  Samuel 
.     Wyllis  Pomeroy. 

Pomfret;  towns  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  Charles  County,  Maryland,  and 
Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in  Yorkshire,  England. 

Pomme  de  Terre;  river  of  Missouri  entering  the  Osage  River.  A  French  phrase, 
meaning  "potato.1 


»» 


250  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Porno;  town  in  Mendocino  County,  California,  named  from  its  location  in  the  fruit- 
growing region.  A  Spanish  word  denoting  fruit  in  general,  but  applied  particu- 
larly to  the  apple. 

Pomona;  cities  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  and  Franklin  County,  Kansas, 
named  for  the  Roman  goddess  of  fruit.    From  the  Latin pomum,  "fruit" 

Pomperaug;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  probably  meaning  "place  of 
offering.,' 

Pompey;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Pompey  the  Great. 

Ponca;  township,  and  city  in  Dixon  County,  in  Nebraska,  and  town  in  Kay  County, 
Oklahoma,  named  for  the  Ponca  tribe  of  Indians.  The  word  is  supposed  to 
mean  "medicine." 

Ponchartrain;  lake  in  Louisiana,  named  for  a  French  count  who  was  an  early 
explorer  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Ponkapog;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"sweet  water." 

Pontiac;  city  in  Oakland  County,  Michigan,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Ottawa 
Indians. 

Pontiac;  township  and  city  in  Livingston  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Pontiac, 
Michigan,  whence  many  of  the  early  settlers  came. 

Pontoosuc;  hill  in  Glastonbury,  Connecticut,  village  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois, 
and  village,  and  lake  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "falls  on  the  brook." 

Pontotoc;  town  in  Chickasaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  and  county,  and  town  in 
same  county,  in  Mississippi,  named  for  a  Chickasaw  Indian  chief.  The  word 
means  "weed  prairie." 

Pope;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  John  Pope,  a  former  governor. 

Pope;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Nathaniel  Pope,  a  former  Congressional  delegate. 

Pope;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen.  John  Pope,  who  conducted  the  Minne- 
sota exploring  expedition  to  the  Red  River. 

Popham;  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  River,  Maine,  named  for  Capt.  George 
Popham,  its  builder,  when  governor  of  the  first  English  colony  in  New  England. 

Poplar  Bluff;  township  and  city  in  Butler  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of 
the  belt  of  poplar  trees  in  that  section,  and  the  location  of  the  city  on  a  bluff  at 
the  foot  of  the  Ozark  range  of  mountains. 

Poplarville;  town  in  Pearl  River  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  "Popular"  Jim 
Smith,  owner  of  the  store  in  which  the  first  railroad  depot  at  this  point  was  located. 

Poponoming;  lake  in  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian  name 
meaning  "where  we  are  gazing." 

Poquessing;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "where 
there  are  mice." 

Poquetanuck;  stream  and  town  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "land  open"  or  "broken  up." 

Poquonoc;  river  and  hill  in  Connecticut.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "cleared  land." 

Porcupine;  islands  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  so  called  because  at  a  distance  they 
resemble  a  porcupine. 

Portage;  town  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  and  counties  in  Ohio  and  Wiscon- 
sin, so  named  localise  of  their  location  between  water  courses. 

Portage;  city  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin.  A  French  word  meaning  "carry- 
ing-place," boats  having  been  carried  from  the  Fox  to  the  Wisconsin  river. 

Portage  des  Sioux;  town  in  St.  Charles  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  at  this 
point  on  the  Mississippi  River  the  Indians  carried  their  canoes  across  the  penin- 
sula to  the  Missouri. 

Port  Angeles;  town  in  Clallam  County,  Washington,  named  by  Don  Francisco 
EJisa,  a  Mexican. 


oanxett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  251 

Port  Austin;  village  in  Huron  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  first  man  to  estab- 
lish a  business  there. 
Port  Chester;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in 

England,  "port"  being  prefixed  to  distinguish  it  from  other  towns  of  the  same 

name. 
Port  Clinton;  village  on  the  border  of  Lake  Erie,  Ottawa  County,  Ohio,  named  for 

ex-Governor  Clinton  of  Northwest  Territory. 
Port  Crane;  village  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  for  one  of  the  engineers 

of  the  Chenango  Canal. 
Port  Deposit;  town  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  so  named  because  it  is  one  of  the 

principal  depots  for  the  pine  lumber  rafted  down  the  river. 
Port  Dickinson;  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  in  honor  of  Daniel  S. 

Dickinson,  United  States  Senator,  lieutenant  governor,  and  attorney-general  of 

New  York. 
Port  Discovery;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Washington,  named  for  a  ship  in  the 

fleet  of  Vancouver,  the  explorer. 
Porter;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Commodore  David  Porter. 
Porter;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  Dr.  Aaron  Porter,  an  early 

proprietor. 
Porter;  town  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  Augustus  Porter. 
Port  Gamble;  village  in  Kitsap  County,  Washington,  named  for  a  United  States 

naval  officer. 
Port  Gibson;  town  in  Claiborne  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  David  Gibson,  the 

former  owner  of  the  town  site. 
Port  Henry;  village  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  son  of  Maj. 

James  Dalliba,  United  States  Army,  and  from  being  a  port  on  Lake  Cham  plain. 
Port  Jervis;  village  in  Orange  County,  New  York,   named  for  John  B.  Jervis, 

engineer  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Canal. 
Portland;  city  in  Jay  County,  Indiana,  named  by  early  settlers  from  Portland,  Me. 
Portland;  city   in  Cumberland   County,  Maine,    and   borough   in  Northampton 

County,  Pennsylvania,  named,  indirectly,  from  the  town  in  England. 
Portland;  city  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon.    The  name  was  decided  by  the  toss 

of  a  copper  by  two  settlers,  one  from  Portland,  Maine,  and  the  other  from  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 
Port  Ley  den;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  from  Leyden,  Netherlands. 
Port  Morris;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gouverneur 

Morris,  an  American  statesman. 
Port  Orchard;  town  and  harbor  in  Kitsap  County,  Washington,  named  for  its 

discoverer. 
Port  Oxford;  cape  and  town  in  Curry  County,  Oregon,  named  for  George,  Earl  of 

Orford. 
Port  Penn;  town  in  New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  named  for  William  Penn. 
Port  Royal;  river,  and  town  in  Beaufort  County,  in  South  Carolina,   so  named 

44  because  of  the  fairness  and  bigness  thereof.1' 
Portsmouth;  city  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  first  named  Strawberry 

Banke,  but  later  changed  to  its  present  name  because  situated  at  the  river  mouth 

and  a  good  harbor. 
Portsmouth;  city  in  Scioto  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  Virginia. 
Portsmouth;  city  in  Norfolk  County,  Virginia,  named  from  Portsmouth  in  England. 
Port  Tobacco;  town  in  Charles  County,  Maryland,  and  an  inlet  on  the  Potomac 

River  in  the  same  State;  the  name  has  no  connection  with  the  plant,  but  is  a 

corruption  of  the  Indian  word  pautapang,  meaning  a  "  bulging  out,"  "hay," 

or  "cove." 
Port  Townsend;  harbor  and  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Washington,  named  for 

Margnis  of  Townsend. 


252  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  8TATE8.  [bull.  25a 

Portville;  town  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  it  was,  at  an 

early  date,  a  prominent  point  for  the  shipment  of  lumber,  shingles,  etc. 
Posey;  county  in  Indiana; 
Poseyville;  town  in  Posey  County,  Indiana.    Named  for  Gen.  Thomas  Posey,  an 

early  governor  of  the  State. 
Poso;  town  in  Kern  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "repose." 
Possession;  sound  in  Washington,  so  named  by  Vancouver,  because  he  landed  and 

took  possession  on  the  King's  birthday. 
Postboy;  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  a  postboy  was  mur- 
dered in  the  neighborhood. 
Potaligo;  village  in  Madison  County,  Georgia.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  plenty 

of  fatducks." 
Poteau;  river  in  Arkansas.    A  French  word  meaning  "post,"  "stake,"  or  "pillar." 
Potencia;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    The  Spanish  word  for  "  power." 
Potosi;  town  in  Washington  County,  Missouri,  a  mining  town,  named  from  the 

Peruvian  mining  town. 
Potrero;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "pas- 
ture ground." 
Potsdam;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  from  a  town  in 

Prussia. 
Pottawattomie;  counties  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma; 

Pottawattamie;  county  in  Iowa.    Named  for  the  Indian  tribe.    The  word  means 
"makers  of  fire,"  and  was  used  to  signify  that  this  tribe  assumed  separate  sov- 
ereignty by  building  a  council  fire  for  themselves. 
Potter;  town  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  for  Arnold  Potter,  the  original 

proprietor. 
Potter;  county,  and  township  in  Center  County,  in  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen. 

James  Potter,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Potter;  county  in  South  Dokota,  named  for  a  prominent  physician  of  the  State. 
Potter;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Robert  Potter,  temporary  secretary  of  the  navy 

of  Texas  in  1836. 
Potter  Hollow;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Samuel  Potter. 
Potterville;  village  in  Eaton  County,  Michigan,  named  for  George  N.  Potter. 
Potts  Camp;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  E.  F.  Potts. 
Pottstown;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Potts ville;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania.   Named  for  John  Potts,  a 

large  landowner,  who  founded  the  town. 
Poughkeepsie;  city  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.    Derived  from  the  Delaware 

Indian  word  apokeepsingk,  meaning  "safe,  pleasant  harbor,"  or  "shallow  inlet," 

"safe  harbor  for  small  boats." 
Powder;  stream  in  Wyoming,  so  named  t>ecause  of  the  dark  powder-colored  sand 

on  its  hanks. 
Powell;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Lazerus  W.  Powell,  a  former  governor. 
Powell;  mountain  in  Colorado  and  county  in  Montana,  named  for  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell, 

geologist  and  explorer. 
Powellsville;  town  in  Bertie  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

resident. 
Powellton;  town  in  Fayette  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  E.  Powell,  interested 

in  a  large  coal  and  coke  company. 
Powell  Valley;  village  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Powelton;  village  in  Hancock  County,  Georgia,  named  for  a  former  resident 
Poweshiek;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Powhatan;  county  in  Virginia,  and  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the 

feJebruttnl  Indian  chief.     The  name  means  "attVwa  WLW 


ourmrrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  253 


;  towns  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  and  Bennington  County,  Vermont, 
named  for  Governor  Thomas  Pownal,  of  Massachusetts. 

;  village  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word   meaning 


"pipe." 

Poynette;  village  in  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Peter  Paquette;  the 
present  orthography  is  a  clerical  error. 

Poyaippi;  village  in  Waushara  County,  Wisconsin.    Derived  from  the  Indian  word 
poyganrippiy  meaning  "running  into  the  lake." 

Poso;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California,  named  from  the  wells  in  JJie 
neighborhood.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "well."  ^ 

Prairie;  county  in  Arkansas,  so  named  on  account  of  its  treeless  plains. 

Prairie;  "stream  in  Wisconsin.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word  musk-ko-day  yaw 
•e-fce,  '•  prairie  ri  ver. " 

Prairie  City;  township  and  village  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its 
location  on  a  prairie. 

Prairie  du  Chien;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Wisconsin.    A  French  phrase  mean- 
ing "  prairie  of  the  dog." 

Prairie  du  Rocher;  village  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  behind  which  is  a  rocky 
bluff.    A  French  phrase  meaning  " meadow  of  the  rock." 

Prairie  du  Sac;  village  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  originally  in  the  territory  of  the 
Sauk  Indians.    A  French  phrase  meaning  "  meadow  of  the  Sauks." 

Prairie  Home;  village  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  so  named  on  account  of  the 
character  of  the  land. 

Pratt;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Caleb  Pratt,  second 
lieutenant  Company  D,  Second  Kansas, 

Prattaburg;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Capt  Joel  Pratt,  one 
of  the  first  settlers. 

Pratta  Hollow;  village  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  and  Mat- 
thew Pratt,  early  settlers. 

Prattsville;  town  in  Greene  County,  New  York,  named  for  Zadock  Pratt. 

Preble;  county  in  Ohio,  and  town  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  named  for  Com- 
modore Edward  Preble. 

Prendra;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  meaning  ' '  pledge. '  * 

Prentice;  village  in  Price  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Alexander  Prentice,  the 
first  postmaster. 

Prentiss;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Sergt  Smith  Prentiss,  a  gifted  forensic 
orator. 

Preacott;  town  in  Yavapai  County,  Arizona,  named  for  W.  H.  Prescott,  the  historian. 

Preacott;  city  in  Linn  County,  Kansas,  named  for  C.  H.  Prescott,  a  railroad  official. 

Preacott;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  William  Pres- 
cott, commanding  the  Americans  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

Preacott;  city  in  Pierce  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  P.  Prescott 
Presidio;  station  in  San  Francisco,  California,  the  headquarters  of  the  United  States 

garrison  and  military  reservation; 
Presidio;  county  in  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "garrison  for  soldiers." 

Preaque  Isle;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  and  county  in  Michigan.    A 
French  phrase  meaning  " nearly  an  island." 

Preston;  township  in  Wayne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Judge  Samuel  Pres- 
ton, an  early  settler. 
Preston;  county  in  West  Virginia; 

Prestonburg;  town  in  Floyd  County,  Kentucky.    Named  for  James  P.  Preston,  an 
early  governor  of  Virginia. 

Hollow;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  first  family 
of  settlers. 


254  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  I  bull.  25* 

Preston viUe;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  James  P.  Preston,  an 

early  governor  of  Virginia. 
Presumpscot;  village  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"rough  place  in  the  river." 
Preuss;  mountain  in  Idaho,  named  for  a  topographer  of  the  Fremont  exploring 

party. 
Pribilof ;  islands  of  Alaska,  named  for  the  Russian  navigator  who  discovered  them. 
Price;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Price;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Congressman  William  T.  Price. 
Primghar;  town  in  O'Brien  County,  Iowa,  named  by  combining  the  initials  of  the 

persons  present  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone. 
Prince  Edward;  county  in  Virginia,  named  in  1702  for  Edward,  a  son  of  Frederick, 

Prince  of  Wales. 
Prince  George;  counties  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  named  for  Prince  George  of 

Denmark,  afterwards  King  of  England. 
Princes;  stream  in  northern  Illinois,  named  for  Daniel  Prince,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Peoria  County. 
Princess  Anne;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Princess,  afterwards  Queen,  Anne  of 

England;  founded  in  1691. 
Princeton;  mountain  in  Colorado,  named  from  Princeton  University. 
Princeton;  city  in  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Hon.  William  Prince. 
Princeton;  town  in  Caldwell  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  William  Prince,  the 

first  settler. 
Princeton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Rev.  Thomas 

Prince,  pastor  of  the  Old  South  Church,  Boston. 
Princeton;  town  in  Mercer  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  battlefield  upon 

which  Gen.  Hugh  Mercer  fell. 
Prince  town;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Prince,  a 

member  of  Alt>any  County's  assembly. 
Princeville;  township  and  village  in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Daniel 

Prince,  an  early  settler  in  the  county. 
Prince  William;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  William,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1730. 
Proctor;  town  in  Lee  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  the  Rev.  Joseph  Proctor. 
Proctor;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Redfield  Proctor,  Senator 

from  that  State. 
Proctor  Knott;  village  in  St.  Louis  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Proctor  Knott, 

of  Kentuckv. 
Proctorsville;  village  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  named  for  the  father  of  Sen- 
ator Redfield  Proctor. 
Promised  Land;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  the  land 

for  factories  was  promised  but  never  given. 
Promontory;  village  in  Boxelder  County,  Utah,  so  named  because  it  is  the  highest 

point  of  the  Promontory  Range. 
Prophetstown;  village  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  " Shawnee 

Prophet,"  the  brother  of  the  Indian  chief,  Tecumseh. 
Prospect;  towns  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  and  Waldo  County,  Maine, 

and  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  because  of  the  elevation. 
Prosperity;  town  in  Newberry  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  by  the  optimistic 

settlers. 
Providence;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  and  county  and  river  in  Rhode 

Island,  named  from  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 
Providence;  city  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  so  called  by  Roger  Williams 

"for  God's  merciful  providence  to  me  in  my  distress." 


oaxnbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  255 

Provincetown;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  incorporated  as  the 

Province  Town,  because  the  inhabitants  were  exempt  from  taxation. 
Provo;  river,  and  town  in  Utah  County,  Utah;  a  contraction  of  the  name — Provost — 

of  the  man  for  whom  they  were  named. 
Prowers;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  John  W.  Prowers,  a  prominent  stockman 

and  trader  in  early  days. 
Psammdse;  several  lakes  in  Minnesota,  with  wild  rice  growing  on  their  banks.    An 

Indian  word,  meaning  "  wild  rice." 
Ptansinta;  peninsula  on  Lac  Traverse  and  the  Minnesota  River.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "otter  tail." 
Pucka  way;  lake  in  Green  Lake  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"cat-tail  flag." 
Pockety;  stream  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"throw  it  away." 
Pueblo;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Colorado.    A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"town"  or  "village." 
Puente;  town,  and  range  of  hills  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    A  Spanish 

word  meaning  "bridge." 
Puerco;  river  in  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  hog." 
Puerto  de  Luna;  village  in  San  Miguel  County,  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase 

meaning  "port  of  the  moon." 
Puget;  sound  in  Washington,  named  for  Peter  Puget,  its  discoverer. 
Pulaski;  counties  in  Arkansas  and  Georgia;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in 

Illinois;  counties  in  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri;  village  in  Oswego  County, 

New  York;  town  in  Giles  County,  Tennessee;  and  county,  and  town  in  same 

county,  in  Virginia.    Named  for  the  Polish  patriot,  Count  Casimir  Pulaski,  friend 

of  the  Americans  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Pulteney ;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Sir  William  Pulteney. 
Pungoteague;  stream,  and  town  in  Accomac  County,  Virginia,  supposed  to  be  so 

named  on  account  of  the  extremely  sandy  character  of  the  county;  the  name, 

an  Indian  one,  means  "place  of  dust." 
Punta  Gorda;  town  in  De  Soto  County,  Florida,  so  named  on  account  of  the  point 

near  by.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "large  point." 
Punxsutawney;  borough  in  Jefferson  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  ' '  sand-fly  place. ' ' 
Purgatory;  river  in  Colorado,  tributary  of  the  Arkansas.    A  translation  of  the 

French  name  "rivfore  Purgatoire." 
Purvis;  town  in  Marion  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  former  owner  of  the 

railroad  station  site. 
Put  in  Bay;  bay  in  Ottawa  County,  Ohio,  Lake  Erie,  and  village  in  same  county; 

so  named  because  Commodore  Perry  put  in  there  with  his  fleet 
Putnam;   city  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut;   counties  in  Florida,  Georgia, 

Illinois,  Indiana,,  and  Missouri;  county,  pond,  and  creek  in  New  York;  and 

counties  in  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia;  named  for  Gen.  Israel  Putnam, 

distinguished  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Pymatuning;  tributary  of  the  Chenango  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania.    A  Dela- 
ware Indian  word  meaning  "crooked  mouthed  man's  dwelling  place." 
Pyramid;  canyon  of  the  Colorado  River,  so  named  because  of  the  monument-like 

pinnacle  of  porphyritic  rock  which  crowns  the  left  bank  near  the  entrance. 
Pyramid;  harbor  in  Alaska,  so  named  because  of  the  conical  shape  of  one  of  its 

islands. 
Pyramid;  lake  in  Nevada,  so  named  on  account  of  the  shape  of  an  island  in  the  lake. 
:ene;  peak  in  the  same  range  as  the  Old  Bald  in  Montana;  another  name  for 

the  mineral  augite,  found  in  the  vicinity. 


256  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bitll.  258. 

Pysht;  river  in  Washington.    The  Clallam  Indian  word  for  fish. 

Quakake;  stream  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
" pine  lands." 

Quantico;  town  in  Wicomico  County,  Maryland.  An  Indian  word  possibly  mean- 
ing "dancing,"  "  place  of  dancing." 

Quapaw;  nation  in  Indian  Territory,  named  from  the  Indian  tribe;  the  word  means 
"down-stream  people." 

Quaaqueton;  town  in  Buchanan  County,  Iowa,  derived  from  an  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "rapid  water." 

Quebec;  village  in  Union  County,  Georgia.  Said  by  some  authorities  to  be  derived 
from  the  Indian,  meaning  "being  shut,"  "narrow,"  or  "fearful  rocky  cliff;" 
others  say  it  is  derived  from  the  French  phrase  quelbec,  "what  a  beak!" 

Queen  Anne;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  Queen  Anne  of  England,  reigning  at 
the  time  of  its  organization. 

Queen  Mahon;  stream  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  corruption  of  the 
Delaware  Indian  word  cuwei-mahoni,  meaning  "pine-tree  lick." 

Queens;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  Catherine  of  Braganza,  wife  of  Charles  II, 
of  England. 

Quemahoning;  stream  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  derivation  is  the 
same  as  Queen  Mahon. 

Quenemo;  village  in  Osage  County,  Kansas,  named  for  an  Ottawa  Indian,  who  lived 
among  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  near  Melvern. 

Queponco;  creek  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "ashes  of  pine  woods." 

Quiccoane;  branch  of  the  Missouri  River.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "running 
river." 

Quicksilver;  town  in  take  County,  California,  named  from  the  quicksilver  mines. 

Quidnic;  river  and  pond  in  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "place  at  the  end  of  the  hill." 

Quien  Babe;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.  A  colloquial  Mexican  expres- 
sion meaning  "who  knows?" 

Quillayute;  river  in  Washington,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe  Kwillehiut;  the  river's 
name  is  also  a  corruption. 

Quincy;  city  in  Adams  County,  Illinois,  and  village  in  Branch  County,  Michigan, 
named  for  President  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Quincy;  city  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  John  Quincy. 

Quindaro;  town  in  Wyandotte  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  Indian  woman, 
former  owner  of  the  land.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "bundle  of  sticks." 

Quinebaug;  village  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  and  river  in  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "long  pond." 

Qui n Ian;  village  in  Hunt  County,  Texas,  named  for  G.  A.  Quinlan,  former  vice- 
p resident  of  the  Houston  and  Texas  Central  Railroad. 

Quinnesec;  village  in  Dickinson  County,  Michigan.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"where  the  river  forms  smoke,"  and  given  this  village  on  account  of  the  falls  in 
the  Menominee  River  at  this  point. 

Quinnipiac;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "long  water  pond," 
or,  according  to  another  authority,  "the  surrounding  country." 

Quinsigamond;  lake  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "pickerel  fishing  place." 

Quint  ana;  town  in  Brazoria  County,  Texas,  named  for  Andre  Quintana,  prominent 
in  the  early  days  of  Texas. 

Quitman;  county,  and  town  in  Jackson  County,  in  Georgia;  county,  and  town  in 
Clarke  County,  in  Mississippi;  and  village  in  Nodaway  County,  Missouri;  named 
for  Gen.  John  A.  Quitman,  a  former  governor  of  Mississippi  and  an  officer  in  the 
Mexican  war. 


oavmkr.I  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  257 

Qnitqpahilla;  branch  of  the  Great  Swatara  River  in  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "  spring  that  flows  from  the  ground  among  the  pines." 
Qnoque;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.    A  corruption  of  the  Indian  word 

quaquananluck,  meaning  "creek  flowing  through  a  shaking  marsh/'  describing 

the  locality  to  which  the  name  was  originally  applied. 
Babbit  Ears;  mountain  of  the  Park  Range,  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  its 

resemblance  to  a  rabbit  ear. 
Rabun;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  William  Rabun,  an  early  governor  of  the  State. 
.;  creek  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania.   A  corruption  of  the  Indian  arrath- 

kune  or  arathcone,  the  procyon  lotor  of  the  naturalist. 

ine;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 

Root  River.    A  French  word  meaning  "root." 
Radersburg;  town  in  Broadwater  County,  Montana,  named  for  William  Rader,  one 

of  the  early  settlers. 
Badford;  village  in  Christian  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George  Radford,  a  land- 
holder. 
Radford;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Virginia,  named  for  William  Radford,  a 

prominent  citizen. 
Radnor;  village  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in  Wales. 
Badom;  village  in  Washington  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  province  of  Russia 

in  Poland. 
Bagged;  mountain  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  so  named  on  account  of  its  ragged 

appearance. 
Rah  way;  river  in  New  Jersey.    Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Indian  word  tuiwahvtt, 

meaning  "in  the  middle  of  the  forest." 
Railway ;  city  in  Union  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Indian  sachem,  Rahwack. 
Rainier;  town  in  Columbia  County,  Oregon,  and  mountain  in  Washington,  named 

for  Rear- Admiral  Rainier,  of  the  British  navy. 
Rains;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Emory  Rains,  who  was  prominent  in  the  poli- 
tics of  the  Republic  and  later  in  those  of  the  State. 
Rainsville;  town  in  Warren  County,  Indiana,  named  for  the  proprietor  Isaac  Rains. 
•;  lake  in  Minnesota.    A  translation  of  the  original  French  name,  lac  </<*  la 

pluie,  "lake  of  the  rain." 

l;  river  in  Michigan,  so  named  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  grapes  which 

formerly  grew  upon  its  banks. 
Raleigh;  town  in  Smith  County,  Mississippi,  city  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina, 

town  in  Shelby  County,  Tennessee,  and  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Sir 

Walter  Raleigh. 
Ralls;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  John  Ralls,  member  of  the  State  legislature, 

1820-1821. 
Ralston;  village  in  Lycoming  County ,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Matthew  C.  Ralston. 
■;  town  in  Randolph  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Stephen 

Ramseur. 

•;  township  and  village  in  Fayette  County,  Illinois,  and  counties  in  Minne- 
sota and  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  war  governor  of  Minnesota,  Hon.  Alex- 
ander Ramsey,  afterwards  United  States  Senator. 
Ranchita;  towns  in  Los  Angeles  and  Riverside  counties,  California.     A  Spanish 

term,  meaning  " little  ranch." 
Randall;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Horace  Randall,  a  brigadier-general  of  the 

Confederacy. 
Randalls;  island  in  New  York,  named  for  Jonathan  Randall,  who  owns  it. 
Randleman;  town  in  Randolph  (bounty,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

citizen. 

Ball  258—05 17 


258  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  268. 

Randolph;  counties  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Georgia,  and  Missouri;  towns  in  Coos 

County,  New  Hampshire,  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  and  Orange  County, 

Vermont;  named  for  John  Randolph,  of  Roanoke,  Virginia. 
Randolph;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Beverly  Randolph,  governor  of  Virginia, 

1788-1791. 
Randolph;  township  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gardner  Randolph,  an 

early  settler. 
Randolph;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Thomas  Randolph,  killed  at  Tippecanoe. 
Randolph;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  and  county  in  North  Carolina, 

named  for  Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia. 
Randolph;  village  in  Dakota  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  first  mail  carrier 

between  Sioux  City  and  Elkhorn  Valley — Jasper  Randolph. 
Randolph;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Henry  Randolph  Storrs, 

its  original  proprietor. 
Randolph;  county  in   West  Virginia,  named  for  Edmund  Randolph,   an  early 

governor. 
Randsburg;  mining  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in 

South  Africa. 
Rangeley;  town  and  plantation  in  Franklin  County,  and  chain  of  lakes  in  Franklin 

and  Oxford  counties,  Maine,  named  for  an  Englishman,  an  early  settler  and 

large  landowner. 
Rankin;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Christopher  Rankin,  congressman  from 

that  State. 
Ransom;  village  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  E.  G.  Ransom, 

an  Illinois  officer  of  the  civil  war. 
Ransom;  village  in  Hillsdale  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Epaphroditus  Ransom, 

former  governor  of  the  State. 
Ransom;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Fort  Ransom. 
Ransomville;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  Clark  Ransom,  one 

of  the  first  settlers. 
Rantoul;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Robert 

Rantoul,  a  railroad  incorporator. 
Rapho;  township  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  corruption  of  an  Indian 

word,  meaning  "a  fort  of  tents.' ' 
Rapidan;  river  in  Virginia,  named  for  Anne,  Queen  of  England,  " rapid  Anne." 
Rapides;  parish  in  Louisiana.    A  French  word  meaning  "rapids,"  and  given  this 

parish  on  account  of  the  rapids  or  falls  in  the  Red  River. 
Rappahannock;  river  and  county  in  Virginia.     An  Indian  word  meaning  " stream 

with  an  ebb  and  flow,"  or  "river  of  quick-rising  water." 
Raquette;  river  in  Hamilton  County,  New  York,  from  the  French  word  meaning 

"snowshoe." 
Raritan;  stream  and  a  town  in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "forked  river." 
Raspberry;  island,  one  of  the  Apostles,  in  Lake  Superior.    A#  translation  of  an 

Indian  word,  meaning  "raspberries  are  plentiful  here." 
Rathbone;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Ransom  Rath- 
bone,  an  early  settler. 
Raton;    village  in   Las  Animas   County,   Colorado.      A  Spanish  word    meaning 

"mouse." 
Raumaug;  lake  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.     A  corruption  of  the  Indian 

word  wonkemaug,  meaning  "crooked  fishing  place." 
Ravalli;  county  in  Montana,  named  for  the  noted  Jesuit  missionary. 
Jtavenna;  village  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  city  in  Italy. 


OAWiwrr.]  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  259 


i;  sobetation  in  Long  Island  City,  New  York,  because  of  the  thousands 
of  crows  who  made  their  home  in  the  surrounding  woods. 
ronswood;  town  in  Jackson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  Ravens- 
worths,  a  family  of  England,  but  misspelled  by  the  engravers  in  making  the 
first  maps  and  never  corrected. 
iwhide;  creek  in  Nebraska,  said  to  be  so  named  because  a  white  man  was  flayed 

upon  its  banks  by  a  party  of  Pawnee  Indians. 
iwlins;  county  in  Kansas  and  city  in  Carbon  County,  Wyoming,  named  for  John 
A.  Rawlins,  secretary  of  war  under  President  Grant 
';  creek  in  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

■;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  John  Ray,  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  State  constitution. 

Raymond;  village  in  Madera  County,  California,  named  for  Raymond  Whitcomb, 
who  organized  a  party  of  tourists  to  make  the  trip  to  the  Yosemite  by  stages 
from  this  point. 

Raymond;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  Capt.  William  Raymond. 

Raymond;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  John  Ray- 
mond, a  grantee. 

Raymondville;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Benjamin 
Raymond,  first  agent. 

Raymore;  town  in  Cass  County,  Missouri,  named  for  two  railroad  men  of  St.  Louis, 
Mean*.  Ray  and  Moore. 

Raynnam;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  of  Rain- 
ham,  Essex  County,  England. 

Raysville;  village  in  Henry  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Governor  Ray. 

Reading;  town  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Col.  John  Read,  an 
early  settler. 

Reading;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  city  in  Berks  County, 
Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in  Berkshire,  England. 

Readaboro;  town  in  Bennington  County,  Vermont,  named  for  John  Read,  one  of 
the  original  patentees. 

Readstown;  village  in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  its  founder. 

Reagan;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  H.  Reagan,  a  member  of  the  Confederate 
cabinet. 

Rector;  town  in  Clay  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Wharton  of  Elias  Rector,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  early  Indian  affairs  of  the  State. 

I;  range  of  mountains  in  Alabama,  so  called  on  account  of  its  hematite  ores. 
I;  river  in  Arkansas,  so  named  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  sediment  with 
which  it  is  freighted. 

I;  lake  in  Beltrami  County,  Minnesota.    The  name  is  a  translation  of  the  Ojibway 
name,  referring  to  the  unruffled  surface  of  the  lake  reflecting  the  red  sunset. 
I;  group  of  mountains  in  Wyoming,  so  named  because  formed  of  porphyry, 
which  becomes  dark  red  when  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Red  Rank;  towns  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  and  Monmouth  County,  New 
Jersey,  so  named  on  account  of  the  reddish  appearance  of  the  river  banks. 

Red  Bluff;  township  and  city  in  Tehama  County,  California,  so  named  from  the 
reddish  color  of  a  high  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River,  near  which  the  city  is 
located. 

Redbud;  villages  in  Walker  County,  Alabama,  and  Gordon  County,  Georgia,  city 
in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  and  village  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas,  so  named 
because  of  the  presence  of  the  redbud,  a  small  ornamental  tree. 

Red  Cap;  creek  in  California,  named  for  a  near-by  mine. 

Red  Cedar;  river  in  Iowa,  so  named  from  the  abundance  of  cedar  trees  which 
formerly  grew  along  its  banks. 


260  PLACE    NAMES   IK   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Bed  Cloud;  city  in  Webster  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  celebrated  Sioux 
Indian  chief. 

Redden;  village  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Col.  William  O.  Redden. 

Redding;  city  in  Shasta  County,  California,  named  for  Major  Redding,  one  of  the 
earliest  American  pioneers. 

Bedfield;  town  in  Dallas  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Colonel  Redfield. 

Bedfield;  township  and  city  in  Spink  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  J.  B.  Red- 
field,  a  director  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad. 

Bedford;  village  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  it  was  a  fording 
place  on  the  river  Rouge. 

Red  Hook;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.  A  translation  of  the  original 
Dutch  name,  Roode  Hoeck,  which  was  given  it  on  account  of  a  near-by  marsh 
covered  with  cranberries. 

Red  Jacket;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Seneca 
Indians,  who  derived  his  name  from  the  brilliant  red  jacket  which  he  wore, 
given  him  by  a  British  officer. 

Red  Lake;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  from  the  lake  in  Beltrami  County. 

Red  Oak;  city  in  Montgomery  County,  Iowa,  so  named  on  account  of  a  near-by 
grove  of  trees  of  this  species. 

Redondo  Beach;  city  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  from  a  Spanish 
word  meaning  "round." 

Red  River;  parish  in  Ixwisiana,  and  county  in  Texas,  named  from  the  Red  River, 
which  borders  Texas  on  the  north. 

Bed  Biver  of  the  North;  rises  in  Elbow  Lake,  Minnesota,  and  enters  Lake  Winni- 
peg.   Named  from  Red  Lake  in  Minnesota. 

Bed  Bock;  town  in  Douglas  County,  Minnesota,  so  named  on  account  of  a  near-by 
granite  bowlder  painted  red  by  the  Indians. 

Bed  Bock;  village  in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  red  rock,  sur- 
mounted by  a  wooden  column  10  feet  high  bearing  the  date  1825. 

Bedstone;  branch  of  the  Monongahela  River  in  Pennsylvania,  derived  from  the 
Indian  word  machkachsen,  meaning  "red  stone  creek.' ' 

Bed  willow;  county  in  Nebraska,  so  named  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  trees  of 
this  species. 

Bed  wing;  city  in  Goodhue  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 

Bedwood;  city  in  San  Mateo  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the  abundance 
of  redwood  timber  in  the  vicinity. 

Bedwood;  river  in  Indiana.  Derived  from  the  Indian  words  muaqua  me  tig,  mean- 
ing "  redwood  tree  river." 

Bedwood;  river  in  Minnesota,  draining  into  the  Minnesota  River.  The  name  is  a 
translation  of  the  Dakota  (Sioux) ,  name  referring  to  the  abundant  growth  along 
the  river  of  cornel,  a  bush  with  a  red  bark. 

Bedwood;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  from  the  river. 

Beed;  township  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  David  Reed,  a  pioneer. 

Beed  City;  village  in  Osceola  County,  Michigan,  named  for  its  founder,  James  M. 
Reed. 

Beedsburg;  city  in  Sauk  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  D.  C.  Reed,  an  early  settler. 

Beedy;  town  in  Roane  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  creek  where  reeds  grow 
abundant!  v. 

Beese;  valley  and  river  in  Nevada,  named  for  a  guide. 

Beese;  stream  in  Lander  County,  Nevada,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Beeseville;  village  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Samuel  Reese,  the  first 
settler. 

Reeves;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  George  H.  Reeves. 


qanotrt.]  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  261 

Reevesville;  town  in  Dorchester  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 
family  of  the  vicinity. 

Refugio ;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  ' '  refuge. ' ' 

Refugio;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  a  Mexican  mission- 
ary establishment  on  the  Mission  River. 

Rehoboth;  town  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  given  this  scriptural  name  because  it 
was  first  established  as  a  place  for  yearly  camp  meetings.  A  Hebrew  word 
meaning  "room,"  or  " enlargements. " 

Rehoboth;  town  in  Bristol  County.  Massachusetts;  a  Hebrew  word  meaning  "  ample 
room."  Said  to  have  been  founded  by  William  Blackstone  and  so  named  by  him 
as  significant  of  his  aim:  "  Room  outside  of  the  narrow  confines  of  Puritan  intol- 
erance." Another  authority  ascribes  the  name  to  Rev.  Samuel  Newman,  who 
established  a  church  there  and  gave  the  town  this  name  because  "  the  Lord  hath 
made  room  for  us." 

Reidsville;  village  in  Knox  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Charles  J.  Reid,  the  first 
settler. 

Reidsville;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  David  S.  Reid, 
a  former  governor. 

Remsen;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry  Remsen,  a  patentee. 

Rennert;  town  in  Robeson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident 

Reno;  county  in  Kansas,  town  in  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  and  village  in  Venango 
County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Gen.  Jesse  L.  Reno. 

Renovo;  borough  in  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania.  Derived  from  the  Latin,  re, 
"again,"  and  novu«,  "new." 

Rensselaer;  city  in  Jasper  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  Van  Rensselaer,  of  New 

York  State. 
Rensselaer;  county  in  New  York; 

Rensselaerville;  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York.  Named  for  Kilian  van 
Rensselaer,  who  plaited  a  colony  on  his  lands  to  be  known  as  Rensselaer  wyck, 
now  as  above. 

Renville;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Joseph  Renville,  an  Indian  trader  and 
prominent  citizen. 

Repress;  town  in  Sacramento  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  mill- 
dam." 

Republic;  county  in  Kansas,  named  from  the  Pawnee  Republic,  a  principal  division 
of  the  Pawnee  Indians  formerly  located  in  this  county. 

Republic;  township,  and  town  in  Marquette  County,  in  Michigan,  named  from  the 
iron  ore  mines  in  the  Marquette  Range. 

Republican;  village  in  Harlan  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  the  Republican 
River. 

Revere;  town  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Paul  Revere. 

Revillagigedo;  group  of  islands  off  the  coast  of  Alaska,  named  for  Conde  Revila 
Gigedo,  viceroy  of  New  Spain. 

Reynolds;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Thomas  Reynolds,  a  former  governor. 

Reynoldsburg;  village  in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  probably  named  for  Jeremiah 
N.  Reynolds. 

Reynoldsville;  borough  in  Jefferson  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Thomas 
Reynolds,  an  old  citizen. 

Rhea;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  John  Rhea,  congressman-elect  at  the  time 
the  county  was  organized. 

Rhinebeck;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.  A  combination  of  the  names  of 
the  man  who  founded  the  town — William  Beekman— and  his  native  town — 
Rhineland. 


/ 


262  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATB8.  [bctll.  258. 

Rhinecliff;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  so  named  by  the  early  settlers 
who  came  from  the  Rhine  River  in  Germany. 

Rhinelander;  city  in  Oneida  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  F.  W.  Rhinelander, 
president  of  the  Milwaukee,  Lake  Shore  and  Western  Railway. 

Rhode  Island;  one  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  said  to  have  received  its  name 
from  a  small  island  in  Narragansett  Bay  named  Roode  Eylamlt,  "red  island;" 
according  to  another  authority,  named  for  the  island  of  Rhodes. 

Rib;  river  in  Wisconsin.     A  translation  of  an  Indian  word. 

Rice;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Brig.  Gen.  Samuel  A.  Rice. 

Rice;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Senator  Henry  M.  Rice,  a  pioneer. 

Rice  Lake;  city  in  Barron  County,  Wisconsin,  so  called  because  situated  on  a  lake 
where  wild  rice  is  abundant. 

Riceville;  town  in  Mitchell  County,  Iowa,  named  for  three  brothers. 

Rich;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  Apostle  Charles  C.  Rich,  a  member  of  the  Church 
of  Jesus  Christ  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints. 

Richardson;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California,  named  by  settlers  from  Richard- 
son County,  Nebraska. 

Richardson;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  William  A.  Richardson,  former  gov- 
ernor of  the  Terriiorv. 

Richburg;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  in  honor  of  Alvan  Rich- 
ardson, the  first  settler  who  went  there  from  Otsego  County  in  1819. 

Richburg;  town  in  Chester  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 

Richfield;  city  in  Morton  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  it  was  thought  it 
would  prove  a  "  rich  field.' ' 

Richfield;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio.  The  name  originated  from  a  weed 
which  grew  abundantly,  known  as  rich  weed,  corrupted  to  richfield,  and  applied 
to  the  settlement 

Richfield  Springs;  village  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the 
excellent  character  of  the  soil  and  the  abundance  of  springs. 

Rich  Hill;  city  in  Bates  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  the  fertile  hill  lands 
around  it. 

Richland;  county  in  Illinois,  named  by  the  first  settlers  from  Richland  County,  Ohio. 

Richland;  parish  in  Louisiana,  and  counties  in  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  South  Carolina, 
and  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  the  rich  character  of  the  soil. 

Richmond;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  and  cities  in  Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  and  Madison  County,  Kentucky,  named  from  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Richmond;  county  in  Georgia,  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  coun- 
ties in  New  York  and  North  Carolina,  named  for  Lennox,  Duke  of  Richmond. 

Richmond;  town  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  thought  to  have  been  named 
for  Edward  Richmond,  attorney-general  of  the  colony. 

Richmond;  county,  and  city  in  Henrico  County,  Virginia,  so  named  on  account  of 
the  resemblance  to  Richmond,  Surry  County,  England. 

Richthofen;  mountain  in  Colorado  named  for  the  geologist. 

Richville;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Salmon  Rich,  an 
early  settler. 

Rich  wood;  village  in  Union  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  of  the  fertility  of  the 
soil  and  the  heavy  growths  of  timber. 

Rickreal;  river  and  village  in  Polk  County,  Oregon.     A  corruption  of  the  French 
la  creole,  meaning  "the  Creole." 
Ridgefield;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey; 
Ridge  Spring;  town  in  Saluda  County,  South  Carolina; 
Ridgeville;  town  in  Dorchester  County,  South  Carolina; 

Ridg-eway;  towns  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  and  Fairfield  County,  South  Caro- 
liiui.    So  named  on  account  of  the  presence  ol  y\&^&  xveax  Y^, 


©akxstt.]  PLACE  NAMES  IN  TfiE   tJNlTEb  STATES.  268 

Ridgely;  village  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Charles  Ridgely,  one  of  its 

founders. 
Ridge  way;  borough  in  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Jacob  Ridge  way, 

of  Philadelphia,  a  large  landowner. 

Park;  borough  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  native 

place  of  its  settlers  in  Cheshire,  England, 
i;  town  in  Alcorn  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  Roman  tribune. 
Riga;  town  in  Lenawee  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  city  in  Russia. 
Riley;  county  in  Kansas  named  for  Maj.  Gen.  Bennet  Riley,  United  States  Army. 
Rimersburg;  borough  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Rimer,  its 

first  settler. 
Rimini;  town  in  Lewis  and  Clark  County,  Montana.    Named  by  Lawrence  Barrett 

for  the  character  in  the  tragedy  of  "Francesca  da  Rimini." 
Rincon;  towns  in  Riverside  County,  California,  and  Donna  Ana  County,   New 

Mexico.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "corner,"  or  "inside  corner." 
Rindge;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  one  of  the  original 

proprietors. 
Ringgold;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Maj.  Samuel  Ringgold,  an  officer  of  the 

Mexican  war. 
Ringwood;  villages  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  and  Halifax  County,  North 

Carolina,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Rio  Arriba;  county  in  New  Mexico  intersected  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  "great 

river  of  the  North."    A  Spanish  name  meaning  "upper,"  or  "high  river." 
Rio  Blanco;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  White  River,  of  which  the 

county' 8  name  is  the  Spanish  interpretation. 
Rio  de  las  Piedras;  stream  in  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  of 

the  stones." 
Rio  de  los  Americanos;  river  in  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  of 

the  Americans,"  the  favorite  route  of  the  early  emigrants. 
Rio  de  los  Martires;  river  in  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  of  the 

martyrs,"  so  named  from  the  murder  of  Spanish  priests  by  Indians. 
Rio  de  los  Mimbres;  river  in  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  of 

the  willows." 
Rio  de  Mercede;  river  in  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "  river  of  mercy." 
Rio  Frio;  river  in  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  cold  river." 
Rio  Grande;  county  in  Colorado,  named  from  the  river. 
Rio  Grande;  river  rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  emptying  into  the  Gulf  of 

Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "great  river." 
Rio  Grande  Pyramid;  mountain  of  the  San  Juan  Range,  Colorado,  so  called  because 

its  form  is  that  of  a  perfect  pyramid. 
Rio  Llano;  river  in  Texas.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  of  the  plain." 
Rio  Salinas;  river  in  Arizona,  having  alkaline  deposits  upon  its  banks,  which  caused 

it  to  be  given  this  Spanish  name,  meaning  "salt  river." 
Rio  Seco;  town  in  Butte  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "dry 

river." 
Rio  Verde;  river  in  Arizona.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "green  river." 
Rio  Vista;  town  in  Solano  County,  California,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sacramento 

River.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "river  view." 
Ripley;  counties  in  Indiana  and  Missouri  and  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New 

York,  named  for  Gen.  Eleazer  W.  Ripley. 
Ripley;  town  in  Brown  County,  Ohio,  named  for  General  Ripley,  an  officer  in  the 

war  of  1812. 

Ley;  town  in  Payne  County,  Oklahoma,  named  for  a  leading  official  of  the  Santa 

Fe  Railroad. 


264  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Ripley;  town  in  Jackson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  a  resident. 

Ripon;  city  in  Fond  du  Lac  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Rippey;  town  in  Greene  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Capt.  C.  M.  Rippey,  an  old 

settler. 
Rising  City;  village  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  the  owners  of  the  town 

site,  A.  W.  and  S.  W.  Rising. 
Rising  Sun;  village  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  so  named  by  its  founder,  John 

James,  when  viewing  the  sunrise  from  that  location. 
Ritchie;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Thomas  Ritchie,  editor  of  the  Richmond 

Enquirer. 
Rivanna;  river  and  township  in  Virginia,  named  for  Queen  Anne,  of  England. 
Rivera;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  ol  "river." 
River  Falls;  city  in  Pierce  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  its  situation 

near  the  falls  of  the  Kinnikinnic  River. 
River  head;  town  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  its  location 

near  the  head  of  the  Peconic  River. 
Riverside;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California,  town  in  Washington 

County,  Iowa,  and  forty  other  places,  being  usually  so  named  on  account  of 

their  location. 
Rivoli;  town  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  Italy. 
Roach;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  apioneer  who  was  drowned 

in  it. 
Roan;  plateau  in  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  cliffa  rising  from 

the  Grand  River  Valley. 
Roan;  mountain  in  North  Carolina,  so  named  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  laurel 

growing  upon  its  summit. 
Roane;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Governor  Archibald  Roane. 
Roane;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Spencer  Roane,  judge  of  the  supreme 

court  of  the  State  in  its  early  days. 
Roanoke;  towns  in  Randolph  County,  Alabama,  Howard  County,  Missouri,  and 

Genesee  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  home  of  John  Randolph  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
Roanoke;  township  and  village  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Roanoke, 

Virginia,  the  home  of  its  founders. 
Roanoke;  town  in  Huntington  County,  Indiana;  county,  and  city  in  same  county, 

in  Virginia;  and  river  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.    An  Indian  word  desig- 
nating a  kind  of  shell  used  for  money. 
Roaring;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  on  account  of  the  shrill  sound 

made  by  the  steam  escaping  from  a  vent  in  its  summit. 
Roaring  Fork;  branch  of  the  Grand  River  in  Colorado,  so  named  from  its  steep 

and  rapid  descent. 
Robbinston;  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  named  for  its  original  owners, 

Edward  H.  and  Nathaniel  J.  Robbins. 
Roberts;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Moses  Robert  (Robar),  a  fur  trader. 
Roberts;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Oran  M.  Roberts,  former  governor  of  the  State. 
Robertson;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  ex-Chief  Justice  George  Robertson,  a 

leading  pioneer. 
Robertson;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  James  Robertson,  a  pioneer. 
Robertson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Sterling  C.  Robertson,  who  received  a  colo- 
nization grant  from  Mexico. 
Robeson;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  Thomas  Robeson,  of  the  North 

Carolina  Revolutionary  Militia. 
Robinson;  town  in  Summit  County,  Colorado,  named   for  George  B.  Robinson, 

former  i/eu  tenant-governor  of  the  State. 


oaxnvit.]  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  265 

Robinson;  township  and  city  in  Crawford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  M. 

Robinson,  United  States  Senator  from  Illinois,  1830-1841. 
Robinson;  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Governor  Charles  Robinson. 
Robla;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "bill  of 

sale." 
Roche  a  Oris;  river  in  Adams  County,  Wisconsin.    A  French  phrase  meaning 

"gray  rock.,,    - 
Rochelle;  city  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Rochelle,  France. 
Roche  Moutonnee;  branch  of  the  Eagle  River  in  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of 

the  glacial  rocks  of  its  gorge. 
Roche  Percee;  river   in  Boone  County,  Missouri.    A  French  phrase  meaning 

"pierced  rock." 
Rochester;  township  and  town  in  Fulton  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  city  in 

New  York. 
Rochester;  towns  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Beaver  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, named  from  the  city  in  England. 
Rochester;  city  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  senior  proprietor, 

Col.  Nathaniel  Rochester. 
Rochester;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Rochester. 
Rock;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Nebraska,  county  and  river  in  Wisconsin,  and 

many  other  places,  so  named  on  account  of  the  rocky  character  of  the  soil. 
Rockaway;  river,  and  borough  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey.    Supposed  to  Ije 

derived  from  the  Indian  word  reckawackes,  or  achewek,  meaning  "bushy,"  or 

"difficult  to  cross." 
Rockbridge;  county  in  Virginia,  so  named  on  account  of  the  natural  bridge  of  rock 

over  Cedar  Creek. 
Rockcastle;  county  and  river  in  Kentucky,  named  for  the  rock  castles  on  the  river 

banks. 
Rockdale;  county  in  Georgia,  so  named  from  the  ledges  of  rock  running  through  it. 
Rock  Falls;  city  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  at  the  falls 

in  Rock  River. 
Rockford;  city  in  Winnebago  County,  Illinois,  so  named  because  of  its  situation  on 

both  sides  of  Rock  River. 
Rockford;  village  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  it  is  located  at  a 

ford  on  Rock  Creek. 
Rockingham;  counties  in  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  named 

for  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  premier  of  England  at  the  time  of  the  repeal  of 

the  stamp  act. 
Rock  Island;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Illinois,  named  from  an  island  in 

the  Mississippi  River  which  is  formed  of  limestone. 
Rockland;  city  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  of  its  granite  quarries. 
Rockland;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  from  the  character 

of  the  soil. 
Rockland;  county  in  New  York,  so  named  on  account  of  its  extensive  quarries  of 

red  sandstone. 
Rockport;  town  in  Spencer  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  of  the  hanging 

rock,  "  Lady  Washington  Rock,"  on  the  Ohio  River. 
Rockport;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  on  account  of  the  granite 

quarries  near  the  sea. 
Rock  Rapids;  town  in  Lyon  County,  Iowa,  named  from  its  location  on  the  falls  of 

Rock  River. 
Rock  ton;  township  and  village  in  Winnebago  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  loca- 
tion on  the  Rock  River. 


266  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bitll.  258. 

Rockville;  city  in  Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  so  named  because  of  the  rock  for- 
mation of  the  hills  upon  which  the  city  is  built. 
Rockville;  city  in  Parke  County,  Indiana,  so  named  because  of  large  bowlders  in 

the  neighborhood. 
Rockville;  village  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  so  named  on  account  of  a  quarry 

in  the  vicinity. 
Rockwall;  county  in  Texas,  so  named  on  account  of  an  underground  wall. 
Rodeo;  town  in  Contra  Costa  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  signifying  the 

market  place  where  horned  cattle  are  exhibited  for  sale. 
Rodman;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Daniel  Rodman,  of 

Hudson. 
Rodney;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Judge  Rodney,  of  the 

State. 
Roger  Mills;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  Roger  Q.  Mills,  senator  from  Texas. 
Rogers;  mountain  in  Tennessee,  named  for  William  B.  Rogers,  the  geologist. 
Rogue;  river  in  Oregon,  named  for  the  Tototins,  an  Indian  tribe  of  nefarious  habits, 

who  were  termed  Coquins  by  the  French  and  Rogues  by  the  English. 
Rohnerville;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  Henry  Rohner,  an 

early  settler. 
Roles ville;  town  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident. 
Rolette;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  Hon.  Joseph  Rolette,  an  early 

settler  of  Red  River  Valley. 
Rolfe;  town  in  Pocahontas  County,  Iowa,  said  by  some  authorities  to  be  named  for 

the  young  Englishman  who  married  Pocahontas,  but  by  others  for  the  man 

who  previously  owned  the  town  site. 
Rolla;  township  and  city  in  Phelps  County,  Missouri.     A  corruption  of  Raleigh, 

being  named  from  the  city  in  North  Carolina. 
Rollinsford;  town   in  Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  resident 

family. 
RollinBville;  town  in  Gilpin  County,  Colorado,  named  for  John  Q.  A.  Rollins. 
Rome;  cities  in  Floyd  County,  Georgia,  and  Oneida  County,  New  York,  and  twenty 

other  places,  the  name  being  transferred  from  the  city  in  Italy. 
Romeo;  village  in  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  character  of  Shake* 

speared  tragedy. 
Romulus;  towns  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  and  Seneca  County,  New  York, 

named  for  the  founder  of  Rome. 
Rondout;  creek  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  the  name  being  a  corruption  of 

"redoubt,"  a  fortification  built  upon  the  stream  by  the  early  Dutch. 
Roodhouse;  city  in  Greene  County ,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Roodhouse,  its  founder. 
Rooks;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  John  C.  Rooks,  member  of  Company  I,  Elev- 
enth Kansas. 
Roosevelt;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  President  Theodore  Roosevelt. 
Root;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  Erastus  Root,  of  Dela- 
ware County. 
Roscoe;  town  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  William  Roscoe,  the  English 

historian. 
Roscommon;  county  in  Michigan,  named  from  the  county  in  Ireland. 
Rose;  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  named  for  Robert  L.  Rose,  of  Geneva. 
Roseau;  county,  river,  and  lake  in  Minnesota,  retaining  the  early  French  name, 

meaning  a  reed  or  rush,  referring  to  the  abundance  of  a  very  coarse  reed  grass. 
Rosebroom;  town  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  named  for  Abraham  Rosebroom, 

one  of  the  earliest  settlers. 
Rosebud;  county  and  river  in  Montana,  so  named  because  of  the  profusion  of  wild 
roues  in  the  vicinity. 


oannibtt.1  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  267 

Roseburg1;  town  in  Douglas  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Aaron  Rose,  one  of  the  first 

settlers. 
Rosedale;  city  in  Wyandotte  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  when  located  the 

town  site  was  a  mass  of  wild  rose  bushes. 

t;  town  in  Custer  County,  Colorado,  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  the  early 

miners  because  of  the  thickets  of  wild  roses  which  surrounded  the  springs  in  the 

vicinity. 

i;  town  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Daniel  Ross. 
i;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  Hon.  James  Ross,  of  Pennsylvania. 
Boseie;  town  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  sister  of  David 

Parish,  the  proprietor. 
Bossville;  village  in  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder. 
Bossville;  city  in  Shawnee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  W.  W.  Ross,  agent  of  the 

Pottawatomie  Indians. 
Bossville;  village  in  Richmond  County,  New  York,  now  a  part  of  New  York  City, 

named  for  the  proprietor  of  a  large  tract  of  land. 
Bossville;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Jon  Ross,  a  Cherokee 

chief. 
Bos  well;  town  in  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Roswell  P.  Flower,  of  New 

York. 
Roswell;  town  in  Cobb  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Roswell  King. 
Bothville;  town  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  John  Roth,  an  early 

settler. 
Rotterdam;  town  in  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  the 

Netherlands. 
Boubedeau;  river  in  Delta  County,  and  pass  in  Scotts  Bluff  County,  Nebraska, 

named  for  Antoine  Roubedeau,  a  French  trader. 
Rough  and  Ready;  town  in  Nevada  County,  California,  so  named  by  the  miners 

of  1849. 
Round  Hill;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  so  named  because  of  its  location 

near  a  round  foothill  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Rouse  Point;  village  in  Clinton  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Routt;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  John  L.  Routt,  the  last  governor  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. 
Rowan;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  John  Rowan,  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  the 

State. 
Rowan;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Matthew  Rowan,  prominent  in  the 

early  politics  of  the  State. 
Bowesville;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  William 

Rowe. 
Bowletts;  town  in  Hart  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  John  P.  Rowlett. 
Rowley;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Royal;  village  in  Antelope  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Royal  Thayer. 
Royal  Oak;  village  in  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  so  named  because  of  a  nearby  oak 

into  which  the  British  shot  a  cannon  ball  in  the  war  of  1812. 
Royalston;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  Isaac  Royal, 

one  of  its  proprietors. 
Boyersford;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family 

known  as  Roya,  who  lived  at  a  ford  in  the  Schuylkill  River  in  that  vicinity. 
Bubicon;  town  in  Eldorado  County,  California,  and  river  in  Wisconsin,  named  from 

the  river  in  Italv. 
Buby;  peak  in  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  its  color. 
Rulo;  village  in  Richardson  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Charles  Rouleau. 


268  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  f bhll.  258. 

Rumford;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Count 
Rum  ford. 

Rumsey;  town  in  McLean  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Edward  Rumsey,  a  prom- 
inent resident  of  the  State. 

Runnels;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Henry  R.  Runnels,  former  governor. 

Runnelsville;  town  in  Madison  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  a  prominent  family 
of  the  State. 

Rush;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  l)r.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia. 

Rush;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Alexander  Rush,  captain  Company  H,  Second 
Regiment  Kansas  Colored  Volunteers. 

Rush;  town  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  from  large  stretches  of  rushes 
growing  in  the  vicinity. 

Rushville;  township  and  city  in  Schuyler  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  Richard 
Rush,  candidate  for  vice-presidency  in  1828. 

Rushville;  town  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Rushville;  village  in  Sheridan  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  of  the  exten- 
sive growth  of  rushes. 

Rusk;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas  J.  Rusk,  United  States  Senator  from 
that  State. 

Russell;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Col.  Gilbert  Russell,  of  that  State. 

Russell;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Capt.  Avra  P.  Russell, 
Company  K,  Second  Kansas  Regiment. 

Russell;  county,  and  city  in  Logan  County,  in  Kentucky,  and  county  in  Virginia, 
named  for  Gen.  William  Russell. 

Russell;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Russell  Atwater,  its 
original  proprietor. 

Russell;  township  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 

Russellville;  town  in  Pope  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Dr.  Thomas  Russell,  who 
located  there  in  1835. 

Russellville;  village  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  Russell 
family,  prominent  in  the  business  interests  of  the  vicinity. 

Russian  River;  township  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  on  a  river  of  the  same 

name,  so  named  because  a  Russian  settlement  was  early  located  there. 
Rutherford;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee; 

Rutherford  ton;  town  in  Rutherford  County,  North  Carolina.     Named  for  Gen. 
Griffith  Rutherford,  a  noted  Indian  fighter. 

Rutherford;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  John  Rutherford, 
an  extensive  landowner. 

Rutland;  village  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  and  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New 
York,  named  from  the  city  in  Vermont. 

Rutland;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  said  to  have  been  named  from 
Rutland,  near  Leicestershire,  England. 

Rutland;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in 
Massachusetts. 

Ryans;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Rye;  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  home  of  its 
English  settlers. 

S abatis;  hill  in  Maine,  named  for  an  Indian  who  accompanied  Arnold's  expedition. 

Sabeta;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  the  wife  of  Ouray,  the  chief  of  the  Ute  Indians. 

Sabetha;  city  in  Nemaha  County,  Kansas,  probably  a  corruption  of  the  word  Sab- 
bath, which  was  the  name  of  the  temporary  fort,  established  on  Sunday,  from 
which  the  town  was  named. 


cannot.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  269 

Sabine;  parish  in  Louisiana,  county,  town  in  Jefferson  County,  and  lake  in  Texas. 

A  French  word,  meaning  " cypress.*' 
Sable;  cape,  the  southernmost  point  of  the  mainland  in  Florida,  and  stream  in 

Michigan.     A  French  word  meaning  " sandy." 
Sabotawan;  mountain  in  Maine,  the  most  easterly  of  the  Spencer  Range.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "the  end  of  the  pack,"  "where  the  strap  is  pulled  together." 
Sac;  county  in  Iowa; 
Sac  City;  city  in  Sac  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe.    The  word  refers 

to  "yellow  earth,"  the  proper  form  being  Osaukee. 
Sacandaga;  tributary  of  Hudson  River,  so  named  because  of  a  great  marsh  lying 

along  its  banks.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "drowned  lands." 
Sacate;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.      A  Spanish  word  meaning 

"grass." 
Baccarappa;  village  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine.      An  Indian  word  meaning 

"toward  the  rising  sun." 
Sachem  Head;  watering  place  in  New  Haven  County*  Connecticut,   so  named 

because  an  Indian  chief  was  once  captured  there. 
Sacketts  Harbor;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Augustus 

Sacket,  its  first  settler. 
Saco;  river,  and  city  in  York  County,  in  Maine.    Derived  from  an  Indian  word,  nohk 

or  sank,  "pouring  out;"  hence  the  outlet  or  discharge  of  a  river  or  lake. 
Sacramento;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  California,  named  by  the 

Spaniards,  the  word  meaning  "sacrament." 
Sacramento;  village  in  White  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Sacramento,California, 

the  home  of  many  of  the  first  settlers. 
Sadlersville;  town  in  Robertson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  W.  R.  Sadler,  an 

early  settler. 
Sadorns;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry 

Sadorus,  the  first  settler. 
Safford;  village  in  Pima  County,  Arizona,  named  for  A.  P.  K.  Safford,  governor  of 

the  Territory. 
Sagadahoc;  county  in  Maine  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.    An  Indian  word 

meaning  "land  at  the  mouth,"  or  "  mouth  of  the  river." 
Sageville;  village  in  Hamilton  County,  New- York,  named  for  Hezekiah  Sage. 

Harbor;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York.     Sagg  is  derived  from  the 

Indian  word  mgaporack9  meaning  "place  where  ground  nuts  grow." 

iw;  county,  city  in  same  county,  river,  and  bay  in  Michigan,  derived  from  an 

Ojibwa  Indian  word  meaning  "Sauk  place,"  referring  to  the  Sauk  or  Sac 

Indians. 

i;  town  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "welcome." 
Saguache;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Colorado.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "water  at  the  blue  earth." 
Sahale;  peak  in  Cascade  Mountains,  Okanogan  County,  Washington,  named  by  the 

Mazamas,  a  mountaineering  club  of  Portland,  Oregon,  from  the  Chinook  word 

sahale,  "high,"  "above." 
Saint  Albans;  city  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Alban,  a  Roman 

Christian,  and  the  first  martyr  in  Britain. 
Saint  Anne;  township  and  village  in  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  named  from  St. 

Anne,  Quebec,  the  former  home  of  nearly  all  the  residents. 
Saint  Anthony;  falls  in  the  Mississippi  River  at  Minneapolis.    So  named  by  a 

French  missionary,  because  "of  the  many  favors  received  through  the  interces- 
sion of  that  saint." 
Saint  Anthony;  town  in  Stearns  County,  Minnesota,  named  from  the  falls. 


270  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  r bull.  258. 

Saint  Augustine;  city  in  St.  John  County,  Florida,  so  named  because  the  first  land- 
ing was  made  on  that  day. 
Saint  Bernard;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  by  the  French  for  the  saint. 
Saint  Charles;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  the  saint. 
Saint  Charles;  county,  and  city  in  the  same  county,  in  Missouri,  so  named  because 

it  was  the  purpose  of  the  vicar  of  Pontoise  to  establish  a  seminary  there  in  honor 

of  that  saint,  where  the  Indians  should  be  educated. 
Saint  Clair;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  lake  in  Michigan,  said  to  have  been 

so  named  because  the  lake  was  discovered  by  the  French  upon  that  saint's  day. 
Saint  Clair;  counties  in  Alabama,  Illinois,  and  Missouri,  town  in  Antelope  County , 

Nebraska,  and  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Saint  Clairsville;  village  in  Belmont  County,  Ohio.    Named  for  Gen.  Arthur  St. 

Clair,  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 
Saint  Clement;  town  in  Pike  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  patron  saint  of  Clem- 
ent Grote,  an  early  settler. 
Saint  Cloud;  township  and  city  in  Stearns  County,  Minnesota,   named  by  the 

original  proprietors  from  the  town  in  France. 
Saint  Croix;  river  in  Maine,  probably  so  named  because  of  its  resemblance  at  Oak 

Bay  to  a  cross;  croix,  the  French  word  for  " cross." 
Saint  Croix;  river  of  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  named  for  Monsieur  St.  Croix,  who 

was  drowned  at  its  mouth. 
Saint  Croix;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  river. 
Saint  Derion;  village  in  Nemaha  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Joseph  Derion,  an 

Indian  chief  of  the  Otoe  tribe. 
Saint  Elias;  mountain  in  Alaska,  named  for  the  saint  upon  whose  day  it  was  dis- 
covered. 
Saint  Francis;  stream  in  Minnesota  and  county  in  Arkansas; 
Saint  Francois;  county  in  Missouri.    Named  for  the  founder  of  the  Franciscan 

order. 
Sainte  Genevieve;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Missouri,  named  for  the 

French  saint. 
Saint  George;  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  island  which  is  now 

called  Monhegan,  but  was  originally  named  by  its  discoverer,  Capt.  George  Wey- 
mouth, for  his  patron  saint. 
Saint  George;  town  in  Dorchester  County,  South  Carolina,  located  in  the  defunct 

county  of  St.  George,  for  which  it  is  named. 
Saint  George;  town  in  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  named  for  George  III,  of 

England. 
Saint  George;  town  in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  St.  George  Tucker, 

clerk  of  the  house  of  delegates. 
Saint  Helena;  town  in  Napa  County,  California,  and  parish  in  Louisiana,  named 

for  the  French  saint. 
Saint  Helens;  mountain  in  Washington,  named  for  Lord  Saint  Helens,  British 

ambassador  to  Madrid. 
Saint  Ignace;  township  in   Mackinac  County,  Michigan,  named   for  a  Catholic 

church  erected  within  its  limits. 
Saint  Jacob;  township  and  village  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  first 

three  settlers,  Jacob  Shultz,  Jacob  Schroth,  and  Jacob  Willi. 
Saint  James;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  the  French  saint. 
Saint  James;  city  in  Watonwan  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  first  settler, 

James  Purrington. 
Saint  James;  town  in  Phelps  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  large  mine  owner  in 

the  vicinity. 
Saint  John;  county  in  Florida,  named  irom  Samt  AoVmaB.\s«t. 


oakhstt.)  PLACE   KAME8    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  271 

Saint  John;  village  in  Perry  County,  Illinois,  named  from  a  celebration  of  Saint 

John's  Day,  June  24,  held  in  the  settlement  in  1856. 
Saint  John;  city  in  Stafford  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Governor  John  P.  St.  John. 
Saint  Johns;  river  in  Florida,  called  by  the  Spanish  discoverers  San  Juan  Bautista, 

because  upon  this  saint's  day  it  was  discovered. 
Saint  Johns;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Michigan,  named  for  John  Sweglee. 
Saint  Johnsbury;  town  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  St  John  de 

Creve-coeur,  French  consul  at  New  York,  and  a  benefactor  of  Vermont. 
Saint  Johnsville;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  old 

church  ^established  there  in  early  days. 
Saint  John  the  Baptist;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  from  the  Saint  Johns  River. 
Saint  Joseph;  county  in  Indiana,  and  county,  and  city  in  Berrien  County,  in  Michi- 
gan, named  from  the  river. 
Saint  Joseph;  river  rising  in  Hillsdale  County,  Michigan,  and  entering  Lake  Michi- 
gan.   Named  by  the  early  French  Catholic  explorers  for  the  husband  of  the 

Virgin  Mary. 
Saint  Joseph;  city  in  Buchanan  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Joseph  Robidoux,  an 

early  French  settler. 
Saint  Landry;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Saint  Landri,  bishop  of  Paris  in  651. 
Saint  Lawrence;  gulf  in  New  York,  so  named  because  discovered  upon  the  feast 

day  of  that  saint. 
Saint  Lawrence;  county  and  river  in  New  York,  named  from  the  gulf. 
Saint  Louis;  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  and  city  in  Gratiot  County, 

Michigan,  named  from  the  city  in  Missouri. 
Saint  Louis;  river  rising  in  Saint  Louis  County,  Minnesota,  and  flowing  into  Lake 

Superior.     Probably  so  named  by  the  explorer,  Verendrye,  in  1749,  in  honor  of 

the  cross  of  Saint  Louis  conferred  upon  him  shortly  before  his  death  by  the 

King  of  France. 
Saint  Louis;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  from  the  river. 
Saint  Louis;  county,  and  city  in  Saint  Louis  City  County,  Missouri,  named  for 

Louis  XV  of  France. 
Saint  Martin;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Saint  Martin,  bishop  of  Tours,  about 

400. 
Saint  Mary;  parish  in  Louisiana,  so  named  by  Roman  Catholic  settlers. 
Saint  Mary;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  Queen  Henrietta  Maria. 
Saint  Marys;  -city  in  Pottawatomie  County,  Kansas,  peak  in  Bitter  Root  Mountain 

range,  RavalM  County,  Montana,  and  township  and  village  in  Auglaize  County, 

Ohio,  named  from  St.  Mary's  Mission  in  Bitter  Root  Valley,  Montana. 
Saint  Marys;  town  in  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania,  originally  settled  by  Roman 

Catholics,  and  named  for  the  saint. 
Saint  Matthews;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the 

county,  now  defunct,  in  which  it  was  formerly  located. 
Saint  Paul;  city  in  Ramsey  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a  church  which  was 

built  for  M.  Galtier,  an  early  Catholic  missionary. 
Saint  Paul;  city  in  Howard  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  J.  N.  and  N.  J.  Paul,  its 

first  settlers. 
Saint  Peter;  village  in  Cedar  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  John  Peter  Abts,  the 

first  settler. 
Saint  Peters;  town  in  Saint  Charles  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  Jesuit  mission 

established  there  in  early  days. 
Saint  Regis  Falls;  village  in  Franklin  County,  river  and  falls  in  New  York,  named 

for  a  canonized  Jesuit  missionary. 
Saint  Stephens;  town  in  Berkeley  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  now 

defunct  parish  in  which  it  was  formerly  located. 


272  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Saint  Tammany;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Delaware  Indians, 
the  name  meaning  "beaver  leader." 

Saint  Vrain;  creek  in  Colorado,  named  for  Ceran  St.  Vrain,  an  early  explorer. 

Salado;  town  in  Bell  County,  Texas.  A  Spanish  word  meaning  "salted,"  salt 
l>eing  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 

Salamanca;  village  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  named  for  Sefior  Salamanca, 
a  Spanish  financier,  interested  in  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad. 

Salem;  cities  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Marion  County,  Oregon;  and 
city  in  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  settled  by  Moravians,  so  named  by 
early  settlers  in  the  hope  of  peaceful  security.  A  Hebrew  word  meaning 
"peace." 

Salem;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  New  Jersey,  so  named  by  a  company 
of  English  Friends,  from  the  peaceful  aspect  of  the  country. 

Salem;  town  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  and  township  and  city  in  Colum- 
biana County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  Massachusetts. 

Salero;  hill  in  Arizona,  said  to  have  been  so  named  because  a  saltcellar,  of  ore  from 
the  hill,  was  made  by  the  padres  of  St.  Joseph  for  the  table  of  their  bishop.  A 
Spanish  word  meaning  "saltcellar." 

Salida;  town  in  Stanislaus  County,  California,  and  city  in  Chaffee  County,  Colorado, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Arkansas  River  with  its  large  branch  from  the  sooth.    A 
Spanish  word  meaning  "point  of  departure." 
Salina;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York; 
Salinas;  city  in  Monterrey  County  and  river  in  California; 

Saline;  rivers  and  counties  in  Arkansas,  Illinois,  and  Kansas,  and  counties  in  Mis- 
souri and  Nebraska,  and  many  other  places.  So  named  from  the  presence  of 
salt  springs  or  salt  deposits  within  their  limits. 

Salisbury;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  a  resident. 

Salisbury;  towns  in  Wicomico  County,  Maryland,  and  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Salisbury;  city  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Lucius  Salisbury,  of  the 
countv. 

Salisbury;  town  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Con- 
necticut. 

Sallis;  town  in  Attala  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Dr.  James  Sallis,  the  former 
owner  of  the  land. 

Sallisaw;  stream,  and  town  in  Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Territory.  Supposed  to 
have  been  derived  from  the  French  bayou  salaison,  "salting  provisions  bayou." 

Sallys;  town  in  Aiken  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Salley  family,  promi- 
nent residents  of  the  State.  ' 

Salmon;  river  in  Washington,  so  named  on  account  of  the  shoals  of  salmon  that 
ascend  the  river  in  the  summer. 

Salmon  Falls;  river,  and  village  in  Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from 
the  falls  in  the  river,  where  the  salmon  stop  in  their  upward  course. 

Salt;  creek  in  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  the  character  of  the  mineral  deposits. 

Saltillo;  borough  in  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  town  in 
Mexico.     A  Spanish  word  moaning  "leaping." 

Salt  Lake;  county,  and  city  in  same  county  in  Utah,  named  from  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Salton;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  situated  on  the  border  of  the  Salton 
Sea,  from  which  it  receives  its  name. 

Salton  Sea;  dry  lake  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  265  feet  below  sea  level,  the 
bottom  of  which  is  covered  with  salt. 

Saluda;  town  in  Polk  County,  North  Carolina,  and  river,  countv,  and  town  in 
.same  county  in  South  Carolina.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "corn  river," 


cannrt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  273 

Salunga;  village  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  derived  from  the  Indian  word 

chickiswalunga,  meaning  "place  of  crawfish." 
Salyersville;  town  in  Magoffin  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Samuel  Salyer,  a 

member  of  the  State  legislature. 
Samoa;  village  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Sampson;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  John  Sampson,  officer  of  the 

Revolution. 
Samsonville;  village  in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.   Henry  A. 

Sampson. 
Samuel  Adams;  mountain  in  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  Revolutionary  patriot. 
Antonio;  city  in  Bexar  County,  Texas,  named  for  the  Roman  Catholic  mission, 

San  Antonio  de  Velero,  otherwise  the  Alamo. 
Augustine;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  probably  named  for 

Saint  Augustine,  one  of  the  early  fathers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
Benito;  county,  and  township  in  same  county,  in  California.    The  Spanish 

form  of  Saint  Benedict. 
Bernardino;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  for  an  old 

Spanish  mission. 
Sanborn;  town  in  O'Brien  County,  Iowa,  and  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for 

George  W.  Sanborn,  division  superintendent  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and 

Saint  Paul  Railroad. 
Sanborn  ton;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  a  family  of 

early  settlers. 

Buenaventura;  town  in  Ventura  County,  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  sig- 
nifying "saint  of  good  fortune. " 
Carlos;  village  in  San  Mateo  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  Saint 

Charles. 
Sanders;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  an  old  settler. 
Sandersville;  city  in  Washington  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Benjamin  Saunders, 

who  once  owned  all  the  land  upon  which  the  city  is  built. 
San  Diego;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California.    A  corruption  of  Saint 

Iago,  the  patron  saint  of  Spain,  for  whom  they  were  named. 
Sandisfleld;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Lord  Sandys, 

first  lord  of  trade  and  the  plantations. 
Sand  Lake;  town  in  Kent  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  a  sand  bar  extends 

across  the  center  of  a  near-by  lake. 
Sandoval;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  a  resident 

family. 
Sandusky;  town  in  Alexander  County,  Illinois;  county,  city  in  Erie  County,  and 

river  in  Ohio.     Derived  from  the  Indian  outsandouke,  "  there  is  pure  water 

here,"  or  from  sa-anduxte,  " large  pools  of  water."     Another  authority  gives  the 

meaning  as  "cold  spring." 
Sandwich;  township  and  city  in  Dekalb  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in 

Massachusetts. 
Sandwich;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Sandy  Lake;  township,  and  borough  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named 

because  of  the  sandy  character  of  the  soil  and  the  existence  of  a  small  lake  in  the 

neighborhood. 
San  Felipe;  post-office  of  Santa  Clara  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of 

Saint  Philip. 

Fernando;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  Spanish 

Catholic  mission. 

Bull  258—05 18 


274  PLACK    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  1258. 

San  ford;  city  in  Orange  County,  Florida,  named  for  Gen.  H.  S.  Sanford,  United 

States  minister  to  Belgium. 
Sanford;  township,  and  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  for  Peleg  Sanford,  an 

early  proprietor. 
Sanford;  town  in  Moore  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Colonel  Sanford,  a  civil 

engineer. 
San  Francisco;  bay,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California,  said  by  some  to 

have  been  named  for  the  old  Spanish  mission  of  San  Francisco  de  Assisi,  by 

others  to  have  been  named  for  the  founder  of  the  order  to  which  Father  Juni- 

pero,  the  discoverer  of  the  bay,  belonged. 
San  Gabriel;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  Spanish 

mission. 
Sangamon;  county  and  river  in  Illinois.     A  corruption  of  an  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "good  hunting  ground." 
Sangerfield;  town  and  township  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge 

Jedediah  Sanger. 
Sangerville;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  Col.  Calvin  Sanger,  its 

proprietor. 
(Sanilac;  county  in  Michigan; 

I  Sanilac  Center;  town  in  Sanilac  County,  Michigan.     Named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
San  Jacinto;  city  in  Riverside  County,  California,  and  county  and  river,  in  Texas. 

The  Spanish  form  of  "Saint  Hyacinth,"  whose  day  is  celebrated  August  16th. 
San  Joaquin;  county  and  river  in  California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "whom 

Jehovah  has  appointed." 
San  Jose;  city  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  named  for  the  patron  saint  of 

Mexico. 
San  Jose;  village  in  Mason  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in  California. 
San  Juan;  counties  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  river  in  Utah.    The  name  is 

the  Spanish  form  of  Saint  John. 
San  Juan;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  the  San  Juan  River,  which  traverses  it. 
San  Juan;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  the  Greek  navigator,  Juan  de  Fuca. 
San  Lucas;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  Saint  Luke. 
San  Luis  Obispo;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  for  an  old 

Spanish  mission.    The  name  means  Saint  Louis,  bishop. 
San  Luis  Rey;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California;  named  for  Louie  IX,  of 

France,  meaning  Saint  Louis,  king. 
San  Marcos;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  named  from  the  old  Spanish 

grant  Los  Vallecitos  de  San  Marcos,  "the  little  valleys  of  Saint  Mark." 
San  Mateo;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California.    The  Spanish  form  for 

Saint  Matthew. 
San  Miguel;  town  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California,  and  counties  in  Colorado 

and  New  Mexico.     The  Spanish  form  of  Saint  Michael. 
San  Patricio;  county  in  Texas,  settled  by  Irish  colonists,  and  named  by  them  for 

the  patron  saint  of  Ireland,  of  which  the  present  name  is  the  Spanish  form. 
San  Pedro;  city  in  Ixw  Angeles  County,  California,  named  for  the  Spanish  saint. 
Sanpete;  county  in  Utah,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
San  Quentin;  town  in  Marin  County,  California,  said  to  be  named  for  a  former 

resident. 
San  Rafael;  township  and  city  in  Marin  County,  California,  named  for  the  Spanish 

saint. 
San  Saba;  county  and  river  in  Texas,  probably  named  for  the  old  San  Saba  mission 

established  in  1734  in  what  is  now  Menard  County.     The  Spanish  form  of  "Holy 

Savior/' 


OAXftHT.)  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  275 


( 


Tache;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California.    A  French  phrase  meaning  "spot- 
less." 
Santa  Ana;  township,  and  city  in  Orange  County,  California,  named  for  an  old 

Spanish  mission. 
Santa  Barbara;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  for  an  old 

Spanish  mission. 
Santa  Clara;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  for  an  old 

Spanish  mission. 
Santa  Cruz;  county  in  Arizona,  and  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  island  of 

California.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning  "  holy  cross." 
Santa  Fe;  city  in  Haskall  County,  Kansas,  town  in  Monroe  County,  Missiouri,  and 

county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  Mexico.    A  Spanish  phrase  meaning 

"  holy  faith." 
Santa  Monica;  township,  and  city  in  Los  Angeles  County,  in  California,  named  for 

the  Spanish  saint,  the  mother  of  Saint  Augustine. 
Santa  Rosa;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  a  saint  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Santa  Ynez;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  named  for  an  old  Spanish 

mission.    The  Spanish  form  of  St.  Agnes. 
Sapinero;  town  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  named  for  a  subchief  of  the  Ute 

Indians. 

;  river  and  lake  in  New  York; 

Lake;  village  in  Franklin  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning 
"river  that  flows  under  a  rock." 
Saratoga;  town  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  named  from  the  town  in  New 

York. 
Saratoga;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  lake  in  New  York; 
Saratoga  Springs;  town  and  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York.    An  Indian 

word  said  to  mean  "place  of  the  miraculous  water  in  a  rock." 
8arcoxie;  city  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  named  for  a  friendly  Indian  chief. 
Sardinia;  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 
Sardis;  town  in  Panola  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  the  ruined  city  in  Asia 

Minor. 
Sargent;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  a  former  general  manager  of  the 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Sarpy;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Peter  A.  Sarpy. 

Sassafras;  stream  in  Maryland.     The  English  form  of  the  Indian  word  winakhanne. 
Satartia;  town  in  Yazoo  County,  Mississippi.    Derived  from  an  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "pumpkin  place." 
Saucon;  township  and  creek  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "outlet  of  a  smaller  stream." 
Saugatuck;  river  and  village  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  village  in  Allegan 

County,  Michigan.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "outlet  of  the  tidal  river." 
Saugerties;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York.    One  authority  states  that  it  is  an 

Indian  word  meaning  "at  the  outlet;"  another  gives  it  as  from  the  Dutch, 

zaeger's  kill,  meaning  "sawyer's  creek,"  so  given  because  a  sawmill  was  erected 

on  the  town  site. 
Saugua;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.    The  Indian  name  of  Lynn,  the 

word  meaning  * '  extended. ' ' 

(Sauk;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin; 
Sauk  Center;  city  in  Stearns  County,  Minnesota; 
Sauk  Rapids;  village  in  Benton  County,  Minnesota.     Named  from  the  Sauk  or 
Sac  Indian  tribe,  the  word  meaning  "  people  living  at  a  river  mouth." 


276  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie;  city  in  Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the  foot  of 

the  rapids  of  St.  Marys  River.     A  French  phrase  meaning  " falls  of  St.  Mary." 
Saunders;  tributary  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  Montana,  named  for  a  trapper  who 

lived  in  the  region. 
Saunders;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Governor  Alvin  Saunders. 
Sauratown;  town  in  Stokes  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Sara  Indian 

tribe. 
Sausalito;  town  in  Marin  County,  California.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "  little 

willow." 
Sauvie;  island  in  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon,  named  for  Jean  Baptiste  Sauve,  a 

French  Canadian,  who  kept  a  dairy  there. 
Savanna;  city  in  Carroll  County,  Illinois; 
Savannah;  city  in  Chatham  County  and  river  in  Georgia,  and  town  in  Wayne 

County,  New  York.    The  name  is  a  Creek  corruption  of  the  name  of  the  Shawnee 

Indians,  who  formerly  lived  upon  the  Savannah  River. 
Savoy;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Princess  Cothilda  of  Savoy, 

who  visited  Illinois  in  1861. 
Savoy;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Switzer- 
land. 
Sawadabscook;  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River  in  Maine.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "  place  of  large,  smooth  rocks/ ' 
Sawyer;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Philetus  Sawyer,  Senator  from  that  State. 
Saxapahaw;   town  in  Alamance  County,  North  Carolina.    A  corruption  of  the 

name  of  an  Indian  tribe,  Sissipahaw. 
Saybrook;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Lords  Say  and  Brook. 
Saybrook;  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Saybrook,  Connecticut. 
Sayre;  borough  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania,  probably  named  for  R.  S.  Say  re, 

chief  engineer  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad. 
Scales  Mound;  township  and  village  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the 

proximity  of  a  large  mound  owned  by  Samuel  Scales. 
Scammon;  city  in  Cherokee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  four  brothers,  early  settlers 

from  Illinois. 
Scandia;  city  in  Republic  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  Scandinavian  agricultural 

society  by  which  it  was  colonized. 
Scandinavia;  village  in  Waupaca  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  people  by 

whom  it  was  settled. 
Scantic;  river,  and  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut     Derived  from  the 

Indian  word  reskaiuk,  meaning  " branch  of  the  river.* ' 
Scarboro;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Scarsdale;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Derby- 
shire, England. 
Scatacook;  river  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "confluence  of  two 

streams." 
Schaghticoke;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  confluence  of 

the  Hoosric  and  Hudson  rivers.     Derived  from  an  Indian  word  pachgatgoch, 

41  place  where  a  river  branches." 
Schellsburg;  borough  in  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  man  who 

laid  it  out. 
Schenectady;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  York.     Derived  from  the 

Indian  meaning  "over  beyond  the  plains,"  or  "  river  valley  beyond  the  pine 

trees. ' ' 
Scher er ville ;  village    in    l^ake   County,  Indiana,  named  for  Scherer  Wright,  its 

founder. 


iusicett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES.  277 

Schleicher;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gustav  Schleicher,  member  of  Congress 
from  that  State. 

Schleiaingerville;  village  in  Washington  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  B.  Sehleis- 
inger  Weil,  its  founder. 

8chley;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  William  Schley,  a  former  governor. 

Schodack;  town  in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  won!  meaning 
"meadow  or  fire  plain,"  so  called  because  it  was  in  ancient  times  the  seat  of  the 
council  fires  of  the  Mohegans. 

Schoharie;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  creek  in  New  York.  An  Indian 
word  meaning  "flood  wood,"  or  "driftwood."  Another  authority  gives  "tribu- 
tary that  throws  its  waters  across  the  main  stream." 

Schonbrunn;  town  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio.  A  German  word  meaning  "beau- 
tiful fountain." 

Schoodic;  river,  and  chain  of  lakes,  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word  to  which  many 
meanings  are  credited,  among  them,  "trout  place,"  "burnt  lands,"  "place 
where  water  rushes,"  and  "where  fish  live  all  the  year." 

Schoolcraft;  county,  and  village  in  Kalamazoo  County,  in  Michigan,  named  for 
Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  distinguished  for  his  Indian  researches. 

Bchroeppel;  town  in  Oswego  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry  W.  Schroeppel, 
an  early  resident. 

Schroon;  lake,  river,  mountain,  and  town  in  Essex  County,  in  New  York.  Opinions 
differ  as  to  the  derivation  of  this  name,  some  saying  that  it  in  derived  from 
the  Indian  shaghnetaghrowahora,  meaning  "largest  lake,"  or  from  the  Saranac 
Indian,  "daughter  of  the  mountains;"  another  authority  stating  that  it  was 
named  for  the  Duchess  Scharon,  of  the  court  of  Louis  XIV. 

Sdralenburg;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Texas,  named  for  a  man  prominent  in  the 
organization  of  a  corporation  that  built  the  town. 

Schuyler;  counties  in  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Philip 
Schuyler,  early  mayor  of  Albany,  New  York. 

Schuyler;  city  in  Colfax  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Schuyler  Colfax,  Vice- 
President  under  President  Grant. 

Schuylerville;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Philip 
Schuyler,  a  prominent  man,  and  early  mayor  of  Albany. 

Schuylkill;  county  and  river  in  Pennsylvania;  so  named  l>ecause  the  first  explorers 
passed  its  mouth  without  seeing  it,  which  caused  them  to  give  it  this  Dutch  name, 
meaning  "hidden  stream."  The  Delaware  Indians  called  the  river  gmuhowe- 
hanne,  "waving stream." 

Schuylkill  Haven;  town  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of 
its  location  at  the  head  of  the  Schuylkill  Canal. 

Scio;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Sciota;  village  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  and  river  and  county  in  Ohio. 
Derived  from  the  Indian  word  seeyotah,  meaning  "great  legs,"  and  applied  to 
the  river  on  account  of  its  numerous  and  long  branches. 

Scipio;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Roman  general. 

Scitico;  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "at 
the  branch." 

Scituate;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  stream  running 
into  the  harbor,  which  derived  its  name  from  the  Indian  word  satuit,  "cold 
brook." 

Scooba;  town  in  Kemper  County,  Mississippi.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "reed 
brake." 

Scotland;  counties  in  Missouri  and  North  Carolina,  and  city  in  Bonhomme  County, 
South  Dakota  named  for  the  division  of  Great  Britain. 


278  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bpll.  258. 

Scott;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Judge  Andrew  Scott. 

Scott;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  Scott  County,  Kentucky. 

Scott;  counties  in  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  Charles  Scott,  governor 

of  Kentucky,  1808-1812. 
Scott;  county  in  Iowa,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  and  counties  in 

Minnesota,  Tennessee,  and  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Winfield  Scott 
Scott;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  John  Scott 
Scottdale;  borough  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Thomas  A. 

Scott,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
Scotta  Bluff;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  the  bluff  where  a  man  named  Scott 

met  death  by  starvation. 
Scottsboro;  town  in  Baldwin  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  John  8cott 
Scottaburg;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  named  for  Matthew  and 

William  Scott,  early  settlers. 
Scotts  Creek;  township  in  Jackson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Scott, 

a  trader  among  the  Cherokees. 
Scottsville;  town  in  Allen  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  Charles  Scott,  an 

early  governor  of  the  State. 
Scottsville;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  Isaac  Scott,  the  first 

settler. 
Scranton;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Mississippi,  named  from  the  city  in  Pennsylvania. 
Scranton;  city  in  Lackawanna  County ,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Joseph  H.  Scranton, 

its  founder. 
Scratch  Gravel;  hills  in  Lewis  and  Clark  County,  Montana,  5  miles  northwest  of 

Helena,  so  named  because  gold  was  picked  up  in  the  gravel  after  a  heavy  rain. 
Screven;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  James  Screven,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Scriba;  town  in  Oswego  County,  New  York,  named  for  George  Scriba,  the  resident 

proprietor. 
Scurry;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  William  B.  Scurry,  brigadier-general  in  the 

Army  of  the  Confederacy. 
Seaboard;  town  in  Northampton  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  the  Sea- 
board Air  Line. 
Seabright;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Sea  Cliff;  village  in  Nassau  County,  New  York,  where  camp  meetings  were  formerly 

held  upon  a  cliff  by  the  salt  water,  from  which  circumstance  the  village  was 

named. 
Sea  Isle  City;  borough  in  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  it  is 

situated  near  the  seashore. 
Searcy;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Judge  Richard  Searcy. 
Searles;  post-office  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  for  J.  W.  Searles,  who  dis- 
covered borax  in  the  Mohave  Desert  in  1863. 
ISearsmont;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine; 
Searsport;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine.    Named  for  David  Sears,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 
Seattle;  city  in  King  County,  Washington,  named  for  the  chief  of  the  Duwamish 

tribe  of  Indians,  See-aa-thl. 
Sebago;  lake  in  York  County,  and  lake,  pond,  and  town  in  Cumberland  County, 

Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "stretch  of  water,"  or  " place  of  river  lake." 
Sebamook;  lake  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word  given  two  different  meanings,  '* large 

bay  lake"  and  "bright  water." 
Sebastian;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Senator  William  K.  Sebastian. 
Sebethe;  river  in  Connecticut.    Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Indian  word 
sepoese,  "snjaJJ  river." 


C3ANXBTT.1  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  279 

Sebewa;  village  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan.    Derived  from  the  Indian  word  sibive, 

"rivulet,"  or  " brook." 
Sebewaing;  village  in  Huron  County,  Michigan.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word 

sibiwmg,  "at  the  creek." 
Seboeie;  lake,  stream,  and  plantation  in  Penobscot  County,  in  Maine.    Supposed  to 

be  derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning  "little  river." 
Secaucus;  town  in  Hudson  County,  New  York.    Thought  to  be  derived  from  the 

Indian  word  sekakes,  used  in  reference  to  snake?. 
Seco;  creek  in  Texas,  and  village  in  Boxelder  County,  Utah.    A  Spanish   word 

meaning  "dry." 
Becor;  village  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  builder. 
Sedalia;  city  in  Pettis  County,  Missouri.    A  modification  of  the  original  name 

Sadieville,  having  been  named  for  the  daughter  of  Gen.  G.  R.  Smith,  who  laid 

out  the  town. 
Sedan;  city  in  Chautauqua  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  town  in  France. 
Sedgwick;  county,  and  fort  in  same  county,  in  Colorado,  mountain  in  Idaho,  and 

county,  and  city  in  Harvey  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  John  Sedgwick. 
Sedgwick;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  Maj.  Robert  Sedgwick. 
Seekonk;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts.    Said  to  be  derived  from  an  Indian 

word  meaning  ' '  black  goose, "  or  "  wi Id  goose. ' ' 
Seguin;  town  in  Gaudalupe  County,  Texas,  named  for  Col.  Juan  Seguin,  a  Mexican 

who  joined  fortunes  with  the  Texans  in  1836. 
Seiglingville;  town  in  Barnwell  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Randolph 

Seigling,  a  prominent  capitalist  of  Charleston. 
Selinsgrove;  borough  in  Snyder  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family  of  early 

settlers. 
Sellersville;  borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.    The  Anglicized  form  of  the 

original  name.  Zoellers,  a  family  of  early  residents  for  whom  it  was  named. 
Sell  wood;  town  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon,  named  for  Governor  Sell  wood. 
Selma;  city  in  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  named  from  the  "Songs  of  Selma,"  in 

Ossian. 
Selma;  town  in  Fresno  County,  California,  named  from  the  city  in  Alabama. 
Seminole;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  Florida,  and  nation  in  Indian  Territory, 

named    for   the   Indian    tribe;  the    word   probably    means,  "separatist,"  or 

"renegade." 
Semproniua;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  celebrated  Roman 

tribune,  father  of  the  Gracchi. 
Senath;  village  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  wife  of  A.  W.  Doug- 
lass, an  early  settler. 
Senatobia;  creek  and  town  in  Tate  County,  Mississippi.    A  Choctaw  Indian  word 

meaning  ' '  white  sycamore. ' ' 
Seneca;  city  in  Nehama  County,  Kansas,  named  from  Seneca  County  in  Ohio,  by 

the  firet  settlers  who  emigrated  from  that  county. 
Seneca;  nation  in  Indian  Territory,  city  in  Newton  County,  Missouri,  counties  in 

New  York  and  Ohio,  town  in  Oconee  County,  South  Carolina,  and  creek  in 

Pendleton  County,  West  Virginia; 
Seneca  Falls;  village  in  Seneca  County,  New  York,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe. 

The  word  is  a  corruption  of  Sinnekaas,  a  name  given  them  by  the  Dutch. 
Senegar;  creek  in  Maryland,  named  from  the  Seneca  tribe  of  Indians. 
Sequoia;  town  in  Tuolumne  County,  California,  named  from  the  trees. 
Severance;  city  in  Doniphan  County,  Kansas,  named  for  one  of  the  three  proprietors. 
Severy;  city. in  Greenwood  County,  Kansas,  named  for  L.  Severy,  of  Emporia,  a 

director  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Sevier;  eounty  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Ambrose  H.  Sevier,  a  Congressional  delegate. 


280  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  2S*. 

Sevier;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  John  Sevier,  first  governor  of  the  State. 

Sevier;  county  in  Utah,  probably  named  for  John  Sevier,  a  pioneer. 

Seward;  county  in  Kansas,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska,  and 
mountain  and  town  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  H. 
Seward,  the  American  statesman. 

Sewickley;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania.  An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing " sweet  water." 

Seymour;  city  in  Jackson  County,  Indiana,  named  for  a  civil  engineer. 

Shabbona;  township  and  village  in  Dekalb  County,  Illinois.  Named  for  an  Indian 
chief  who  befriended  the  white  settlers  at  the  time  of  the  Black  Hawk  war. 

Shackelford;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  surgeon,  captain  of  a  band  called  the 
"  Red  Rovers,"  who  helped  the  Texans  in  their  revolution. 

Shakopee;  city  in  Scott  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a  Sioux  Indian  chief  who 
formerly  lived  there;  the  name  meaning  "six." 

Shalersville;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Shamokin;  borough  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania.  Derived  from  the 
Delaware  Indian  word  schahamoki,  meaning  "place  of  eels." 

Sh among;  town  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"place  of  the  big  horn." 

Shandaken;  town  in  Ulster  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "rapid 
waters." 

Shannock;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  where  two 
streams  meet." 

Shannon;  township  and  village  in  Carroll  County,  Illinois.  Named  for  William 
Shannon,  its  founder. 

Shannon;  county  in  Missouri.     Named  for  George  F.  Shannon,  of  Marion  County. 

Shannon;  county  in  South  Dakota.  Named  for  Peter  C.  Shannon,  former  chief 
justice. 

Shapleigh;  town  in  York  County,  Maine.  Named  for  Nicholas  Shapleigh,  one  of 
the  earliest  proprietors. 

Sharkey;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  William  L.  Sharkey,  provisional  gov- 
ernor during  Governor  Clark's  absence  at  Fort  Pulaski  in  1865-66. 

Sharon;  city  in  Barber  County,  Kansas,  town  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  and 
twenty  other  places.  The  name  is  of  biblical  derivation,  from  the  Hebrew, 
meaning  "a  plain." 

Sharon;  town  in  Madison  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  because  the  Sharon  semi- 
nary for  girls  was  situated  there  at  an  early  day. 

Sharon  Spring's;  city  in  Wallace  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  Schoharie  County, 
New  York.     The  name  is  of  biblical  derivation. 

Sharp;  county  in  Arkansas.  Named  for  Ephraim  Sharp,  representative  from  Law- 
rence County. 

Sharpsburg;  town  in  Bath  County,  Kentucky.     Named  for  Moses  Sharp. 

Sharpsburg;  borough  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania.  Named  for  James 
Sharp,  the  original  proprietor. 

Shasta;  county  in  California.     Named  from  the  Indian  tribe  Saste,  or  Shastika. 

Shaume;  river  in  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "fountain"  or 
"spring." 

Shavano;  peak  of  the  Sawatch  Range  in  Colorado,  named  for  a  Ute  Indian. 

Shaw;  town  in  Bolivar  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  owner  of  the  lands 
through  which  the  railroad  passes. 

Shawan;  town  in  Baltimore  County,  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "south." 

Shaw  an  gunk;  river,  town  in  Ulster  County,  and  mountain  in  New  York.  Said  to 
be  an  Indian  word  meaning  "  white  stone"  or  "white  salt  rocks." 


oaknott.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  281 

Shawano;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin.     Derived   from   the 
Ojibwa  Indian  won!  shaimnong,  meaning  "on  the  south." 
Shawnee;  nation  in  Indian  Territory  and  county  in  Kansas; 
Shawneetown;  city  in  Gallatin  County,  Illinois.    Named  for  the  Indian  tribe,  the 
word  probably  meaning  "southerners,"  and  given  them  because  they  emigrated 
northward  from  the  Savannah  River. 

Sheboygan;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin.  Two  derivations  are 
given,  one  from  the  Ojibwa  Indian  word  jibaigan,  meaning  a  perforated  object, 
as  a  pipe  stem,  and  the  other  from  tihawb-wa-way,  expressing  a  tradition  "  that  a 
great  noise  coming  underground  from  the  region  of  Lake  Superior  was  heard  at 
this  place." 

Sheepeater;  cliffs  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  a  band  of  Indians,  a  sub- 
tribe  of  the  Shoshoni. 

Sheepocot;  river  and  bay  in  Maine.  Derived  from  the  Indian  word  sipsa-conta, 
meaning ' '  bird-flocking  river  "  or ' ' little  bird  place, ' '  because  the  Indians  resorted 
there  for  young  ducks. 

Sheffield;  cities  in  Colbert  County,  Alabama,  and  Warren  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 

Sheffield;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Joseph  Sheffield,  of  New 
Haven,  one  of  it  founders. 

Sheffield;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Iowa,  named  for  James  Sheffield,  a  railroad 
contractor. 

Shelbina;  city  in  Shelby  County,  Missouri,  named  by  early  settlers  from  Shelby 
County  in  Kentucky. 

Shelburne;  towns  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Chittenden  County,  Ver- 
mont, named  for  William  Fitz  Maurice,  second  Earl  of  Shelburne. 

Shelby;  counties  in  Alabama,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri; 
town  in  Orleans  County,  New  York,  and  counties  in  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  Texas; 

Shelbyville;  cities  in  Shelby  counties,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri. 
Named  for  Gen.  Isaac  Shelby,  former  governor  of  Kentucky. 

Sheldon;  city  in  O'Brien  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Israel  Sheldon,  a  stockholder  in 
the  first  railroad  passing  through  the  town. 

Sheldon;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Shell  Bock;  town  in  Butler  County,  Iowa,  so  named  on  account  of  the  rocks  near 
the  river. 

Shelter;  island  off  Long  Island,  New  York.  Probably  the  translation  of  the  original 
Indian  word  of  manhanset-aha-cu&ha-inommuck,  meaning  "  island  sheltered  by 
islands." 

Shelton;  town  in  Mason  County,  Washington,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Shenandoah;  city  in  Page  County,  Iowa,  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, county,  town  in  Page  County,  and  river  in  Virginia.  An  Indian  word 
said  to  mean  "sprucy  stream." 

Shepaug;  river  in  Connecticut.  Derived  from  the  Indian  word  mashajiaug,  mean- 
ing "large  pond." 

Shepherd;  village  in  Isabella  County,  Michigan,  named  for  I.  N.  Shepherd,  its 
founder. 

Shepherdstown;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Capt.  Thomas 
Shepherd. 

Sherborn;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  of  Sher- 
borne, England. 

Sherburne;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Moses  Sherburne,  associate  justice  of 
the  supreme  court,  1853-1857. 

Sherburne;  town  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 


282  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  n*i  ll.  258. 

Sheridan;  village  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  county  in  Kansas,  town  in  Madison 

County,  Montana,  county  in  Nebraska,  and  county  and  mountain  in  Yellowstone 

Park,  Wyoming,  named  for  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan. 
Sherlock;  township  in  Finney  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  capitalist  connected 

with  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Sherman;  mountain  in  Idaho,  county  in  Kansas,  village  in  Wexford  County,  Michi- 
gan, and  counties  in  Nebraska  and  Oregon,  named  for  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman. 
Sherman;  county,  and  city  in  Grayson  County,  Texas,  named  for  Sidney  Sherman, 

general  of  the  Texas  army,  who  raised  the  cry  of  "Remember  the  Alamo11  at 

the  battle  of  San  Jacinto. 
Sherman;  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Roger  Sherman,  a 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Sherwood;  village  in  Branch  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  forest  in  England. 
Sheshequin;  village  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"mysterious  rattle." 
She  tucket;  river  in  Connecticut.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "land  between  the 

rivers,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "confluence  of  rivers." 
Shiawassee;  county  and  river  in  Michigan.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "straight 

running  river." 
Shickshinny;  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  protected  by  a  cordon  of 

hills  of  five  summits.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "five  mountains." 
Shields;  river  in  Montana,  named  for  a  member  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Shinnecock;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Shinnston;  town  in  Harrison  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  owners  of  the 

land  upon  which  it  was  built 
Shintaka;  several  marshes  in  Minnesota,    An  Indian  word  meaning  "tamarack." 
Shippensburg;  borough  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  an  early 

proprietor,  Edward  Shippen. 
Shippenville;  borough  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Judge  Shippen, 

of  Meadville. 
Shirley;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Shirley;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts; 
Shirley sburg;  borough  in  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania.    Named  for  Gen. 

William  Shirley,  an  early  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
Shivwits;  plateau  in  Arizona.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "people  of  the  springs." 
Shobonier;  town  in  Fayette  County,  Illinois,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Shocoo;  creek  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe  Shoccoree. 
Shohokin;  stream  in  Wayne  County,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"where  there  is  glue." 

IShohola;  stream  in  Pike  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Shohola  Falls;  village  in  Pike  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning 
"weak,"  "faint,"  or  "distressed." 
Shope;  lake  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "shoulder." 
Shoreham;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont.    So  named  because  located  on  the 

shores  of  Lake  Champlain. 
Shoup;  village  in  Lemhi  County,  Idaho,  named  for  G.  L.  Shoup,  United  States 

Senator. 
Showers;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Shreveport;  city  in  Caddo  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  Henry  M.  Shreve. 
Shrewsbury;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  George  Talbot, 

Earl  of  Shrewsbury. 
Shrewsbury;  town  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  and  several  other  towns  and  vil- 
lages,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 


oannktt.]  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  283 

Shubrick;  peak  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  so  named  localise  the  steamer 

Shvbrick  went  aground  in  the  vicinity. 
Shullsburg;  city  in  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Jesse  W.  Shull,  the 

first  settler. 
Shurz;  mountain  in  Wyoming,  named  for  Carl  Shurz,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under 

President  Hayes. 
Shushan;  village  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  ruined  city  in 

Persia. 
Shutesburg;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Gov.  Samuel 

Shute,  a  relative  of  Governor  Bernard. 
Sibley;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  II .  Sibley,  an  early  pioneer  of 

the  Territory,  the  first  governor  of  the  State,  and  its  military  defender  in  the 

Sioux  war  of  1862. 
Sibley;  town  in  Jackson  County,  Missouri,  named  for  George  C.  Sibley,  who  was 

one  of  the  commissioners  to  lay  out  a  road  in  1825  from  Fort  Osage  to  Santa  Fe. 
Sidney;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Sydney 

Davis,  a  daughter  of  the  founder. 
Sidney;  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  and  cities  in  Shelby  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Sir 

Philip  Sidney. 
Sidney;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  Admiral  Sir  Sidney 

Smith. 
Sidon;  town  in  Leflore  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  the  ancient  city  of  Syria. 
Siegfried;  post-office  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col.  Jno. 

Siegfried,  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 
Sierra;  counties  in  California  and  New  Mexico.     Derived  from  the  Spanish,  Sierra 

Madre,  "Mother  Range/1  Rocky  Mountains. 
Sierra  La  Sal;  mountains  in  eastern  Utah,  so  named  from  salt  springs  near  their 

base. 
Sigel;  village  in  Shelby  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  Franz  Sigel,  an  officer  of 

the  rebellion. 
Sigourney;  city  in  Keokuk  County,  Iowa,  named  for  the  poetess,  Mrs.  Lydia  H. 

Sigourney. 
Sikeston;  city  in  Scott  County,  Missouri,  named  for  John  Sikes. 
Siler  City;    town  in  Chatham  County,  North   Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

family  of  the  neighborhood. 
Silliman;  mountains  in  California  and  Nevada,  named  for  Benjamin  Silliman,  the 

chemist. 
Silverbow;  county  in  Montana,  so  named  because  of  its  shape,  and  on  account  of  the 

presence  of  this  precious  metal. 
Silver  Cliff;  town  in  Custer  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because  silver  was  found 

in  a  cliff  near  the  present  town  site. 
Silver  Lake;  city  in  Shawnee  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  the  Kansas  River 

forms  a  lake  at  this  point. 
Simpson;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  John  Simpson,  member  of  Congress. 
Simpson;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Judge  Josiah  Simpson. 
Simpsonville;  village  in  Shelby  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Capt.  John  Simp- 
son, member  of  Congress  from  that  State. 
Simpsonville;  town  in  Greenville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

family  of  the  State. 
Sincarte;  town  in  Mason  County,  Illinois,  a  corrupted  name  of  the  passage  which  was 

originally  named  by  the  French,  chenal  ecarte,  "  remote  channel." 
Sindairville;  village  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Maj.  Samuel 

Sinclair,  the  first  settler,  who  located  there  in  1810. 
Singleys;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 


284  PLACE    NAMES    IK    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Sing  Sing;  creek  in  Chemung  County,  New  York.     Indian  words  meaning  "  place 

of  a  stone."     Another  authority  states  that  it  was  named  for  John  Sing  Sing,  a 

friendly  Indian. 
Sinking;  creek  in  Breckinridge  County,  Kentucky,  so  named   because  it  sinks 

lieneath  the  surface  of  the  ground  for  a  distance  of  6  miles. 
Sinnemahoning;  stream   in  Pennsylvania.     A   Delaware    Indian   word  meaning 

"stony  lick." 
Sinsinawa  Mound;  village  in  Grand  County,  Wisconsin.    A  combination  of  the 

Indian  word  sinsiawe,  meaning  "  rattlesnake,"  and  mound,  because  situated  near 

a  truncated  cone  several  hundred  feet  high. 
Sioux;  counties  in  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  and  eight  other  places,  so  named  from  the 

Dakota  or  Sioux  Indians  of  Dakota  and  Minnesota,  the  largest  tribe  in  the  United 

States.     The  word  is  an  abbreviation  of  their  Ojibwa  name,  signifying  "little 

snakes,"  i.  e.,  "enemies." 
Sir  Johns;  small  run  in  Morgan  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  an  officer  of 

Braddock's  army. 
Siskiyou;  county  in  California  and  mountains  in  Oregon.     By  some  authorities  it  is 

said  to  Ik*  a  corruption  of  the  original  name  given  the  district  in  California  by 

the  French — six  cuilloux,  meaning  "six  bowlders;"  others  state  that  it  is  an 

Indian  word  meaning  "bob-tailed  horse,"  the  mountains  between  California  and 

Oregon  having  been  so  named  because  a  famous  bob-tailed  race  horse  was  lost 

on  the  trail. 
Siskowit;  lake  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  a  "  kind  of  fish  resembling 

trout." 
Sisladobsis;  lake  in  eastern  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "rock  lake." 
Sisseton;  town  in  Roberts  County,   South    Dakota.     An   Indian  word  meaning 

"swamp  village,"  a  subtribe  of  the  Sioux. 
Sisson;  village  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  named  for  a  former  hotel  keeper. 
Sissowkissink;  creek  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  River,  Pennsylvania.     Derived 

from  the  Indian  word  nhiknwen,  "place  of  black  ducks." 
Sit  greaves;  pass  in  Arizona,  named  for  Captain  Sitgraaves,  United  States  Army. 
Sitkum;  village  in  Coos  County,  Oregon.     A  Chinook  Indian  word  meaning  "half," 

or  "part." 
Skagit;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Skamania;  county  in  Washington.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "swift  waters,"  and 

probably  applied  to  the  troubled  waters  of  the  Columbia  River. 
Skanawono-Weshance;  tributary  of  Wisconsin  River.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"creek  that  runs  through  bluffs." 
Skaneateles;  lake,  town,  and  village  in  Onondaga  County,  in  New  York.     An 

Indian  word  meaning  "long  lake." 
Skilesville;  town  in  Muhlenberg  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  James  R.  Skiles. 
Skinner;  island  in  Lake  Memphremagog,  Vermont,  named  for  Uniak  Skinner,  the 

first  settler. 
Skippack;  stream  and  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania.     Derived  from 

the  Indian  word  xchki-prek,  "]K>ol  of  stagnant  water." 
Skitticook;  branch  of  the  Mattawamkeag  River,  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"dead-water  stream." 
Skokomish;  river  in  Washington,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe,  the  Skokomish ;  the 

word  is  said  to  mean  "river  i>eople." 
Skookumchuck;  village  in  Lewis  County,  Washington.     An  Indian  wrord  meaning 

"strong  water." 
Skowhegan;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine.     An   Indian  word  said   to   mean 

"sjH'urinir"  or  "piaoe  of  watch." 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  285 

Skull;  valleys  in  Utah  and  Yavapai  County,  Arizona; 

Skull  Valley;  village  in  Yavapai  County,  Arizona.     So  named  on  account  of  the 
many  skulls  of  Indians  found  there. 

Skunk;  river  in  Iowa.    A  translation  of  the  Indian  name  checauqtia. 

Skunkscut;  range  of  Hills  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "at  the  high  place. " 

Slateford;  village  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  it  is  the 
center  of  manufacture  of  school  slates. 

Slater;  city  in  Saline  County,  Missouri,  named  for  W.  A.  Slater,  of  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut. 

Slatersville;  village  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  named  for  Samuel  Slater, 
its  founder. 

Slatington;  borough  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania;  so  named  on  account  of  its 
extensive  slate  quarries. 

Slaughtersville;  town  in  Webster  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  G.  G.  Slaughter, 
an  old  settler. 

Sleepy  Eye;  lake  and  village  in  Brown  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  Indian 
chief  Ishanumbak,  "man  whose  eyes  have  the  appearance  of  sleep." 

Slide;  highest  summit  of  the  Catskill  Mountains,  Ulster  County,  New  York,  so 
named' because  an  avalanche  stripped  a  part  of  the  mountain  of  earth  and  vege- 
tation. 

Slidell  town  in  St.  Tammany  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  the  celebrity  of  that 
name. 

Sligo;  borough  in  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  six  other  towns  and  villages, 
named  from  the  town  in  Ireland. 

Slipperyrock;  stream  and  borough  in  Butler  County,  Pennsylvania.  Derived  from 
the  Indian  word  tvesch-ach-ach-apochka,  meaning  "slippery  rock." 

Sloansville;  village  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  R.  Sloan,  an 
early  settler. 

Slocums;  island  in  Michigan,  named  for  its  owner. 

Slough;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  which  was  erroneously  so  described  by  its  dis- 
coverer; it  being,  in  fact,  a  swift  running  stream. 

Smackover;  stream  in  Union  County,  Arkansas.  Corrupted  from  the  French 
chemin  convert,  "covered  road." 

Smethport;  borough  in  McKean  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Theodore  Smethe, 
a  friend  of  the  original  proprietor. 

Smith;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  J.  Nelson  Smith,  of  the  Second  Colorado  Regi- 
ment. 

Smith;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Maj.  David  Smith. 

Smith;  river  in  Montana,  named  for  Robert  Smith,  former  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Smith;  river  in  Nevada,  named  for  Lieut.  Kirby  Smith. 

Smith;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  Daniel  Smith,  a  patriot  and  early  set- 
tler of  the  State. 

Smith;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  W.  Smith,  killed  at  the  Alamo. 

Smith  Center;  city  in  center  of  Smith  County,  Kansas,  named  for  J.  Nelson  Smith, 
of  the  Second  Colorado  Regiment. 

Smithfield;  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  named  for  Peter  Smith. 

Smithfield;  town  in  Johnson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Smith,  State 
senator. 

Smiths  Ferry;  village  in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Jesse  Smith,  the 
man  who  established  the  ferry. 

Smith  town;  town  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  for  Richard  Smith,  an 
early  proprietor. 


286  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  25a 

Smith ville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jesse  Smith,  a 

lumber  dealer. 
Smith  ville;  village  in  Ritchie  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  the  former  owner 

of  the  land. 
Smith  ville;  town  in  Clay  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Humphrey  Smith,  the  first 

settler. 
Smokes;  creek  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  an  Indian  who  resided  near 

its  mouth. 
Smyrna;  town  in  Cobb  County,  Georgia,  and  village  in  Chenango  County,  New 

York,  and  sixteen  other  places,  the  name  being  transferred  from  the  ancient 

seaport  of  Asia  Minor  on  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna. 
Smyth;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Gen.  Alexander  Smyth,  Member  of  Congress 

from  that  State. 
Snake;  river  in  Idaho  and  Washington  and  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  from  the 

Snake  or  Shoshoni  Indians. 
Snapeene;  stream  in  Montana.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "crooked  mouth." 
Snelling;  military  post  in  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  Colonel  Josiah 

Snelling,  under  whose  direction  it  was  built. 
Sniabar;  township  and  village  in  Lafayette  County,  Missouri.    Corrupted  from 

achuyte  ober,  from  the  circumstance  of  an  early  German  hunter  having  lost  his 

life  there. 
Snohomish;  river,  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Washington,  named  for  an 

Indian  tribe. 
Snoqualmie;  river  in  Washington,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Snowden;  township  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Judge  Snowden, 

of  Pittsburg. 
Snowmass;  mountain  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the  snow  field  near  its 

summit. 
Snyder;  county  in  Pennsylvania; 
Snydertown;  borough  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania.    Named  for 

Governor  Simon  Snyder  of  the  State. 
Socatean;  stream  in  Maine,  named  for  Standing  Atean,  a  warrior  of  an  Indian 

tribe,  or  from  an  Indian  word,  meaning  "half  burned  land,  and  half  standing 

lumber.' ' 
Socorro;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  New  Mexico,  and  village  in  El  Paso 

County,  Texas.    A  Spanish  word  meaning  "succor"  or  "relief." 
Solano;  county  in  California,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Suisun  Indians. 
Soledad;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "soli- 
tude" or  "desert." 
Solomon;  city  in  Dickinson  County  and  river  in  Kansas,  originally  known  as  the 

Wiskapella,  from  two  Indian  words,  meaning  "salt  water."    Name  changed  to 

Soloman  as  being  more  euphonic. 
Solon;  towns  in  Somerset  County,  Maine,  and  Cortland  County,  New  York,  named 

for  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 
Solon;  township  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Lorenzo  Solon  Bull. 
Solution;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  because  it  is  the  outlet  to  Riddle 

Lake. 
Solvay;  village  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  the  Solvay 

Process  works  are  situated  there. 
Somers;  town  in  Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Lord  Somers. 
Somers;  town  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Capt.  Richard  Somers, 

naval  officer  in  the  Tripolitan  war. 
Somerset;  counties  in  Maine,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  county 

in  England. 


oannbtt.]  PLACE    NAME8   IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  287 

Somerset;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  Edward  Somerset,   husband  of  the 

daughter  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
Somerset;  village  in  Perry  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  county  in  Pennsylvania. 
Somen  Point;  borough  in  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  family  of 

residents. 
Somerton;  station  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Jacob  Sommer,  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  district  court  of  Philadelphia. 
Somervell;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Alexander  Somerville,  a  brigadier-general 

of  the  Texas  Militia. 
Somerville;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Capt.  Richard 

Somers,  naval  officer  in  the  Tripolitan  war. 
Somerville;  town  in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey,  probably  named  for  an  English 

nobleman. 
Somonauk;  village  in  Dekalb  County,  Illinois,  derived  from  the  Indian  word, 

essemiauk,  meaning  "  pawpaw  tree." 
Sonoma;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California,  said  to  have  been  named 

for  the  chief  of  the  Chocuyens,  the  word  meaning  "  valley  of  the  moon." 
Sopris;  peak  of  the  Elk  Mountains  in  western  Colorado,  named  for  Capt.  Dick 

Sopris,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  State. 
Souderton;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family  of 

early  settlers. 
Souhegan;  river  in  New  Hampshire.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  worn-out  lands." 
Souneunk;  stream  in  Maine.    An    Indian  word  meaning  "that  runs  between 

mountains/1 
Southampton;  towns  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  and  Suffolk  County, 

New  York,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
South  Anna;  river  in  Virginia,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Anne,  Queen  of 

England. 
South  Berwick;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  city  in  England. 
Southboro;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  formed  of 

the  south  part  of  Marlboro. 
Southbridge;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  with  reference  to 

the  bridge  over  the  Quinebaug  River. 
South  Carolina;  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  first  named  for  Charles  IX  of 

France,  and  later  for  Charles  II  of  England. 
South  Hero;  town  in  Grand  Isle  County,  Vermont,  named  for  one  of  the  two 

islands  which  were  called  Two  Heroes,  granted  to  Ethan  Allen.    It  was  intended 

that  they  should  be  owned  only  by  brave  men  warmly  disposed  toward  the 

Revolution. 
Southington;  borough  and  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.    A  contraction 

of  South  Farmington,  of  which  town  it  was  originally  a  part. 
South  Pittsburg;  town  in  Marion  County,  Tennessee,  named  from  the  city  in 

Pennsylvania. 
Southport;  city  in  Brunswick  County,  North  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  is  situ- 
ated in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 
South  River;  borough  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  to  distinguish 

it  from  the  North  River  district. 
South  wick;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  its  first  settler. 
Spafford;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Horatio  Gates  Spafford, 

author  of  the  first  gazetteer  of  that  State. 
Spalding;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  the  Hon.  Thomas  Spaulding. 
Spar  land;  village  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Sparr,  owner  of 

the  site. 
Sparta;  city  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Sparta  in  Greece. 


288  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  208. 

Spartanburg*;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Carolina,  so  called  from 

the  rigorous  self-discipline  practiced  by  the  inhabitants  during  the  Revolutionary 

war. 
Spearville;  town  in  Ford  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Alden  Speare,  of  Boston. 
Spencer;  township,  and  city  in  Clay  County,  in  Iowa,  named  for  George  E.  Spencer, 

United  States  Senator  from  Alabama. 
Spencer;  county  in  Kentucky,  and  county,  and  city  in  Owen  County,  in  Indiana, 

named  for  Capt.  Spier  Spencer,  killed  at  Tippecanoe. 
Spencer;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Spencer  Phipps, 

lieutenant-governor  1732-1757;  or,  according  to  another  authority,  for  Charles 

Spencer,  second  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Spencerport;  village  in  Monroe  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  H.  Spencer, 

a  pioneer  settler. 
Sphinx;  mountain  in  Montana,  so  named  on  account  of  its  resemblance  in  shape  to 

the  Sphinx  in  Egypt. 
Spink;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  S.  L.  Spink,  a  former  Congressman. 
Spirit  Lake;  town  in  Dickinson  County,  Iowa,  named  from  the  lake  which  the 

Indians  called  "  spirit  water.1 ' 
Spivey;  city  in  Kingman  County,  Kansas,  named  for  R.  M.  Spivey,  president  of  the 

Arkansas  Valley  Town  and  Land  Company. 
Split  Rock;  village  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  situated  near  a 

curiously  formed  rock. 
Spokane;  county,  city  in  same  county,  river,  and  falls  in  Washington,  named  for 

an  Indian  tribe,  the  name  meaning  " children  of  the  sun." 
Spoon;  river  in  northern  Illinois,  so  named  by  the  first  white  settler  because  of  the 

h poon -shaped  course  of  the  stream.    The  Indian  name  was  Maquon,  meaning 

"feather." 
Spottsylvania;  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  Alexander  Spotswood,  early  lieu- 
tenant-governor. 
Sprague;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Washington,  named  for  Gen.  John  W.  Sprague, 

interested  in  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Springfield;  city  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

Essex  County,  England. 
Springfield;  city  in  Greene  County,  Missouri;  village  in  Sarpy  County,  Nebraska, 

and  city  in  Clark  County,  Ohio,  so  named  because  of  the  numerous  springs. 
Springfield;  village  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  by  its  founder 

because  he  "expected  to  see  a  town  spring  up  in  the  old  fields." 
Springfield;  town  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  city  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 
Spring  Lake;  borough  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  a  lake  in 

the  vicinity  which  is  fed  by  springe. 
Spring  Valley;  township  and  village  in  Fillmore  County,  Minnesota,  and  village 

in  Pierce  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  springs  which  are  notable  features 

of  the  valleys. 
Springville;  villages  in  Laporte  County,  Indiana,  and  Erie  County,  New  York,  so 

named  because  of  the  abundance  of  springs. 
Sproul;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 
Squam;  lake  in  New  Hampshire.     Derived  from  the  Indian  word,  nesquammuke, 

meaning  "pleasant  water  place." 
Squaw;  mountain  and  township  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine.     An  abridged  ver- 
sion of  the  translation  of   its  Indian  name,  meaning   "the  mountain  which 

belongs  to  a  woman." 
Stafford;    town  in  Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for 

the  county  id  England. 


gannitt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN  THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  289 

Stafford;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Lewis  Stafford, 

captain  Company  E,  First  Kansas  Regiment. 
Stafford;  village  in  Fort  Bend  County,  Texas,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
Stafford;  county  in  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 
Stair;  falls  on  the  east  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River,  Maine.    A  translation  of  the 

Indian  name. 
Stambaugh;  village  in  Iron  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  man  who  opened  the 

Iron  River  mine. 
Stamping  Ground;  village  in  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  so  named  because  of  the 

buffalo  herds  that  congregated  in  the  neighborhood. 
Stanberry;  city  in  Gentry  County,  Missouri,  named  for  J.  J.  Stanberry,  former 

owner  of  the  town  site. 
Standiah;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  Miles  Standish. 
Stanford;  mountain  in  California,  named  for  Governor  Leland  Stanford. 
Stanislaus;  county  in  California,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Stanley;  town  in  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  El  wood  Stanley,  mem- 
ber of  Congress. 
Stanley;  town  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Henry  M.  Stanley,  the  explorer. 
Stanly;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Stanly,  Member  of  Congress. 
Stanton;  county  in  Kansas,  city  in  Montcalm  County,  Michigan,  and  county  in 

Nebraska,   named  for  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  Secretary  of  War  under  President 

Lincoln. 
Stanton;  town  in  Powell  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Hon.  Richard  H.  Stanton, 

of  Maysville. 
Stanwix;  village  and  fort  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  John 

Stanwix,  the  builder  of  the  fort  in  1758. 
Stark;  county  in  Illinois,  towns  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Herkimer 

County,  New  York,  and  counties  in  North  Dakota  and  Ohio; 
Starke;  county  in  Indiana.     Named  for  Gen.  John  Stark,  of  the  Revolution. 
Starkey;  town  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Starkey,  one  of  the 

first  settlers. 
Starks;  town  in  Somerset  County,  Maine; 
Starksboro;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont; 
Starkville;  town  in  Oktibbeha  County,  Mississippi.     Named  for  Gen.  John  Stark, 

of  Revolutionary  fame. 
Starr;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  H.  Starr,  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the 

republic  of  Texas. 
Starr  King;  lake  and  mountains  in  California  and  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the 

Rev.  Thomas  Starr  King. 
State  Center;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Iowa,  so  named  because  it  is  thought  to  be 

a  geographical  center. 
State  College;  through  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  it  is  the 

seat  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  College  of  Agriculture. 
State  Line;  town  in  Wayne  County,  Mississippi,  near  the  boundary  line  between 

that  State  and  Alabama. 
Staten;  island,  part  of  Richmond  County,  New  York,  named  by  the  Dutch  for  the 

Staaten  general. 
Staunton;  river,  and  city  in  Augusta  County,  in  Virginia,  named  from  the  parish  in 

England. 
Steamboat  Bock;  town  in  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  so  named  because  there  is  a  large 

rock  in  the  river  near  which  resembles  a  nteamboat  in  form. 
Steamboat  Springs;  town  in  Routt  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the 

sound  which  issues  from  an  opening  in  the  rocks. 

Ball  253—05 19 


290  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED    8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Stearns;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Charles  T.  Stearns,  a  member  of  the  State 

legislature. 
Steel;  mountain  in  Washington,  named  for  William  G.  Steel,  of  Portland,  Oregon. 
Steele;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota,  named  for  Franklin  Steele,  a  res- 
ident of  Minneapolis,  a  town-site  promoter. 
Steele;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  D.  M.  Steele,  a  railroad 

man. 
Steele ville;  village  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  man  who  built 

the  first  mill  in  the  settlement. 
Steelton;  borough  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  steel  works. 
Steel  ville;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  mines  near  by. 
Steen;  mountain  in  Oregon,  named  for  Col.  Enoch  Steen. 
Steilacoom;  town  in  Pierce  County,  Washington,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Stephens;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  the  American 

statesman. 
Stephenson;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Stephenson  of  the  War 

of  1812. 
Stephenson;  village  in  Menominee  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Robert  Stephenson. 
Stephen  town;  town  in   Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  named  for  Stephen  van 

Rensselaer. 
Step  toe;  town  in  Whitman  County,  Washington,  named  for  Colonel  Steptoe,  United 

States  Army. 
Sterling;  township  and  city  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Colonel 

Sterling,  of  Pennsylvania. 
Sterling;  city  in  Rice  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Sterling  Rosan,  father  of  C.  W. 

and  J.  H.  D.  Rosan,  early  settlers. 
Sterling;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Lord  Sterling,  an 

American  general. 
Sterling;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  noted  frontiersman. 
Sterlingburg;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  Sterling, 

the  builder  of  an  iron  furnace  there. 
Stetson;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  original  proprietor, 

Amasa  Stetson. 
Steuben;  county  in  Indiana,  town  in  Washington  County,  Maine,  and  county,  and 

town  in  Oneida  County,  in  New  York; 
Steubenville;  city  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio.     Named  for  Baron  von  Steuben,  a 

Prussian  soldier  who  fought  in  the  American  Revolution. 
Stevens;  town  in  Kern  County,  California,  and  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Thad- 

deus  Stevens. 
Stevens;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Washington,  named  for  Isaac  I.  Stevens,  gov- 
ernor of  Washington  Territory  in  1853. 
Stevens;  stream  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Capt  Phineas  Stevens. 
Stevenson;  mountain,  and  island  in  Yellowstone  Lake,  named  for  James  Stevenson, 

of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Stevens  Point;  city  in  Portage  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Stevens, 

missionary  to  the  Indians. 
Stevensville;  village  in  Berrien  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Thomas  L.  Stevens, 

who  laid  out  the  town. 
Stevensville;  town  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  Isaac  I.  Stevens,  the 

first  governor  of  Washington. 
Stewart;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Daniel  Stewart. 
Stewart;  countv  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Duncan  Stewart. 

Stewartstown;  town  in  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  John  Stewart, 
one  of  the  original  proprietors. 


oann*tt.1  PLACE   NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  291 


i;  city  in  Dekalb  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Robert  M.  Stewart,  a 
former  governor. 

Stilesville;  village  in  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Jeremiah  Stiles,  the 
proprietor. 

StUlman  Valley;  village  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gen.  Joshua  Stillman, 
an  officer  of  the  Black  Hawk  war. 

Stillwater;  city  in  Washington  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a  lumber  company 
which  selected  this  site  for  its  mill. 

Stillwater;  town  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the  "still 
water"  in  the  Hudson  River  near  the  town. 

Stockbridge;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  Stockbridge 
in  England. 

Stockbridge  Bowl;  lake  in  the  town  of  Stockbridge,  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  in  a  depression  in  the  surrounding  hills  and  mountains. 

Stockport;  town  in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  and  Wayne  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Stockton;  cities  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California,  and  Cedar  County,  Missouri, 
and  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  named  for  Commodore  R.  F. 
Stockton,  who  participated  in  the  conquest  of  California. 

Stockton;  city  in  Rooks  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  city  in  California. 

Stockton;  borough  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Stockville;  village  in  Frontier  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  stock  raising 
was  an  important  industry. 

Stoddard;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Amos  Stoddard,  a  military  officer  and 
author. 

Stoddard;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Samson  Stod- 
dard, one  of  the  original  proprietors. 

Stokes;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  John  Stokes,  a  Revolutionary 
officer. 

Stone;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Gen.  T.  J.  (Stonewall)  Jackson. 

I  Stone;  county  in  Missouri; 
Stoneham;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.    So  named  because  of  the 
sterile  soil. 
Stonefort;  township  in  Saline  County,  Illinois,  named  from  an  old  stone  fort  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  for  protection  against  Indians. 
Stonewall;  county  in  Texas  and  town  in  Pamlico  County,  North  Carolina,  named 

for  Gen.  T.  J.  (Stonewall)  Jackson. 
Storey;  county  in  Nevada,  named  for  Colonel  Storey,  killed  in  battle  with  the 

Pyramid  Lake  Indians. 
Story;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Judge  Joseph  Story,  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Stoughton;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  William  S  tough  ton, 

lieutenant-governor  and  chief  justice  of  the  province. 
Stoughton;  city  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Luke  Stoughton,  who  platted 

the  village. 
Stoutsville;  village  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Robert  P.  Stout,  of 

Kentucky. 
Stow;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Stow;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Judge  Jonathan  Stow. 
Stoystown;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  an  early  settler 

and  Revolutionary  soldier,  John  Stoy. 
Strafford;  county  in  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Strasburg;  town  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  and  }>orough  in  J  Lancaster  County, 

Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  in  Germany. 


292  PLACE    NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [boll.  258. 

Stratford;  town  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  by  an  early  English  settler 

from  his  native  town  Stratford-on-Avon. 
Stratton;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Samuel  Stratton,  an  early 

settler  of  Vernon. 
Strawberry  Point;  town  in  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  so  named  bacause  of  an  abun- 
dance of  these  berries. 
Streator;  city  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Worthy  S.  Streator,  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 
Streeter;  creek  in  Nansemond  County,  Virginia,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Streetsboro;  township  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  named  for  David  Street,  an  early 

settler. 
Stromsburg;  city  in  Polk  County,  Nebraska,  named  by  a  Swedish  colony  from  a 

suburb  of  Stockholm. 
Strong;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Strong;  city  in  Chase  County,  Kansas,  named  for  W.  B.  Strong,  president,  Atchison, 

Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company. 
Strong;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Caleb  Strong,  United  States 

Senator. 
Strongsville;  township  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  S.  Strong. 
Strother;  town  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Prof.  French  Strother. 
Stroudsburg;  borough  in  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col.  Jacob 

Stroud,  its  first  settler. 
Stuart;  township  and  city  in  Guthrie  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Capt.  Charles  Stuart, 

of  Vermont. 
Stuart;  village  in  Holt  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Peter  Stuart,  an  early  settler. 
Sturbridge;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  Stourbridge, 

England. 
Sturgeon;  town  in  Boone  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Isaac  H.  Sturgeon,  of 

St.  Louis. 
Sturgeon  Bay;  city  in  Door  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  the  bay,  which  abounds 

with  this  fish. 
Sturgis;  town  in  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  prairie  which  was 

named  for  Judge  John  Sturgis,  first  settler. 
Sturgis;  city  in  Meade  County,  South  Dakota,  named  for  Col.  Samuel  Sturgis,  of 

the  Seventh  U.  S.  Cavalrv. 
Stutsman;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Enoch  Stutzman,  a  pioneer 

settler  prominent  in  the  State's  history. 
Stuyvesant;  town  in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  named  for  Governor  Peter 

Stuyvesant. 
Suamico;  river  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "yellow  sand." 
Subeet;  town  in  Solano  County,  California.     A  combination  of  "sugar"  and  "beet," 

from  its  location  in  the  sugar-beet  raising  district. 
Sublett;  town  in  Cassia  County,  Idaho,  named  for  Captain  Sublette,  a  partner  in  the 

RockyMountain  Fur  Company. 
Sublette;  township  and  village  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  so  named  because  of  the 

subletting  of  the  contract  for  the  grading  on  that  part  of  the  Illinois  Central 

Railroad. 
Succasunna;  town  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  in  a  locality  famous  for  its  iron 

ore.     Derived  from  the  Indian  mfoni,  "black,"  and  achsun,  "stone;"  hence 

"place  where  black  stone  is  found." 
Sudbury;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named   from  the  town   in 

England. 
SufTern;  town  in  Rockland  County,  ISew  York,  uavwexl  from  the  Suffern  family, 
which  owned  considerable  property  in  tne  county. 


oakkbttJ  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  293 

Suffield;  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  originally  called  Southfield,  and 
situated  in  Massachusetts;  so  named  because  "being  the  southernmost  towne  that 
either  at  present  or  is  like  to  be  in  that  county." 

Suffolk;  counties  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  and  town  in  Nansemond  County, 
Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in  England. 

Sugar;  creek  in  North  and  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe  Sugaree. 

Sugarpine;  lumber  town  in  Tuolumne  County,  California,  so  named  for  its  location 
in  the  sugar-pine  forests. 

Suiaun;  town  in  Solano  County,  California,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe.  The 
word  means  "big  expanse." 

Sullivan;  township  and  city  in  Moultrie  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  county 
commissioners,  who  desired  to  associate  the  name  with  Moultrie,  from  Fort 
Moultrie  on  Sullivan  Island,  Charleston  harbor,  South  Carolina. 

Sullivan;  county  and  town  in  Indiana,  named  for  Daniel  Sullivan,  killed  by  the 
Indians  when  bearing  messages  from  Captain  Clark,  after  the  capture  of  Vin- 
cennes. 

Sullivan;  county,  and  town  in  Franklin  County,  in  Missouri,  named  from  the  county 
in  .Tennessee. 

Sullivan;  town  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  named  for  an  original  proprietor. 

Sullivan;  county,  and  town  in  Cheshire  County,  in  New  Hampshire,  county,  and 
town  in  Madison  County,  in  New  York,  and  counties  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ten- 
nessee, named  for  Maj.  Gen.  John  Sullivan,  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Sully;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Alfred  Sully,  who  commanded  a  brigade 
in  Dakota. 

Sulphur  Springs;  town  in  Hopkins  County,  Texas,  so  named  because  of  its  local 
features. 

Summer;  lake  in  Oregon,  so  called  because  of  the  warm  weather  which  was  experi- 
enced there  by  the  Fremont  party. 

Summerneld;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  for  E.  Summerfield,  of  Law- 
rence, Kansas. 

Summers;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  George  W.  Summers,  congressman 
from  Virginia. 

Summerville;  town  in  Dorchester  County,  South  Carolina,  so  named  because  it  is 
a  summer  resort  for  residents. 

Summit;  county  in  Colorado,  town  in  Pike  County,  Mississippi,  city  in  Union 
County,  New  Jersey,  and  county  in  Ohio.  So  named  because  of  the  elevated 
situation.  ' 

Summit;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  from  its  location  on  high  land 
between  two  streams. 

Summit;  county  in  Utah,  so  named  because  of  its  mountains. 

Summit  Hill;  borough  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  the 
elevation. 

Sumner;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Charles  Sumner,  the  American  statesman. 

Sumner;  town  in  Oxford  County,  Maine,  named  for  Governor  Increase  Sumner. 

Sumner;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  Jethro  Sumner. 

Sumter;  counties  in  Alabama,  Florida,  and  Georgia,  and  county,  town  in  same 
county,  and  fort  in  Charleston  Harlx>r,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Thomas 
Sumter,  an  officer  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Sunapee;  lake  in  New  Hampshire.  From  an  Indian  word,  shehunk-wppe,  "wild 
goose  pond." 

Sunapee;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  and  mountain  in  New  Hampshire,  named  from 
the  lake. 

Sunbury;  borough  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  a  village 
on  the  Thames. 


294  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  [ihtll.2BK. 

Suncook;  river  in  New  Hampshire.     From  an  Indian  word,  schiink-auke,  meaning 

"goose  place." 
Sunderland;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Charles  Spencer, 

Karl  of  Sunderland. 
Sunflower;  river  and  county  in  Mississippi,  no  doubt  descriptively  named. 
Sun  Prairie;  town  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  a  party  of  pioneer?, 

after  a  nine  days'  tramp  over  the  prairies  in  the  rain,  came  to  this  spot  as  the 

sun  came  out. 
Superior;  lake  in  Michigan.     Translation  of  the  original  French  name,  lac  xuptrieur, 

"upper  lake." 
Superior;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Wisconsin,  located  on  the  border  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior; hence  the  name. 
Surprise;  creek  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  because  recent  explorations  find 

its  course  different  than  was  formerly  supposed. 
Surry;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Lord  Surry,  an  advocate  of  American 

independence. 
Surry;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named 

from  the  county  in  England. 
Survey;  j>eak  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming,  so  named  because  a  signaling 

point  for  the  Indians. 
Suspecaugh;  stream  in  New  Jersey.     A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "muddy 

water. ' ' 
Susquehanna;  river,  county,  and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania.     From 

an  Indian  word,  snrkahaime,  "water." 
Sussex;  counties  in  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  and  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in 

England. 
Sutro;  village  in  Lyon  County,  Nevada,  named  for  Adolph  Sutro. 
Sutter;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  California,  named  for  Col.  John  Sutter, 

on  whose  land  the  lirst  gold  was  discovered  in  California  by  John  Marshall. 
Sutton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Sutton;  city  in  Clay  County,  Nebraska,  and  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, named  from  the  town  in  Massachusetts. 
Sutton;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Lieutenant-Colonel  Sutton,  of  the  army  of  the 

Confederacv. 
Suwanee;  county,  town  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Florida,  and  creek  and  town 

in  Gwinnett  County,  Georgia.     Interpretations  of  this  Indian  word  are  various, 

but  it  seems  to  be  derived  from  stttvani,  meaning  "echo"  or  "echo  river." 
Swain;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  David  L.  Swain,  an  early  governor. 
Swainsboro;  town  in  Emanuel  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Stephen  Swain,  of 

the  State  legislature. 
Swamp8cott;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.    Various  derivations  are  given 

this  word — from  the  Indian  word,  w<mnet<quammuket  "pleasant  water  place;" 

from  m'Miin-oinjtsk,  "red  rock,"  or  "at  the  red  rock;"  or  from  another  Indian 

word  meaning  "broken  waters." 
Swannanoa;  stream  and  town  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina.     A  Cherok* 

Indian  word  meaning  "Swali  trail,"  the  Swali  or  Sara  being  an  ancient  trail  ol 

eastern  North  Carolina. 
Swansboro;  town  in  Onslow  County,  North  Carolina,  probably  so  named  on  accoun. 

of  the  swans  frequenting  the  neighborhood. 

Swansea;  town  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Wales 

Swanton;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Capt.  William  SwantOKrv, 

an  officer  in  the  British  army  liefore  the  colonies  gained  their  independence. 
Swanville;  village  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  L.  Swan,  its  tavt 
uettler. 


i 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  295 

Swarthmore;  borough  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  district 

in  England. 
Sweathouae;  creek  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana.    A  translation  of  its  Indian  name 

(Flathead).    The  Indians  built  their  sweathouses  along  the  creek,  believing  its 

waters  had  medicinal  qualities. 
Swedesboro;  town  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  settled  by 

Swedes. 
Sweet  Grass;  county  in  Montana,  named  from  the  sweet-grass  hills. 
Sweet  Springs;  city  in  Saline  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  its  neighbor- 
ing springs. 
Sweetwater;  town  in  Monroe  County,  Tennessee.    Translation  of  an  Indian  word 

meaning  ' '  crooked  stream . ' ' 
Sweetwater;  river  in  Wyoming,  so  named  because  its  waters  have  a  sweet  taste. 
Sweetwater;  county  in  Wyoming,  named  from  the  river. 
Swepsonville;  village  in  Alamance  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  George  W. 

Swepson,  a  capitalist. 
Swift;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Henry  A.  Swift,  governor  of  the  State  in 

1863. 
Swisher;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  G.  Swisher,  a  signer  of  the  Texas 

declaration  of  independence. 
Switzerland;  county  in  Indiana,  named  from  the  republic  of  Switzerland. 
Sycamore;  township  and  city  in  Dekalb  Coi::ity,  Illinois,  named  from  the  abun- 
dance of  sycamore  trees  within  its  limits. 
Sylva;  town  in  Jackson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident. 
Sylvan  Grove;  city  in  Lincoln  County,  Kansas,  so  named  because  situated  near  the 

Twin  Groves,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Saline  River. 
Symxnes;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  Cleves  Symmes,  judge 

in  the  Northwest  Territory. 
Syracuse;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  Kansas.     In  1873  a  colony  emigrated  from 

Syracuse,  New  York,  to  Kansas,  and  gave  their  settlement  the  same  name. 
Syracuse;  village  in  Otoe  County,  Nebraska,  named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 
Syracuse;  city  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  ancient  city  of 

Sicily. 
Tabery;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  iron-mining  town  in 

Sweden. 
Table  Bock;  village  in  Pawnee  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  situated  near 

a  large,  flat-topped  rock. 
Tacoma;  city  in  Pierce  County,  Washington.     From   the  Indian  name  meaning 

"mountain." 
Taconic;  village  in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  range  of  hills  in  Massachu- 
setts.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "forest"  or  "wilderness." 
Taghkanick;  creek  and  village  in  Columbia  County,  New  York.     An  Indian  word 

said  to  mean  "there  is  water  enough." 
Tahoe;  lake  in  California  and  Nevada.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "big  water." 
Talbot;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Matthew  Talbot,  acting  governor  of  the  State 

.  in  1819. 
Talbot;  county  in  Maryland,  probably  named  for  a  son  of  Sir  Rol>ert  Talbot,  of 

Ireland,  who  married  Grace,  the  daughter  of  Sir  George  Calvert,  the  first  Lord 

Baltimore,  though  same  authorities  state  that  it  wan  named  for  the  uncle  of  Lady 

Talbot. 
Talbott;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Col.  John  Tall>ott. 
Talbotton;  town  in  Talbot  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Matthew  Talbot,  acting 

governor  of  the  State  in  1819. 
Taliaferro;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Taliaferro. 


296  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  2i>*. 

Talladega;  county,  and  city  in  same  county  in  Alabama.  A  Creek  Indian  name 
meaning  "at  the  end,"  "  on  the  border,"  hence  a  town  on  the  frontier. 

Tallahassee;  city  in  Leon  County,  Florida.  A  Seminole  Indian  word  meaning  "old 
town;"  so  named  because  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  site  of  Indian  corn- 
fields in  remote  times. 

Tallahatchie;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  from  the  principal  branch  of  the  Yazoo 
River  in  the  same  State.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "river  of  the  rock." 

Tallapoosa;  county  in  Alabama  and  city  in  Haralson  County,  Georgia,  named  from 
the  river. 

Tallapoosa;  river  in  Georgia  and  Alabama.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "swift  cur- 
rent," or,  according  to  other  authorities,  "stranger"  or  "newcomer." 

Talleyville;  village  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  fortheTalley  family, 
early  residents. 

Tallmadge;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Tallmadge, 
an  original  land  proprietor. 

Tama;  county  in  Iowa.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "beautiful,"  "pleasant," 
"lovely,"  or  the  name  of  the  wife  of  the  Indian  chief  Poweshiek.  Still  another 
authority  states  that  it  is  named  for  a  chief  whose  name  meant  "bear  whose 
voice  makes  the  rocks  tremble." 

Tamalpais;  village  and  mountain  in  Marin  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word 
meaning  "region  of  the  Tamal  Indians." 

Tamanend;  village  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  celebrated 
Delaware  Indian  chief,  better  known  as  Tammany,  the  word  meaning  "beaver- 
like,"  or  "amiable." 

Tamaqua;  borough  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania.  From  an  Indian  word 
meaning  * '  beaver  stream . ' ' 

Tamaroa;  village  in  Perry  County,  Illinois,  named  from  a  tribe  of  Illinois  Indians. 

Tampa;  city  in  Hillsboro  County  and  bay  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida.  From  the 
Indian  word  ithnpi,  meaning  "close  to  it,"  or  "near  it." 

Tampico;  township  and  village  in  Whiteside  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Tampico 
in  Mexico. 

Taney;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Roger  B.  Taney,  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States. 

Tangipahoa;  river,  parish,  and  town  in  same  parish,  in  Louisiana,  named  for  an 
Indian  tribe,  the  word  meaning  "those  who  gather  maize  stalks." 

Tankhanna,  creek  in  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "smaller 
stream." 

Taopi;  village  in  Mower  County,  Minnesota,  said  to  be  named  for  a  Sioux  Indian 
chief  who  befriended  the  whites  in  the  Minnesota  massacre,  1862,  the  word 
meaning  "wounded." 

(Tappan;  town  in  Harrison  County,  Ohio; 
Tappantown;    village  in  Rockland  County,   New   York.    Said  to    be  from  an 
Indian  word  meaning  "cold  stream." 
Tar;  creek  in  Ventura  County,  California,  named  from  the  asphaltum  deposits. 
Tar;  river  in  North  Carolina; 

Tarboro;  town  in  Edgecombe  County,  North  Carolina.     Named  from  the  river, 
which  received  its  name  on  account  of  the  tar  made  upon  its  banks  by  early 
colonial  settlers.     Wheeler  gives  the  origin  of   the  name  of   the  river  as  from 
the  Indian  word  &m,  "river  of  health." 
Tarentum;  borough  in  Allegheny  county,  Pennsylvania,  named  from  the  city  of 

Taranto  in  Italy. 
Tarkio;  township,  city,  and  river  in  Atchison  County,  in  Missouri.     An  Indian  word 
meaning  "difficult  to  ford." 


dA*mrrr.1  £LACfc   NAMES   Itf   Tnv        TITr.D   MATES.  297 


.•.  •»• 


Tarrant;  county  in  Texas,  nam** '  for  a*- ear*  "  '      ninent  in  politics  after  the 

annexation. 
Tarrant;  creek  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  family  who  owned  much  land  along  its 

Western  border. 
Tarry  all;  peak  and  stream  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the  rich  placers  found 

along  the  latter. 
Tarcytown;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York.    A  modification  of  its 

former  name  of  terwen,  "  wheat  town,' '  given  on  account  of  its  large  crops  of 

that  cereal. 
Tatamy;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  chief  of  the 

Delaware  Indians  who  was  prominent  in  the  colonial  history  of  the  State. 
Tate;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  a  prominent  family,  of  which  T.  S.  Tate  was 

a  member. 
Tatonka;  village  in  Ellsworth  County,  Kansas.     A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning 

"  buffalo.' ' 
Tattnall;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Josiah  Tattnall,  an  early  governor. 
Tatum;  town  in  Marlboro  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Taunton;  river,  and  city  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Tawas;  city  in  Iosco  County,  Michigan.     A  contraction  of  taumm,  "trader." 
Tawawa;  town  in  Shelby  County,  Ohio.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "trader." 
Taycheedah;  village  in  Fond  du  Lac  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  the 

Indian  camp  made  upon  Lake  Winnebago.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "lake 

camp." 
Taylor;  town  in  Shasta  County,  and  peak  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named 

for  an  early  settler. 
Taylor;  counties  in  Florida,  Georgia,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky,  and  towns  in  Cortland 

County,  New  York,  and  Williamson  County,  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  Zachary 

Taylor. 
Taylor;  town  in  Lafayette  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Taylor;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 
Taylor;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  John  Taylor,  of  Caroline  County,    . 

Virginia. 
Taylor;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  David  Taylor,  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 
Taylor  Center;  village  in  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor. 
Taylor  Ridge;  mountains  in  Floyd  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Richard  Taylor,  a 

Cherokee  chief,  who  lived  near  their  base. 
Taylors  Falls;  village  in  Chisago  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  one  of  the  first 

settlers,  member  of  the  Northwest  Lumber  Company. 
Taylorsville;  village  in   Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  Zachary 

Taylor. 
Taylorsville;  town  in  Spencer  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Richard  Taylor,  the 

former  proprietor  of  the  land. 
Taylorsville;  town  in  Alexander  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  L.  Tay- 
lor, a  former  judge  of  the  State. 
Taylorsville;  village  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  named  for  James  Taylor,  who 

laid  it  out. 
Taylorville;  township  and  city  in  Christian  County.  Illinois,  named  for  John 

Taylor,  one  of  the  commissioners  who  located  the  county  seat. 
Tazewell;  village  in  Marion  County,  Georgia,  and  county,  and  town  in  same  county, 

in  Virginia,  named  for  Senator  Henry  Tazewell  of  Virginia. 
Tazewell;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Governor  Littleton  W.  Tazewell,  of  Virginia, 

1834-1836. 


298  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  f  bull.  258. 

Tchemanahaut;  stream  in  Hot  Springs  County,  Arkansas.     A  corruption  of  the 

French  chemin  en  haul,  "high  road.'' 
Tecumseh;    village   in    Lenawee  County,   Michigan,   cities  in  Johnson  County, 

Nebraska,  and  Pottawatomie  County,  Oklahoma,  and  several  other  places  named 

for  the  Shawnee  chief.    The  name  refers  to  a  panther,  and  figuratively  to  a 

shooting  star. 
Tehachapi;  town  and  pass  in  Kern  County,  California,  named  for  the  Indian  tribe 

Ta  hi  cha  pa  han  na. 
Tehama;  county  in  California.    The  name  is  derived  from  one  of  the  Indian 

languages,  and  is  said  to  mean  "high  water."    The  name  was  applied  from  the 

fact  that  at  certain  seasons  the  Sacramento  River  overflowed  its  banks  at  this 

point,  partially  submerging  the  settlement. 
Tejon;  post-office,  fort,  and  mountain  pass  in  Kern  County,  California.     A  Spanish 

word  meaning  "badger." 
Tekonsha;  village  in  Calhoun  County,  Michigan,  named  for  the  Indian  chief  of  the 

tribe  who  formerly  occupied  the  town  site. 
Telfair;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Edward  Telfair,  one  of  the  early  governors 

of  the  State. 
Tell  City;  city  in  Perry  County,  Indiana,  named  by  its  Swiss  colonists  for  William 

Tell. 
Teller;  county,  and  town  in  Mineral  County,  in  Colorado,  named  for  Senator  Teller  of 

the  State. 
Telluride;  town  in  San  Miguel  County,  Colorado,  named  from  the  ore  found  in  the 

vicinity. 
Temescal;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California.    From  a  Spanish  word  meaning 

"sweat  house." 
Temple;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  John  Temple,  a 

relative  of  Earl  Temple,  of  England. 
Temple;  city  in  Bell  County,  Texas,  named  for  Major  B.  M.  Temple. 
Temple  ton;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  said  to  have  been  named 

for  Earl  Temple. 
Tenany;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey.     A  Dutch  word  meaning  "at  the 

meadow." 
Tenasillihee;  island  in  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"little  land." 
Tenino;  town  in  Thurston  County,  Washington,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Tenley;  substation  in  Washington,  I).  C.     Named  for  two  sisters,  weavers,  who 

lived  near  the  old  toll-gate. 
Tennessee;  State  of  the  Union,  and  a  tributary  of  the  Ohio  River.     The  word  is  of 

Cherokee  origin,  being  the  name  of  several  former  settlements  of  that  tribe,  but 

has  lost  its  meaning,  attempted  interpretations  being  purely  fanciful. 
Tennessee;  township  and  village  in  McDonough  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the 

native  State  of  its  founders. 
Tensas;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  a  tril>e  of  Indians  now  extinct. 
Teocalli;  mountain  In  Colorado,  so  named  because  shaped  like  a  Mexican  pyramid. 
Terrebonne;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  a  place  in  Canada.     A  French  name 

meaning  "good  land." 
Terre  Haute;  city  in  Vigo  County,  Indiana,  built  upon  a  bank  60  feet  above  the 

river.     A  French  name  meaning  "high  land." 
Terrell;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Dr.  William  Terrell,  an  early  member  of 

Congress  from  that  State. 
Terrell;  city  in   Kaufman  County,  Texas,  named  for  Capt.  Robert  A.  Terrell,  the 

first  settler  in  the  neighborhood. 
Terre  Noir;  creek  in  Arkansas.     A  French  name  meaning  "  black  land." 


flANKrrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE9.  299 

Terrill;  mountain  in  Utah,  named  for  the  wife  of  J.  II.  Renehawe,  of  the  United 

States  Geological  Survey. 
Terry;  town  in  Hinds  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Bill  Terry,  a  resident. 
Terry;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Frank  Terry,  commander  of  the  Texas  Rangers 

in  the  civil  war. 
Terryville;  village  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  a  manufacturer  of 

wooden  clocks  in  the  village. 
Teton;  town  in  Fremont  County,  Idaho,  county,  river,  and  mountain  in  Montana, 

and  range  of  mountains  in  Wyoming,  named  for  a  division  of  the  Sioux  tribe, 

whose  name  was  variously  written  Teton,  Titon,  or  Titowan,  and  means  "  prairie 

dwellers." 
Teutopolis;  village  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois,  originally  settled  by  a  colony  of 

Germans  from  Cincinnati.     From  Teuton,  an  ancient  tribe  of  Germans,  and 

opolis. 
Tewksbury;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  probably  named  from  the 

town  in  England. 

.;  city  in  Miller  County,  Arkansas,  near  the  border  between  Arkansas 

and  Texas.    The  name  is  a  combination  of  these  two  names. 
i;  largest  State  of  the  Union.    The  generally  accepted  version  of  the  name  is 

that  it  is  an  Indian  word  used  as  a  token  of  friendship. 
\;  county  in  Missouri,  named  from  the  Republic  of  Texas. 
Thames;  river  in  Connecticut,  named  from  the  river  in  England. 
Thatchers;  island  in  Massachusetts,  named  for  Anthony  Thacher,  who  was  ship- 
wrecked there  in  1635. 
Thayer;  city  in  Neosho  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Nathaniel  Thayer,  of  Boston. 
Thayer;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Governor  John  M.  Thayer. 
The  Clips;  ridge  of  hills  extending  from  the  Adirondack  Mountains  into  Fulton 

County,  New  York.     From  the  German  klipjye,  meaning  "high,  steep  rocks." 
The  Dalles;  city  in  Wasco  County,  Oregon,  named  for  the  rapids,  or  " dalles"  in 

the  Columbia  River,  near  which  the  city  is  located. 
The  Geysers;  town  in  Sonoma  County,  California,  named  from  the  hot  springs. 
Theresa;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of  James 

Le  Ray  de  Chaumont. 
Thermal;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California,  named  from  the  hot  springs. 
Thibodaux;  town  in  Lafourche  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  H.  S.  Thibodeaux. 
Thielsen;  mountain  in  Oregon,  named  for  Hans  Thielsen,  chief  engineer  of  the 

Oregon  and  California  Railroad. 
Thomas;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Jett  Thomas. 
Thomas;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Maj.  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas. 
Thomas;  mountains  in  Utah,  named  for  Col.  L.  Thomas. 
Thomasboro;  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Thomas,  an 

early  settler. 
Thomaston;   town  in    Litchfield    County,   Connecticut,   named  for  a  family  of 

manufacturers. 
Thomaston;  town  in  Upson  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  Jett  Thomas. 
Thomaston;  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  named  for  Gen.  John  Thomas,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. 
Thomasville;  town  in  Thomas  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Genr  Jett  Thomas. 
Thomas ville;  town  in  Davidson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  State  senator 

Thomas. 
Thompson;  township  in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Matthew  Thompson,  of 

Connecticut. 
Thorndike;  town  in  Waldo  County,  Maine,  named  for  Thomas  Thorndike,  one  of 

the  original  proprietors. 


300  PLACK    NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Thornton;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Dr.  C.  C.  Thornton,  a 

large  landowner. 
Thornton;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire.     Probably  named  for  three 

brothers,  Thornton,   early  settlers,  but  by  some  credited  to  Hon.  Mathew 

Thornton. 
Three  Oaks;  village  in  Berrien  County,  Michigan;  so  named  on  account  of  three 

large  oaks  near  the  village. 
Three  Rivers;  peak  in  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming;  so  named  because  the  three 

rivers,  Gallatin,  Madison,  and  Gardiner,  take  their  rise  on  its  slopes. 
Three  Rivers;  city  in  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan;  so  named  because  situated  at 

the  junction  of  the  St.  Joseph,  Portage,  and  Rocky  rivers. 
Throckmorton;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Dr.  William  E.  Throckmorton,  one 

of  the  first  pioneers  of  northern  Texas. 
Throgs  Neck;  cape  in  Westchester  County,  NewT  York,  named  for  John  Throck- 
morton, an  original  patentee. 
Throop;  town  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Hon.  Enos  T.  Throop, 

governor. 
Thurman;  town  in  Warren  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Thurman. 
Thurston;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  Senator  John  M.  Thurston. 
Thurston;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  R.  Thurston, 

a  landholder. 
Thurston;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  Samuel  R.  Thurston,  Delegate  to 

Congress  from  Oregon  Territory. 
Tia  Juana;  post-office  in  San  Diego  County,  California.    The  Spanish  form  of  "Aunt 

Jane." 
Tibbetts;   creek  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  family  who 

have  owned  the  adjoining  land  for  one  hundred  and  thirty  years. 
Tibee;  creek  in  Mississippi.     For  derivation  see  Oktibbeha. 
Tiburon;  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "shark." 
Ticonderoga;  town  in  Essex  County,  New  York.    Said  to  be  a  modification  of  the 

Indian  word  chiderogo,  "sounding  waters;"  other  meanings  given  are  "brawl- 
ing water,"  or  "noisy." 

Tidioute;  borough  in  Warren  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning, 

according  to  one  authority,  "see  far,"  and  according  to  others,  "straight  water" 

and  * '  cluster  of  islands. ' ' 
Tiffin;  city  in  Seneca  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Edward  Tiffin,  the  first  governor  of 

the  State. 
Tillery;  town  in  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  citizen. 
Til  ton;  town  in  Belknap  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Charles  E.  Til  ton,  of 

New  York. 
Tiltonsville;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  family  of  early  pro- 
prietors. 
Timmonsville;  town  in  Florence  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Timmons 

family. 
Tin  Cup;  town  in  Gunnison  County,  Colorado,  so  named  because  in  its  early  day*, 

when  a  mining  camp,  gold  was  so  plentiful  that  it  was  measured  in  a  tin  cup. 
Tintah;  town  in  Traverse  County,  Minnesota.    From  a  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning 

"prairie." 
Tinton  Falls;  town  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.    Corruption  of  Tin  tern, 

Monmouthshire,  England, 
Tioga;  county  ir  New  York,  county  and  borough  in  same  county  in  Pennsylvania. 

and  river  traversing  both  States.     An  Indian  word  given  various  interpretations, 

"at  the  forks,"  "swift  current,"  and  "gate." 


gannett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  301 

Tioinati;  tributary  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  in  New  York.    An   Indian  word, 

meaning  "  beyond  the  point" 
Tioughnioga;  river  in  central  New  York.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  meeting  of 

the  waters/ ' 
Tippah;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  the  wife  of  Pontotoc,  a  Chickasaw  Indian 

chief,  the  word  meaning  "cut  off." 
Tippecanoe;  river  and  county  in  Indiana,  and  village  in  Harrison  County,  Ohio. 

From  an  Indian  word  given  the  various  meanings  of  "  at  the  great  clearing," 

"long-lipped  pike,"  and  "buffalo  fish." 
Tipton;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  John  Tipton, 

Senator  from  Indiana. 
Tipton;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Capt.  Jacob  Tipton,  father  of  Gen.  Jacob 

Tipton. 
Tiabury;  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Tishomingo;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  the  king  of  the  Chickasaw  Indians, 

the  name  meaning  "warrior  chief." 
Tishtang;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  fancifully  named  to  suggest  the 

sound  of  the  water. 
Tiskilwa;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois.    Said  to  be  derived  from  various 

Indian  words  with  the  meanings  "plover,"  "old  boy,"  meaning  a  bachelor,  and 

"beautiful  valley." 
Ti tonka;  village  in  Kossuth  County,  Iowa.     A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "big 

house." 
Titus;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  Titus,  a  prominent  citizen. 
Titusville;  town  in  Brevard  County,  Florida,  named  for  its  founder,  Colonel  Titus, 

who  was  a  leader  in  the  Kansas  crusade. 
Titusville;  city  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Jonathan  Titus,  the 

former  owner  of  the  town  site. 
Tivoli;  village  in  Duchess  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Italy. 
Tobesofka;  creek  in  Georgia,  so  named  because  an  Indian  lost  a  dish  of  meal  while 

crossing  it.     Sofkee,  meaning  "dish  of  meal,"  and  tobet  "I  have  lost." 
Tobyhanna;  stream  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  thickly  banked  with  alder 

bushes.     A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "alder  stream." 
Tocomo;  river  in  Florida.    A  transposition  of  Tomoco,  alias  Timucus,  a  former 

tribe  of  that  region. 
Todd;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  John  Todd. 
Todd;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Gen.  John  B.  Todd,  of  the  Regular  Army, 

commander  at  Fort  Ripley,  Maine,  1849-1856. 
Tohickon;  stream  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "driftwood  stream,"  or  "stream  with  a  driftwood  bridge." 
Toledo;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in  Ohio. 
Toledo;  city  in  Lucas  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  city  in  Spain. 
Tolland;  county  in  Connecticut.    The  name  is  transferred  from  England. 
Tolly;  point  at  the  junction  of  Severn  River  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  Maryland,  where 

Captain  Tolly  was  wrecked. 
Tolono;  township  and  village  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois;  a  name  coined  by  the 

founders  for  individuality. 
Toluca;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  founders  from  Toluca  in 

Mexico. 
Tomah;  city  and  town  in  Monroe  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  a  chief  of  the 

Menominee  Indians. 
Tomahawk;  town    in    Searcy   County,   Arkansas,   and   city   in   Lincoln  County, 

Wisconsin.     From  lomafiawk,  orUumahican,  the  Indian  hatchet. 


302  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Tomasaki;  mountain  in  Utah,  named  for  a  Ute  Indian. 

Tom  Ball;  mountain  in  the  town  of  West  Stockbridge,  Berkshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, named  for  an  early  inhabitant  living  near  the  mountain. 
Tombicon;  stream  in  Bucks  County,   Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word 

meaning  " place  of  crab  apples." 
Tombigbee;  river  in  Mississippi.     Derived  from  the  Indian  itumbi-bikpe,  "coffin 

makers." 
Tombstone;  town  in  Pima  County,  Arizona,  so  named  by  its  founder,  because 

when  starting  out  on  his  prospecting  tour  he  was  assured  he  would  "find  his 

tombstone." 
Tome;  village  in  Valencia  County,  New  Mexico.    A  contraction  of  Santo  Tomas, 

Spanish  for  St.  Thomas. 
Tom  Green;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  Tom  Green,  distinguished  in  the  early 

history  of  the  State,  and  later  in  the  civil  war. 
Tomoka;  river  in  Florida,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe,  the  Tomoco  or  Timucus. 
Tompkins;  county,  and  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York; 
Tompkins  ville;  villages  in  Monroe  County,  Kentucky,  and  Richmond  County, 

New  York.     Named  for  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  governor  of  New  York  in  1807. 
Toms;  river  in  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  said  to  have  been  named  for  Capt. 

William  Tom,  an  early  English  settler. 
Tonawanda;  stream,  and  town  in  Erie  County,  New  York.    An  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "swift  water." 
Tonganoxie;  town  in  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  Delaware  Indian 

who  kept  a  stopping  place  near  the  present  town  site. 
Tonica;  village  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  probably  named  from  the  Indian,  the 

word  said  to  mean  "place  inhabited." 
Tonti;  township  and  village  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Tonti,  the  part- 
ner of  La  Salle. 
Tooele;  county  in  Utah,  so  named  on  account  of  a  species  of  rush  which  grows  in 

the  mountains. 
Topeka;  village  in  Mason  County,  Illinois,  and  city  in  Shawnee  County,  Kansas. 

Said  to  be  the  Sioux  or  Omaha  Indian  name  for  the  so-called  "Indian  potato." 
Topsfield;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  parish  in  England. 
Topaham;  town  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  seaport  in  England. 
Toronto;   township,  and  city  in  Woodson  County,  Kansas;   village  in  Jefferson 

County,  Ohio;  and  town  in  Deuel  County,  South  Dakota,     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "oak  tree  rising  from  the  lake." 
Torowcap;  valley  in  Arizona.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "clayey  locality." 
Torrey;  peak  in  Colorado,  named  for  the  botanist. 
Torrey;  town  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  named  for  Henry  Torrey. 
Torrington;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Tortuga;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "turtle." 
Totowa;  borough  in  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey.     From  the  Indian  word  tosawei, 

meaning  "to  sink,"  "dive,"  or  "go  under  water,"  as  timbers  do  when  carried 

over  a  waterfall. 
Totoganic;  river  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of  floating  logs." 
Totoket;  hill  in  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts.     Probably  an  Indian  word  meaning 

"  on  the  great  tidal  river." 
Totten ville;   village  in  Richmond  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Tottens,  a 

family  of  early  residents. 
Toulbah;  mountain  in  Maine,  in  shape  resembling  a  turtle.     An  Indian  word  inean- 
ing  "turtle." 


Gannett.]  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  303 

Toulon;  township  and  town  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  from  a  discontinued 
poet-office  in  Tennessee. 

Towaliga;  river  in  Georgia,  so  named,  it  is  claimed,  because  the  Indians  roasted  the 
scalps  of  the  whites  upon  its  banks.  From  Umelaggie,  meaning  "roasted 
scalps." 

Towanda;  village  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  and  borough  in  Bradford  Comity, 
Pennsylvania.     A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "where  we  bury  the  dead." 

Tower;  city  in  Saint  Louis  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  explorer  of  the  Ver- 
million Iron  Range. 

Tower  City;  town  in  Cass  County,  North  Dakota,  and  borough  in  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  named  for  Charlemagne  Tower. 

Towner;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  O.  M.  Towner,  a  member  of  the  Terri- 
torial council. 

Towns;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  George  W.  B.  Towns,  former  governor  of  the 
State. 

Townsend;  town  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  named  for  Samuel  Townsend,  a 
large  land  owner. 

I  Townsend;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts; 
Townshend;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont.    Named  for  Charles  Townshend, 
a  member  of  the  ministry  during  Governor  Wentworth's  term  of  office. 

Townsend;  town  in  Broadwater  County,  Montana,  named  for  an  official  of  the 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Towson;  town  in  Baltimore  County,  Maryland,  named  for  the  family  of  which  Gen. 

Nathan  Towson  was  a  member. 
Tracy;  city  in  San  Joaquin  County,  California,  and  village  in  Piatt  County,  Missouri, 

named  for  an  official  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad. 
Traill;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  W.  J.  S.  Trail,  a  representative  of  the 

Hudson  Bay  Company. 
Transylvania;  county  in  North  Carolina,  so  named  on  account  of  its  geographical 

position — •' beyond  the  forest." 
Trappe;  borough  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  on  account  of 

the  high  steps  which  led  up  to  one  of  the  early  taverns,  designated  by  the  Ger- 
man settlers  as  trepjM. 
Travellers  Rest;  town  in  Greenville  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  an  inn 

situated  there  in  earlv  da  vs. 
Traverse;  county  and  lake  in  Minnesota;  a  translation  of  the  Dakota  (Sioux)  name 

of  the  lake,  referring  to  the  transverse  position  of  this  long  lake  across  the  course 

of  the  neighboring  long  lakes — Big  Stone  and  Lac  qui  Parle — and  the  Minnesota 

River. 
Traverse  City;  city  in  Grand  Traverse  County,  Michigan.    The  name,  meaning 

"lying  across,"  was  given  by  early  French  voyagers  to  an  indentation  of  the 

coast  line  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  they  were  accustomed  to  cross  from  headland 

to  headland. 
Travis;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Col.  William  B.  Travis,  one  of  Texas's  most 

prominent  men  during  its  early  days,  who  fell  at  the  Alamo. 
Treadwell;  bay  in  New  York,  named  for  Thomas  Tread  well,  an  old  resident. 
Treasury;  mountain  in  Colorado,  so  named  on  account  of  the  mines  which  it 

contains. 
Trego;  towns  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Joaquin  counties,  California,  in  the  wheat- 
growing  districts.     The  Spanish  form  of  "wheat." 
Trego;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Edward  P.  Trego,  captain  Company  H,  Eighth 

Kansas  Regiment,  killed  during  the  civil  war. 
Trempealeau;  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin,  named  from  the 

island  in  the  Mississippi  River. 


304  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Trempealeau;  island  in  the  Mississippi  River,  designated  by  the  French  moiil  qui 

trempe  (1  Peau  meaning  "mountain  which  stands  in  the  water." 
Trenton;  township  and  city  in  Grundy  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  city  in 

New  Jersey. 
Trenton;  city  in  Mercer  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Col.  William  Trent,  speaker 

of  the  assembly. 
Tres  Pinos;  town  in  San  Benito  County,  California.     A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"three  pines." 
Trexlertown;  town  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Trexler. 
Tribune;  city  in  Greeley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  Tribune  (New  York), 

Greeley's  newspaper. 
Trident;  mesa  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the  three  spurs  which  rise  from  it. 
Trigg;  county  "in  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  Stephen  Trigg,  slain  by  the  Indians  at 

the  battle  of  Blue  Licks. 
Trimble;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  the  Hon.  Robert  Trimble. 
Trinchera;  creek  in  Colorado.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "cut-bank  river." 
Trinity;  river  in  California,  so  named  from  the  supposition  of  its  first  American 

explorers  that  it  en*ptied  into  the  Bay  of  Trinidad,  which  was  entered  by  its 

Spanish  discoverers  on  Trinity  Sunday. 
Trinity;  county  in  California,  named  from  the  river. 
Trinity;  town  in  Randolph  County,  North  Carolina,  named  from  Trinity  College, 

formerly  located  there. 
Trinity;  river,  and  county,  named  for  the  river  in  Texas,  named  for  the  Triune  God. 
Tripp;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Bartlett  Tripp,  United  States  minister  to 

Austria  in  1893. 
Tropico;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California,    The  Spanish  form  of  "tropic." 
Troup;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Hon.  George  M.  Troup,  senator  from  that  State. 
Trousdale;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Governor  William  Trousdale. 
Troy;  city  in  Pike  County,  Alabama,  named  for  Alexander  Troy,  of  Columbus 

County,  North  Carolina. 
Troy;  cities  in  Doniphan  County,  Kansas;  Pontotoc  County,  Mississippi;  Rensselaer 

County,  New  York;  Miami  County,  Ohio;  and  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania, 

named  from  ancient  Troy  of  Asia  Minor. 
Troy;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Matthew  Troy,  a 

prominent  lawyer. 
Truckee;  river  in  California,  named  for  the  old  Indian  guide  of  General  Fremont 
Truesdale;  town  in  Warren  County,  Missouri,  named  for  William  Truesdale,  former 

owner  of  the  town  site. 
Trumansburg;  village  in  Tompkins  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  Tremaines, 

family  of  early  settlers. 
Trumbull;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  Jonathan  Trumbull,  first  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, the  land  formerly  being  within  Connecticut's  Western  Reserve. 
Truro;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Truxton;  town  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  named  for  Commodore  Thomas 

Truxton. 
Tryon;  town  in  Polk  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  William  Tryon,  colonial 

governor. 
Tuckahoe;  creek  in  New  Jersey,  probably  named  from  the  tuckahoe  root. 
Tucker;  village  in  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  named  for  J.  T.  Tucker,  a  railroad 

oflicial. 
Tucker;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  St.  George  Tucker,  an  eminent  Vir- 
ginia jurist. 
Tucson;  city  in  Pima  County,  Arizona,  derived  from  an  Indian  word  meaning 

"black  creek." 


oanxett.J  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  305 

Tuftonboro;  town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  J.  Tufton  Mason, 

to  whom  the  grant  was  made. 
Tukufcnikavats;  peak  of  the  Sierra  la  Sal,  in  Utah,  named  for  a  Ute  Indian.    The 

word  means  "dirt  seer." 
Tulare;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California.    An  Indian  word,  "place 

of  tales,"  or  "  place  of  reeds." 
Tule;  town  in  Tulare  County,  California,  and  lake  lying  in  Modoc  and  Siskiyou 

counties,  California,  and  Klamath  County,  Oregon,  named  from  the  willow 

growths,  a  grass  used  by  Indians  for  making  mats  and  baskets. 
Tale;  river  in  Kings  and  Tulare  counties,  California.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"reeds." 
Tuleys;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Tullahoma;  town  in  Coffee  County,  Tennessee.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "near- 
est town." 
Tully;  town  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the 

Roman  orator. 
Tulpehocken,   stream  in  Pennsylvania.     A    Delaware   Indian    word,    "land  of 

turtles." 
Tumwater;  town  in  Thurston  County,  Washington.      An  Indian  word  meaning 

"  waterfall." 
Tunkhannock;  township  and  borough  in  Wyoming  County,  and  creek  in  Susque- 
hanna County,  Pennsylvania.     From  the  Delaware  Indian  tank  hanne,  meaning 

"  small  stream." 
Tuolumne;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  California,  named  for  an  Indian 

tribe.    Bancroft  states  the  name  to  be  a  corruption  of  talmalamne,  meaning  a 

"group  of  stone  huts"  or  "collection  of  wigwams." 
Tuppeckhanna;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  "stream 

which  flows  from  a  large  spring." 
Turbutville;  borough  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  fam- 
ily who  had  large  land  holdings  in  the  State. 
Turin;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  city  in  Italy. 
Turkey;  river  in  Iowa,  so  named  because  much  frequented  by  wild  turkeys. 
Taxmans;  creek  in  Sullivan  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Benjamin  Turman,  first 

settler  on  the  west  side  of  the  county. 
Turner;  town  in  Androscoggin  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  Rev.  Charles  Turner, 

of  Scituate,  Massachusetts. 
Turner;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  J.  W.  Turner,  legislator. 
Turners  Falls;  falls  on  the  Connecticut  River  and  village  in  Franklin  County, 

Massachusetts,  named  for  Captain  Turner,  who  led  in  the  massacre  of  the  Indians 

in  King  Philip's  war. 
Turneraville;  town  in  Robertson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Major  Turner. 
Turnwall;  creek  in  Clark  County,  Arkansas,  corruption  of  the  French  terre  notr, 

"black  land." 
Turret;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  so  named  from  its  shape. 
Tuscaloosa;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Alabama,  named  for  an  Indian  chief, 

the  name  meaning  "black  warrior." 
Tuscarawas;  river,  county,  and  village  in  same  county,  in  Ohio.     A  Delaware 

Indian  word,  to  which  authorities  give  two  meanings,  "old  town,"  because  the 

oldest  Indian  town  in  that  part  of  the  State  was  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 

river;  and  "open  mouth." 
Tuscarora;  village  in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  and  river  in  Pennsylvania, 

named  for  the  Tuscarora,  one  of  the  confederated  Iroquois  tribes.    The  meaning 

of  the  name  is  uncertain. 

Ball  258—05 20 


306  PLACE    NAME8    IN    THE   UNITED    STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Tuscola;  city  in  Douglas  County,  Illinois,  and  county  in  Michigan.    The  word  is 

said  to  refer  to  "level  place." 
Tuscumbia;  city  in  Colbert  County,  Alabama,  and  village  in  Miller  County,  Mis- 
souri, named  for  a  Chickasaw  Indian  chief. 
Tusquitee;  village  in  Clay  County,  North  Carolina.     From  the  Cherokee  name  sig- 
nifying "rafters,"  or  "roof  poles." 
Tusten;  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York,  named  for  Col.  Benjamin  Tusten. 
Tuttle;  lake  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Tuxedo;  town  in  Orange  County,  New  York.     Probably  from  the  Indian  word 

p' taukseet-toughy"  meaning  "place  of  bears." 
Twiggs;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Gen.  John  Twiggs. 
Twin  Rivers;  two  small  streams,  so  named  because  entering  Lake  Michigan,  from 

Wisconsin  at  the  same  point. 
Twinsburg;  township  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  named  for  twin  brothers,  Moses 

and  Aaron  Wilcox,  who  were  born  there. 
Two  Hearted;  river  in  Michigan.      An  erroneous  translation  of  the  Indian  word 

nizhodexibi,  "twin  river." 
Two  Licks;  branch  of  the  Conemaugh  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania.    A  trans- 
lation of  the  Delaware  Indian  word  nixchahoni. 
Two  Rivers;  city  and  town  in  Manitowoc  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  Twin 

Rivers. 
Two  water;  branch  of  the  White  River  in  Eastern  Utah,  so  named  because  of  having 

two  main  sources — Bitterwater  and  Sweetwater  forks. 
Tygart;  valley  and  river  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  David  Tygart,  an  early  settler. 
Tyler;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  Tyler,  President  of  the  United  States. 
Tyler;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  John  Tyler,  governor  of  Virginia. 
Tylerville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Josiah  and  Frederick 

Tyler,  early  settlers. 
Tymochtee;  stream,  and  town  in  Wyandot  County,  in  Ohio,  the  former  flowing 

around  a  large  plain.    An  Indian  word,  meaning  "around  the  plain!" 
Tyndall;  mountain  in  California,  named  for  the  English  physicist. 
Tyngsboro;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Ebenezer  Tyng, 

but,  according  to  Mason,  it  received  its  name  from  Mrs.  Sarah  Tyng  Winslow. 
Tyringham;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  the  family  of 

Tyringham,  of  which  Governor  Bernard  was  a  descendant  and  representative. 
Tyrone;  township  and  borough  in  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  eight  other 

places  bear  the  name  of  the  county  in  Ireland. 
Tyrrel;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Sir  John  Tyrrel,  a  lord  proprietor. 
Uchee;  village  in  Russell  County,  Alabama.    The  name  of  an  ancient  tribe  of  that 

region. 
XJdall;  city  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Cornelius  Udall. 
TJhrichsville;  city  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio,  named  for  a  family  of  early  settlers. 
Uinkaret;  plateau  in  group  of  volcanic  mountains  in  Grand  Canyon,  Colorado,  and 

Arizona.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "pine  mountain/' 
Uinta;  county  and  mountain  range  in  Utah,  and  county  in  Wyoming,  named  for  a 

branch  of  the  Ute  Indians,  the  word  being  said  to  mean  "pine  land." 
Uiukufki;  stream  in  Indian  Territory.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "muddy  water." 
Ukiah;  city  in  Mendocino  County,  California,  and  precinct  in  Umatilla  County, 

Oregon.    A  corruption  of  Yokaia,  the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe.     The  word  is 

said  to  mean  "lower  valley"  or  "stranger." 
Ullin;  village  in  Pulaski  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  hero  of  the  poet  Ossian. 
TJlmers;  town  in  Barnwell  County,  Soath  Carolina,  named  for  the  Ulmer  family. 
Ulster;  county  in  New  York,  named  from  the  province  in  Ireland. 


oan2«tt.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  307 

Ulysses;  city  in  Grant  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  Butler  County,  Nebraska, 

named  for  Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 
Umatilla;  river  and  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians. 
Umbagog;  lake,  partly  in  New  Hampshire  and  partly  in  Maine.     An  Indian  word 

said  to  mean  " doubled  up."    Other  authorities  favor  " clear  lake,"  "shallow," 

or  "great  waters  near  another." 
Umcolcus;  lake  and  stream  in  Maine.    An  Indian  word  meaning  ' '  whistling  duck. ' ' 
Ummo;  mountain  in  Mariposa  County,  California.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "lost 

arrow.'* 
Umpachene;  falls  in  a  stream  in  the  town  of  New  Marlboro,  Berkshire  County, 

Massachusetts,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Unalaaka;  island  in  the  Aleutian  Archipelago.    Indian  word  meaning  "  land  near 

Alayeska  (or  Alakshak)." 
Unadilla;  village  in  Dooly  County,  Georgia,  and  river,  town,  and  village  in  Otsego 

County,  New  York.     An  Iroquois  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of  meeting." 
Unaweep;  canyon  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the  color  of  its  sandstone. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "red  rock." 
Uncasville;  village  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  a  war  chief  of 

the  Mohegan  Indians. 
Uncompahgre;  river  and  mountain  in  Colorado.     Derived  from  the  Indian,  unra, 

"hot;"  jiah,  "water;"  gre,  "spring;"  "hot  water  spring." 
Underbill;  town  in  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  named  for  two  brothers,  share- 
holders under  the  original  charter. 
Unicoi;  county  in  Tennessee.    A  corrupted  form  of  the  name  of  the  Ouika  Indians. 
Unimo;  mountain  in  Mariposa  County,  California.     An  Indian  word  said  to  mean 

"lost  arrow." 
Union;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Georgia,  and  Iowa,  parish  in  Louisiana,  and  counties 

in  Mississippi,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South 

Dakota,  and  Tennessee;  so  named  as  an  expression  of  the  sentiment  which  actu- 
ates the  American  people. 
Union;  county  in  Illinois,  so  named  because  of  a  successful  union  meeting  held  in 

the  vicinity  about  1817  by  two  preachers  of  different  denominations. 
Union;  county  in  Indiana,  formed  by  the  union  of  parts  of  Wayne  and  Fayette 

counties. 
Union;  mountain  in  Nevada,  so  named  because  it  appears  to  be  made  up  of  many 

peaks. 
Union;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  New  Jersey,  founded  during  the  civil 

war,  so  named  to  express  the  patriotic  sentiment  of  that  section. 
Union;  county  in  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  Union  Church  on  Brown  Creek. 
Union  City;  city  in  Randolph  County,  Indiana,  and  Darke  County,  Ohio,  so  named 

because  of  its  location  in  two  States. 
Union  City;  village  in  Branch  County,  Michigan,  so  named  because  of  its  location 

at  the  junction  of  the  Saint  Joseph  and  Cold  water  rivers. 
Union  City;  town  in  Obion  County,  Tennessee,  so  named  with  the  expectation  that 

it  would  eventually  be  a  large  railroad  center. 
Union  Springs;  town  in  Bullock  County,  Alabama,  so  named  because  of  Methodists 

assembling  at  the  springs  for  camp  meetings. 
Union  Springs;  village  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  several 

springs  unite  at  this  place. 
Uniontown;  borough  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  of  its 

being  built  on  two  farms,  the  owners  of  which  disputed  as  to  whose  name  the 

town  should  bear. 
Unionville;  city  in  Putnam  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  the  union  of 

Putnam  and  Dodge  counties,  of  which  that  city  is  the  county  aeoL 


308  PLACE   NAME8   TN   THE    UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Union ville;  town  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  to  commemorate  the 
friendly  adjustment  of  the  matter  of  the  questioned  ownership  of  the  locality  of 
the  present  town  site. 

Upotog;  stream  in  Muscogee  County,  Alabama.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  cover- 
ing, ' 9  1 1  spreading  out. ' ' 

Upshur;  counties  in  Texas  and  West  Virginia,  named  for  Abel  P.  Upshur,  secretary 
of  state  under  President  Tyler. 

Upson;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Stephen  Upson,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  the  State. 

Upton;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  John  and  W.  F.  Upton,  prominent  citizens  of 
the  State,  the  former  an  officer  of  the  Civil  war. 

Urban  a;  city  and  township  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  city  in 
Ohio. 

Urbana;  township  and  city  in  Champaign  County,  Ohio.  The  name  is  derived  from 
urban,  " pertaining  to  a  city." 

Ursina;  borough  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Mr.  Bear,  one  of  its 
founders.    The  Latin  form  of  "bear." 

Utah;  State  of  the  Union,  and  county  and  lake  in  same  State,  named  for  the  Ute 
Indians.    The  meaning  is  unknown. 

Utica;  township  in  Lasalle  County,  Illinois,  village  in  Macomb  County,  Michigan, 
and  towns  in  Hinds  County,  Mississippi,  and  Livingston  County,  Missouri, 
named  from  the  city  in  New  York. 

Utica;  city  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  ancient  city  in  Africa. 

Utsayantha;  mountain  in  Delaware  County,  and  lake  in  Delaware  and  Schoharie 
counties,  New  York,  named  for  the  daughter  of  a  legendary  Indian  chief. 

Utuhu;  lake  in  Michigan.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "oak." 

Uvalde;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  Jose  Uvalde. 

Uxbridge;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Henry  Paget,  Earl 
of  Uxbridge. 

Vacaville;  township  and  city  in  Solano  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the 
large  number  of  cattle  in  the  surrounding  country,  vaca  being  the  Spanish  word 
for  "cow." 

Vaiden;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Mississippi,  said  to  be  named  for  Doctor  Vaiden,  a 
resident  planter. 

Vailsburg;  borough  in  Essex  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  the  Vail  family,  resi- 
dents of  the  neighborhood. 

Valatie ;  village  in  Columbia  County,  New  York,  situated  near  a  small  falls.  Derived 
from  a  Dutch  word  meaning  "little  falls." 

Valdosta;  city  in  Lowndes  County,  Georgia.  From  the  Spanish,  meaning  "vale  of 
beauty." 

Valentia;  county  in  New  Mexico,  named  from  the  city  in  Spain. 

Valentine;  village  in  Cherry  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  Hon.  E.  K.  Valentine, 
of  the  State. 

Vallejo;  city  in  Solano  County,  California,  named  for  Gen.  Mariano  G.  Vallejo,  a 
Mexican  officer. 

Valley;  counties  in  Montana  and  Nebraska,  so  named  on  account  of  the  topography 
of  the  county. 

Valley;  town  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Republican  Valley  branch  and  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Valley  Forge;  village  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  so  named  because  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Valley  Creek,  where  a  forge  was  erected  by  Isaac  Potts  pre- 
vious to  the  Revolution. 

Valley  Junction;  town  in  Polk  County,  Iowa;  so  named  because  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  and  Dee  Moines  Valley  rail- 
roada. 


{ 


oannrtt.]  PLACE    NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  309 

Valley  Bidge;  town  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  of  the  peculiar 

formation  of  the  land. 
Val  Verde;  town  in  Riverside  County,  California,  and  county  in  Texas.     A  descrip- 
tive Spanish  name  meaning  "green  valley." 
Van  Bur  en;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Iowa,  Michigan,  and  Tennessee,  named  for 

Martin  Van  Buren,  President  of  the  United  States. 
Vance;  county  in  North  Carolina; 
Vanceboro;  town  in  Craven  County,  North  Carolina.    Named  for  Z.  B.  Vance, 

governor  and  Senator. 
Vances;  town  in  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Vance  family, 

who  formerly  kept  the  ferry. 
Vancouver;  town  and  military  fort  in  Clarke  County,  Washington,  named  for 

Capt  George  Vancduver,  Royal  Navy,  who  explored  that  part  of  the  country  in 

1791. 
Vandalia;  city  in  Audrain  County,  Missouri,  and  village  in  Cass  County,  Michigan, 

named  from  the  city  in  Illinois. 
Vandemere;  town  in  Pamlico  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Vanderbilt;  raining  district  in  San  Bernardino  County,   California,   named  for 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  of  New  York. 
Vanderburg;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Henry  Vanderburgh,  judge  of  the  first 

court  formed  in  the  State. 
Van  Deusen;  village  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Isaac  L.  Van 

Deusen,  an  early  manufacturer. 
Van  Etten;  village  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  named  for  James  B.  Van  Etten, 

member  of  the  assembly  in  1852. 
Van  Leuvens  Corners;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Isaac  Van 

Leuven. 
Van  Orin;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Van  Orin  Greesap,  an 

extensive  landowner. 
Van  Wert;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  Isaac  Van  Wert,  one  of  the  militiamen  who 

assisted  in  the  capture  of  Major  Andre. 
Van  Zandt;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Isaac  Van  Zandt,  member  of  the  Texas 

congress. 
Varinagrove;  town  in  Henrico  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  town  in  Spain, 

because  the  same  kind  of  tobacco  is  raised  in  both  places. 
Varna;  village  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  named  by  its  founders  from  Varna  in 

Bulgaria. 
Varnville;  town  in  Hampton  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 
Varysburg;  villlage  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Vary,  one 

of  the  first  settlers. 
Vashon;  island  in  Washington,  named  for  a  captain  in  the  British  navy. 
Vassalboro;  town  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  named  for  Florentins  Vassal  1,  a 

proprietor  of  the  Plymouth  patent. 
Vaughns;  creek  in  Simpson  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Veazie;  town  in  Penobscot  County,  Maine,  named  for  Gen.  Samuel  Veazie,  a  large 

property  owner. 
Vega;  town  in  Monterey  County,  California.    A  Spanish  name  descriptively  applied, 

meaning  a  "  tract  of  level,  fruitful  ground." 
Venable;  creek  in  Fluvanna  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Lewis  Venable. 
Venango;  county,  and  borough  in  Crawford  County,  in  Pennsylvania.     From  the 

Indian  innungahy  in  reference  to  a  figure  found  on  a  tree,  carved  by  the  Eries. 
Ventura;  river,  county,  and  township  and  city  in  same  county,  in  California.     A 

Spanish  word  meaning  "luck,"  "fortune,"  "favorable  chance." 
Vera;  village  in  Fayette  County,  Illinois;  from  the  Latin  Veritas^  meaning  "truth." 


310  PLACE   NAME8    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Vera  Cruz;  town  in  Wells  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  city  in  Mexico.  From 
the  Spanish,  meaning  "true  cross." 

Veras;  town  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    The  Spanish  word  for  "truth." 

Verde;  river  in  Arizona  with  water  of  a  greenish  cast.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"green." 

Verdery;  town  in  Greenwood  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Verdugo;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.  A  Spanish  word  meaning 
"young  shoot  of  a  tree"  or  "bud." 

Vergennes;  city  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Charles  Granvier,  Count 
de  Vergennes. 

Vermilion;  counties  in  Illinois  and  Indiana,  parish  in  Louisiana,  and  village  in 
Erie  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  rivers. 

Vermilion;  village  in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Edward  S.  Vermilion, 
owner  of  the  site. 

Vermilion;  rivers  in  Illinois,  Louisiana,  Ohio,  and  South  Dakota;  said  to  have  been 
so  named  because  of  the  red  earth  produced  by  the  burning  of  the  shale  over- 
lying the  outcrop  of  coal. 

Vermont;  State  of  the  Union,  so  named  because  of  the  appearance  of  its  mountains. 
Derived  from  the  French  reri  nvmt,  "green  mountain." 

Vermontville;  village  in  Eaton  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  State. 

Vernal  Fall;  waterfall  in  Yosemite  Valley,  California,  so  named  because  of  the 
beautiful  greenish  tints  which  it  displays. 

Vernon;  village  in  Marion  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  Vernon,  a  railroad 
official. 

Vernon;  parish  in  Louisiana  and  many  other  places,  being  generally  named  for  the 
home  of  Gen.  George  Washington — Mount  Vernon. 

Vernon;  county  in  Missouri,  named  for  Miles  Vernon,  of  Laclede  County. 

Vernon;  county  in  Wisconsin,  given  this  name  to  suggest  the  greenery  of  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

Verona;  towns  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  and  Oneida  County,  New  York,  and 
seventeen  other  towns  and  villages,  named  from  Verona  in  Italy. 

Verplanck;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  Philip  Verplanck. 

Versailles;  town  in  Ripley  County,  Indiana,  and  eight  other  places  bear  the  name 
of  the  palace  in  Paris. 

Ver shire;  town  in  Orange  County,  Vermont,  name  formed  by  a  combination  of  the 
first  syllable  of  the  State  name  and  "shire,"  the  English  suffix  designating 
county. 

Vevay;  city  in  Switzerland  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  town  in  Switzerland. 

Vicksburg;  city  in  Warren  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Neivitt  Vick,  its  founder. 

Victor;  town  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  named  for  Victor,  a  chief  of  the  Flathead, 
Kootenai,  and  Pend'd  Oreille  tribes. 

Victor;  village  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  the  French  com- 
mander in  a  battle  fought  there  defeated  the  Iroquois  Indians. 

Victoria;  county  in  Texas,  indirectly  named  for  D.  Felix  Victoria,  first  president 
of  Mexico,  known  as  Guadalui>e  Victoria. 

Vidalia;  town  in  Concordia  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  Vidal,  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernor of  the  district  in  which  the  town  is  situated. 

Viejos;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "ancients. ' ' 

Vienna;  township  in  Montgomery  County,  Michigan,  and  eighteen  other  places, 
bear  the  name  of  the  capital  city  of  Austria- Hungary. 

Vigo;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Col.  Francis  Vigo. 

Vigo;  town  in  Concho  County,  Texas,  named  from  the  seaport  in  Spain. 

Vilas;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Senator  William  F.  Vilas. 

Villa  Rica;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Georgia,  \\avmy»  ^l&  uuuee.  Spanish  words 
meaning  "rich  city." 


oannstt.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  311 

Villenova;  town  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York.     A  Spanish  name  meaning 

"new  town." 
Vinalhaven;  island  and  town  in  Knox  County,  Maine,  named  for  John  Vinal,  of 

Boston. 
Vincennes;  city  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  fort  built  by  Sieur  de 

Vincennes. 
Vineland;  borough  in  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  it  was 

the  intention  of  its  founder  to  raise  grapes  on  an  extensive  scale,  which  was 

realized  to  a  considerable  extent. 
Vineyard  Haven;  town  in  Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  of  the 

quantity  of  vines  found  on  the  island  at  the  time  of  discovery.     Haven  from  the 

harbor  or  haven  on  which  the  village  is  situated. 
Vining;  city  in  Clay  County,  Kansas,  named  for  E.  P.  Vining,  an  officer  of  the 

Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Vinton;  township  and  city  in  Benton  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Hon.  Plynn  Vinton. 
Vinton;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  S.  F.  Vinton,  member  of  Congress  from  that 

State. 
Viola;  village  in  Richland  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  Viola  Buck. 
Virden;  township  and  city  in  Macoupin  County,  Illinois,  named  for  John  Virden, 

founder. 
Virgil;  town  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  named  for  the  poet,  Publius  Vergilius 

Maro. 
Virgin;  river  in   Utah.     Derived  from  the  original  Spanish  name,  Rio  Virgen, 

"  river  of  the  virgin.' ' 
Virginia;  one  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  named  for  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England. 
Virginia;  cities  in  Cass  County,  Illinois,  and  Storey  County,  Nevada,  named  from 

the  State. 
Virginia;  cascade  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  the  wife  of  Hon.  Charles  Gibson, 

president  of  the  Yellowstone  Park  Association. 
Virginia  City;  city  in  Storey  County,  Nevada,  named  for  an  early  prospector  known 

as  "Old  Virginia,"  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  finder  of  the  largest  gold  nug- 
get in  America. 
Viroqua;  town  in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  named  from  a  version  of  the  title 

given  to  Columbus  and  his  descendents,  Duke  of  Veragua. 
Visalia;  city  in  Tulare  County,  California,  named  for  Vise,  a  hunter. 
Vista;  town  in  San  Diego  County,  California.     A  descriptive  Spanish  name,  mean- 
ing "view." 
Volney ;  villages  in  Allamakee  County,  Iowa,  and  Oswego  County,  New  York,  naiped 

for  Count  Volney,  the  French  writer. 
Voluntown;  village  in  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  so  named  because  the 

greater  part  of  the  town  was  granted  to  the  volunteers  of  the  Narragansett  war. 
Volusia;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  a  town  within  its  limits  supposed  to  have 

been  named  for  Volus,  an  English  settler. 
Voorheesville;  village  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Theodore  Voor- 

hees,  director  of  the  Delaware  and  Lackawanna  Railroad. 
Waas;  mountain  in  Utah,  named  for  a  Ute  Indian  chief. 
Wabash;  county  in  Illinois,  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Indiana,  and  river 

traversing  both  State*.     From  the  Indian  word,  vmabachey  meaning   "cloud 

borne  by  an  equinoctial  wind,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,   "white 

water." 
Wabasha;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  named  for  the  Dakota 

(Sioux)  chief  Wapashaw,  meaning  "red  leaf,"  "red  cap,"  or  "red  flag,"  from 

a  gift  of  a  military  uniform  and  flag  of  England  to  the  first  of  three  hereditary 

chiefs  who  bore  the  name. 


312  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Wabaunsee;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  a  Pottawatomi 
Indian  chief,  the  name  signifying  "dim  daylight,"  or  "causer of  paleness,"  given 
because  he  captured  an  enemy's  camp  just  at  the  break  of  day. 

Wabeno;  town  in  Forest  County,  Wisconsin.  An  Indian  wTord  meaning  "men  of 
the  dawn,"  or  "eastern  men." 

Wacasassee;  river,  and  bay  in  Florida,  so  named  because  of  the  herds  of  cattle 
frequenting  it.    A  Seminole  word  meaning  "  cow  range." 

Waccamaw;  town  in  Georgetown  County,  South  Carolina,  and  river,  lake,  and  town- 
ship in  Brunswick  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Wachusett;  mountain  in  Massachusetts.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "near  the  little 
mountain." 

Waco;  town  in  Smith  County,  Mississippi,  village  in  Cleveland  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  city  in  McLennan  County,  Texas,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Waconia;  village  in  Carver  County,  Minnesota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "living 
spring." 

Waconda;  village  in  Mitchell  County,  Kansas.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "spirit" 

Wacouta;  village  in  Goodhue  County,  Minnesota.  A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning 
"  shooter,"  the  name  of  an  Indian  chief  who  lived  at  Red  Wing. 

Waddams;  township  in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois,  named  for  William  Waddams, 
one  of  the  first  settlers  in  the  county. 

Waddington;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 

Waddington;  village  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York,  named  for  Joshua  Wad- 
dington,  proprietor. 

Wadena;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  an  archaic  Ojibway  word 
meaning  "little  round  hill." 

Wadesboro;  town  in  Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Col.  Thomas  Wade. 

Wading  Hiver;  village  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  river,  which 
was  so  called  because  the  Indians  waded  into  it  for  the  shellfish. 

Wads  worth;  township  and  village  in  Medina  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  E. 
Wads  worth. 

Wady  Petra;  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois.  From  the  Arabian,  wady,  meaning 
"valley,"  and  the  Latin  petra,  "rock." 

Waga;  tributary  to  the  Minnesota  River.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "cottonwood." 

W  agar  a;  stream  in  New  Jersey.  Derived  from  the  Indian  woid  woakeu,  "crooked," 
or  "bent,"  and  aki,  "a  place.' ' 

Wagener;  town  in  Aiken  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  F.  W.  Wagener,  cap- 
italist, of  Charleston. 

Wahkiakum;  county  in  Washington,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  said  to  have 
received  their  name  from  their  first  chief. 

Wahoo;  village  in  Lumpkin  County,  Georgia,  and  precinct  in  Saunders  County, 
Nebraska.     An  Indian  word  said  to  mean  a  species  of  elm. 

Wahpeton;  city  in  Richland  County,  North  Dakota.  A  Sioux  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "leaf  village." 

Waitsfield;  town  in  Washington  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin 
Waite,  the  first  settler. 

Wakatomika;  village  in  Coshockton  County,  Ohio.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"other  side  town." 

Wake;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  the  wife  of  Governor  Tryon. 

Wakeeney;  city  in  Trego  County,  Kansas,  named  for  its  founders,  A.  E.  Warren 
and  J.  F.  Keenev. 

Wakefield;  city  in  Clay  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  Rev.  Richard  Wake,  one 
of  its  founders. 

Wakefield;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Cyrus  Wakefield. 


fUNiWTT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  818 

Wakefield;  village  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina; 

Wake  Forest;  town  in  Wake  County,  North  Carolina.    Named  for  the  wife  of 

Governor  Tryon. 

Wakenda;  town  in  Carroll  County,  Missouri.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "wor- 
shiped.11 
Wakulla;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  the  famous  spring  near  the  Gulf  coast. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "  mystery." 
Walden;  town  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jacob  T.  Walden,  a  promi- 
nent citizen. 
Walden;  town  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  commanding  officer  of  the 
military  forces  present  during  the  building  of  a  road  in  the  vicinity. 

{Waldo;  county  in  Maine; 
Waldoboro;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine.   Named  for  Brig.  Gen.  Samuel  Waldo, 
of  Boston. 
Waldron;  island  in  Washington,  named  for  W.  T.  Waldron,  of  the  ship  Porpoise. 
Wales;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,    named  for  James  Lawrence 

Wales. 
Walesboro;  village  in  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  John  P.  Wales,  its 

founder. 
Walhalla;  towns  in  Pembina  County,  North  Dakota,  and  Oconee  County,  South 

Carolina.     A  Scandinavian  name  meaning  " palace  of  immortality." 
Walhonding;  river  in  Ohio.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "white  woman.'1 
Walke;  point  in  North  Landing  River,  Virginia,  named  for  the  oldest  resident  family 

of  Princess  Anne  County. 
Walker;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Senator  J.  W.  Walker,  of  the  State. 
Walker;  pass  in  California,  and  lake  and  river  in  Esmeralda  County,  Nevada,  named 

for  Joseph  Reddeford  Walker,  guide  of  Fremont's  second  expedition. 
Walker;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Freeman  Walker. 
Walker;  village  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  J.  W.  Walker,  one  of  the 

founders. 
Walker;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Robert  J.  Walker,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

during  President  Polk's  Administration. 
Walkerville;    city  in  Silverbow  County,  Montana,  named  for  the  owner  of  the 

"Alice"  mine. 
Wallace;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Gen.  William  H.  L. 

Wallace,  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  war. 
Wallace;  town  in  Duplin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  resident. 
Wallace;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  "  Farmer"  Wallace,  a  pioneer  of  the 

State  in  1870. 
Wallawalla;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Washington.    From  a  Nez  Perce 

Indian  word  used  to  designate  a  rapid  stream. 
Wallenpaupack;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  deep,  dead 

water." 
Waller;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Edwin  Waller,  formerly  postmaster-general 

under  the  republic. 

Wallface;  mountain  on  the  west  side  of  the  Indian  Pass  in  the  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains, so  called  because  it  terminates  at  this  place  in  a  precipice  hundreds  of  feet 
high. 

Wall  Hill;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  William  Wall. 

Walling: ton;  borough  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  Walling  Van 
Winkle,  the  former  owner. 

Walloostook;  river  in  Maine.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "stream  where  you  get 
boughs,"  or  "fine,  beautiful  river." 


814  PLACE    NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED    STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Wallowa;  county  and  river  in  Oregon.  An  Indian  word  meaning  a  tripod  for  hold- 
ing a  fish  trap  in  the  water. 

Walnut;  township  and  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  so  named  from  the  large 
number  of  walnut  trees  within  the  limits. 

Walpack ;  township  in  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  sud- 
den bend  of  a  stream  around  the  base  of  a  rock." 

Walpole;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Walpole;  town  in  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  towTi  in 
England. 

Walsenburg;  town  in  Huerfano  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Fred  Walsen,  a 
banker  and  old  settler. 

Walsh;  County  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  George  H.  Walsh. 

Walterboro;  town  in  Colleton  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Walter  fam- 
ily, prominent  residents  of  the  State. 

Walthall;  town  in  Webster  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Gen.  Edward  Walthall. 

Waltham;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  supposedly  named  from  Wal- 
tham  Abbey,  England. 

Waltham;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  city  in  Massachusetts. 

Walton;  county  in  Florida,  named  for  Colonel  Walton,  of  Georgia. 

Walton;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  George  Walton,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

Walton;  city  in  Harvey  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  stockholder  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  "Railroad. 

Walton;  town  in  Delaware  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Walton,  a  large 
land  proprietor. 

Walworth;  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  and  county  in  Wisconsin,  named 
for  Chancellor  Reuben  H.  Walworth. 

Walworth;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  from  the  county  in  Wisconsin. 

Wamego;  city  in  Pottawatomie  County,  Kansas,  said  to  be  so  named  because 
formerly  there  was  no  water  in  the  village.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "clear  of 
springs/'  Other  authorities  say  that  it  was  named  for  an  Indian  chief  whose 
name  meant  "running  waters." 

Wamesit;  village  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.  From  the  Indian  word 
wame,  "all,"  or  "whole,"  and  auke,  "place." 

Wampum;  borough  in  Lawrence  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  name  of  the  Indian 
shell  money. 

Wanaque;  river  and  valley  in  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "sassafras 
place." 

Wanatah;  town  in  Laporte  County,  Indiana,  named  from  an  Indian  chief,  whose 
name  signified  "he  that  charges  on  his  enemies." 

Wangunbog;  pond  in  Connecticut.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "bent  pond." 

Wapakoneta,  village  in  Auglaize  County,  Ohio.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "clay 
river." 

Wapanucka;  town  in  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory.  Derived  from  Wappa- 
uocca,  the  name  given  the  Delawares  by  other  Indians,  it  signifying  "East- 
landers." 

Wapato;  village  in  Washington  County,  Oregon.  The  Indian  designation  of  a 
bulbouH  root  resembling  a  potato. 

Wapella;  village  in  Dewitt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Fox  tribe,  the 
name  meaning  "he  who  is  painted  white." 

Wapiti;  village  in  Summit  County,  Colorado.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "elk." 
Wappinger;  creek  and  town  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York; 
Wappingers  Falls;  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.     Named  for  an  Indian 
tribe. 


> 


OAxmnrr.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  815 

Wapcipincon;  river  in  Iowa,  bo  named  t>ecaiise  of  the  root  which  is  found  in  great 
abundance  upon  its  banks.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "white  potatoes." 

Wapwallopen;  stream  and  village  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware 
Indian  name  said  by  some  to  mean  "place  where  the  messengers  were  mur- 
dered;1 '  by  others,  "where  white  hemp  grows.' ' 

Waquapaug;  stream  in  Rhode  Island.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "at  the  end  of 
the  pond." 

Ward;  town  in  Boulder  County,  Colorado,  named  for  the  Ward  lode,  discovered  in 
I860. 

Ward;  village  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Thomas  Ward,  Congressman 
from  that  State. 

Ward;  peak  in  Montana,  named  for  Artemus  Ward. 

Ward;  point  on  Staten  Island,  New  York,  named  for  the  man  who  formerly  owned 
that  part  of  the  island. 

Ward;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  Mark  Ward,  of  South  Dakota, 

Ward;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Thomas  W.  Ward,  the  commissioner  of  the  gen- 
eral land  office  under  the  first  State  governor  of  Texas. 

Wards;  island  in  New  York,  named  for  Jasper  and  Bartholomew  Ward,  former 
proprietors. 

Wards;  town  in  Saluda  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Wan!  family,  promi- 
nent residents  of  the  State. 

Wardsboro;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  William  Ward,  of 
Newfane,  the  principal  proprietor. 

Ware;  county  in  Georgia  named  for  Nicholas  Ware,  an  early  Senator  from  Georgia. 

Ware;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  on  account  of  the  weirs, 
or  weirers,  formerly  constructed  in  the  river  to  catch  salmon. 

Wareham;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Waresboro;  town  in  Ware  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Nicholas  Ware,  an  early 
Senator  from  that  State. 

Warm  Springs;  town  in  Alameda  County  California,  named  from  the  hot  springs. 

Warner;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Col.  Jonathan 
Warner,  of  Portsmouth. 

Warnerville;  village  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Capt.  George 
Warner,  the  first  settler. 

Warramaug;  pond  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"good  fishing  place." 

Warren;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  a  settler. 

Warren;  town  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Samuel  Warren  of 
Revolutionary  fame. 

Warren;  counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky;  town  in  Knox  County, 
Maine;  fortification  in  Boston  Harbor,  and  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massa- 
chusetts; counties  in  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  New  Jersey;  county  and  town  in 
Herkimer  County,  New  York;  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  Ohio;  county, 
and  borough  in  same  county,  in  Pennsylvania;  and  counties  in  Tennessee  and 
Virginia;  named  for  Joseph  Warren,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

Warren;  township  and  village  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  Illinois,  namod  for  the  first 
white  child  born  in  the  settlement. 

Warren;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Gen.  Francis  Warren. 

Warren;  city  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  Moses  Warren,  of  Lyme, 
Connecticut. 

Warren;  towns  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  and  Bristol  County,  Rhode 
Island,  named  for  Admiral  Sir  Peter  Warren,  of  the  royal  navy. 


816  PLACE    NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Warrensburg;  town  in  Macon  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  family  prominent  in 
the  county. 

Warrensville;  township  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Moses  Warren,  an 
early  settler. 

Warrenton;  towns  in  Warren  County,  North  Carolina,  and  Fauquier  County,  Vir- 
ginia, named  for  Gen.  Joseph  Warren,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

Warrick;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Capt  Jacob  Warrick,  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Tippecanoe. 

Warsaw;  township  and  town  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  city  in  Kosciusko  County, 
Indiana,  and  town  in  Benton  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  capital  city  of 
Poland. 

Warwick;  towns  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts;  Orange  County,  New  York, 
and  Kent  County,  Rhode  Island,  and  county  in  Virginia,  named  for  the  Earl 
of  Warwick. 

Washburn;  village  in  Woodford  County,  Illinois,  named  for  the  Washburne 
family. 

Washburn;  town  in  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  named  for  Israel  Washburn,  jr., 
governor  of  the  State  during  the  civil  war. 

Washburn;  mountain  in  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Gen.  Henry  Dane  Washburn. 

Washburn;  county,  and  town  in  Bayfield  County,  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Cadwal- 
lader  C.  Washburn,  former  governor. 

Wasco;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe,  the  name  signifying  "grass." 

Washabaugh;  county  in  South  Dakota,  named  for  Frank  Washabaugh,  a  promi- 
nent State  politician. 

Washington;  State  of  the  Union;  counties  in  Arkansas,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Kentucky;  parish  in  Louisiana;  counties  in  Maine 
and  Maryland;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts;  counties  in  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri;  highest  peak  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire; 
counties  in  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota, 
Tennessee,  Vermont,  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin;  and  probably  the  counties  in 
Alabama,  Colorado,  Florida,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island, 
Texas,  and  Xltah;  and  many  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  Named  for  Gen.  George 
Washington. 

Washington;  city  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  United  States, 
named  for  George  Washington,  first  President  of  the  United  States. 

Washining;  Washinee;  lakes  in  the  town  of  Salisbury,  Litchfield  County,  Con- 
necticut, connected  by  a  small  stream.  The  names  are  of  Indian  origin,  express- 
ing beauty,  washining  indicating  a  higher  degree  of  charm  than  washinee. 

Washita;  village  in  Montgomery  County,  Arkansas,  and  county  in  Oklahoma. 
Another  form  of  "  Wichita." 

Washoe;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Nevada,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians 
in  that  vicinity. 

Washta;  town  in  Cherokee  County,  Iowa.     A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "good." 

Washtenaw;  county  in  Michigan,  named  from  the  east  branch  of  Grand  River;  the 
name  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Indian  word  traahtenong,  "  river  that  is 
far  off." 

Wasioja;  town  in  Dodge  County,  Minnesota,  so  named  because  of  the  pine  trees 
growing  near.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "pine  grove." 

Wassaic;  village  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "diffi- 
cult," or  "hard  work." 

Wastedo;  town  in  Goodhue  County,  Minnesota.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "good." 

Watab;  village  in  Benton  County,  Minnesota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "root  of 
jjine,"  or  "  to  sew  a  canoe/ 


oawkftt.1  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  317 

Wataga;  village  in  Knox  County,  Illinois.    From  the  Pottawatomi  Indian  word 

meaning,  "  I  heard;"  or,  if  derived  from  ahweataga,  "  he  has  gone  to  ramble." 
Watch  Hill;  town  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island.    From  this  promontory 

the  Narragansett  Indians  watched  for  their  enemies,  the  Montauks. 
Wateree;  river,  and  town  in  Richland  County,  in  South  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian 

tribe. 
Waterford;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  on  account  of  the  great 

volume  of  water  contained  in  Spring  Creek  at  this  point. 
Waterford;  village  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  and  town  in  Caledonia  County, 

Vermont,  named  from  the  city  in  Ireland. 
Waterford;  town  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  named  by  an  early  settler  from 

Waterford  in  Ireland,  his  native  place. 
Waterloo;  city  in  Monroe  County,  Illinois,  village  in  Douglas  County,  Nebraska, 

and  many  other  places;  named  from  the  battlefield  in  Belgium. 
Watertown;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  so  called  because  it  was  a 

"well- watered  place,"  and  the  first  means  of  communication  between  this  place 

and  Boston  was  by  water. 
Watertown;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  so  named  on  account  of  the 

extraordinary  amount  of  water  power. 
Water  Valley;  city  in  Yalobusha  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  on  account  of  the 

continuous  flow  of  water  in  the  valley. 
Waterville;  town  in  Marshall  County,  Kansas,  named  from  Waterville,  New  York, 

the  home  of  Colonel  Osborne,  who  was  the  contractor  for  the  construction  of  the 

raiiroad. 
Waterville;  city  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  so  named  because  of  its  situation  at 

Ticonic  Falls  on  the  Kennebec  River,  which  furnishes  the  motive  power  for  the 

factories  of  the  city. 
Watervliet;  city  on  the  Hudson,  in  Albany  County,  New  York.    From  the  Dutch, 

meaning  "  flowing  stream/' 
Wathena;  city  in  Doniphan  County,  Kansas,  named  for  a  chief  of  the  Kickapoo 

Indians. 
Watkins;  village  in  Schuyler  County,  New  York,  named  for  Dr.  Samuel  Watkins, 

of  London,  one  of  the  first  proprietors. 
Watkinsville;  town  in  Oconee  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Robert  Watkins, 

of  Augusta,  member  of  the  State  legislature. 
Watonwan;  county  and  river  in  Minnesota.    A  Dakota  (Sioux)  name,  meaning 

"fish  bait,"  or  "  where  fish  bait  abounds." 
Watrous;  town  in  Mora  County,  New  Mexico,  named  for  Samuel  B.  Watrous,  an 

early  settler. 
Watseka;  city  in  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  mythical  Indian  girl  who 

saved  her  tribe  from  disaster.    Another  authority  gives  it  as  a  corruption  of  an 

Indian  word,  meaning  "pretty  woman." 
Watson;  township  and  village  in  Effingham  County,  Illinois,  named  for  George 

Watson,  a  constructing  railroad  engineer. 
Watson;  town  in  Lewis  County,  New  York,  named  for  .lames  Watson,  a  former 

proprietor. 
Watson;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Joseph  Watson,  the 

former  owner  of  the  land. 
Watson  town;  borough  in  Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John 

Watson,  the  original  proprietor. 
Watson ville;  city  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  California,  named  for  Col.  James  Watson, 

a  first  settler. 
Wattsburg;  borough  in  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  David  Watts,  an 

early  settler. 


318  PLACE   NAME8    IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Waubay;  village  in  Day  County,  South  Dakota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place 

of  hatching." 
Waubeek;  towns  in  Linn  County,  Iowa,  and  Dunn  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "metal,"  or  "metallic  substance." 
Waubesa;  lake  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "swan." 
Wauconda;  village  in  Lake  County,  Illinois.    A  Sioux  Indian  word  signifying 

"sacred,"  or  "god." 
Waukarusa;  stream  in  Kansas.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "hip  deep." 
Waukau;  a  town  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"habitually,"  or  "often." 
Waukegan;  township  and  city  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,  first  called  Little  Fort. 

In  1849  the  name  was  changed  to  the  present  form,  said  to  be  the  Indian  trans- 
lation of  the  old  name. 
Waukesha;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Wisconsin.     From  the  Indian 

wauk-tshctj  meaning  "fox." 
Waukon;  town  in  Allamakee  County,  Iowa.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "moss  on 

trees  that  is  eatable." 
Waunakee;  village  in  Dane  County,  Wisconsin.     From  the  Indian  word  winaki, 

"  he  lies,"  or  "he  lives  in  peace." 
Wauneta;  village  in  Chase  County,  Nebraska.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  winter 

camp." 
Waupaca;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  the  Menominee  Indians,  the  meaning 

being  "  pale  water." 
Wauponsee;  town  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois.     For  derivation  see  Wabaunsee. 
Waupun;   town  in   Fond  du  lac  County,  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"early,"  or  "early  day,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  fromt/xzfa,  meaning 

"east." 
Wauregan;  village  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut.    An  Indian  word  meaning 

"good  thing." 
Wausau;  city  In  Marathon  County,  Wisconsin.     A  corruption  of  wassa,  meaning 

"  far  away." 
Wausaukee;  river  in  Wisconsin.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "distant  land." 
Wauseon;  village  in  Fulton  County,  Ohio,  named  for  an  Indian  chief.    The  word 

means  "far  off." 
Wauwatosa;  city  in  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin.     A  corruption  of  wewate*giy 

meaning  "fire-fly." 
Wauzeka;  village  in  Crawford  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  an  Indian  chief;  the 

name  is  said  to  mean  "pine." 
Waverly;  city  in  Morgan  County,  Illinois,  and  villages  in  Tioga  County,  New  York, 

and  Pike  County,  Ohio,  named  from  Scott's  novels. 
Waxahachie;  town  in  Ellis  County,  Texas,  so  named  because  of  the  large  number 

of  cattle  in  the  vicinity.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "cow  town,"  or  "cow 

creek." 
Waxhaw;  creek  in  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina,  towns  in  Union  County, 

North  Carolina,  and  Lancaster  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  an  Indian 

tribe. 
Waycross;  town  in  Ware  County,  Georgia,  named  from  the  crossing  of  two  ways 

or  roads. 
Way  land;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Francis  Way  land. 
Wayland;  village  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rev.  Francis  Wayland, 

of  Rhode  Island. 
Waymansville;  village  in   Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  named  for  Charles  L. 

Way  man,  its  founder. 


qannwpt.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE   UNITED   8TATER.  319 

"Wayne;  counties  in  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Michigan,  Missis- 
sippi, Missouri,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  and 
West  Virginia,  and  probably  the  counties  in  Nebraska  and  Utah ; 
Waynesboro;  towns  in  Burke  County,  Georgia,  and  Wayne  County,  Mississippi, 

and  borough  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania; 
Wayneaburg;  town  in  Stark  County,  Ohio,  and  borough  in  Greene  County,  Penn- 
sylvania; 
Waynesfield;  town  in  Auglaize  County,  Ohio; 

Wayneeville;  township  and  village  in  Dewitt  County,  Illinois,  and  towns  in  Hay- 
wood County,  North  Carolina,  and  Warren  County,  Ohio.  Named  for  Gen. 
Anthony  Wayne,  hero  of  the  Revolution. 

Wayzata;  village  in  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "at 
the  mouth.* ' 

Weakley;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Robert  Weakley,  a  member  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  the  reviser  of  the  constitution  of  Tennessee. 

Weare;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Meshech  Weare, 
chief  justice  of  the  province  of  New  Hampshire. 

Weatherford;  city  in  Parker  County,  Texas,  said  to  be  named  for  Jefferson  Weath- 
erford,  one  of  its  early  settlers. 

Weatogue;  village  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"  wigwam  place.' ' 

Weauatucket;  river  in  Connecticut.  From  the  Indian,  "land  at  the  end  of  tide 
water.' ' 

Weaverville;  town  in  Trinity  County,  California,  named  for  a  pioneer. 

Weaverville;  town  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  numer- 
ous in  the  State. 

Webb;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Judge  James  Webb,  politician  in  the  early  days 
of  the  State. 

Webb  City;  city  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  lead  and  zinc  were 
first  discovered  in  that  locality  on  the  farm  of  John  C.  Webb. 

Webberville;  village  in  Ingham  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Herbert  Webber,  an 
early  settler. 

Weber;  county  and  river  in  Utah,  named  /or  a  well-known  trapper  and  guide. 
Webster;  counties  in  Georgia,  Iowa,  and  Kentucky;  parish  in  Louisiana;  town  in 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts;  counties  in  Mississippi  and  Missouri;  town 
in  Merrimac  County,  and  mountain  in  New  Hampshire;  county  in  West  Virginia; 
and  many  cities,  towns,  and  villages;  probably,  also,  the  county  in  Nebraska; 
Webster  Groves;  city  in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri.  Named  for  Daniel  Webster, 
the  statesman. 

Wecuppemee;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "linden"  or 
"basswood." 

Wedge;  mountain  in  Montana,  so  named  on  account  of  its  shape. 

Weedsport;  village  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  named  for  Elisha  and  Edward 
Weed,  the  first  settlers. 

Weehawken;  town  in  Hudson  County,  New  Jersey.  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"maize  land." 

Weeping  Child;  stream  in  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  so  named,  according  to  tra- 
dition, from  the  circumstance  of  an  Indian  child  being  carried  off  by  a  mountain 
lion,  causing  insanity  in  the  mother. 

Weeping  Water;  river  in  Nebraska.     A  translation  of  the  Indian  word  nehaga. 

Weir;  city  in  Cherokee  County,  Kansas,  named  for  T.  M.  Weir,  its  founder. 

Weisner;  mountain  in  Idaho,  named  for  a  topographer  with  the  Mullan  expedition. 

Weiasport;  borough  in  Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Col.  Jacob  Weiss, 
an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  who  early  settled  in  the  Lehigh  Valley. 


820  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  [bull.  258. 

Weitchpec;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  Indian  town  called 
WeUspua;  the  word  is  said  to  mean  "  junction  of  rivers." 

Welaka;  town  in  Putnam  County,  Florida.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "  riverof  lakes." 

Welch;  town  in  McDowell  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Capt.  J.  A.  Welch,  of 
that  countv. 

Weld;  county  in  Colorado,  named  for  Lewis  Ledyard  Weld,  first  secretary  of  Colo- 
rado Territory. 

Weld;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Maine,  named  for  Benjamin  Weld,  one  of  the 
original  owners. 

Weldon;  village  in  Dewitt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Judge  Lawrence  M.  Weldon. 

Weldon;  town  in  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Wellfleet;  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts.    The  name  is  doubtless  a 
corruption  of  "whale  fleet." 

Wellington;  city  in  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  and  township  and  village  in  Lorain 
County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

Wells;  county  in  Indiana,  named  for  Capt.  William  Wells,  killed  at  the  Fort  Dear- 
born massacre. 

Wells;  town  in  York  County,  Maine,  supposed  to  be  named  from  the  town  in  England. 

Wells;  town  in  Hamilton  County,  New  York,  named  for  Joshua  Wells,  the  first 
settler. 

Wells;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  the  Hon.  E.  P.  Wells,  of  Jamestown,  an 
old  settler. 

Wellsboro;  borough  in  Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Mrs.  Henry  Wells 
Morris,  an  early  resident. 

Wellsburg;  town  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  family  who  formerly 
owned  most  of  the  town  site. 

Wellsburg;  city  in  Brooke  County,  West  Virginia,  named  for  Alexander  Wells. 

Wells  River;  stream  which  rises  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Cap- 
tain Wells,  who  was  drowned  in  it. 

Wells  River;  village  in  Orange  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  river. 

Wellston;  township  and  city  in  Jackson  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Harvey  Wells, 
its  founder. 

Wellsville;  town  in  Allegany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gardiner  Wells,  a 
prominent  resident. 

Wellsville;  city  in  Franklin  County,  Kansas,  named  for  D.  L.  Wells,  a  railroad 
contractor. 

Wellsville;  town  in  Montgomery  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Judge  Carly  Wells. 

Wellsville;  city  in  Columbiana  County,  Ohio,  named  for  William  Wells,  who  laid 
it  out. 

Wendell;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Oliver  Wendell,  a 
Boston  banker. 

Wenham;  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Suffolk 

County,  England. 
Wenona;  city  in  Marshall  County,  Illinois; 

Wenonah;  borough  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey.     Derived  from  the  Sioux 
Indian,  meaning  "first-born  daughter." 

Wentworth;  town  in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Benning  Went- 
worth,  former  governor  of  the  State. 

Wentzville;  town  in  St.  Charles  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  man  who  laid  it 
out. 

Wepatuck;  mountain  in  Connecticut.   An  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  at  the  nar- 
row pass  or  strait." 

Wesaw;  river  in  Miami  County,  Indiana,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 


gaxnbtt.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  321 

Wesley;  township  in  Washington  County,  Ohio,  and  town  in  Washington  County, 

Maine,  named  for  John  Wesley,  the  founder  of  Methodism. 
Wesson;  town  in  Copiah  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Col.  J.  M.  Wesson,  its 

founder. 
West;  town  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Henry  West. 
West  Baton  Rouge;  parish  in  Louisiana.    See  Baton  Rouge. 
West  Bend;  city  in  Washington  County,  Wisconsin,  so  named  because  of  the  bend 

in  Milwaukee  River  at  this  point. 
Westboro;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  formerly  a  part  of  Marlboro, 

hence  its  name. 
Westby;  village  in  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  O.  T.  Westby,  an  early 

settler. 
West  Carroll;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton. 
Westchester;  county  in  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
West  Creek;  town  in  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey.    Derived  from  an  Indian  word 

meaning  "place  to  get  meat." 
Westerlo;  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York,  named  for  Rev.  Eilardus  Westerlo, 

of  Albany. 
Westerly;  town  in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  so  named  because  of  its  loca- 
tion in  the  most  westerly  part  of  the  State. 
West  Feliciana;  parish  in  Louisiana.    See  East  Feliciana. 
Westfield;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because  situated  on 

the  west  boundry  of  an  early  survey. 
Westhampton;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  so  named  because,  until 

its  incorporation,  it  was  the  west  parish  of  Northampton. 
West  Haverstraw;  town  in  Rockland  County,  New  York,  named  from  haverstrau\ 

a  Dutch  word,  originally  written  haventroo,  and  meaning  "oat  straw."   Believed 

to  have  been  suggested  by  wild  oats  growing  there. 
West  Jersey;  township  and  village  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  named  by  the  first 

settlers  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 
Westminster;  town  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  borough 

of  London. 
Westmoreland;  town  in  Pottawatomie  County,  Kansas,  named  from  the  county  in 

Pennsvlvania. 
Westmoreland;  counties  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  named  from  the  county  in 

England. 
Weston;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  city  in  Platte  County, 

Missouri,  so  named  because  situated  at  the  western  edge  of  their  respective 

counties. 
Weston;  county  in  Wyoming,  named  for  a  man  prominent  in  the  building  of  rail- 
roads in  eastern  and  northern  Wyoming. 
Westphalia;  village  in  Clinton  County,  Michigan,  named  from  the  province  in 

Germany. 
West  Plains;  city  in  Howell  County,  Missouri,  so  named  because  the  settlement 

was  in  a  prairie  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  nearest  town. 
West  Point;  city  in  Troup  County,  Georgia,  probably  named  from  its  location  at 

the  most  westerly  point  of  the  Chattahooche  River. 
West  Point;  town  in  Clay  County,  Mississippi,  so  named  because  of  its  location  in 

the  extreme  westerly  part  of  the  county. 
West  Point;  United  States  military  academy  in  Orange  County,  New  York.    The 

promontory  known  as  Gees  Point  was  called  West  Point  by  the  early  settlers  on 

the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  as  in  their  descriptions  they  designated  it  as  "the 

point  to  the  west." 

Bull.  258—05 21 


322  PLACE   NAMES   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Westport;  town  in  Clatsop  County,  Oregon,  named  for  John  West. 

West  Salem;  town  in  Edwards  County,  Illinois,  named  by  Moravian  settlers  from 

Salem,  North  Carolina. 
West  Station;  town  in  Holmes  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  A.  M.  West,  a  promi- 
nent citizen  and  president  of  the  Mississippi  Central  Railroad. 
West  Stockbridge;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  its  rela- 
i       tion  to  Stockbridge,  of  which  it  was  originally  a  part. 
We8tville;  town  in  Simpson  County,  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  Cato  West. 
Westville;  town  in  Chariton  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Dr.  William  S.  West,  the 
i        first  postmaster. 

Westville;  town  in  Kershaw  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent  family. 
Wet;  mountains  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  of  the  heavy  rains  upon  them  in  the 

summer  season. 
Wetmore;  city  in  Nemaha  County,   Kansas,  named  for  W.  T.  Wetmore,  vice- 
»        president  of  the  Central  Branch,  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Wetumka;  city  in  Elmore  County,  Alabama,  near  the  falls  of  the  Coosa  River.    An 

Indian  word  meaning  "waterfall,"  " tumbling  water." 
Wetzel;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  Lewis  WTetzel,  a  noted  pioneer  and 

Indian  fighter. 
Wewoka;  stream,  and  village  in  Seminole  Nation,  in  Indian  Territory.     An  Indian 

word  meaning  "barking  water." 
Wexford;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Michigan,  probably  named  from  the 

countv  in  Ireland. 

w 

Weyauwega;  village  in  Waupaca  County,  Wisconsin.  Probably  a  corruption  of 
the  Indian  word  ouiawikart,  "he  embodies  it,"  but,  according  to  an  other  author- 
ity, it  is  the  name  of  a  trusted  Indian  guide  in  the  employ  of  Governor  Doty,  the 
name  meaning  "whirling  wind." 

Weyer8  Cave;  town  and  cavern  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  named  for  Bernard 
Weyer. 

Weymouth;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 
England. 

Wharton;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Texas,  named  for  William  H.  and 
John  A.  Wharton,  of  a  family  prominent  in  the  State. 

What  Cheer;  township  and  city  in  Keokuk  County,  Iowa,  so  named  by  a  Scotch 
miner  when  he  discovered  coal  in  the  vicinity. 

Whatcom;  county,  and  town  in  same  comity,  in  Washington.  An  Indian  word, 
said  to  mean  "noisy  water." 

Whately;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Thomas  Whately, 
member  of  the  board  of  trade. 

Wheatfield;  town  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  general  character 
of  the  locality — wheat  producing. 

Wheatland;  township  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  home  of  Presi- 
dent James  Buchanan. 

Wheatland;  borough  in  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  the  estate  of  the 
Hon.  James  Buchanan. 

Wheaton;  city  in  Dupage  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Warren  L.  and  Jesse  Whea- 
ton,  first  settlers. 

Wheeler;  mountain  in  Nevada,  named  for  Capt.  George  M.  Wheeler. 

Wheeler;  county  in  Nebraska,  named  for  D.  H.  Wheeler,  a  local  politician. 

Wheeler;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Capt.  Silas  Wheeler,  the 
first  settler. 

Wheeler;  county  in  Oregon,  named  for  H.  H.  Wheeler,  the  first  mail  carrier  between 
The  Dalles  and  Canyon  City. 


GANNETT.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE   UNITED   8TATES.  823 

Wheeler;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Royal  T.  Wheeler,  former  chief  justice  of  the 
State  supreme  court. 

Wheeling;  village  in  Livingston  County,  Missouri,  named  from  the  city  in  West 
Virginia. 

Wheeling;  city  in  Ohio  County,  West  Virginia,  from  the  Indian,  weal-ink,  meaning 
"place  of  a  human  head,"  from  the  circumstance  of  the  Indians  having  dis- 
played the  head  of  a  white  man  on  a  pole  at  this  point.  Another  authority 
gives  whUink,  **at  the  head  of  the  river." 

Wheelock;  town  in  Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Eleazer  Wheelock, 
president  of  an  Indian  charity  school  situated  there,  but  another  authority  states 
that  it  was  named  for  John  Wheelock. 

Whippany;  river  in  Morris  county,  New  Jersey.  A  Delaware  Indian  word  mean- 
ing "arrow wood  stream." 

Whipple;  peak  in  the  Monument  range,  California,  named  for  Lieutenant  Whipple, 
of  the  Pacific  railroad  explorations. 

Whiskah;  river  of  Grays  harbor,  Washington.  An  Indian  word  meaning  "stinking 
water." 

Whitakers;  town  in  Edgecombe  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  family 
numerous  in  the  State. 

White;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  the  river  which  forms  the  eastern  boundary. 

White;  branch  of  the  Green  River  in  Colorado  and  eastern  Utah,  so  named  because 
of  the  white  cliffs  of  its  canyon. 

White;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  the  Rev.  George  White. 

White;  counties  in  Illinois  and  Indiana,  named  for  Col.  Isaac  White,  killed  at  Tippe- 
canoe, 1811. 

White;  rivers  in  Indiana  and  South  Dakota.  A  translation  of  the  name  originally 
given  by  the  French,  riviere  la  blanche. 

White;  city  in  Morris  County,  Kansas,  named  for  F.  C.  White,  superintendent  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Southern  Branch. 

White;  river  in  Minnesota,  so  named  because  of  the  color  of  the  water. 

White;  river  in  Nebraska,  so  named  because  the  soil  near  its  head  is  white  clay. 

White;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Hugh  L.  White,  a  pioneer  settler  of  Knox- 
ville. 

White  Bluffs;  town  in  Dickson  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  the  White  Bluff  Iron 
Forge,  which  was  formerly  in  operation  near  the  present  town  site. 

White  Castle;  town  in  Iberville  Parish,  Louisiana,  named  for  the  large,  white  plan- 
tation house  visible  from  the  river. 

White  Cloud;  towns  in  Mills  County,  Iowa,  and  Doniphan  County,  Kansas,  named 
for  the  Indian  chief,  Mahu-ska. 

White  Creek;  town  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  creek, 
whose  bed  is  formed  of  white  quartz  pebbles. 

White  Deer;  creek  in  Union  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  translation  of  its  Indian 
name,  woaptuchannc. 

Whiteface;  mountain  peak  near  Lake  Placid  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  so  called 
because  of  the  white  appearance  of  the  rock  of  its  upper  part. 

Whitefield;  towns  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  and  Coos  County,  New  Hampshire, 
named  for  the  Rev.  George  Whitefield. 

Whitehall;  town  in  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  an  old  resident. 

White  Haven;  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Josiah  White. 

Whiteheath;  town  in  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  named  for  two  early  residents,  White 
and  Heath. 

White  Pigeon;  village  in  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 

White  Pine;  county  in  Nevada,  so  named  because  of  the  trees  of  this  species  grow- 
ing there. 


324  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED    8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

White  Plains;  village  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  so  named  because  of  the 

white  balsam  (Gnaphalium  Polycephalum)  which  grows  abundantly  in  that 

section. 
Whitesboro;  village  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  Hugh  White, 

the  pioneer  settler  of  the  county. 
Whitesboro;  town  in  Grayson  County,  Texas,  named  for  Capt.  A.  B.  White,  a  pio- 
neer settler. 
Whitesburg;  town  in  Letcher  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  C.  White,  member  of 

the  State  legislature  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  town. 
Whiteside;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Capt.  Samuel  Whitesides,  of  the  war  of 

1812  and  Black  Hawk  war. 
White8town;  town  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  named  for  Judge  Hugh  White, 

pioneer  settler  of  the  county. 
White  Sulphur  Springs;  town  in  Meagher  County,  Montana,  named  for  the  medic- 
inal springs  located  in  the  vicinity. 
Whites ville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Thomas  White,  one 

of  the  first  settlers. 
White  ville;  town  in  Columbus  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  James  B.  White, 

first  member  of  the  State  assembly. 
Whitewater;  river,  and  town  in  Wayne  County,  in  Indiana,  so  named  because  of  the 

whitish  cast  of  the  waters  of  the  river. 
Whitfield;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  George  Whitfield,  a  missionary. 
Whiting;  town  in  Monona  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Senator  Whiting. 
Whiting;    town  in  Jackson  County,   Kansas,  named  for  Mrs.  Whiting,  wife  of 

Senator  C.  S.  Pomeroy. 
Whiting;  town  in  Addison  County,  Vermont,  so  named  because  three  of  the  pro- 
prietors bore  that  name;  another  authority  states  that  it  is  named  for  John 

Whiting,  of  Massachusetts. 
Whitingham;  town  in  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Nathan  Whiting, 

one  of  the  grantees. 
Whitley;  counties  in  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  named  for  Col.  William  Whitley. 
Whitman;  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Jared  Whitman 

and  his  son  Augustus,  who  donated  land  to  the  town. 
Whitman;  county  and  college  in  Washington,  named  for  Dr.  Marcus  Whitman,  an 

early  missionary. 
Whitmires;  town  in  Newberry  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Whitmire 

familv. 
Whitney;  loftiest  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  named  for  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  State 

geologist  of  California. 
Whitney;  peak  in  Colorada,  named  for  W.  D.  Whitney,  the  philologist. 
Whitney  Point;  town  in  Broome  County,  New  York,  named  in  1824  for  Thomas 

Whitney,  first  postmaster. 
Whitneyville;  village  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Eli  Whitney, 

its  founder. 
Wichita;  county,  and  city  in  Sedgwick  County,  in  Kansas,  and  county  and  river 

in  Texas; 
Wichita  Falls;  town  in  Wichita  County,  Texas.     Named  for  the  Indian  tribe. 
Wickenburg;  town  in  Maricopa  County,  Arizona,  named  for  Henry  Wickenburg,  a 

pioneer. 
Wickliffe;  town  in  Ballard  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  a  prominent  family  of  the 

State. 
Wicomico;  county  and   river  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "where 

houses  are  building." 


oannbtt.]  PLACE   NAMES    IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  325 

Wiconisco;  stream  and  a  village  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania.    An  Indian 

word  meaning  "wet  and  muddy." 
Wicopee;  mountain  in  New  York.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "long  hill." 
Wilbarger;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Josiah  and  Mathias  Wilbarger,  early  settlers. 
Wilber;  village  in  Saline  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  C.  D.  Wilber,  who  laid  it  out. 
Wilbraham;  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  supposed  to  have  been 

named  for  a  family  of  that  name  from  England. 
Wilcox;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  Lieut.  Joseph  M.  Wilcox. 
Wilcox;  county  in  Georgia,  named  for  Capt.  John  Wilcox. 
Wilcox;  township  in  Newaygo  County,  Michigan,  named  for  S.  N.  Wilcox. 
Wilcox;  village  in  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  A.  I.  Wilcox. 
Wild  Sice;  stream  in  Minnesota,  so  named  because  this  plant  grows  abundantly 

upon  its  banks. 
Wilkes;  counties  in  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Wilkes,  member 

of  British  Parliament. 
Wilkeabarre;  city  in  Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  two  members  of 

the  British  Parliament,  American  sympathizers,  John  Wilkes  and  Colonel  Barre. 
Wilkesboro;  town  in  Wilkes  County,   North  Carolina,  named  for  John  Wilkes 

member  of  the  British  Parliament  and  American  sympathizer. 
Wilkin;  county  in  Minnesota,  named  for  Col.  Alexander  Wilkin  of  the  Ninth 

Minnesota  Regiment  of  the  Civil  war,  and  second  secretary  of  the  Territory. 
Wilkinsburg;  town  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Wil- 

kins,  secretary  of  'war  under  President  Tyler. 
Wilkinson;  counties  in  Georgia  and  Mississippi,  named  for  Gen.  James  Wilkinson, 

of  Maryland. 
Will;  county  in  Illinois,  named  for  Dr.  Conrad  Will,  member  of  the  State  legislature, 

1818-1834. 
Willamette;  river  in  Oregon.     An  Indian  word  said  to  have  been  originally  walla- 

met,  derived  from  the  same  root  as  Walla  Walla  and  Wallula;  when  applied  to 

water,  meaning  "running."     Another  authority  gives  its  definition  as  "long 

and  beautiful  river." 
Willey;  peak  in  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  the  Willey 

family,  killed  in  an  avalanche  in  1826. 
Williams;  river  and  mountain  in  Arizona,  named  for  one  of  the  guides  of  the  Fre- 
mont expedition. 
Williams;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Williams;  town  in  Colusa  County,  California,  named  for  its  founder. 
Williams;  county  in  North  Dakota,  named  for  Hon.  E.  A.  Williams,  one  of  the 

Territorial  pioneers,  and  prominent  in  the  political  life  of  the  State. 
Williams;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  David  Williams,  one  of  the  captors  of  Major 

Andre*. 
Williams;  river  in  Vermont,  named  for  the  Rev.  John  Williams. 
Williamsburg;  town  in  Iowa  County,  Iowa,  named  for  an  early  settler. 
Williamsburg;  town  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine,  named  for  William  Dood,  of 

Boston,  an  early  settler. 
Williamsburg;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  a  family 

resident  of  the  neighborhood. 
Williamsburg;  village  in  Clermont  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  William  Lytle, 

its  founder. 
Williamsburg;  county  in  South  Carolina  and  city  in  James  City  County,  Virginia, 

named  for  William  III,  of  England. 
Williamsfield;  village  in  Knox  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  railroad  official. 
Williamsneld;  township  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  named  for   Gen.   Joseph 

Williams. 


326  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED    8TATE8.  [bill.  258. 

Williamson;  county  in  Illinois  named  from  Williamson  County,  Tennessee,  whence 
many  of  the  early  jsettlers  came. 

Williamson;  town  in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  named  for  Charles  Williamson, 
first  agent  of  the  Pulteney  estate. 

Williamson;  river  in  Oregon,  named  for  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  an  early  explorer 
of  that  part  of  the  country. 

Williamson;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  General  Williamson,  of  Virginia,  of 
Revolutionary  fame. 

Williamson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Judge  Robert  Williamson,  last  of  the 
alcaldes  of  Texas. 

Willi  am  sport;  city  in  Warren  County,  Indiana,  said  to  be  named  for  James  D. 
Williams,  former  governor. 

Williaxnsport;  city  in  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  William  Hep- 
burn, one  of  the  first  associate  judges  of  the  county  of  Lycoming. 

Williamston;  township  and  village  in  Ingham  County,  Michigan,  named  for  three 
brothers  wTho  were  the  first  settlers. 

Williamston;  town  in  Martin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  family  numer- 
ous in  the  State. 

Williamston;  town  in  Anderson  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  family  of 
Col.  James  Williams,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

William8town;  town  in  Grant  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  William  Arnold, 
probably  the  first  settler. 

Wil li amstown ;  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  Col.  Ephraim 
Williams,  the  founder  of  Williams  College. 

Williamstown;  town  in  Orange  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Williamsville:  city  in  Wayne  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Asa  E.  Williams,  who 
laid  it  out. 

Williamsville;  village  in  Erie  County,  New  York,  named  for  Jonas  Williams,  an 
early  settler. 

Willimantic;  river,  and  city  in  Windham  County,  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word 
meaning  "good  lookout,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "good  cedar 
swamps." 

Willis;  city  in  Brown  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Martin  Cleveland  Willis,  an  early 
settler. 

Williston;  town  in  Williams  County,  North  Dakota,  named  for  Associate  Justice 
Lorenzo  P.  Williston. 

Williston;  town  in  Barnwell  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  the  Willis  family, 
prominent  residents  of  the  vicinity. 

Williston;  town  in  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Samuel  Willis,  one  of 
the  grantees. 

Willmar;  township  and  village  in  Handiyohi  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  a 
railroad  official. 

Willoughby;  village  in  Lake  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Professor  Wiiloughby,  of 
New  York. 

Willows;  town  in  Glenn  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the  prevalence  of 
of  this  species  of  tree. 

Willshire;  village  in  Van  Wert  County,  Ohio,  named  for  the  man  wTho  ransomed 
Capt.  James  W.  Riley  from  captivity  by  the  Arabs. 

Wills  Point;  town  in  Van  Zandt  County,  Texas,  named  for  Mrs.  N.  A.  Wills,  for- 
mer owner  of  the  town  site. 

Wilmette;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Quilmette,  an  Indian  half- 
breed. 


oannbtt.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  327 

Wilmington;  city  in  Newcastle  County,  Delaware;  the  present  name  is  a  corruption 

of  the  name  Willington,  given  it  in  honor  of  Thomas  Willing. 
Wilmington;  township  and  city  in  Will  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Wilmington, 

Ohio. 
Wilmington;  towns  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  New  Hanover  County, 

North  Carolina,  and  Windham  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Spencer  Compton, 

Earl  of  Wilmington. 
Wilmington;  city  in  Clinton  County,  Ohio,  named  from  the  town  in  North  Caro- 
lina, whence  many  of  the  early  settlers  came. 
Wilmot;  town  in  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  Doctor  Wilmot,  an 

Englishman. 
Wilna;  towTn  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  from  the  town  in  Russia. 
Wilpiquin;  stream  in  Maryland.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of  interring 

skulls,1'  so  called  because  the  Nanticokes  carried  the  skulls  and  bones  of  the 

dead  and  buried  them  in  the  caverns. 
Wilson;  mountains  in  Colorado  and  Utah,  named  for  A.  D.  Wilson,  topographer. 
Wilson;  county,  and  town  in  Ellsworth  County,  in  Kansas,  named  for  Hiero  T.  Wil- 
son, merchant  of  Fort  Scott. 
Wilson;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  Reuben  Wilson,  an  early 

settler. 
Wilson;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Louis  D 

Wilson,  State  senator  and  officer  of  Mexican  war. 
Wilson;  county  in  Tennessee,  named  for  Maj.  David  Wilson. 
Wilson;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  James  C.  Wilson. 

Wilson;  point  in  Washington,  named  for  Capt.  George  Wilson  of  the  British  navy. 
Wilton;  town  in  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Winamac;  town  in  Pulaski  County,  Indiana.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "catfish." 
Winchendon;  town  in  Worchester  county,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  estate  in 

England  to  which  Governor  Francis  Bernard  was  heir. 
Winchester;  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  William  P. 

Winchester,  who  donated  money  to  the  town. 
Winchester;  town  in  Franklin  County,  Tennessee,  named  for  Gen.  James  Win- 
chester, who  served  in  the  battle  of  Raisin  River,  1813. 
Winchester;  city  in  Frederick  County,  Virginia,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Wind  Gap;  borough  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  which  takes  its  name 

from  the  gap  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  the  first  below  the  Delaware  watergap. 
Windham;  county,  and  town* in  same  county,  in  Connecticut,  named  from  the  town 

in  England. 
Windham;  village  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  and  county  in  Vermont,  named  from 

the  county  in  Connecticut. 
Windham  Center;  town  in  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  named  for  the  earls  of 

Egremont. 
Windom;  town  in  McPherson  County,  Kansas,  and  village  in  Cottonwood  County, 

Minnesota,  named  for  the  Hon.  William  Windom,  member  of  the  cabinet  during 

President  Harrison's  administration. 
Windsor;  towns  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

and  Broome  County,  New  York,  and  county  in  Vermont;  also  many  other  cities, 

towns,  and  villages  in  the  United  States.    Named,  directly  or  indirectly,  from 

the  town  in  England. 
Winfield;  town  in  Cowley  County,  Kansas,  named  for  the  Rev.  Winfield  Scott,  of 

Leavenworth. 
Winfield;  town  in  Herkimer  County,  New  York,  named  for.Gen.  Winfield  Scott. 


328  PLACE    NAMES    IN    THE    UNITED   8TATES.  [bull.  258. 

Wingohocking;  south  branch  of  Frankford  Creek,  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word 

meaning  "favorite  spot  for  planting." 
Winhall;  town  in  Bennington  County,   Vermont,  named  for  its  two  proprietors, 

Winn  and  Hall. 
Winkler;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  C.  M.  Winkler,  judge  of  the  State  court  of 

appeals. 
Winn;  parish  in  Louisiana,  named  for  Gen.  Richard  Winn,  a  noted  lawyer  of  the 

State. 
Winnebago;  counties  in  Illinois  and  Iowa,  village  in  Faribault  County,  Minnesota, 

and  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  name  meaning 

"people  of  the  stinking  waters." 
Winnebigoshish;  lake  in  Minnesota.      An  Indian  word  meaning  "turbid  water." 
Winneconne;  village  in  Winnebago  County,  Wisconsin.     From  an  Indian  word 

winikaning,  "  dirty  place." 
Winnegance;  village  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  named  from  a  near-by  river. 

An  Indian  word  meaning  "  beautiful  water." 
Winnemucca;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  and  mountain  peak  and  lake  in  Nevada, 

named  for  a  chief  of  the  Piute  Indians. 
Winnepe;  lake  in  Minnesota.      An  Indian  word  meaning  "place  of  dirty  water." 
Winnepe8aukee;  lake  in  New  Hampshire.     An  Indian  word  given  various  mean- 
ings, "beautiful  lake  of  the  highlands,"  "good  water  outlet." 
Winneshiek;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Winnetka;  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "beautiful 

place." 
Winnsboro;  city  in  Fairfield  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  Gen.  Richard 

Winn,  its  founder. 
Winona;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Minnesota,  and  town  in  Montgomery 

County,  Mississippi.     A  Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "first-born  daughter." 
Winooski;  village  in  Chittenden  County,   Vermont.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"beautiful  river." 
Winslow;  town  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  named  for  Gen.  John  Winslow. 
Winsted:  borough  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.     A  coined  name  from  Win- 

chester  and  Barkhamateef,  of  which  towns  it  was  originally  a  part. 
Winston;  county  in  Alabama,  named  for  John  A.  Winston,  former  governor  of  the 

State. 
Winston;  county  in  Mississippi,  named  for  Col.  Louis  Winston. 
Winston;  city  in  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  Joseph  Winston,  sol- 
dier of  the  Revolution. 
Winthrop;  towns  in  Kennebec  County,  Maine,  and  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts, 

named  for  the  Winthrop  family,  whose  founder  in  America  was  John  Winthrop, 

governor  of  the  Massachusetts  colony  in  1629. 
Winton;  town  in  Hertford  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  member  of  Congress. 
Winy  ah;  bay  in  Georgetown  County,  South  Carolina.     A  corrupted  name  of  the 

tribe  of  Winvaw  Indians. 
Wirt;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  William  Wirt,  Attorney-General  of  the 

United  States  during  President  Monroe's  administration. 
Wisacky ;  town  in  Sumter  County,  South  Carolina.     A  corruption  of  the  name  of  the 

Waxhaw  Indians. 
Wiscasset;  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Maine.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  of 

the  yellow  pine." 
Wisconk;  river  in  New  Jersey.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "  the  elbow." 
Wisconsin;  State  of  the  Union,  and  river  tributary  to  the  Mississippi.     A  Sauk 

Indian  word  having  reference  to  holes  in  the  banks  of  a  stream,  in  which  birds 
nest. 


Gannett.]  PLACE   NAME8   IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  329 

Wiscoy;  village  in  Allegany  County,  and  stream  in  Wyoming  County,  New  York. 
An  Indian  word  meaning  "under  the  banks,"  or,  according  to  another  author- 
ity, "many  fall  creek.* ' 

Wise;  counties  in  Texas  and  Virginia,  named  for  Henry  A.  Wise,  a  prominent  poli- 
tician of  Virginia. 

Wissahickon;  creek  in  Montgomery  county,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian 
word  meaning  "catfish  stream." 

Wissinoming;  north  branch  of  Frankford  Creek,  Pennsylvania.  A  Delaware  Indian 
word  meaning  "where  we  were  frightened." 

Witakantu;  lake  in  Minnesota.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "high  islands." 

Withlacooch.ee;  river,  and  town  in  Hernando  County,  Florida.  A  Seminole  Indian 
word  meaning  "little  river,"  or,  according  to  another  authority,  "long,  narrow 
river." 

Wiwoka;  tributary  of  the  Coosa  River,  Alabama.  A  Creek  Indian  word  meaning 
"roaring  water." 

Woburn;  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in  Eng- 
land. 

Wolcott;  town  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  named  for  Frederick  Wolcott. 
Wolcott;  town  in  WTayne  County,  New  York; 

Wolcottville;  village  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  Named  for  Oliver  Wol- 
cott, secretary  of  the  treasury  during  the  administrations  of  Presidents  Wash- 
ington and  Adams. 

Wolf;  river  in  Kansas.     A  translation  of  the  French  name,  timbre  de  loup. 

Wolf;  rapids  in  the  Yellowstone  River,  Montana,  so  named  by  Clark  because  a 
wolf  was  seen  there. 

Wolf;  stream  in  Pennsylvania.  From  the  Indian  word  tummeink,  "where  there  is 
a  wolf." 

Wolfe;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Nathaniel  Wolfe,  member  of  the  State 
legislature. 

Wolfeboro;  town  in  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  named  for  General  Wolfe, 
the  hero  of  Quebec. 

Wolhurst;  station  in  Arapahoe  County,  Colorado,  named  for  Senator  Wolcott,  real 
estate  owner. 

Wolverton;  creek  in  California,  named  for  a  settler. 

Womelsdorf ;  borough  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  John  Wommels- 
dorf,  its  founder. 

Wonakaketuk;  stream  in  Vermont.     An  Indian  word  meaning  "river  of  otters." 

Wonewoc;  village  in  Juneau  County,  Wisconsin.  A  corruption  of  the  Indian  word 
ivonowag,  "they  howl,"  referring  to  the  wolves. 

Wononsco;  lake  in  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  A  colloquial  abbreviation  of 
wonotweopomuc,  an  Indian  word  meaning  "bend  of  the  pond  land." 

Wood;  county  in  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  Eleazer  D.  Wood,  distinguished  at  the  battle 
of  Niagara. 

Wood;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  George  T.  Wood,  former  governor. 

Wood;  county  in  West  Virginia,  named  for  James  Wood,  an  early  governor  of 
Virginia. 

Wood;  county  in  Wisconsin,  named  for  Joseph  Wood,  a  member  of  the  legislature 
creating  the  county. 

Woodbridge;  village  in  Hillsdale  County,  Michigan,  named  for  William  Wood- 
bridge,  secretary  of  Michigan  Territory. 

Woodbridge;  town  in  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  so  named  because  of  the  wooded 
ridge  rising  from  the  Hackensack  meadows.  Others  say  the  name  was  trans- 
ferred from  the  town  in  Suffolk,  England. 


330  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES.  [hull.  258. 

Woodbury;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Levi  Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire. 
Woodbury;  city  in  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  named  from  the  English  town. 
Woodbury;  town  in  Washington  County,  Vermont,  named  for  Col.  EbenezerWood, 

the  first  grantee. 
Woodford;  county  in  Illinois,  named  from  the  county  in  Kentucky,  the  birthplace 

of  many  of  the  first  settlers. 
Woodford;  county  in  Kentucky,  named  for  Gen.  William  Woodford,  of  the  French 

and  Indian  and  Revolutionary  wars. 
Woodhull;  village  in  Henry  County,  Illinois,  named  for  its  founder,   Maxwell 

Woodhull. 
Woodhull;  town  in  Steuben  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Wood- 
hull,  a  Revolutionary  officer. 
Woodland;  township  and  city  in  Yolo  County,  California,  so  named  because  of  the 

abundance  of  timber  in  the  locality. 
Wood  River;  village  in  Hall  County,  Nebraska,  so  named  because  situated  on  the 

banks  of  the  river  of  that  name. 
Woodruff;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  William  E.  Woodruff,  sr.,  a  pioneer. 
Woodruff;  valley  in  Nevada,  named  for  Capt.  I.  C.  Woodruff. 
Woodruff;  town  in  Spartanburg  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

family. 
Woods;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  Samuel  Wood,  of  Kansas,  the  "s"  being 

added  through  a  mistake  of  the  printer. 
Woodsneld;  village  in  Monroe  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Archibald  Woods,  of  Wheel- 
ing, West  Virginia. 
Woodson;  county  in  Kansas,  named  for  Daniel  Woodson,  former  secretary  of  the 

Territory  of  Kansas. 
Woodson ville;  village  in  Hart  County,  Kentucky,  named  for  Senator  Thomas 

Woodson. 
Woodstock;  towns  in  Windham  County,  Connecticut,  originally  in  Massachusetts, 

and  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  named  from  the  town  in  England. 
Woodstock;  city  in  McHenry  County,  Illinois,  named  from  the  town  in  Vermont. 
Woodstown;  borough  in  Salem  County,  New  Jersey,  named  for  an  early  resident. 
Wood  ville;  village  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Ebenezer,  Ephraim, 

and  Jacob  Wood,  the  first  settlers. 
Woodward;  county  in  Oklahoma,  named  for  an  army  officer. 
Woolwich;  town  in  Sagadahoc  County,  Maine,  named  from  the  military  depot  in 

England. 
Woonsocket;  cities  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island,  and  Sanborn  County, 

South  Dakota.    From  the  Indian  word  meaning  "at  the  place  of  mist1' 
Wooster;  city  in  Wayne  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Gen.  David  Wooster,  an  officer 

of  the  Revolution. 
Woosung;  township  and  village  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Woosung  in 

China. 
Worcester;  county  in  Maryland,  named  for  the  Earl  of  Worcester,  who  married  a 

Calvert. 
Worcester;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Massachusetts,  named  from  the 

county  in  England. 
Worth;  counties  in  Georgia,  Iowa,  and  Missouri,  and  town  in  Jefferson  county,  New 

York,  named  for  Gen.  W.  J.  Worth,  an  officer  in  the  Mexican  war. 
Worthington;  town  in  Greene  County,  Indiana,  named  from  the  village  in  Min- 
nesota. 
Worthington;  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  named  for  its  proprietor, 

Col.  John  Worth ington. 


oanxett.]  PLACE   NAMES   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  331 

Worthington;  village  in  Nobles  County,  Minnesota,  named  for  the  Worthington 

family  of  Ohio. 
Worth  ville;  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  named  for  Gen.  William  J. 

Worth,  an  officer  of  the  Mexican  war. 
Worth  ville;  town  in  Randolph  County,   North  Carolina,   named  for  Governor 

Jonathan  Worth  and  State  Treasurer  J.  M.  Worth. 
Wray;  town  in  Yuma  County,  Colorado,  named  for  John  Wrav,  foreman  for  I.  P. 

Olive. 
Wrentham;  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  town  in 

England. 
Wright;  county  in  Iowa,  named  for  Hon.  Joseph  A.  Wright,  at  that  time  governor 

of  Indiana. 
Wright;  counties  in  Minnesota  and  Missouri,  and  town  in  Schoharie  County,  New 

York,  named  for  Hon.  Silas  Wright,  United  States  Senator  from  New  York,  and 

later  governor  of  the  State. 
Wright  City;  village  in  Warren  County,  Missouri,  named  for  Dr.  H.  C.  Wright,  an 

early  settler. 
Wrightsboro;  town  in  McDuffie  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Judge  Augustus  R* 

Wright 
Wrightson;  mountain  in  Arizona,  named  for  the  manager  of  the  Salero  Company. 
Wrightstown;  village  in  Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  named  for  H.  S.  Wright,  who 

early  established  a  ferry. 
Wrightsville;  borough  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  Samuel  Wright, 

an  early  settler. 
Wrightsville  Beach;  town  in  New  Hanover  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a 

family  of  Wilmington. 
Wrightville;  town  in  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  named  for  the  Wright  brothers, 

its  founders. 
Wurtsboro;  village  in  Sullivan  County,  New  York,  named  for  Maurice  Wurtz. 
Wyaluaing;  borough  and  stream  in  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania.    From  the 

Delaware  Indian,  meaning  "place  of  the  hoary  veteran." 
Wyandot;  county  in  Ohio; 
Wyandotte;  nation  in  Indian  Territory,  county  in  Kansas,  and  city  in  Wayne 

County,  Michigan.    Named  for  the  Wyandot  Indian  tribe. 
Wyanet;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois.    An  Indian  word  meaning  " beautiful." 
Wymore;  city  in  Gage  County,  Nebraska,  named  for  G.  S.  Wymore,  an  early  settler. 
Wyncoopa;  town  in  Chemung  County,  New  York,  named  for  William  Wyncoop, 

an  early  settler. 
Wynooche;  river  in  Washington,  so  named  because  of  its  varying  course.    An 

Indian  word  meaning  "  shifting. " 
Wyoming;  State  of  the  Union,  and  valley  in  Pennsylvania.    A  corruption  of  the 

Delaware  Indian  word  meaning  " large  plains,"  " extensive  meadows." 
Wyoming;  city  in  Stark  County,  Illinois,  and  counties  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 

and  Virginia,  named  from  the  valley  in  Pennsylvania, 
Wysox;  tributary  of  the  Susquehanna.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  place  of  grapes." 
Wythe;  county  in  Virginia; 
Wytheville;  town  in  Wythe  County,  Virginia.    Named  for  George  Wythe,  a 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

ia;  city  in  Green  County,  Ohio.    A  Greek  word  meaning  "friendly  hospitality." 
Yadkin;  county  in  North  Carolina.    A  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  "reatlrin." 
jTager;  creek  in  Humboldt  County,  California; 

(Tagerville;  town  in  Humboldt  County,  California.    Named  for  an  early  settler. 
Tahara;  tributary  of  Rock  River,  Wisconsin.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  catfish 

river." 


332  PLACE   NAMES    IN   THE    UNITED   8TATE8.  [boll.  258. 

Yakima;  county,  city  in  same  county,  and  river  in  Washington,  said  to  have  been 
named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  name  meaning  "black  bear,"  or,  according  to 
other  authorities,  "  coward. " 

Yale;  university  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  named  for  Elihu  Yale,  of  London, 
England. 

Yale;  mountain  in  Colorado,  and  many  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  named  from  the 
universitv. 

Yalobusha;  county  in  Mississippi.    An  Indian  word  meaning  "  tadpole  place." 

Yamhill;  county  and  river  in  Oregon,  named  for  the  Yamel  Indians. 

Yancey;  county  in  North  Carolina,  named  for  Bartlett  Yancey,  prominent  politi- 
cian of  the  State. 

Yankee;  this  name,  with  various  suffixes,  forms  the  name  of  many  places  in  the 
United  States.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Massachusetts'Indian  pronun- 
ciation of  the  word  "English"  ( Yengeese),  and  was  bestowed  upon  the  inhab- 
itants of  New  England  by  the  people  of  Virginia  when  they  refused  to  aid  them 
in  a  war  with  the  Cherokees,  it  meaning  to  them  "  cowards.' '  After  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  the  people  of  New  England,  having  established  a  reputation  for 
bravery,  accepted  the  name. 

Yankton;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  South  Dakota.  A  corruption  of  the 
Sioux  Indian  name  Hianktonwan,  meaning  "end  village." 

Yantic;  river  in  Connecticut.  An  Indian  word,  meaning  " extending  to  the  tidal 
river." 

Yaquina;  bay  and  town  in  Lincoln  County,  Oregon,  probably  named  for  Yaquina, 
a  female  Indian  chief. 

Yardley;  borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  named  for  a  family  of  early 
settlers. 

Yarmouth,  town  in  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  named  from  the  seaport 
town  of  England. 

Yates;  township  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  named  for  Gov.  Richard  Yates. 

Yates;  county  in  New  York,  named  for  Joseph  C.  Yates,  an  early  governor  of  the 
State. 

Yates  Center;  town  in  Woodson  County,  Kansas,  named  for  Abner  Yates,  the 
former  owner. 

Yates  City;  village  in  Knox  County,  Illinois,  named  from  Yates  County,  New  York. 

Yavapai;  county  in  Arizona,  named  for  a  small  tribe  of  Indians,  now  nearly 
extinct,  which  formerly  resided  in  the  vicinity. 

Yell;  county  in  Arkansas,  named  for  Col.  Archibald  Yell,  former  governor  of  the 
State. 

Yellow  Jacket;  pass  in  Colorado,  so  named  because  infested  with  these  insects. 

Yellow  Medicine;  county  and  river  in  Minnesota;  a  translation  of  the  Dakota 
(Sioux)  name  of  the  river,  referring  to  the  long,  slender,  bitter,  yellow  root  of 
the  moonseed  (Menispermum  canadense)  which  abounds  there,  and  was  used  by 
the  Dakotas  as  a  medicine. 

Yellowstone;  county  in  Montana,  and  river  in  Montana  and  Wyoming.  The  name 
is  a  translation  of  the  original  French  name,  roche  jaune,  meaning  "yellow 
rock."  Another  authority  states  it  is  from  the  Indian,  mi-tsi-a-da-zi,  "rock 
yellow  river." 

Yellowstone;  national  park  lying  mostly  in  Wyoming,  but  includes  a  small  part  of 
Montana,  and  is  about  65  miles  long  and  55  miles  wide;  lake  in  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  7,788  feet  above  sea  level.  Its  outlet  is  Yellowstone  River. 
Named  from  the  river. 

Yellville;  town  in  Marion  County,  Arkansas,  named  for  Col.  Archibald  Yell,  former 
governor  of  the  State. 


oansett.]  '  PLACE   NAME8    IN    THE    UNITED   8TATES.  333 


i;  village  in  Hampton  County,  South  Carolina,  named  for  a  former  noted 

Indian  tribe. 
Yerba;  town  in  Los  Angeles  County,  California.     A  Spanish  word  meaning  "herb." 
Yoakum;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  H.  Yoakum,  the  Texan  historian. 
Yokuns  Seat;  mountain  in  the  town  of  Lenox,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 

named  for  an  Indian  chief. 
Yolo;  county  in  California.     From  the  Indian,  meaning  "place  abounding  with 

rushes,"  or  according  to  another  authority,  "possession  of  royal  blood." 
Yonkers;  city  in  Winchester  County,  New  York,  named  for  a  manor  house  built 

by  the  Dutch,  the  word  meaning  "young  lord,"  and  first  applied  in  this  country 

to  Adrien  Van  der  Douck,  a  patentee. 
York;  county,  and  town  in  same  county,  in  Maine,  named  for  the  Duke  of  York, 

James  II,  of  England. 
York;  county,  and  city  in  same  county,  in  Nebraska,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

I  York;  counties  in  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia; 
Yorktown;  town  in  York  County,  Virginia.     Named  from  the  county  in  England, 
or  for  the  Duke  of  York,  Charles  I,  of  England. 
Yorkville;  village  in  Kendall  County,  Illinois,  named  from  New  York,  the  native 

State  of  most  of  the  settlers. 
Yorkville;  town  in  York  County,  South  Carolina,  named  from  the  city  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. 
Yosemite;  valley  in  California.     From  nzumaiti,  meaning  "grizzly  bear,"  the  name 

applied  by  other  tribes  to  the  Awani  tribe  of  Indians. 
Youghiogheny;  river  in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.     An  Indian  word  meaning 

"stream  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction." 
Young;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  William  Cooke  Young. 
Youngs;  bay  and  river  in  Washington,  named  for  Sir  Charles  Young,  of  the  royal 

navy. 
Youngstown;  village  in  Niagara  County,  New  York,  named  for  John  Young,  a 

merchant  of  the  place. 
Youngstown;  city  in  Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  named  for  John  Young,  an  early 

resident. 
Youngsville;  town  in  Franklin  County,  North  Carolina,  named  for  a  prominent 

family. 
Yount;  peak  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  named  for  Harry  Yount,  an  early  hunter  and 

guide. 
Ypsilanti;  township  and  city  in  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  named  for  Dimitrius 

Ypsilanti,  a  Greek  patriot. 
Yreka;  county  seat  of  Siskiyou  County,  California.    The  name  was  made  by  a  trans- 
position of  the  letters  in  "bakery." 
Yreka;  town  in  Siskiyou  County,  California,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 
Yuba;  river  and  county  in  California.     Derived  from  the  original  Spanish  name  of 

the  river,  el  Rio  de  las  Uins,  "  the  river  of  the  grapes." 
Yucca;  station  in  San  Bernardino  County,  and  town  in  Yuba  County,  named  from 

the  abundant  growths  of  the  yucca  plant. 
Yuma;  county,  and  city  in  same  count v,  in  Arizona,  and  count  \  and  town  in  same 

county,  in  Colorado,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe,  the  name  meaning  "sons  of  the 


river." 


Zanesfleld;  village  in  Logan  County,  Ohio,  named  for  Col.  Isaac  Zane. 
Zanesville;  city  in  Ohio,  named  for  Ebenezer  Zane,  who,  with  John  Mclntire, 
founded  the  citv. 

* 

Zapata;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  a  Mexican  colonel  who  led  a  force  of  Mexicans 
and  Texans  against  Mexico  in  1839. 


334  PLACE    NAMES    IN   THE   UNITED   8TATE8.  [bull.  258. 

Zavalla;  county  in  Texas,  named  for  Gen.  Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  a  Mexican  who 
espoused  the  cause  of  Texan  independence  and  was  vice-president  of  the 
Republic. 

Zearing;  village  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  named  for  a  resident  family. 

Zebulon;  town  in  Pike  County,  Georgia,  named  for  Col.  Zebulon  M.  Pike. 

Zion;  village  in  Carroll  Connty,  Illinois,  named  from  Mount  Zion  in  Palestine. 

Zionsville;  town  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  named  for  William  Zion,  a  pioneer. 

Zuni;  river  in  New  Mexico,  named  for  an  Indian  tribe. 

Zwingle;  village  in  Jackson  County,  Iowa,  named  for  Ulrich  Zwingle,  a  Swiss 
reformer. 

o 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

[Bulletin  No.  258.] 

The  publications  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  consist  of  (1)  Annual 
Reports,  (2)  Monographs,  (3)  Professional  Papers,  (4)  Bulletins,  (5)  Mineral 
Resources,  (6)  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Papers,  (7)  Topographic  Atlas  of 
United  States— folios  and  separate  sheets  thereof,  (8)  Geologic  Atlas  of  United 
States — folios  thereof.  The  classes  numbered  2,  7,  and  8  are  sold  at  cost  of  pub- 
lication; the  others  are  distributed  free.  A  circular  giving  complete  lists  may  be 
had  on  application. 

The  Professional  Papers,  Bulletins,  and  Water-Supply  Papers  treat  of  a  variety 
of  subjects,  and  the  total  number  issued  is  large.  They  have  therefore  been  classi- 
fied into  the  following  series:  A,  Economic  geology;  B,  Descriptive  geology;  C, 
Systematic  geology  and  paleontology;  D,  Petrography  and  mineralogy:  E,  Chem- 
istry and  physics;  F,  Geography;  G,  Miscellaneous;  H,  Forestry;  I,  Irrigation;  J, 
Water  storage;  K,  Pumping  water;  L,  Quality  of  water;  M,  General  hydrographic 
investigations;  N,  Water  power;  O,  Underground  waters;  P,  Hydrographic 
progress  reports.  This  bulletin  is  the  forty-fifth  in  Series  F,  the  complete  list 
of  which  follows  (all  are  bulletins  thus  far): 

SERIES  F,  GEOGRAPHY. 

5.  Dictionary  of  altitudes  in  United  States,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1884.    325  pp.    (Ont  of  stock; 

see  Bulletin  160.) 

6.  Elevations  in  Dominion  of  Canada,  by  J.  W.  Spencer.    1884.    43  pp.    (Out  of  stock.) 

13.  Boundaries  of  United  States  and  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  with  historical  sketch 
of  territorial  changes,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1885. •  135  pp.    (Out  of  stock;  see  Bulletin  171.) 

48.  On  form  and  position  of  sea  level,  by  R.  S.  Woodward.    1888.    88  pp.    (Out  of  stock.) 

49.  Latitudes  and  longitudes  of  certain  points  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  New  Mexico,  by  R.  S. 

Woodward.    1889.    133  pp. 

50.  Formulas  and  tables  to  facilitate  the  construction  and  use  of  maps,  by  R.  S.  Woodward. 

1889.    124  pp.    (Out  of  stock.) 
W.  Report  on  astronomical  work  of  1889  and  1890,  by  R.  S.  Woodward.    1890.    79  pp. 
72.  Altitudes  between  Lake  Superior  and  Rocky  Mountains,  by  Warren  Upham.    1891.    239  pp. 
7K  Dictionary  of  altitudes  in  United  States  (second  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett.    1891.    393  pp. 

(Out  of  stock;  see  Bulletin  160. ) 

115.  Geographic  dictionary  of  Rhode  Island,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1894.    31  pp. 

116.  Geographic  dictionary  of  Massachusetts,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1894.    126  pp. 

117.  Geographic  dictionary  of  Connecticut,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1894.    67  pp. 

118.  Geographic  dictionary  of  New  Jersey,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1894.    131  pp. 

122.  Results  of  primary  triangulation,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1894.    412  pp.,  17  pis.-    (Out  of  stock.) 

123.  Dictionary  of  geographic  positions,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1895.    183  pp.,  1  map.    (Outof  stock.) 
154.  Gazetteer  of  Kansas,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1898.    246  pp.,  6  pis. 

160.  Dictionary  of  altitudes  in  United  States  (third  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett.    1899.    775  pp. 

(Outof  stock.) 
166.  Gazetteer  of  Utah,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1900.    43  pp.,  1  map. 

169.  Altitudes  in  Alaska,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1900.    13  pp. 

170.  Survey  of  boundary  line  between  Idaho  and  Montana  from  international  boundary  to  crest 

of  Bitterroot  Mountains,  by  R.  U.  Goode.    1900.    67  pp.,  14  pis. 

171.  Boundaries  of  United  States  and  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  with  outline  of 

history  of  all  important  changes  of  territory  (second  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett.    1900. 
142  pp.,  53  pis.    (Out  of  stock. ) 

174.  Survey  of  northwestern  boundary  of  United  States,  1857-1861,  by  Marcus  Baker.    1900. 

78  pp.,  1  pi. 

175.  Triangulation  and  spirit  leveling  in  Indian  Territory,  by  C.  H.  Fitch.    1900.    141  pp.,  1  pi. 
181.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  and  primary  traverse,  fiscal  year  1900-1901,  by  H.  M. 

Wilson,  J.  H.  Renshawe,  E.  M.  Douglas,  and  R.  U.  Goode.    1901.    240  pp.,  1  map. 
183.  Gazetteer  of  Porto  Rico,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1901.    51  pp. 


II  PUBLICATIONS    U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

185.  Results  of  spirit  leveling,  fiscal  year  1900-1901,  by  H.  M.  Wilson,  J.  H.  Renshawe,  E.  M.  Douglas, 

and  R.  U.  Goode.    1901.    219  pp. 
187.  Geographic  dictionary  of  Alaska,  by  Marcus  Baker.    1901.    446  pp.    (Oat  of  stock.) 
190.  Gazetteer  of  Texas,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1902.    162  pp.,  8  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 
192.  Gazetteer  of  Cuba,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1902.    113  pp.,  8  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 
194.  Northwest  boundary  of  Texas,  by  Marcus  Baker.    1902.    51  pp.,  1  pi. 

196.  Topographic  development  of  the  Klamath  Mountains,  by  J.  S.  Diller.    1902.    69  pp.,  13  pis. 

197.  The  origin  of  certain  place  names  in  the  United  States,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1902.    280  pp. 

(Out  of  stock.) 
201.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  and  primary  traverse,  fiscal  year  1901-2,  by  H.  M.  W  ilson, 

J.  H.  Renshawe,  E.  M.  Douglas,  and  R.  U.  Goode.    1902.    164  pp.,  1  pi. 
214.  Geographic  tables  and  formulas,  compiled  by  S.  S.  Gannett.    1908.    284  pp. 
216.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  and  primary  traverse,  fiscal  year  1902-3,  by  S.  S.  Gannett. 

1903.  222  pp.,  1  pi. 

224.  Gazetteer  of  Texas  (second  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    177  pp.,  7  pis. 
226.  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  with  an  outline 
of  the  history  of  all  important  changes  of  territory  (third  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett. 

1904.  145  pp.,  54  pis. 

230.  Gazetteer  of  Delaware,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    15  pp. 

231.  Gazetteer  of  Maryland,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    84  pp. 

232.  Gazetteer  of  Virginia,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    159  pp. 

233.  Gazetteer  of  West  Virginia,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    164  pp. 

234.  Geographic  tables  and  formulas  (second  edition),  compiled  by  S.  S.  Gannett.    1904.    310  pp. 
245.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  and  primary  traverse,  fiscal  year  1902-3,  by  S.  S.  Gannett. 

1904.  328  pp.,  1  pi. 

248.  Gazetteer  of  Indian  Territory,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1904.    70  pp. 

258.  The  origin  of  certain  place  names  in  the  United  States  (second  edition),  by  Henry  Gannett. 

1905.  334  pp. 

Correspondence  should  be  addressed  to 

The  Director, 

United  States  Geological  Sckvey, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
March,  1905. 


5 


I 

\ 

I 

I 

i  LIBBABT  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing  the  subject  at  the  top  of  the 
second  slip.  The  name  of  the  series  should  not  be  repeated  on  the  series 
card,  but  the  additional  numbers  should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the 
first  entry.] 

Gannett,  Henry,  1846- 

g  ...  The  origin  of  certain  place  names  in  the  United 
States;  2d  ed.,  by  Henry  Gannett.  Washington,  Gov't 
print,  off.,  1905. 

334,  iii  p.    231e,n.    ( U.  S.  Geological  survey.    Bulletin  no.  258) 
Subject  series:  F,  Geography,  45. 
1st  ed.  issued  as  Bulletin  no.  197. 
"Authorities":  p.  10-14. 
1.  Names,  Geographical. 


Gannett,  Henry,  1846- 

.  .  .  The  origin  of  certain  place  names  in  the  United 
States;  2d  ed.,  by  Henry  Gannett.  Washington,  Gov't 
print,  off.,  1905. 

334,  iii  p.     23icro.     (U.  S.  Geological  survey.     Bulletin  no.  258) 
Subject  series:  F,  Geography,  45. 
1st  ed.  issued  as  Bulletin  no.  197. 
"Authorities":  p.  10-14. 
1.  Names,  Geographical. 

U.  S.     Geological  survey. 

Bulletin. 

no.  258.  Gannett,  Henry.     The  origin  of  certain  place 
names  in  the  United  States;  2d  ed.     1905. 


oc 


2 


U.  S.     Dept.  of  the  Interior. 

m 

I  see  also 

U.  S.     Geological  survey. 

Bull.  258—05- 22  ill 


*., 


Bulletin  No.  25fl 


Sarin  A,  Economic  Geology,  52 


HKPAKTMKNT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

CHAKLKS  [),  WALCOTT.  DlBBCTOB 


RETORT 

ON 

PROGRESS  OF  INVESTIGATIONS 

(IK 

MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  ALASKA 

IN 

1SJ04 


ALFRED   II.  RIUIOKS  AND  OTHKRS 


WASHINGTON 

QOVKKNMENT    PRINTINd    "FFICK 

IIIIII 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  op  transmittal ■. 11 

Administrative  report,  by  Alfred  II.  Brooks 13 

Introduction 13 

Progress  of  investigations 15 

General 15 

Southeastern  Alaska 15 

Controller  Bay  region 16 

Copper  River  region 16 

Turnagain  Arm  region 16 

Kachemak  Bay  coal  field 16 

Southwestern  Alaska 16 

Seward  Peninsula 16 

Cape  Lisburne  coal  field 17 

Yukon-Tanana  region 17 

Placer  mining  in  Alaska  in  1904,  by  Alfred  II.  Brooks 18 

Introduction 18 

Seward  Peninsula , 19 

Introduction w 19 

Winter  operations 20 

Summer  operations 21 

Solomon  River  region 22 

Bluff  region 22 

Casadepaga  River 23 

Council  region 23 

Kruzgamepa  region 23 

Kougarok  region 24 

Port  Clarence  precinct : . . .  24 

Fairhaven  precinct 24 

( ioodhope  precinct 24 

Kohuk  district 2,4 

Yukon  district 25 

Rampart  region 25 

Fairbanks  district 25 

Bonnerville  district 28 

Birch  Creek  district 29 

Forty  mile  and  Eagle  region 29 

Koyukuk  district 30 

Cook  I  nlet  region 31 

Copper  River  basin 31 

Southeastern  Alaska 31 

Methods  and  cost  of  gravel  and  placer  mining  in  Alaska,  by  Chester 

Wells  Pcrington 32 

General  statement  of  Alaskan  condition:; 32 

Classification  of  alluvial  gold  deposits  in  Alaska 33 

Mining  methods  and  conditions 36 

Mining  costs 41 

3 


4  CONTENTS. 

Economic   developments    in    southeastern    Alaska,    by   F.   K.   and  C.   W. 

VVrRIUHT 47 

Introduction 47 

Geology 48 

Structure 48 

Distribution  of  rocks 48 

Mineralization 49 

Ore  deposits 50 

Placer  deposits 51 

Mines  and  developments 51 

Skagway  mining  district 51 

Juneau  mining  district. 52 

Treadwell  group 52 

Mines  south  of  Juneau 53 

Mines  north  of  Juneau 54 

Mines  on  Admiralty  Island 54 

Funter  Bay 54 

Young  Bay 55 

Coal 56 

Sitka  mining  district 57 

Cache  mine 57 

Bauer  mine .' 58 

Lucky  Chance  mine 58 

Billy  "basin 58 

Rodman  Bay 58 

Freshwater  Bay 59 

Wrangcll  mining  district 59 

Duncan  Canal 59 

Glacier  basin 60 

Bradfield  Canal 61 

Ketchikan  mining  district 61 

Copper 61 

Niblack  Anchorage 62 

Kasaan  Peninsula 63 

Hetta  Inlet 64 

Alaska  Copper  Company 64 

A laska  Industrial  Company 64 

Gold 64 

Dolomi 65 

Hollis 66 

Gravina  Island 67 

Dall  Island 67 

Revillagigedo  Island 67 

Other  prospects 68 

Marble 68 

The  Treadwell  ore  deposits,   Docclas  Island,  by  Artiitr  C.  Spencer 69 

I  ntroduct  ion 69 

Geology  of  the  region 69 

The  ore  bodies 70 

General  features 70 

( J  reenstone 72 

Black  slate 73 

A/hite-dioritc 74 

Bnsiilt  dikes 77 


CONTENTS.  5 

Page. 
TnK  Tread  well  ore  deposits,  etc. — Continued. 
The  ore  bodies — Continued. 

The  ores 77 

General  description 77 

Shape  of  the  ore  iKnlies 78 

Persistence  in  depth 79 

Veining  in  the  ore  txxlies 79 

Gangue  minerals 81 

Metallic  minerals 81 

Occurrence  of  gold 82 

Metasomatic  alteration 83 

Role  of  the  basalt  dikes ,.  84 

Origin  of  the  fractures 86 

Source  of  the  vein-forming  waters 86 

Summary 87 

Cape  Yaktag  placers,  by  George  C.  Martin 88 

Introduction 88 

Geology 88 

Occurrence  of  gold 89 

Gold  placers  of  Turn  again  Arm,  Cook  Inlet,  hy  Fred  H.  Moffit 90 

General  statement 90 

Geography 90 

Geology 93 

Gold 94 

Placer  deposits 95 

Resurrection  Creek  district 96 

Bear  Creek 96 

Palmer  Creek . . : 95 

Sixmile  Creek  district 96 

Canyon  Creek 96 

Mills  Creek '. •. 96 

Glacier  Creek  district 97 

Crow  Creek 97 

Cooper  and  Stetson  creeks 98 

Character  and  origin  of  the  placer  gold 98 

Auriferous  lodes 98 

Bear  Creek 98 

Sawmill  and  Slate  creeks 98 

Copper 99 

Gold  deposits  of  the  Shumagin  Islands,  by  George  C.  Martin 100 

Ajxrllo  consolidated  mine 100 

Location  ami  output 100 

Previous  work 100 

Character 100 

Age 100 

Neighboring  deposits 101 

Sand  Point  l>eaeh-placers 101 

Gold  mine  on  Unalaska  Island,  hy  Arthur  J.  Collier 102 

Introduction  *. 102 

Topography 102 

Geology 102 

Quartz  veins 103 

Development VS*> 


()  CONTENTS. 

Rampart  placer  region,  by  L.  M.  Prindle  and  F.  L.  Hess 104 

General  statement 104 

Previous  work 104 

Location 104 

Communication  and  transportation  facilities 104 

Mining  activity 106 

Geographic  sketch 106 

Relief 106 

Drainage 106 

Yukon 107 

Tanana 108 

Vegetation 109 

Geologic  sketch 109 

Stratified  rocks „ 109 

Igneous  rocks 110 

Economic  development Ill 

Northern  area Ill 

Little  Minook  Creek Ill 

Hunter  Creek 112 

Little  Minook,  Jr., .Creek 1 12 

H  oosie  r  Creek 112 

Florida  Creek 113 

Interstream  or  "  bar  "  gravels 113 

Ruby  Creek 114 

Slate  Creek 114 

Minook  Creek 114 

Quail  Creek,  of  Troublesome 114 

Southern  area 115 

• 

Pioneer  Creek 115 

Eureka  Creek 117 

Glenn  Creek  ...: 117 

Shirley  bench 118 

Rhode  Island  Creek  and  Gold  Run 118 

Omega  Creek 118 

Thanksgiving  Creek 118 

Summary 1 19 

General  outlook _ 119 

Outlook  for  hydraulic  mining 119 

Recent  development  of  Alaskan  tin  deposits,  by  Arthur  J.  Collier ..  120 

Introduction 120 

Lode  deposits 120 

Lost  River  lodes 121 

Location 121 

Cassiterite  Creek  developments 121 

Tin  Creek  developments 123 

Cape  Mountain  lode 1 24 

Ideation  and  geologic  relations 124 

Bartels  Company  developments 1 24 

Brooks  Mountain  prospects 125 

Ears  Mountain  prospects 125 

Darby  Mountains 125 

Placer  tin  deposit* 126 

( ieneral  characters  of  A laskan  stream  t\n 1 26 


CONTKNTS.  7 

Recent  development  op  Alaskan  tin  deposits — Continued. 
Placer  tin  deposits — Continued. 

York  region 126 

Buck  Creek 126 

York  River 1 26 

Other  localities 127 

Fairbanks  district 127 

Cleary  Creek  occurrence 1 27 

Notes  on  the  petroleum  field*  ok  Alaska,  hy  George  C.  Martin 128 

Introduction 128 

Controller  Bay  petroleum  field 128 

Location 128 

Geology 128 

Stratigraphy 128 

Structure 129 

Development  of  the  field 131 

Previous  drilling  and  its  result** 131 

Relation  of  the  j>etroleiun  to  structure 132 

Cook  Inlet  petroleum  fields • 133 

Cold  Bay  petroleum  fields 134 

Geology 134 

Stratigraphy 1 34 

Structure 135 

Indications  of  j>etroleuni 135 

Seepages 135 

Developments 136 

Character  of  the  Oil  Bay  and  Cold  Bay  petroleum 1 37 

Other  ]>ossit)le  petroleum  fields 138 

Bering  River  coal  field,  by  George  C.  Martin 140 

Introduction 140 

Geology 140 

Coal  seams 143 

Character  of  the  coal 146 

Development 149 

Coal  resources  of  southwestern  Alaska,  hy  Ralph  W.  Stone 151 

Introduction 151 

G  oology 1 • 152 

Development 152 

Description  of  localities 153 

Introduction 153 

Mutanuska  River 153 

Tvonok 1 54 

Kachemak  Bav 155 

Coal  beds  west  of  Homer  Spit 155 

Coal  IkmIs  east  of  Homer  Spit 157 

Port  ( Jraham 1 60 

Cape  I  )ouglas 161 

Amalik  Harbor 161 

Katmai 162 

Cold  Bay 162 

Cgashik  Uke 162 

Kodiak  Island 162 

Sitkinak  Island 163 

Aniakchak  Bav 163 


8  CONTENTS. 

Coal  resources  of  soutjt western  Alaska — Continued.  Pag*. 
Description  of  localities — Continued. 

Chi^ikBay 163 

Chignik  River 164 

Whalers  Creek 165 

Thompson  Creek 165 

Hook  Bay 166 

Other  localities 166 

Herendeen  Bay 166 

Unga  Island 167 

South  coaHt,  from  Chignik  Bay  to  end  of  peninsula 169 

Aleutian  Islands 169 

Analyses 169 

Market 171 

Coal  fields  of  the  Cape  Lisbitrxe  region,  by  Arthur  J.  Collier 172 

Introduction 172 

History  and  exploration 173 

Geology : 174 

Paleozoic  formations 174 

Mesozoic  formations 175 

Quaternary  formations 176 

Detailed  description  of  the  coal  fields 1 76 

Mesozoic  coalfield 176 

Geology,  topography,  and  extent 176 

Corwin  group 1 77 

Thetis  group 179 

Beds  l>elow  the  Thetis  group 179 

East  of  Cape  Sahine 179 

Cape  Beaufort  field 1 80 

Inland  extension ISO 

Character  of  Mesozoic  <*>al 180 

Conditions  of  mining  and  development 180 

Paleozoic  coal  fields 181 

Location 181 

South  of  Cape  Lishurne 182 

Cape  Lewis  field 1 82 

Cape  Dyer  field 183 

Kukpuk  Ri ver 1 83 

Cape  Thompson 183 

Inland  extension  of  Paleozoic;  coals 183 

Character  of  Paleozoic  coals 1 84 

Conditions  of  development 184 

Summary 1 84 

Index 187 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  I.  Map  of  Alaska,  showing  mineral  deposits  ho  far  as  known 14 

II.  Sketch  map  of  south western  Alaska 152 

III.  Sketch  map  of  Kachemak  Bay,  Cook  Inlet 156 

Fio.  1 .  Sketch  map  showing  geology  near  Tread  well  mines 71 

2.  Cross  section  through  Alaska-Tread  well  mine  and  northern  side  of 

Douglas  Island 74 

3.  Ideal  sketch  showing  manner  in  which  faults  of  low  dip  may  displace  an 

inclined  dike,  giving  appearance  of  alternate  swelling  and  pinching. .  76 

4.  Dike  of  albite-diorite  in  oj>en  cut  of  Ready  Bullion  mine HO 

5.  Sketch  map  of  the  Turnagain  Arm  placer  gold  field 91 

6.  Sketch  map  of  the  Rampart  placer  region 105 

7.  Diagram  showing  field  relations  of  the  tin-bearing  lodes  on  Cassiter- 

ite  Creek 122 

8.  Sketch  map  of  Bering  River  coal  field 141 

9.  Sketch  map  of  Bering  River  coal  field,  showing  location  of  openings 

from  which  samples  of  coal  analyzed  were  obtained 142 

.    10.  Section  of  coal  seams  on  Queen  Creek 144 

9 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior, 
United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  ft,  January  1^  1905. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  manuscript  entitled 
"  Report  on  Progress  of  Investigations  of  Mineral  Resources  of  Alaska 
in  1904,"  and  to  recommend  its  publication  as  a  bulletin.  The  report 
contains  'fourteen  papers,  prepared  by  ten  members  of  the  geologic 
corps,  who  have  been  engaged  in  Alaskan  investigations  during  the 
last  year. 

In  this  report  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  summarize  the  economic 
results  of  last  season's  field  work.  Geologic  matter  has  been  entirely 
excluded,  except  where  it  has  a  direct  bearing  on  the  subjects  under 
discussion.  While  such  a  report  can  have  no  permanent  value,  other 
than  as  a  record  of  mining  conditions  during  the  year,  it  is  believed 
that  its  prompt  publication  will  help  the  mining  industry  of  Alaska. 
Very  respectfully, 

Alfred  H.  Brooks, 
Geologist  in  C  Vutrge  Division  of  Alaskan  Mineral  Resources. 

Hon.  Charles  D.  Walcott, 

Director  of  United  States  (ieohKjical  Surrey. 

11 


REPORT   ON    PROGRESS   OF   INVESTIGATIONS  OF 
MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  ALASKA  IN  1904. 


Bv  Alfked  H.  Brooks  and  others. 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT. 


By  Alfred  H.  Brooks 


INTRODUCTION. 

During  the  last  two  years  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  has 
met  the  demand  of  the  mining  public  for  early  publication  of  economic 
results  by  issuing  an  annual  bulletin  entitled0  "Contributions  to 
Economic  Geology/1  Though  these  volumes  have  made  no  attempt 
to  treat  exhaustively  any  of  the  subjects  discussed,  and  while  many  of 
the  included  papers  have  been  but  the  barest  outlines,  they  have  met 
a  cordial  reception  from  those  interested  in  developing  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  country. 

Among  the  many  papers  in  these  bulletins  were  a  number  devoted 
to  the  mineral  deposits  of  Alaska.  In  view  of  the  rapid  extension  of 
the  Alaskan  work  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  its  segregation  in  a 
distinct  division;  it  has  seemed  desirable  to  issue  a  separate  publica- 
tion containing  the  papers  summarizing  the  previous  year's  work. 

It  is  proposed  to  present  here  papers  of  the  same  character  as  those 
which  have  in  previous  \rears  been  included  in  the  economic  bulletins, 
namely:  (1)  preliminary  reports  on  investigations  in  progress  or  com- 
pleted; (2)  an  account  of  the  less  important  results  which  will  not  find 
publication  elsewhere,  and  (3)  summary  statements  of  the  progress  of 
mining  developments  in  various  parts  of  the  Territory. 

The  appropriations  for  the  Alaskan  work  are  specifically  made  for 
an  investigation  of  mineral  resources.  In  this  fact  lies  the  justification 
of  the  policy  consistently  followed  of  doing  work  that  promises  to  be 
of  immediate  service  to  the  mining  interests,  rather  than  of  entering 
upon  minute  studies  which  have  for  their  purpose  the  ultimate  deter- 
mination of  the  laws  of  occurrence  of  mineral  deposits.     Furthermore, 

«  Bulls.  U.  S.  Gcol.  Survey  N<w.  213  and  226. 

13 


14  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RE80URCE8   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

in  this  field  the  developments  have  not  yet  reached  the  stage  which 
makes  it  possible  to  gather  the  detailed  facts  necessary  for  the  exhaus- 
tive study  of  any  given  area.  Of  necessity  much  of  the  work  has 
been  of  a  preliminary  character,  but  if  this  fact  is  specifically  stated  in 
the  publication  of  results,  intelligent  mining  men  will  not  give  undue 
weight  to  the  conclusions  presented.  The  attempt  has  been  made  to 
cover  the  whole  mining  field,  as  far  as  circumstances  permitted,  and 
to  give  the  public  the  immediate  benefit  of  the  facts  collected. 

Though  it  is  self-evident  that  final  statements  concerning  the  mineral 
wealth  of  a  region  must  be  based  on  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of 
the  geology,  it  is  equally  true  that  many  of  the  facts  collected,  and 
even  the  tentative  conclusions  reached  while  the  study  of  the  geology 
is  being  carried  on,  may  be  of  very  great  value  to  the  miner  and  pros- 
pector. If,  however,  the  geologic  work  stops  after  the  attainment  of 
only  such  incomplete  data  and  conclusions,  its  value  is  soon  lost,  for 
the  knowledge  obtained  by  the  miner  during  the  progress  of  develop- 
ments will  soon  be  more  complete  and  reliable  than  than  of  the  geolo- 
gist. Reconnaissance  investigations  must  therefore  be  supplemented 
by  detailed  surveys,  as  fast  as  warranted  by  the  mining  developments. 

In  Alaska  the  exploitation  of  ore  bodies  has  not  progressed  far,  and 
for  the  present  in  most  of  the  mining  districts  general  investigations 
would  appear  to  best  fulfill  the  purposes  for  which  the  appropriation  is 
made. 

Much  of  the  attention  of  the  Survev  in  this  field  has  been  devoted 
to  the  gold  placers,  where  the  conditions  of  occurrence  are  so  simple 
that  even  a  hasty  examination  may  lead  to  important  conclusions.  As 
an  example,  in  1899  a  few  weeks  of  field  work  near  Nome  indicated 
that  the  region  had  suffered  a  general  uplift,  and  that  very  probably 
old  seabeaches  and  high  benches  would  be  found  which  might  con- 
tain workable  placers.  The  probable  location  of  such  deposits  was 
indicated  before  any  excavation  had  been  made  in  this  type  of  deposits. 
Subsequent  developments  showed  that  these  conclusions,  though  based 
on  very  incomplete  data,  were  correct,  for  the  ancient  seabeach  and 
high-bench  placers  near  Nome  have  since  yielded  millions  of  dollars 
in  gold. 

Much  the  larger  part  of  this  report  will  treat  of  the  placer  mines, 
because  they  are  at  present  the  largest  wealth  producers,  and  more 
attention  has  been  given  to  their  investigation  by  this  division.  An 
attempt  has  been  made,  however,  to  summarize  the  general  develop- 
ments in  mining  for  the  year  1904,  so  far  as  data  are  available.  If 
this  volume  meets  with  the  approval  of  the  mining  public  an  annual 
bulletin  will  be  issued. 

It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  the  plan  of  prompt  publication  has 
made  it  necessary  to  limit  the  illustrations  to  a  few  outline  maps. 
The  important  reports  here  abstracted  will,  however,  be  published  in 
more  complete  form,  with  all  necessary  illustrations. 


IP.  8.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  269    PL.  I 


brooks.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT;  15 

The  authorship  of  this  bulletin  is  composite,  for  all  the  geologists  of 
the  Alaskan  division  have  made  contributions,  and  each  paper  will  be 
found  credited  to  its  writer.  Mr.  Cleveland  Abbe,  jr.,  has  rendered 
valuable  aid  in  the  preparation  of  the  various  contributions  for 
publication. 

PROGRESS  OF  INVESTIGATIONS. 

Nine  parties  were  dispatched  to  Alaska  during  the  summer  of  1904; 
of  these  five  were  engaged  in  geologic  investigations,  two  in  topo- 
graphic surveys,  one  was  a  combined  geologic  and  topographic  party, 
and  one  studied  the  methods  and  costs  of  placer  mining.  As  several 
of  the  expeditions  were  subdivided  after  reaching  the  field,  there  were 
in  all  fourteen  parties  engaged  in  these  surveys  during  most  of  the 
summer. 

The  geologic  work  included  a  reconnaissance  of  pails  of  southeastern 
Alaska,  a  study  of  the  gold,  coal,  and  oil  fields  of  the  Cook  Inlet  region, 
a  continuation  of  the  investigation  of  the  Fairbanks  and  Rampart  dis- 
tricts, a  survey  of  the  Cape  Lisburne  coal  field,  and  a  continuation  of 
the  work  in  the  Seward  Peninsula.  Topographic  reconnaissance  sur- 
veys (scale  1:250,000)  were  made  over  about  4,000  square  miles  in  the 
Yukon-Tanana  region  and  about  1,500  square  miles  in  the  Cook  Inlet 
placer  district,  and  a  detailed  map  (scale  1:45,000)  was  made  of  about 
000  square  miles  near  Nome.  A  special  study  of  methods  and  costs  of 
placer  mining  was  made  in  the  Juneau,  P^agle,  and  Birch  Creek  regions 
and  in  the  Seward  Peninsula,  and  an  examination  of  some  of  the 
Canadian  placer  districts  was  made  for  comparative  purposes. 

General. — Mr.  C.  W.  Purington,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Sidney  Paige, 
spent  some  three  months  in  the  study  of  placer  mining  methods,  as 
already  outlined.  A  part  of  his  results  are  presented  in  this  bulletin, 
and  his  final  report"  is  almost  completed.  This  is  the  first  attempt 
that  has  ever  been  made  at  a  systematic  investigation  of  this  subject 
in  this  northern  field,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  results  will  be  of  value 
to  those  engaged  in  exploiting  Alaskan  placers. 

The  writer's  time  has  been  largely  given  to  administrative  duties 
and  to  the  preparation  of  a  summary  of  existing  knowledge  of  the 
geology  and  geography  of  Alaska,  which  has  been  submitted  for  pub- 
lication. A  brief  visit  was  made  to  some  of  the  Alaskan  placer  camps 
during  the  summer,  and  special  attention  was  given  to  collecting  data 
for  the  summary  of  mining  developments  which  follows.  Much  of 
the  matter,  however,  contained  in  this  summary  should  be  credited  to 
the  men  who  have  been  making  detailed  examinations  of  the  placer 
districts. 

Smttheaxtern  Alaska. — Mr.  Fred  E.  Wright,  assisted  by  Mr.  C.  W 
Wright,  continued  the  geologic  reconnaissance  of  southeastern  Alaska 

"Bulletin  No.  263. 


16  ALA8KAN    MINEKAL    RESOURCES   IN    1904.  [hull.  289. 

begun  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Spencer  the  previous  season.  The  mineral  deposits 
of  Sitka,  of  Admiralty  Island,  and  of  a  belt  of  the  mainland  between 
Suindum  and  Behm  Canal  were  examined  and  a  supplementary  study  of 
some  of  the  principal  ore  bodies  of  the  Ketchikan  district,  previously 
reported  on  by  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Brooks,  was  also  made.  An  outline  of 
the  economic  results  .is  here  presented;  the  details  will  be  given  in 
later  publications. 

Mr.  Spencer's  report  on  the  Juneau  district,  based  on  the  field  work 
of  1903,  will  soon  be  submitted  for  publication  and  will  include  an 
account  of  the  geology  and  resources  of  Admiralty  Island  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Wright.  The  part  of  the  Juneau  report  dealing  with  the 
Treadwell  deposits  forms  a  section  of  this  bulletin. 

Controller  Bay  region. — Mr.  George  C.  Martin  made  a  supplemen- 
tary examination  of  the  coal  and  oil  fields  of  this  district.  His  com- 
plete report a  is  now  in  press,  and  only  a  summary  appears  here. 

Copper  River  region. — No  surveys  have  been  made  in  the  Copper 
River  basin  since  1902.  The  final  results  of  the  latter  investigations 
are  now  ready  for  publication.* 

Turnagain  Arm  region. — Mr.  F.  H.  Moffit  completed  a  reconnais- 
sance survey  of  the  gold  plater  fields  tributary  to  Turnagain  Arm. 
An  outline  of  his  report  is  included  in  this  bulletin.  Mr.  E.  G.  Ham- 
ilton, who  accompanied  him  as  topographer,  made  reconnaissance  sur- 
vevs  of  the  same  area. 

Kachemak  Bay  coal  field. — Mr.  R.  W.  Stone,  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  George  C.  Martin,  made  an  examination  of  the  coal  fields 
tributary  to  Kachemak  Bay.  The  results  of  his  work  are  embodied 
in  his  account  of  the  coal  of  southwestern  Alaska  in  this  bulletin. 
The  more  complete  report,  with  maps  and  photographs,  will  be  sub- 
mitted later. 

Southwestern  Alaska. — Mr.  George  C.  Martin,  aided  by  Mr.  R.  W. 
Stone,  continued  his  geologic  work  of  the  previous  year  along  the 
west  shore  of  Cook  Inlet.  He  was  fortunate  in  having  the  coopera- 
tion of  Mr.  T.  W.  Stanton,  who  spent  the  season  in  collecting  fossils 
and  studying  the  stratigraphy  of  this  region.  Mr.  Martin's  results 
are  not  yet  submitted,  but  his  observations  on  the  oil  region  are  given 
on  another  page. 

Seward  Pen  insula. — Mr.  T.  Gerdine,  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  R.  B. 
Oliver  and  Mr.  W.  R.  Hill,  completed  a  detailed  topographic  map 
(scale  1:45,000)  of  the  most  important  gold-producing  area  near  Nome. 

Mr.  Arthur  J.  Collier  made  a  supplementary  examination  of  the  tin 
deposits  of  the  York  region,  an  account  of  which  is  given  on  another 
page  of  this  bulletin. 

<» Martin, (I.e.. The  petroleum  Nchta  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Alaska,  with  an  account  of  the  Bering 
River  coal  deposits:  Bull.  I\  S.  <it»ol.  Survey  No. '250. 
''.VrmJenhall,  W.C.. Geology  of  the  central  portion  of  the  Copper  Kiver  ha#in:  Prof.  Paper  l". 8. 
Gi'ol.  Survey  No.  41. 


bbOokb.]  ADMINI&TBATIVE    KEPORT.  17 

Cape  Lisburne  coal  field. — This  area  was  critically  examined  by  Mr. 
Collier,  whose  results  are  briefly  outlined  on  another  page.  Mr. 
Collier  not  only  mapped  the  geology  of  the  coal  field,  but  made  a  topo- 
graphic reconnaissance  map  of  the  same  area. 

Yufom-Tanana  region. — Mr.  L.  M.  Prindle,  aided  by  Mr.  Frank  L. 
Hess,  continued  the  geologic  reconnaissance  of  the  region  lying  between 
the  Yukon  and  Tanana  regions,  and  their  work  completes  the  prelimi- 
nary mapping- of  about  half  this  area.  The  economic  work  of  this 
party  included  further  studies  of  the  Fairbanks  placers  and  an  exami- 
nation of  the  placers  of  the  Rampart  region.  The  results  of  the  first 
are  embodied  in  Mr.  Prindle's  report  on  "The  Gold  Placers  of  the 
Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks  regions,"0  now  in  course  of 
publication.  An  article  in  this  bulletin  outlines  the  economic  devel- 
opment in  the  Rampart  region.  A  fuller  report  will  be  published 
later. 

The  topographic  work  in  this  same  region  was  extended  by  Mr.  D.  C. 
Witherspoon,  who,  assisted  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Ford,  mapped  an  area  of 
about  4,000  square  miles.  There  still  remains  reconnaissance  work  for 
about  three  parties  in  this  district,  besides  the  detailed  surveys  which 
will  be  demanded  by  the  developments  in  the  richer  mining  districts. 

«  Bull.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  No.  251. 
Bull.  259—05 2 


PLACER  MINING  IN  ALASKA  IN  1904. 


By  Alfred  H.  Brooks. 


INTRODUCTION. 

An  estimate  based  on  such  data  as  are  available  previous  to  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Director  of  the  Mint's  report  indicates  that  the  product 
of  the  Alaskan  gold  placers  for  the  last  year  has  been  about  $6,000,000. 

Approximate  a  production  of  placer  gold. 

[Based  on  estimates  by  Director  of  Mint.] 

1899 $3,000,000 

1900 5,900,000 

1901 4,800,000 

1902 : 5,500,000 

1903 5,750,000 

1904  & 6,000,000 

If  these  figures  are  correct  there  was  an  increase  in  1904  of  only 
$250,000  over  1903.  The  reason  that  this  increase  is  not  greater  is 
probably  to  be  found  in  the  unfavorable  season,  which  prevented 
the  anticipated  increased  production  of  the  Seward  Peninsula  placers, 
and  to  the  apparent  falling  off  in  the  output. of  the  Koyukuk  district 
as  compared  with  1903.  These  facts,  though  possibly  discouraging  to 
those  who  are  developing  the  northern  fields,  should  not  be  inter- 
preted as  indicating  that  the  maximum  production  has  been  reached. 
Placer  mining  in  Alaska  will  continue  for  many  years  to  come,  and,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  writer,  its  annual  contribution  to  the  world's  wealth 
will  at  least  double  during  the  next  decade. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  so  many  of  the  larger  mining  enterprises  of 
Alaska  should  have  suffered  both  from  lack  of  concise  knowledge  of 
the  conditions  of  operation  and  from  the  inexperience  of  those  to 
whom  the  management  has  been  intrusted.  At  least  half  of  the  com- 
panies which  have  attempted  legitimate  placer  mining  in  this  field  on 
a  large  scale  have  ended  in  dismal  failures.  The  failures  are  due  to 
many  causes,  but  probabty  the  most  common  is  the  omission  of  a 
careful  study,  not  only  of   the  gold  contents  of  the  placers  to  be 

a  The  production  of  lode  mines,  which  in  1904  was  about  $3,000,000,  is  not  included  in  this  table. 
b  Based  on  estimates  made  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks. 

18 


brooks.]  PLACER   MINING   IN   ALA8KA    IN   1901.  19 

exploited,  but  also  of  the  conditions  of  occurrence  of  the  gold  and  the 
best  methods  of  its  extraction.  Many  instances  have  come  to  the 
writer's  attention  where  plants,  which  are  dependent  on  an  abundant 
water  supply,  have  been  established  without  any  exact  knowledge 
of  the  supply  available.  Steam  shovels  have  been  installed  without 
the  knowledge  that  they  are  not  adapted  to  work  in  frozen  ground 
unless  the  ground  is  thawed.  Thousands  of  dollars  have  been  invested 
in  ditches  to  hydraulic  shallow  deposits  when  the  material  could  be 
handled  more  economically  by  some  mechanical  means.  This  is  particu- 
larly true  in  the  Seward  Peninsula,  where  the  successful  operation  of 
several  ditches  has  led  many  to  believe  that  a  fortune  is  assured  if  a 
ditch  is  constructed.  It  need  hardlv  be  stated  that  Alaska,  where  the 
cost  of  labor  and  transportation  is  great  and  the  season  short,  is  an 
expensive  place  to  gain  experience  in  mining.  Corporations  could 
well  afford  to  make  more  careful  choice  of  managers  than  in  the  past, 
for  this  is  eminently  not  a  field  for  the  hit-or-miss  policy  occasionally 
successful  in  more  favored  regions. 

SEWARD  PENINSULA. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  placers  of  Seward  Peninsula,  with  their  output  of  probably 
over  $4,500,000,  still  hold  the  first  rank  in  gold  production  of  Alaska. 
This  field,  embracing  an  area  of  about  20,000  square  u  iles,  will  excel 
for  many  years  to  come,  both  by  reason  of  the  widespread  distribution 
of  its  alluvial  gold  and  because  in  methods  of  exploitation  it  is  far  in 
advance  of  all  other  parts  of  Alaska  except  the  Pacific  coastal  belt. 
Improved  methods  are  the  result  not  so  much  of  the  good  judgment 
used  by  mine  operators  as  of  rapid  development  due  to  the  compara- 
tive accessibility  of  the  gold-bearing  districts  to  tide  water.  In  spite 
of  this  ease  of  access,  the  Seward  Peninsula  miner  who  has  progressed 
beyond  the  pick-and-shovel  methods  has  in  most  cases  still  to  face 
serious  transportation  problems.  The  twenty -odd  miles  of  completed 
railway  help  only  a  few  camps,  and  freightage  by  wagon  during  a  wet 
season  is  sometimes  well-nigh  impossible. 

Three  conditions  seriously  enhance  the  cost  of  hydraulic  mining  in 
the  peninsula:  (1)  The  comparative  shallowness  of  most  of  the  aurif- 
erous gravels;  (2)  the  low  stream  gradients,  which  entail  additional 
cost  in  disposing  of  the  tailings,  and  (3)  the  frequent  scarcity  of 
water.  It  is  evident  that  the  first  two  conditions  are  absent  in  the 
case  of  the  high-bench  gravels  near  Nome,  and  the  extension  of  the 
ditches  into  the  Kigluaik  Mountains  will  to  a  certain  extent  alleviate 
the  third  condition.  A  further  discussion  of  these  questions  by  Mr. 
Purington  will  be  found  elsewhere  in  this  bulletin. 


20  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RE8OUR0E8   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 


WINTER  OPERATIONS. 


There  is  a  steady  increase  of  underground  alluvial  mining  during 
the  closed  season,  and  the  product  of  the  winter  of  1903-4  on  the 
peninsula  exceeded  $1,000,000. 

Drifting  methods  are  in  many  cases  the  most  economical  for  the 
exploitation  of  rich  pay  streaks  which  are  covered  by  great  thicknesses 
of  gravel.  Wages  in  winter  are  50  per  cent  less  than  in  summer. 
Near  Nome  drifting  has  been  used  extensively  in  mining  the  high- 
bench  gravels,  whose  thickness  varies  from  40  to  150  feet.  It  appears, 
however,  that  deposits  might  often  well  be  hydraulicked  if  water  be 
available,  for  their  topographic  position  makes  it  possible  to  find 
dumping  ground  for  the  tailings.  Underground  mining  may  involve 
much  expense  in  locating  the  pay  streaks,  the  horizontal  distribution 
of  which  is  often  very  irregular.  It  is,  then,  an  open  question  whether 
drifting  is  the  best  method  of  procedure  for  many  of  the  high-bench 
placers,  for  by  it  only  a  pail  of  the  values  are  extracted  and,  the 
deposits  being  gutted,  the  extraction  of  the  gold  that  is  left  might  be 
profitable.  It  is  estimated  that  high-bench  deposits  near  Nome  pro- 
duced over  $500,000  during  the  winter  of  1903-4.  High  benches  arc 
known  in  other  localities,  but  it  appears  that  they  have  been  but  little 
prospected. 

The  low-lying  gravels  of  the  coastal  plain  near  Nome  have  been 
spasmodically  worked  for  several  years.  Among  the  most  successful 
operations  are  some  winter  diggings  along  an  ancient  beach  deposit 
which  is  parallel  to  the  present  shore  line  from  the  mouth  of  Hastings 
Creek  westward  to  Nome.  A  deposit  which  appears  to  be  an  old 
stream  channel,  near  the  head  of  Little  Creek,  was  also  worked  by 
drifting  methods  during  the  past  winter.  This  is  not  far  from  a 
locality  where  extraordinarily  rich  gravels  were  found  in  October, 
1904.  A  statement  was  made  to  the  writer,  on  good  authority,  that 
this  bonanza  yielded  200  pounds  of  gold  in  7  hours  when  worked  with 
rocker.  As  was  to  be  expected,  within  24  hours  the  owner  of  this 
remarkable  deposit  had  four  injunctions  served  on  him  by  rival  claim- 
ants. Gravels  of  this  extraordinary  richness  have  been  found  at  only 
a  few  localities,  and  their  occurrence  has  little  bearing  on  the  placer 
region  as  a  whole.  Yet  it  is  significant  that  such  a  find  should  be 
made  very  close  to  the  locality  of  the  first  discovery  in  the  Nome 
region  six  years  ago. 

Next  to  the  Nome  district  proper  the  Solomon  River  region  was  the 
most  important  winter  producer,  with  an  estimated  output  of  $200,000. 
Here  both  bench  and  creek  claims  were  worked  by  drifting  methods. 
The  winter  dumps  of  the  Ophir  Creek  and  the  Inmachuk  regions  each 
produced  about  $100,000.  Besides  these  large  producers  there  were 
many  localities  where  the  drifting  operations  of  the  past  winter  gave 
an  output  of  a  few  thousand  dollars. 


BBOOM.J  PLACER  MINING   IN   ALASKA   IN   1904.  21 


BUMMER  OPERATIONS. 


The  open  season  of  1904  was  very  unfavorable  for  placer  raining  in 
the  peninsula.  There  was  a  great  scarcity  of  water,  partly  because  of 
the  light  snowfall  during  the  preceding  winter  and  partly  because  of 
the  low  precipitation  in  the  early  summer.  Until  July  10  more  than 
half  the  mines  were  idle,  but  from  the  10th  to  the  15th  there  were 
heavy  rains,  and  by  the  middle  of  the  month  most  of  the  plants  were 
in  operation.  There  continued,  however,  to  be  a  shortage  of  water 
practically  throughout  the  season.  Wages  remained  at  $5  a  day  and 
board  in  most  of  the  camps  throughout  the  season. 

Summer  mining,  though  limited  to  little  over  two  months,  was  very 
successful,  and  much  dead  work  in  the  way  of  ditch  building  was 
accomplished  throughout  the  peninsula. 

The  construction  of  ditches  has  gone  on  with  feverish  activity; 
probably  upwards  of  a  hundred  miles  have  l>een  planned  or  are  under 
construction,  and  an  equal  amount  is  in  use. 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  while  methods  of  mining  involving  ditch 
building  are  the  favorites,  on  Anvil  Creek  the  Pioneer  Company  has 
successfully  introduced  the  steam  shovel  for  handling  gold-bearing 
gravels,  and  the  Wild  Goose  Company  is  stripping  the  overburden  by 
hydraulic  methods  and  handling  the  pay  gravels  by  track  and  incline. 
Across  the  divide,  on  Glacier  Creek,  the  Miocene  Company  is  continu- 
ing its  hydraulic  elevator  work,  and  has  one  of  the  best  equipped 
plants  in  the  district.  Some  work  was  done  on  the  Hot  Air  bench 
close  at  hand  by  the  "shoveling  in"  method.  On  Dexter  Creek  only 
one  hydraulic  plant  was  at  work,  but  a  number  of  claims  were  worked 
by  the  sluice-box  method.  Many  other  creeks  were  worked  in  the 
Nome  district,  but  most  of  these  only  in  a  comparatively  small  way. 
Noteworthy  are  the  hydraulic  operations  on  Dorothy  Creek,  where  an 
elevator  was  installed  near  the  head  of  Nome  River.  On  Hickey 
Creek,  in  the  same  region,  a  little  hydraulicking  was  also  done.  A 
ditch  has  been  completed  which  is  to  furnish  water  for  mining  bench 
gravels  along  the  east  side  of  Snake  Valley,  above  the  mouth  of  Glacier 
Creek.  Plans  have  been  formulated  to  bring  water  from  the  Kigluaik 
Mountains  by  a  pipe  line  60  miles  in  length  to  hydraulic  the  high 
benches  along  the  seaward  slope  of  the  hills  between  Newton  Gulch 
and  Anvil  Creek.  Another  company  proposes  to  mine  the  coastal  plain 
or  tundra  placers  by  hydraulic  methods,  presumably  with  the  use  of 
elevators.  The  Nome  Arctic  Railway  has  extended  its  track  about  a 
mile. 

There  appears  to  be  little  of  note  in  regard  to  the  Penny  and  Cripple 
Creek  regions  west  of  Nome.  Operations  were  continued  throughout 
the  season  as  far  as  the  scarcity  of  water  would  permit.  Here,  too, 
ditch  building  is  actively  going  on  and  planned. 


22  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  269. 

Considerable  mining  was  done  on  Osborn  Creek  east  of  Nome,  but 
no  large  plants  have  been  installed.  A  ditch  is  under  construction 
which  will  carry  water  from  near  the  head  of  Flambeau  River  to  the 
heavy  gravel  deposits  near  the  mouth  of  Hastings  Creek.  In  the 
Eldorado  basin  operations  appear  to  have  been  confined  to  "shoveling 
in"  on  Venetian  Creek.  The  discovery  of  bench  diggings  on  the  creek 
is  of  importance. 

SOLOMON   RIVER  REGION. 

The  Solomon  River  region  has  forged  ahead  more  rapidly  than  any 
other  district  during  the  last  two  years,  though  its  gold  production  is 
not  yet  so  large  as  that  of  several  other  camps.  Four  ditches  on  the 
main  river  were  in  operation  or  practically  completed  at  the  close  of 
the  last  season.  Several  ditches  were  in  operation  on  Shovel  Creek, 
a  westerly  tributary  of  Solomon  River,  and  surveys  have  been  made 
for  many  more.  The  extensive  but  rather  shallow  gravel  deposits 
near  the  mouth  of  Solomon  River  have  been  thoroughly  prospected 
and  found  to  carry  values,  and  it  is  reported  that  plans  are  under  way 
to  mine  these  with  dredges.  Heavier  gravel  beds  occur  along  the  rims 
of  the  valley  as  benches.  These  are  known  to  carry  good  values,  are 
well  located  for  hydraulic  mining,  and  are  the  objective  point  of 
several  ditches.  One  small  and  one  large  dredge  were  in  continuous 
operation  on  the  main  river  during  the  last  season. 

The  Council  City  and  Solomon  River  Railway  was  running  trains 
on  regular  schedule  from  Dickson,  the  coastal  terminal,  to  the  mouth 
of  Big  Hurrah  Creek  and  beyond  throughout  the  season,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  construction  of  roadbed  continued  inland.  Before  the 
close  of  the  season  trains  were  run  to  the  East  Branch,  a  substantial 
bridge  was  built  across  Solomon  River  at  this  point,  and  the  grading 
extended  for  some  distance  beyond.  Sixteen  miles  of  track  were 
reported  completed  when  the  winter  set  in.  Construction  work  has 
the  appearance  of  greater  permanency  than  is  usually  the  case  in  the 
Seward  Peninsula.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  line  may  be  completed 
at  an  early  date,  as  it  will  give  access  to  many  placers  which  can  not  be 
worked  under  present  conditions  of  transportation.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  Big  Hurrah  quartz  mine  continues  to  make  a  good  showing. 
Twenty  stamps  have  been  installed  and  a  depth  of  150  feet  reached 
in  the  workings.  Some  other  lode  deposits  of  the  district  appear 
promising,  and  augur  well  for  a  permanenc}r  of  mining  in  this  region. 

BLUFF    REGION. 

At  Daniels  Creek,  20  miles  east  of  Dickson,  the  Topkok  Ditch  Com- 
pany operated  its  hydraulic  plant  practically  throughout  the  season. 
The  heavy  gravel  deposits  which  are  here  being  exploited  lie  in  such  a 
topographic  position  as  to  be  move  favorable  for  hydraulic  mining 


BBOoxs.]  PLACER   MIKING   IN    ALASKA    IN    1904.  23 

than  any  other  deposits  thus  far  developed  in  the  peninsula.  The 
feasibility  of  piping  frozen  gravels  where  conditions  permit  a  consid- 
erable face  to  be  exposed  has  here  received  a  practical  demonstration. 
The  last  season  witnessed  the  extension  of  the  ditch  so  as  to  secure 
more  water,  but  the  summer  was  so  dry  that  even  then  there  was  not 
water  enough  for  continuous  piping. 

CASADEPAOA   RIVER. 

The  developments  on  Casadepaga  River,  whose  headwaters  lie  just 
across  the  divide  from  Solomon  River,  have  shown  renewed  activity, 
now  that  the  railway  is  approaching  this  district.  Heavy  bench  gravels, 
which  are  more  or  less  gold  bearing,  characterize  this  region.  Most 
of  the  work  so  far  has  been  confined  to  exploiting  the  placers  found 
in  creeks  whose  valleys  intersect  these  benches,  and  in  which  the  gold 
has  been  reconcentrated  by  a  natural  process  of  sluicing.  Nothing 
but  the  crude  pick-and -shovel  methods  could  be  used,  because  of  the 
comparative  inaccessibility  of  the  district.  These  primitive  methods 
of  extraction  were  only  applicable  to  the  reconcentrated  placers,  and 
not  to  the  heavy  bench  gravels.  Ditches  are  proposed  for  working 
the  latter  deposits,  and  some  of  them  are  already  under  construction. 
In  planning  to  use  hydraulic  methods,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  benches  are  not  high,  and  here,  as  at  many  other  localities,  the 
disposal  of  the  tailings  will  entail  a  heavy  expense. 

COUNCIL   REGION. 

Ophir  Creek  is  to-day  not  only  the  greatest  producer  on  the  penin- 
sula, but  has  the  largest  reserve  of  gravels  of  unknown  value. 
Claims  were  worked  throughout  the  length  of  the  stream  as  far  as 
Crooked  Creek.  The  winter  work  has  alreadjr  been  referred  to,  and 
the  summer  developments  were  along  the  lines  reported  last  year.* 
Various  methods  are  employed,  including  hydraulicking  benches, 
hydraulicking  creek  claims  with  elevator,  "  shoveling  in,"  use  of  der- 
ricks, horse  scrapers,  etc.  Some  work  was  done  with  a  dredge  along 
the  banks  of  Niukluk  River  near  the  mouth  of  Ophir  Creek.  Some 
lesser  mining  operations  were  carried  on  on  Crooked,  Ward,  and  Gold 
Bottom  creeks  in  this  region. 

KRUZGAMEPA   REGION. 

A  number  of  the  tributaries  of  the  upper  Kruzgamepa  River  have 
been  found  to  be  gold  bearing,  but,  of  these,  Iron  Creek  only  has  made 
any  considerable  production.  Some  rich  stream  placers  have  been 
exploited  on  the  latter  creek,  but  the  operations  have  been  chiefly  con- 
fined to  shoveling  methods.  With  the  extension  of  the  railway  this 
district  will  become  more  accessible. 


a  Brooks,  A.  H.,  Placer  gold  mining  in  Alaska,  \V&\  Bu\l.  \3 .  fc.  <tee>\.  *vmn«^  K*.<&k^.*&. 


24  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  289. 

KOUGAROK   REGION. 

The  Kougarok  region  is  rapidly  increasing  its  gold  output,  though 
its  isolation  has  made  it  an  expensive  camp  to  work.  Several  ditches 
were  in  operation  in  1904,  and  a  number  of  others  were  planned  and 
under  construction.  Harris  and  Dahl  creeks  have  been  the  heaviest 
producers,  but  several  others  besides  the  main  Kougarok  River  have 
yielded  gold  in  commercial  quantities.  Attention  has  repeatedly  been 
called  to  the  heavy  bench  gravels  which  are  characteristic  of  the 
Kougarok  Valley.  Some  of  these  are  known  to  be  gold  bearing,  and, 
exploited  by  proper  methods,  should  become  important  producers. 
Drilling  on  Dahl  Creek  developed  bench  gravels  to  a  depth  of  over 
180  feet,  thus  showing  them  to  extend  below  present  sea  level. 

PORT  CLARENCE  PRECINCT. 

In  the  Port  Clarence  precinct  the  ditch  to  Sunset  Creek  was  com- 
pleted, but  little  hydraulicking  was  done.  A  number  of  claims  were 
worked  in  the  Bluestone  region,  but  no  important  developments  were 
made. 

FAIRHAVEN  PRECINCT. 

The  northeastern  part  of  the  Seward  Peninsula,  comprising  the 
Kiwalik,  Inmachuk,  and  Buckland  placers,  is  included  in  the  Fair- 
haven  precinct.  Here  the  conditions  for  rapid  development  are  much 
less  favorable  than  in  other  parts  of  the  peninsula.  The  open  season 
for  navigation  is  somewhat  shorter,  and  supplies  for  the  camp  have  to 
be  transferred  at  Nome  to  shallow-draft  steamers  which  can  traverse 
the  shoal  water  found  at  the  northern  margin  of  the  peninsula.  In 
spite  of  the  adverse  conditions  the  region  is  prosperous.  Thanks  to 
a  local  coal  supply  found  at  Chicago  Creek,  considerable  winter  mining 
was  done.  Very  little  ditch  work  has  been  done  in  this  region,  but 
plans  have  been  laid  looking  toward  an  improvement  of  the  present 
methods  of  mining. 

GOODHOPE  PRECINCT. 

There  has  been  but  little  mining  in  the  Goodhope  district,  which 
embraces  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  peninsula.  Though  gold 
occurs  in  the  beds  of  a  number  of  the  tributaries  of  Serpentine  River, 
under  present  conditions  it  probably  can  not  be  extracted  at  a  profit. 

KOBUK  DISTRICT. 

The  reports  from  Kobuk  River  indicate  that  there  were  upward  of 
100  men  prospecting  in  this  region,  and  many  appear  to  find  encour- 
agement in  what  they  have  discovered.  Whatever  may  be  the  poten- 
cy// 1  resources,  the  actual  gold  output  of  the  placers  has  probably  not 


bhoou.]  PLACER  MINING   IN   ALASKA   IN   1904.  25 

exceeded  $10,000  or  $15,000.  The  producing  claims  are  reported  to 
have  averaged  $10  a  day  to  the  man.  The  last  season  was  a  very  wet 
one,  and  operations  are  said  to  have  been  hampered  by  high  water  in 
the  creeks. 

YUKON  DISTRICT. 

Prospectors  who  maintained  their  faith  in  the  Tanana- Yukon  district 
during  the  waves  of  popular  excitement  which  carried  most  of  the 
mining  population  first  into  the  Klondike  and  then  to  Nome,  bid  fair 
to  have  some  of  their  hopes  realized.  A  broad  belt  of  metamorphosed 
rocks  stretches  westward  from  the  international  boundary  near  Dawson 
to  the  Yukon  at  the  Ramparts,  and  in  this  belt  are  many  localities 
which  are  known  to  be  gold  bearing.  The  general  features  of  the 
occurrence  of  gold  placers  in  the  various  camps  of  this  field  are  similar, 
though  the  local  variations  are  sufficient  to  bring  about  differences  in 
mining  values.  Thus  in  the  Klondike  the  high-bench  gravels  or 
"  white  channel,"  as  they  are  called  locally,  have  proved  large  pro- 
ducers. The  high  gravels  in  the  Chicken  Creek  basin  of  Fortymile 
have  also  yielded  considerable  gold,  but  those  of  the  Rampart  region, 
up  to  the  present  time,  have  not  been  found  to  carry  mining  values 
under  the  present  conditions.  Fortymile  probably  has  advantage  over 
the  Klondike  in  the  water  supply,  but  its  placers  have  thus  far  proved 
not  nearly  so  rich.  The  placers  at  Fairbanks  are  far  more  accessible 
than  those  of  Fortymile,  but  are  probably  at  a  disadvantage  in  regard 
to  stream  gradients  and  water  supply.  At  all  events,  sufficient  work 
has  been  done  in  this  belt,  over  an  area  of  probably  20,000  square  miles, 
to  show  a  wide  distribution  of  placer  gold.  The  events  of  the  last  two 
years  show  that  the  limit  of  discovery  of  rich  placers  may  not  by  any 
means  have  been  reached,  while  the  low-grade  gravels  remain  prac- 
tically neglected. 

RAMPART  REGION. 

The  most  westerly  camps  of  this  belt  lie  in  the  so-called  Rampart 
region,  and  are  described  in  detail  by  Mr.  Prindle  on  pages  104  to  119  of 
this  bulletin.  The  most  encouraging  features,  according  to  Mr. 
Prindle's  statement,  are  the  successful  operation  of  some  small 
hydraulic  plants,  which  has  stimulated  other  similar  enterprises,  and 
further  discoveries  of  good  pay  in  the  valleys  of  the  the  best  known 
creeks.  He  calls  attention  to  the  extensive  deposits  of  high-bench 
gravels  in  this  field,  but  so  far  prospecting  has  not  shown  them  to  con- 
tain workable  placers. 

FAIRBANKS  DISTRICT. 

One  hundred  miles  to  the  east  of  the  Rampart  region  is  the  new  Fair- 
banks district,  whose  increase  of  output  from  $40,000  in  1903  to  prob- 
ably $400,000  in  1904  has  made  it  the  immediate  focal  point  of  interest 


26  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

to  the  Alaskan  mining  public.  Though  this  gold  was  taken  from  only 
a  few  creeks,  there  are  twelve  more  on  which  encouraging  prospects 
have  been  found.0  These  drain  an  area  of  approximately  500  square 
miles,  which  can  be  regarded  as  the  gold-bearing  district,  as  defined  by 
present  knowledge.  What  part  of  this  area  carries  commercial  values 
must  be  determined  by  more  careful  prospecting  than  has  yet  been  done. 
All  of  the  creeks  are  within  25  miles  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Tanana,  and  the  construction  of  the  railway  now  under  way  will  make 
this  camp  more  accessible  than  any  other  of  the  Yukon  region.  Mr. 
Prindle's  studies  have  shown  that  where  excavations  have  been  made 
the  gravels  are  generally  deep  and  often  covered  by  a  heavy  over- 
burden of  muck.  The"  water  supply  is  not  abundant,  and  hydraulic 
operations  may  find  in  this  a  serious  obstacle.  Low  stream  gradients 
also  offer  the  usual  difficulties  in  the  disposal  of  tailings.  These  con- 
ditions, as  far  as  they  are  understood,  indicate  that  mechanical  means 
of  handling  the  gravels  will  find  preference  over  hydraulic  methods, 
unless  further  surveys  should  discover  sources  of  water  not  now 
known.  Much  of  the  gold  mined  thus  far  has  been  taken  out  by  drift- 
ing. Last  fall  scores  of  boilers  were  shipped  to  Fairbanks,  and  prob- 
ably many  of  these  are  now  in  use  taking  out  winter  dumps. 

The  heavy  growth  of  spruce  along  the  larger  valley  floors  yields  an 
ample  fuel  supply  for  the  present,  and  the  local  sawmills  have  supplied 
the  necessary  lumber.  In  spite  of  this,  lumber  was  sold  on  the  creeks 
last  year  as  high  as  $200  per  thousand  feet,  and  the  supply  will  soon 
become  exhausted  unless  efficient  measures  are  adopted  for  protecting 
it  against  the  present  reckless  waste. 

Last  summer  the  Fairbanks  district  probably  contained  a  population 
of  4,000  to  5,000,  which  is  far  in  excess  of  what  the  present  discover- 
ies and  developments  could  support.  Three  thousand  people,  mostly 
in  the  town  of  Fairbanks,  are  said  to  have  remained  through  the 
winter.  This  town,  the  headquarters  of  the  precinct,  is  on  a  slough  of 
the  Tanana,  navigable  for  large  steamers  only  during  favorable  stages 
of  water.  Chena,  a  rival  but  much  smaller  settlement,  lies  on  the 
main  river,  nearly  10  miles  below.  Fairbanks  is  connected  with  the 
producing  creeks  by  telephone  and  with  the  outside  world  by  military 
telegraph.  From  about  the  middle  of  June  to  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber it  can  be  reached  by  steamer  from  Dawson  in  about  seven  days. 
The  journey  from  St.  Michael  by  steamer  up  the  Yukon  is  a  little 
longer,  and  the  entire  route  is  not  open  until  after  July  1.  Summer 
freight  rates  to  the  creeks  last  season  were  from  10  to  20  cents  per 
pound,  while  the  winter  rates  were  about  a  quarter  of  this  sum.  The 
following  notes  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Prindle: 

The  gold-producing  creeks  in  1903  were  Pedro,  Cleary,  and  Fairbanks,  together 
with  some  of  their  tributaries.     The  three  main  creeks  are  all  small  streams,  carrying 


a  Prindle,  L.  M.,  The  gold  placers  of  FortymUe,  Birch  Creek,  «xt&  Y*Ytorok&  ragtoaa,  Alaska:  Bull. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  251,  p.  86. 


broom.]  PLAOEB  MIKING    IN   ALASKA   IN   1904.  27 

ordinarily  lees  than  100  and  seldom  over  200  inches  of  water.  They  flow  in  open 
valleys,  with  a  grade  of  about  100  feet  to  the  mile.  The  stream  gravels  are  compara- 
tively deep  and  in  most  localities  frozen  throughout  the  year.  The  average  section 
shows  a  layer  of  muck  underlain  by  barren  and  pay  gravels.  The  last  are  mostly 
quartzite  and  mica-schist,  are  rather  angular,  and  are  mostly  under  a  foot  in  diameter. 
They  frequently  contain  considerable  clay  in  the  lower  portion,  and  the  proportion 
of  bowlders  is  small.  The  thickness  of  the  different  layers  varies  greatly  and  the 
maximum  total  depth,  so  far  as  determined  by  prospect  holes,  is  over  80  feet 

On  Pedro  Creek  the  depth  to  bed  rock  is  8  to  30  feet,  and  the  alluvium  includes 
muck,  barren  gravels,  and  pay  dirt.  The  last  is  1  to  4  feet  thick,  and  gold  is  found 
in  the  decomposed  bed  rock  to  a  depth  of  1  to  5  feet.  Pay  streaks  are  from  40  to 
over  200  feet  in  width.  Values  vary  from  3  to  25  cents  to  the  pan,  and  much  of  the 
ground  has  probably  averaged  $1.50  to  square  foot  of  bed  rock.  The  largest  nugget 
was  valued  at  $19. 

Steam  point  drifting  and  open  cut  are  the  methods  chiefly  employed.  Boilers  up 
to  30  horsepower  are  in  use.  Work  is  confined  mostly  to  the  3  miles  of  Pedro  Greek 
between  Twin  and  Gilmore  creeks,  though  some  gold  has  been  taken  out  on  Twin 
Creek.  On  Gold  Stream  the  gravels  are  30  feet  or  more  in  depth.  It  is  probable 
that  as  conditions  improve  considerable  work  will  be  done  in  this  lower  portion  of 
the  valley. 

On  Cleary  Creek  work  has  been  done  from  near  the  head  to  within  2  miles  of  the 
mouth,  a  distance  of  about  7  miles.  Here  the  depth  to  bed  rock  is  14  to  80  or  more 
feet,  and  averages  over  50  feet.  The  material  is  muck,  barren  gravels,  and  pay  dirt, 
and  the  gravels  average  about  20  feet  in  thickness. 

The  pay  streak  is  1  to  7  feet,  and  gold  is  found  to  a  depth  of  1J  to  4  feet  in  the  bed 
rock.  The  width  of  pay  streak  is  35  to  150  feet;  so  far  as  determined,  it  is  on  the 
low  bench  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek  above  the  bend,  and  on  the  opposite  or 
north  side  below  the  bend.  The  gold  includes,  as  on  the  other  creeks,  a  flat  variety 
in  pieces  up  to  one-fourth  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  and  a  coarser  variety,  of  which 
one  nugget  was  valued  at  $233.  Values  in  the  pay  streak  average  from  2  to  25  cents 
to  the  pan,  but  occasionally  are  much  greater.  One  pan  seen  by  the  writer  yielded 
nearly  $5. 

Chatham  Creek  is  a  small  tributary  of  Cleary  Creek.  It  is  only  about  1  mile  long, 
but  has  been  a  gold  producer.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  is  10  to  30  feet.  The  gold 
from  the  head  of  the  creek  is  very  rough. 

The  drifting  method  is  used  on  Cleary  and  Chatham  creeks  and  some  open-cut 
work  on  Chat  ban i  Creek  where  the  depth  permits.  Some  good  values  have  been 
found  above  Discovery  claim,  but  this  portion  of  the  valley  last  season  was  still  in 
the  prospecting  stage.  Most  of  the  production  thus  far  has  been  from  Discovery 
claim  to  Claim  No.  4,  below  Discovery,  inclusive,  and  extensive  work  has  been  done 
in  this  portion  of  the  valley.  Boilers  up  to  20  horsepower  were  in  use  and  handled 
from  20  to  50  cubic  yards  of  dirt  a  day,  with  a  fuel  consumption  of  a  cord  of  wood 
every  24  hours.  The  wood  cost  $10  per  cord  delivered  on  claim.  Wages  were 
generally  $6  a  day  and  board. 

Last  summer  developments  were  being  made  to  within  2  miles  of  the  Chatanika, 
and  it  seems  probable  that  as  the  conditions  of  development  became  more  favorable 
considerable  ground  will  be  worked  at  a  profit  in  this  lower  portion  of  the  valley  of 
Cleary  Creek.  It  is  probable  that  under  the  conditions  which  existed  in  1904 
gravels  could  not  be  worked  at  a  profit  for  a  gold  content  of  less  than  3  cents  to 
the  pan. 

Ditches  are  built  with  difficulty,  and  the  cost  of  production  in  some  cases  was 
increased  by  the  frozen  muck  and  "live  water"  in  the  lower  gravels. 

On  Fairbanks  Creek  there  was,  in  1904,  active  work  from  No.  8,  above  Discovery, 
to  No.  8,  below,  including  about  4  miles  of  the  valley.    The  depth  to  bed  rock  is  15 


28  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  2&9. 

to  60  or  more  feet.  The  values  were  carried  in  18  inches  to  over  7  feet  of  gravel, 
with  a  width  varying  from  45  to  250  feet.  The  coarsest  nugget  was  valued  at  $190. 
The  average  values  were  probably  5  to  10  cents  to  the  pan,  but  were  occasionally 
much  higher.    Drifting  with  steam  point  was  the  favorite  method  of  mining  in  1904. 

Conditions  are  practically  the  same  on  Pedro,  Gleary,  and  Fairbanks  creeks,  and 
they  all  carry  about  the  same  amount  of  water,  which  in  dry  seasons  will  probably 
be  short  of  the  demand.  All  are  dependent  on  the  lower  valleys  of  the  larger 
streams  for  lumber. 

The  quantity  of  gold  in  the  gravels,  and  their  extent,  seem  sufficient  to  give  the 
camp  a  permanence  like  that  of  the  other  placer  camps  in  the  Yukon-Tanana 
country.  The  depth  of  the  deposits  has  rendered  the  work  of  development  a  slow 
one.  The  claims  require  capital  for  their  development,  and  the  method  used  most 
extensively  is  steam  drifting  with  points.  The  expense  of  working  the  ground  con- 
sumes probably  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  output,  and  the  total  production 
from  the  close  of  navigation  in  1903  to  the  end  of  July,  in  1904,  was  probably  not 
less  than  $350,000. 

No  large  quartz  veins  were  observed,  and  the  conditions  are  apparently  unfavor- 
able for  quartz  mining.  The  origin  of  the  placer  gold  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the 
small  quartz  stringers  which  occur  generally  in  the  schists. 

BONNERVILLE   DISTRICT. 

The  large  influx  of  prospectors  to  Fairbanks  led  to  an  examination 
of  the  adjacent  regions  and  resulted  in  the  finding  of  gold  along  the 
base  of  the  Alaskan  Range  50  miles  south  of  Fairbanks.  So  far  as 
known  the  commercial  possibilities  of  this  new  field  have  not  yet  been 
demonstrated,  though  a  number  of  miners  appear  to  be  satisfied  at  the 
outlook.  This  area  south  of  the  Tanana  was  formed  into  a  new  dis- 
trict under  the  name  of  "  Bonnerville." 

The  Alaskan  Mountains  which  bound  the  Tanana  on  the  south  are 
known  to  be  in  part  made  of  metamorphic  rocks  which  are  quite  likely 
to  be  mineralized.  The  range  falls  off  rather  abruptly  to  the  Tanana 
Valley  floor,  and  its  northern  front  is  partly  buried  under  a  mantle  of 
stratified  gravel  deposits.  These  beds  were  observed  by  the  writer 
along  the  Cantwell  River  Valley,  where  they  are  several  hundred  feet 
thick,  and  are  probably  auriferous.  The  writer's  investigations  did 
not  establish  the  presence  of  workable  placers,  but  an  abundance  of 
fine  colors  of  gold  was  found  in  the  beds  of  streams  which  dissect  the 
gravel  deposits.  A  natural  inference  is  that  the  heavy  gravel  beds 
themselves  are  auriferous,  though  opportunity  was  lacking  to  make 
any  tests. 

These  heavy  bench  gravels  lie  in  such  a  position  that,  should  they 
prove  to  carry  values,  they  could  be  hydraulicked  to  advantage. 
Moreover,  their  location  along  the  flank  of  the  mountains  gives  oppor- 
tunities for  bringing  water  to  them  under  any  head  desired.  If  gold 
has,  therefore,  been  found  in  this  district  in  commercial  quantities, 
the  conditions  for  exploration  seem  more  favorable  than  in  most  of  the 
Yukon  camps.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the  district 
lies  50  or  more  miles  from  water  trans\K>Tt&l\o\v. 


bbooo.]  PLACER   MINING   IN   ALASKA   IN   1904.  29 

BIRCH   CREEK  DISTRICT. 

In  the  Birch  Creek  district  developments  have  been  relatively  slow 
since  the  first  discovery  of  gold  in  1894,  and  especially  so  since  the 
attention  of  the  mining  men  in  the  region  has  been  focused  on  the 
new  Fairbanks  placers.  Work  was  carried  on  in  1904  on  a  number  of 
creeks,  and  the  production  probably  equaled  that  of  the  previous  year, 
being  between  $150,000  and  $175,000.  An  attempt  to  install  a  small 
hydraulic  plant  on  Mastodon  Creek  was  unsuccessful  because  the  plant 
was  washed  by  the  floods  attending  the  heavy  rains.  The  steam  shovel 
installed  on  Mammoth  Creek  in  1903  was  not  operated,  but  this  enter- 
prise was  only  delayed  and  not  abandoned. 

In  the  late  summer  a  discovery  of  placer  gold  was  reported  to  have 
been  made  near  the  mouth  of  what  was  named  Golden  Creek.  This 
stream  enters  Beaver  Creek  from  the  west,  near  the  edge  of  the  Yukon 
Flats.  As  the  main  stream  is  navigable  for  small  steamers  to  the 
junction  with  the  Golden,  the  locality  is  easily  accessible.  About  200 
men  reached  the  locality  before  the  winter  set  in,  but  no  extensive  pros- 
pecting was  done.  Good  authorities  state  that  the  surface  gravels  yield 
half  a  cent  to  the  pan.  From  another  source  it  was  learned  that  a  25- 
cent  nugget  had  been  found.  No  attempt  was  made  last  season  to 
excavate  to  bed  rock,  which  is  probably  very  deep.  Winter  digging 
now  going  on  will  doubtless  show  whether  this  locality  carries  any 
workable  placers. 

FORTYMILE  AND   EAGLE   REGION. 

The  Fortymile  region  continues  its  record  of  being  essentially  a  dis- 
trict of  small  operators,  and  its  production  varies  little  from  year  to 
year.  Some  abortive  attempts  to  establish  large  mining  plants  have 
rather  discouraged  capitalists  from  entering  this  field,  which  would 
seem,  however,  to  promise  large  returns  to  properly  managed 
enterprises. 

At  the  present  time  the  most  important  gold-producing  area  in  the 
vicinity  of  Eagle  is  on  American  Creek  and  its  tributary,  Discovery 
Fork.  A  hydraulic  plant  was  installed  on  American  Creek  in  1903. 
A  flume  which  had  a  length  of  7,200  feet  and  a  capacity  of  1,200  inches 
brought  water  under  a  head  of  150  feet.  Two  hydraulic  elevators 
were  to  be  used,  but  the  water  supply  was  found  insufficient  for  the 
demands  of  the  plant,  and  in  1904  modifications  of  the  method  were 
-being  tried  to  make  a  more  effective  use  of  the  available  waters. 

Several  creeks  below  Eagle  which  enter  the  Yukon  from  the  west 
have  been  small  producers  for  a  number  of  years.  Among  these, 
Woodchopper  and  Fourth  of  July  creeks  gave  employment  to  a  score 
of  miners.  Worthy  of  note  is  the  finding  of  rich  placers  in  the  upper 
basin  of  Washington  Creek  late  last  summer.  One  $168  nugget  was 
found  in  these  placers. 


30  ALASKAN   MINERAL   BESOUBCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

Two  outfits  were  working  in  1903  on  Discovery  Fork  of  Fortymile 
River,  and  in  1904  excellent  results  were  being  secured  here  by  the 
use  of  an  automatic  dump  gate. 

Prospecting  was  active  and  during  the  winter  of  1903-4  holes  had 
been  sunk  on  an  island  in  Yukon  River  opposite  the  town  of  Eagle. 
Favorable  prospects  were  reported,  but  as  water  had  been  struck 
below  the  frozen  ground  the  work  had  been  discontinued. 

The  placers  of  Wade  Creek,  Walker  Fork,  and  Chicken  Creek  were 
said  to  have  yielded  well,  and  Chicken  Creek  alone  is  said  to  have 
produced  $100,000.  No  work  was  being  done  at  the  "kink"  on  the 
North  Fork,  where  a  large  enterprise  had  been  entered  upon. 

According  to  current  reports  a  plan  has  been  formulated  to  work 
the  placers  of  the  entire  Chicken  Creek  basin  by  hydraulic  methods. 
It  is  proposed  to  bring  water  by  a  ditch  from  the  upper  part  of  Mos- 
quito Fork,  and  it  is  claimed  that  thus  200  feet  of  head  can  be  secured. 
If  this  plan  is  successful  it  will  undoubtedly  be  followed  by  others  of 
similar  character. 

Gold  Run,  a  tributary  of  Slate  Creek  about  4  miles  long,  located  in 
the  Fortymile  basin  about  75  miles  southwest  from  Eagle,  was  the 
scene  of  some  activity.  The  bed  rock  is  schist;  the  depth  of  the 
gravels  is  about  12  feet.  Open  cuts  are  used,  and  the  dump  gate  is 
the  favorite  method  of  ground  sluicing  the  gravel.  Some  of  the 
ground  is  reported  to  average  $30  to  the  box  length.  Although  no 
large  values  have  been  found,  the  discovery  is  of  importance  in  show- 
ing the  presence  of  gold  in  the  remote  central  portion  of  the  Yukon- 
Tanana  country. 

KOYUKUK   DI8TRICT. 

The  Koyukuk  district,  though  within  the  Yukon  basin,  is  isolated 
from  the  other  camps.  Its  difficulty  of  access  has  made  it  possible  up 
to  the  present  time  to  mine  only  the  richest  placers,  but  the  distribu- 
tion and  occurrence  of  these  indicate  that  this  field  will  continue  to  be 
a  gold  producer  for  some  time  to  come.  With  freight  at  $90  a  ton, 
not  including  a  sled  haulage  of  100  miles  or  more,  and  wages  conse- 
quently at  $8  or  $10  a  day,  it  is  manifestly  impossible  to  undertake 
any  extensive  operations. 

Reports  have  been  received  of  the  discovery  during  the  last  season 
of  workable  placers  on  Wiseman  Creek,  an  eastern  tributary  to  the 
Middle  Fork  of  the  Koyukuk.  Here  20  men  are  said  to  have  made 
good  wages.  Rich  placers  are  reported  to  have  been  found  on  John 
River,  nearly  100  miles  to  the  west,  as  well  as  on  Wild  Creek,  in 
between.  These  facts  indicate  a  wide  distribution  of  the  placer  gold 
in  the  Koyukuk  district,  for  the  alluvial  deposits  have  been  found 
scattered  over  an  area  50  by  100  miles  in  dimensions.  The  last  season 
was  less  favorable  for  operations  than  the  previous  one  and  the  out- 


brooks.]  PLACER   MINING    IN   ALASKA.  IN    1904.  31 

put  was  probably  much  less  than  in  1903,  though  exact  figures  are  not 
available.  This,  however,  led  to  greater  prospecting  activity  and  to 
the  consequent  discoveries  above  mentioned. 

COOK  INLET  REGION. 

In  the  Cook  Inlet  region  placer  mining  during  the  past  year  was 
practically  confined  to  a  few  creeks  tributary  to  Turnagain  Arm.  The- 
Alaska  Central  Railway,  under  construction  from  Resurrection  Bay, 
will  be  of  material  benefit  to  this  region.  Mr.  Moffit  describes  the 
region  in  some  detail.  Attention  will  here  be  directed  only  to  the  fact 
that  practically  all  the  mining  is  now  done  by  means  of  hydraulic 
plants.  He  reports  that  7  hydraulic  plants  were  in  operation  last 
season. 

COPPER  RIVER  BASIN. 

Less  definite  information  is  available  regarding  the  Copper  River 
camps,  as  these  have  not  been  recently  visited  by  any  of  the  members 
of  the  Geological  Survey.  It  appears,  however,  that  the  Chistochina 
district  is  holding  its  own  as  a  producer,  and  that  prospecting  with  a 
small  production,  looking  toward  important  developments,  has  con- 
tinued in  the  Nizina  district.  All  of  the  Copper  River  camps  are 
retarded  in  development  by  the  high  transportation  charges.  It  is 
reported  that  the  cost  of  carrying  supplies  to  Chistochina  is  30  cents 
a  pound  in  winter  and  $1  in  summer.  A  tramway,  reported  to  be 
under  construction  over  the  pass  by  which  the  trail  leads  from  Valdez 
to  Copper  Center,  will  probably  materially  reduce  this  cost,  but  until 
rail  or  wagon  roads  are  constructed  the  miner  in  this  region,  as  in 
other  parts  of  Alaska,  can  only  exploit  the  very  richest  placers. 

On  Slate  Creek,  in  the  Chistochina  basin,  a  hydraulic  plant  has  been 
installed  and  successfully  operated.  This  is  supplied  by  water  through 
a  ditch  2  miles  in  length.  Most  of  the  other  operations  of  this  dis- 
trict appear  to  be  confined  to  "shoveling  in"  methods,  with  some 
ground  sluicing. 

SOUTHEASTERN  ALASKA. 

An  account  of  the  placer  mining  in  southeastern  Alaska  will  be 
found  on  pages  51  and  88  of  this  bulletin.  It  appears  that  alluvial  min- 
ing during  the  last  year  was  confined  to  Porcupine  Creek,  where  no 
important  developments  were  made  in  1904,  and  to  Gold  Creek,  at 
Juneau.  The  Last  Chance  Company,  of  Juneau,  has  constructed  a 
large  flume  to  carry  the  water  of  Gold  Creek  around  the  basin  and 
has  also  enlarged  its  drainage  tunnel. 


METHODS  AND  COSTS  OF  GRAVEL  AND  PLACER  MINING  IN 

ALASKA/ 


By  Chester  Wells  Purington. 


GENERAL  STATEMENT  OP  ALASKAN  CONDITIONS. 

Placer  mining  is  that  form  of  mining  in  which  the  surficial  detritus 
is  washed  for  gold  or  other  valuable  minerals.  When  water  under 
pressure  is  employed  to  break  down  the  gravel,  the  term  hydravlic 
mining  is  generally  employed.  There  are  deposits  of  detrital  mate- 
rial containing  gold  which  lie  too  deep  to  be  profitably  extracted 
by  surface  mining,  and  which  must  be  worked  by  drifting  beneath 
the  overlying  barren  material.  To  the  operations  necessary  to  extract 
such  auriferous  material  the  term  drift  mining  is  applied. 

As  nearly  all  mining  in  alluvial  deposits  comes  under  the  head  of 
gravel  mining,  that  term  has  been  adopted  in  the  main  for  operations 
described  in  the  report  of  which  the  following  chapter  is  a  summary. 
Occasionally,  however,  the  precious  mineral  sought  lies  in  a  matrix 
of  fine  sand,  or  even  entirely  in  the  crevices  of  the  bed  rock  on  which 
the  alluvial  deposit  rests.  Obviously  the  term  gravel  mining  does 
not  cover  the  cases  in  which  detrital  gold  is  extracted  from  such 
matrices,  and  the  general  term  placer6  mining  has  been,  therefore, 
added  in  the  title  of  this  report  for  want  of  a  name  which  shall 
include  all  operations  considered/    When  in  the  subsequent  matter 

a  The  figures  given  below  are  extracted  from  a  forthcoming  report  on  the  "Methods  and  Costs  of 
Gravel  and  Placer  Mining  in  Alaska"  (Bulletin  No. 268).  The  data  furnish  as  close  approximations 
as  the  nature  of  the  work  permits.  The  cost  of  all  supplies,  rates  of  transportation,  cost  of  labor,  and 
description  of  water,  timber,  and  fuel  resources  in  all  important  parts  of  the  Territory,  as  well  as  full 
descriptions  of  all  the  methods  of  mining  employed,  will  be  given  in  the  final  report. 

b  Placer,  according  to  a  Spanish  definition,  is  a  place  near  the  bank  of  a  river  where  gold  dust  is 
found. 

Lindley  on  Mines,  sec.  419,  makes  the  following  comments: 

"Dr.  R.  W.  Raymond  (Glossary  of  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Terms,  Trans.  A.  I.  M.  K.,  vol.  ix,  p. 
164)  defines  the  word  placer  as  a  deposit  of  valuable  mineral  found  in  particles  in  alluvium  or  dilu- 
vium, or  beds  of  streams.  He  adds  to  the  definition  the  statement  that,  by  the  United  States 
Statutes,  all  deposits  not  classed  as  veins  or  rock  in  place  are  considered  placers.  As  was  said  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  (Reynolds  v.  Iron  8.  M.  Co.,  116  U.  S.,  687-695:  6  Sup.  Ct.  Rep., 
601),  in  distinguishing  the  two  classes  of  deposits:  'Placer  mines,  though  said  by  the  statutes  to 
include  all  other  deposits  of  mineral  matter,  are  those  in  which  this  mineral  is  generally  found  in 
the  softer  materials  which  cover  the  earth's  surface,  and  not  among  the  rocks  beneath.' "  It  is  evi- 
dent that  the  tenn  placer  mining  as  used  in  the  present  report  covers  a  much  more  limited  field  than 
would  be  the  case  were  the  term  placer  used  in  its  broad  legal  sense. 

c  The  term  alluvial  mining,  used  in  Australia,  is  not  generally  employed  in  the  United  States. 

32 


purinoton.]  GRAVEL   AND   PLACER  MINING.  33 

the  terms  gravel  deposit,  gravel  washing,  and  gravel  mining  are 
employed  they  must  be  understood,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  to  include 
the  consideration  of  all  classes  of  deposits  in  which  gold  of  detrital 
origin  is  found. 

The  term  "elluviaV  has  been  applied  to  placer  deposits  formed  by 
the  rotting  of  rock  in  place  to  greater  or  less  depth/'  Such  deposits 
do  not  occur  in  the  portions  of  Alaska  visited,  and  may  be  excluded 
from  consideration. 

In  regard  to  the  valuable  contents  of  the  deposits,  it  should  be 
stated  that,  in  all  the  cases  here  considered,  gold  is  the  mineral  sought. 
Platinum  or  any  minerals  of  the  platinum  group  have  not  been  found 
in  paying  quantity  in  any  part  of  Alaska.  Alluvial  tin  has  been 
found  and  mined  in  the  western  portion  of  the  Seward  Peninsula. 
The  deposits  were  not,  however,  visited  by  the  present  expedition.* 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  ALLUVIAL  GOLD  DEPOSITS  IN  ALASKA. 

The  alluvial  gold  deposits  of  Alaska  may  be  classified  as  follows: 

Classification  of  alluvial  deposit*  in  Alaska. 


Creek  platters Placers  in,  adjacent  to,  and  at  the  level  of  small  streams. 

Hillside  placers |  Placers  on  slopes,  intermediate  between  creek  and  bench 

I      claims. 


Bench  placers 

River-bar  placers. 


Placers  in  ancient  stream  deposits  from  50  to  300  feet 
above  present  streams. 

Placers  on  gravel  flats  in  or  adjacent  to  the  beds  of  large 
streams. 

Gravel-plain     (tundra)     Placers  in  the  coastal  plain  of  Seward  Peninsula. 

placers.  | 

i 

Sea-beach  placers '  Placers  adjacent  to  the  seashore  to  which  the  waves 

have  access. 

Lake-bed  placers Placers  accumulated  in  the  beds  of  present  or  ancient 

lakes;    generally    formed    by    landslides    or   glacial 
damming. 

"Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  77,  May  ft,  1904,  p.  722. 

ft  See  the  report  of  A.  J.  Collier  (Bull.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  No.  229, 1904)  for  an  exhaustive  account  of 
the  York  tin  deposits. 

Bull.  259—06 3 


34 


ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904. 


[BULL.  259. 


The  methods  of  working  the  alluvial  gold  deposits  are  shown  in  the 
following  table: 

Methods  of  vxtrking  alluvial  gold  deposit*  in  Alaska. 


Class  of  placers*. 


Creek  placers 


Hillside  placers  c. 


Bench  placers  rf 


Method  of  working. 


Hydraulicking. 

Hydraulicking  with  hydraulic  elevator. 

Dredging. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping/'  and  shoveling  in.*> 

Open  cutting,  serrate  stripping,  and  horse  scraping. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  and  steam  ec  raping. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  wheeling,  and  cable  tram. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  and  steam  shovel. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  track  system,  and  incline. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  track  system,  and  hy- 
draulic elevator. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  track  system,  and  der- 
ricking. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  skidding,  and  derrick ing. 

Shaft,  drifting,  and  timbering. 

Shaft,  thawing,  and  drifting. 


By  the  same  methods  as  creek  claims. 


Hydraulicking. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  and  shoveling  in. 

Open  cutting,  separate  stripping,  and  horse  scraping. 

Shaft  or  adit,  drifting,  and  timbering. 

Shaft  or  adit,  thawing,  drifting,  little  timbering. 


River-bar  placers' I  Hydraulicking  with  hydraulic  elevator. 

!  Dredging. 

I  Open  cutting,  steam  shovel. 


<«  Charged  to  independent  account.    The  stripping  generally  consists  of  frozen  "  muck,"  a  mixture 
of  silt  and  ice,  which  is  ground-sluiced  off. 
t> Covers  shoveling  into  boxes  and  ground  sluice,  and  rocker  work. 
c  Detritus  varying  from  3  to  60  feet  in  thickness. 

<<  Detritus  varying  from  .">  to  150  feet  in  thickness;  in  parts  of  the  Seward  Peninsula  to  230  feet. 
e  Detritus  from  3  to  60  feet  in  thickness. 


PURINGTON.] 


GRAVEL    AND    PLACER   MINING. 


35 


Method*  of  uwrking  alluvial  gold  dejwsit*  in  Alaska — Continued. 


Claw  of  placers. 


Method  of  working. 


Gravel-plain   (tundra)  '  Hydraulicking  with  hydraulic  elevating. 
Pl**«-a  Open  cutting,  .separate  Gripping,  and  shoveling  in. 

Shaft,  thawing,  and  drifting. 


Sea-beach  placers  & 


Digging  shallow  pits  and  shoveling  in. c 

Dredging. 

Special  devices. 


Lake-bed  placers. 


Hydraulicking. 


a  Detritus  from  15  to  150  feet  in  thickness. 

b  Detritus  from  1  to  6  feet  in  thickness. 

<*  The  greater  part  of  the  gold  from  the  beach  sands  has  been  obtained  by  rockers. 

The  above  classes  are  based  on  operations  actually  seen  during  the 
season  of  1904.  Suggestions  concerning  the  application  of  other 
methods  to  certain  forms  of  deposits  are  given  in  the  body  of  the 
main  report. 

In  the  districts  visited  the  deposits  under  exploitation  as  above 
classified  were  as  follows: 

Classes  of  deposits  worked  in  districts  listied. 


Province. 

District. 

Juneau 

Class  of  placer  worked. 

South  Coast 

Creek  and  lake-bed  placers. 

Atlin 

Interior 

Creek  and  bench  placers. 

Creek,  hillside,  and  bench  placers. 

Creek  and  bench  placers. 

Creek,  hillside,  and  river-bar  placers. 

Creek  placers. 

Klondike 

Eagle 

Birch  Creek 

Fairbanks 

Seward  Peninsula . . . 

Council 

Creek,  hillside,  and  bench,  gravel-plain 
and  Hea-beach  placers. 

Creek,  hillside,  and  river-bar  placers. 

Creek  and  river-t>ar  placers. 

Solomon 

36 


ALASKAN   MINERAL   RE80URGES   IN   1904. 


[bull.  259. 


In  the  districts  not  visited  the  classes  of  deposits  are  as  follows: 

Classes  of  deposits  worked  in  districts  not  visited. 


Province. 

District. 

-  — 

('lass  of  plucer  worked. 

South  Coast 

Porcupine 

Creek  and  bench  placers. 

Do. 
Creek  placers. 

Do. 

Nizina 

Chisna 

Sunrise 





Interior 

Fortvmile  .... 

Creek  and  bench  placers. 
Do. 

Rampart 

Seward  Peninsula  . . . 

Topkok(Nome 

Port  Clarence . 
Fairhaven . 

disk ) 

Creek,     gravel-plain,     and  *  sea-beach 
placers. 

Creek  and  bench  placers. 

Do. 

Kougarok - 

Do. 

MINING  METHODS  AND  CONDITIONS. 

The  mining  of  placer  gold  in  Alaska  is  carried  on  for  the  most  part 
during  June,  July,  August,  and  September.  The  gold-bearing  gravel 
mined  during  the  remainder  of  the  year  by  winter  drifting  does  not 
exceed  15  per  cent  of  the  total  annual  amount  extracted.  The  gold  can 
not  be  washed  from  this  gravel  until  the  cessation  of  winter  conditions 
liberates  the  water  in  spring  for  sluicing  purposes.  The  sluicing  of 
the  "  winter  dumps"  takes  place  during  the  latter  part  of  Majr. 

Many  of  the  methods  of  mining  have  been  developed  within  the  last 
ten  years  to  suit  the  unusual  conditions  existing  in  the  northern  gold 
fields.  Gravel  miners  from  other  parts  of  the  world  found  that  in 
Alaska  much  of  their  previous  experience  proved  of  no  special  benefit. 
On  the  other  hand,  men  without  previous  experience  in  mining,  but 
possessing  ingenuity,  have  occasionally  adopted  devices  which  have 
proved  efficient  and  adequate  to  meet  the  northern  conditions. 
Methods  which  had  been  condemned  or  tried  with  ill  success  in  other 
countries  have  given  good  results  in  Alaska,  while  the  attempts  to 
apply  hydraulic  or  mechanical  methods  of  established  reputation  else- 
where have  frequently  resulted  in  ignominious  failure. 

Mining  operations  have  been  made  difficult  by  the  short  available 
season,  the  lack  of  grade  to  the  streams,  poor  water  supply,  poverty 
of  timber  resources,  high  cost  of  labor  and  transportation,  concentra- 
tion of  gold  on  and  in  the  bed  rock  and  comparatively  great  thickness 
of  barren  overburden,  the  frozen,  or  worse  still,  half-frozen  condition 
of  the  gravel.  Jack  of  wagon  roads,  aud  inadequate  mining  and  police 


MmiNGTON.]  GRAVEL   AND   PLACER   MINING.  37 

regulations.  In  spite  of  these  obstacles  the  wide  and  fairly  uniform 
distribution  of  alluvial  gold  over  large  areas  of  Alaska  hitherto  unex- 
ploited,  the  uniformly  healthful  and  even  enjoyable  climate  of  the 
country,  and  the  proximity  of  the  phenomenally  rich  gold  fields  of  the 
British  Yukon  territory,  offer  a  certain  justification  for  the  present 
energetic  prospecting  and  mining  for  gold  over  so  extensive  an  area. 

The  main  impressions  derived  from  an  inspection  of  the  placer  gold 
fields  of  the  north  are  as  follows:  (1)  Operations  requiring  the  instal- 
lation of  expensive  plants  are  frequently  undertaken  before  adequate 
sampling  of  the  ground  has  been  done;  (2)  the  methods  of  mining  and 
conveying  the  auriferous  material,  while  often  leaving  much  to  be 
desired  from  the  standpoint  of  economy,  are,  hi  the  main,  developing 
along  favorable  lines;  (3)  the  gold-washing  and  gold-saving  appli- 
ances in  use-  are,  in  numerous  cases,  inexcusably  crude  and  inefficient. 

The  winning  of  gold  from  alluvial  material  is  a  business  difficult 
both  to  learn  and  to  conduct  successfully.  The  careful  miner,  like 
the  careful  manufacturer,  will  give  as  much  attention  to  one  part  of 
his  business  as  to  another,  irrespective  of  the  scale  on  which  it  is  con- 
ducted. The  extensive  but  not  remarkably  rich  gold-bearing  area  of 
Alaska  offers  a  field  for  men  who  propose  to  conduct  their  operations 
with  energy,  intelligence,  and  economy.  To  others  it  can  afford  only 
ultimate  poverty  and  despair. 

The  South  Coast  province  is  characterized  by  heavy  grades,  abun- 
dant water  supply,  and  good  timber.  Gold- bearing  gravels  are,  how- 
ever, distributed  in  small  quantity  and,  however  good  the  conditions 
for  the  installation  of  hydraulic  plants,  the  province  remains  an  unim- 
portant producer  of  alluvial  gold. 

The  Interior  province  promises  to  continue  for  many  years  a  fairly 
important  producer.  Geographically  considered,  the  phenomenal 
Canadian  deposits  of  the  Klondike  come  under  this  province.  No 
gravels  approaching  the  Klondike  deposits  in  richness  have  been  found 
on  the  American  side,  but  a  large  area  yet  remains  to  be  prospected. 

Owing  to  the  topographic  conditions,  low  grades  to  creeks,  and 
insufficient  water  supply  at  an  available  elevation,  hydraulicking  on 
any  but  the  smallest  scale  is  impossible.  Many  of  the  creek  deposits 
are  shallow,  and,  besides  the  primitive  method  of  shoveling  into  sluice 
boxes,  so  largely  in  practice,  there  is  a  considerable  field  for  the  instal- 
lation of  horse-scraping  methods  and  the  installation  of  simple 
mechanical  plants.  Solidly  frozen  creek  deposits  exceeding  15  feet  in 
depth  can  be  most  economically  worked  by  drifting  methods,  as  here- 
tofore. Experience  gained  in  the  Klondike  has  been  invaluable  to  the 
miners  now  developing  the  new  Fairbanks  field.  There  is  room,  how- 
ever, for  considerable  improvement  and  reduction  of  expense  in  the 
methods  employed. 

The  nat'iral  conditions  prevailing  in  the  Alaska  interior  gold  field 


38  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCE**    IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

imply  great  age  and  erosion  subsequent  to  any  deposition  beneath  sea 
level.  Topographic  conditions  exercise  a  remarkable  control  over  the 
methods  which  can  profitably  be  employed  in  grave]  mining,  and  the 
prospective  miner  neglects  a  vital  part  of  his  preparation  if  he  does 
not  study  the  topographic  features  of  a  given  district  in  detail  before 
entering  upon  operations.  In  California  and  Australia  the  geologic 
and  topographic  conditions  favor  the  placer  miner.  In  other  coun- 
tries, notably  in  Siberia,  Alaska,  and  the  Yukon  territory,  they  are 
inimical  to  his  success.  In  Alaska,  as  a  rule,  alluvial  gold  is  almost 
entirely  lacking  where  timber  and  water  are  plenty,  grades  steep,  and 
the  ground  unfrozen.  Where  gold  is  distributed  in  paying  quantity 
water  supply  is  inadequate,  timber  is  poor  or  altogether  lacking,  and 
the  miner  must  provide  grade  for  his  boxes  and  dump  for  his  tailings 
by  artificial  means  and  meet  the  formidable  condition  of  solidly  frozen 
alluvium.  Bench  deposits,  where  gravel  can  be  moved  on  natural 
grade,  occur  in  both  the  Fortymile  and  Rampart  districts  of  interior 
Alaska,  and  have  been  made  to  produce  a  small  amount  of  gold  by  the 
hydraulic  method.  Although  it  is  not  impossible  that  extensive  and 
valuable  bench  deposits  may  yet  be  found,  no  deposit  comparing  either 
in  extent  or  in  richness  with  the  famous  "white  channel"  of  the 
Klondike  has  been  discovered.  " 

In  that  portion  of  the  Alaska  interior  lying  between  Circle,  on  the 
Yukon,  and  Fairbanks,  on  the  Tanana,  the  mountains  rise  to  heights  of 
from  1,500  to  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  streams,  have  rounded 
tops,  and  slope  to  the  intervening  valleys  at  angles  which  do  not  exceed 
20  degrees,  and  often  are  not  greater  than  10  degrees.  The  streams 
and  valleys  are  on  a  gently  descending  plain,  the  grade  of  which  does 
not  exceed  3  per  cent,  except  in  the  upper  onerhalf  mile,  and  frequently 
is  not  over  1  per  cent.  The  mountains  are  referred  to  by  the  inhabi- 
tants as  "  domes,"  and  the  word  fairly  well  describes  them.  They 
present  what  corresponds  most  nearly  to  the  upper  segment  of  a  great 
ellipsoid  except  in  the  cases  where  the  erosion  has  not  been  sufficient 
to  accomplish  the  obliteration  of  a  still  more  ancient  topography. 
This  ancient  surface,  remnants  of  which  are  visible  on  the  tops  of  the 
highest  mountains,  was  evidently  a  base-leveled  plain  which  was 
approximately  2,500  feet  above  the  present  drainage  plain.  Although 
the  base-leveling  is  apparent  to  the  eye  it  is  not  evidenced  by  the 
presence  of  rounded  gravel  on  its  surface.  The  lack  of  gravel  is 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  second  denudation  has  progressed 
for  a  great  period,  and  the  comparatively  small  amount  or  vertical 
section  of  gravel  which  existed  subsequent  to  the  elevation  has  been 
worn  away. 

In  the  Klondike  recent  streams  have  cut  the  old  Pleistocene  chan- 
nels and  have   reconcentrated  the  gold/'    The  gold  is  about  equally 

f* See  McConnell,  R.  G.,  Preliminary  report  on  the  KVonoAVxs  go\&  fa\ta*.  Qw\.%wi^  Q&v\«d»^  19QQ. 


ptrinoton]  GRAVEL    AND   PLACER   MINING.  39 

distributed  in  the  old  and  in  the  new  gravels.  From  the  miner's 
standpoint,  therefore,  in  the  Klonkide  region  there  are  two  great 
classes  of  mining  to  he  considered,  namely,  creek  mining  and  bench 
mining.  Outside  of  these  two  classes  there  is  no  mining  in  the  Klon- 
dike of  productive  importance. 

In  the  Birch  Creek  district,  especially  on  Deadwood  Creek,  there  is 
a  very  small  amount  of  gravel  in  low  benches,  which  may  be  termed 
hillside  deposits.  The  bulk  of  the  mining,  perhaps  90  per  cent  of  it, 
is  creek  mining  in  its  various  forms.  The  terms  bench  deposit,  hill- 
side deposit,  and  the  like  are  very  loosely  applied  by  the  miners  of  the 
northwest,  and  the  names  are  given  to  classes  of  mining  to  which  they 
do  not  in  any  sense  apply.  This. looseness  of  nomenclature  is  apparent 
in  the  Fairbanks  district,  where  the  term  bench  mining  is  applied  on 
Cleary  Creek  to  the  operations  which  are  in  progress  at  the  left 
bank  of  the  stream  one-fourth  mile  above  the  junction  of  Cleary  and 
Chatham  creeks.  But  whereas  the  depth  to  bed  rock  in  the  main  creek 
at  this  point  is  18  feet,  the  depth  on  the  so-called  bench,  700  feet  to 
the  left,  is  53  feet,  and  the  level  of  the  bed  rock  at  which  the  gravel 
is  found  is  practically  the  same.  In  the  one  case,  namely,  in  the  creek 
working,  the  overburden  is  6  feet  of  muck,  while  in  the  "tanch"  to 
the  left  the  overburden  is  over  45  feet  of  muck.  The  gently  sloping 
side  of  the  valley  at  this  point  is  unbroken  in  outline. 

Observations  along  the  various  producing  creeks  and  from  the 
hilltops  have  failed  to  distinguish  any  traces  of  bench  topography 
in  the  Fairbanks  district.  Such  placer  mining  as  is  carried  on  there 
comes  under  the  head  of  creek  mining.  Geological  evidence,  how- 
ever, suggests  that  bench  deposits  occur  in  the  region  lying  between 
the  Fairbanks  and  Rampart  districts. 

The  methods  applicable  to  bench  mining  at  Dawson  can  not  be 
used  in  the  Fairbanks  district,  and  all  thought  of  applying  them  must 
be  eliminated.  The  country  being  in  every  sense  one  of  more  gentle 
topography,  there  is  no  room  for  the  disposal  of  tailings  from  bench 
operations  conducted  by  hydraulicking. 

On  Pedro  and  Twin  creeks  there  are  about  2  miles  of  ground  less 
than  15  feet  in  depth  which  can  be  worked  by  open  cutting,  either  by 
shoveling  into  sluice  l>oxes  or  by  der ricking.  On  a  portion  of  this 
ground  it  is  possible  to  handle  the  water  by  bed-rock  drain.  Open- 
cut  mining  has  also  been  successful  on  Chatham  Creek  near  its  junction 
with  Cleary.  In  all  other  portions  of  the  district,  so  far  as  developed, 
drift  mining  according  to  the  Klondike  system  of  thawing  either  with 
steam  or  hot-water  hydraulicking,  hoisting,  and  conveying  by  means 
of  the  self-dumping  bucket  on  cable  tram  will  probably  be  found 
most  economical.  The  writer  would  suggest  the  method  of  under- 
ground hot-water  hydraulicking  to  the  miners  of  Cleary  Creek,  while 
on  Fairbanks  Creek   steam   thawing  appears   to  be  advisable.    The 


40  ALA8KAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

efficiency  of  the  hot  water  method  as  used  in  the  Klondike  is  from  5 
to  6  cubic  yards  per  horsepower  generated  in  the  boiler,  as  against 
3  cubic  yards  with  steam.  The  method  can,  however,  be  applied  only 
under  certain  favorable  conditions. 

In  the  Seward  Peninsula  the  greater  rainfall,  larger  catchment  areas 
at  the  heads  of  the  long  rivers,  and  the  comparative  cheapness  with 
which  ditches  can  be  constructed  have  led  to  the  investment  of  much 
capital  in  long  water  conduits.  For  example,  a  ditch  system  of  54 
miles,  built  at  an  expenditure  of  $300,000  and  costing  $15,000  annually 
to  maintain,  supplies  2,000  miner's  inches  of  water  at  360  feet  head  for 
four  months* in  the  3Tear.  Approximately  200  miles  of  ditches  have 
been  built  in  various  parts  of  the  peninsula.  Excavations  of  earth- 
work for  ditch  building  in  the  peninsula  average  $1  per  cubic  yard. 

Hydraulicking  without  the  use  of  hydraulic  lifts  is  economically 
impossible,  except  in  extremely  rare  cases.  Bench  gravels  in  the 
front  of  Anvil  Mountain,  facing  the  sea,  can  be  hydraulicked  if  water 
at  a  sufficient  head  can  be  obtained  at  an  expense  which  is  not  pro- 
hibitive. The  remarkable  ancient  gravel  channel  which  cuts  the 
southern  portion  of  the  pen  insula  from  east  to  west,  extending  from 
the  Fish  River  along  the  Casadepaga  and  Kuzitrin  rivers  to  Port 
Clarence,  lies  at  so  low  a  level  that  the  present  streams  have  not  cut 
through  it  to  bed  rock.  Except  where  subordinate  pay  streaks  exist 
in  it  above  the  present  stream,  therefore,  the  physiographic  conditions 
will  forbid  its  gravels  being  hydraulicked,  while  any  other  form  of 
open  cutting  is  manifestly  impossible.  It  has  been  little  explored, 
and  portions  of  it  may  be  found  rich  enough  to  drift. 

Horse  scraping,  steam  or  power  scraping,  derricking,  and  the  appli- 
cation of  the  mechanical  shovel,  accompanied  in  most  cases  by  ground 
sluicing  of  the  frozen  muck,  should  receive  consideration  from  the 
creek  operators  in  the  Seward  Peninsula,  where  the  deposits  are  less 
than  15  feet  in  depth.  The  low  price  of  winter  labor  ($2.50  a  day  and 
hoard)  should  permit  of  an  increasing  amount  of  winter  drifting  work 
throughout  the  peninsula. 

It  will  doubtless  eventually  be  found  that  the  power  of  water  under 
pressure  can  be  more  successfully  applied  to  the  working  of  the 
average  Seward  Peninsula  placer  by  generating  electric  power  and 
applying  it  to  various  mechanical  devices.  While  it  can  not  be  denied 
that  some  of  the  hydraulic  elevator  installations  are  handling  the 
gravel  at  a  profit,  the  contrivance  is  a  makeshift,  and  its  use  forms  no 
part  of  bona  tide  hydraulic  mining. 


purinoton.]  GRAVEL    AND   PLACER   MINING.  41 

MINING  COSTS. 

The  average  value  of  fuels  in  Alaska  an  evidenced  by  present  oper- 
ations is  as  follows: 

(but  of  fuel*  available  for  u*e  in  Alaska. 

Bituminous  coal,  price  at  Nome $17  per  ton  (2,000  pounds) 

Crude  oil,  price  at  Nome $8  per  barrel 

Spruce  wood,  average  price  in  the  interior $12  per  cord 

Experience  in  the  Nome  district  indicates  that  California  crude  oil  is 
the  most  economical  fuel  available  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Seward 
Peninsula.  In  the  interior  of  Alaska  the  price  of  imported  crude  oil 
renders  its  use  prohibitive  for  mining  operations. 

The  recently  exhibited  tests  of  the  adaptability  and  efficiency  of 
gas-producer  engines  should  receive  attention  from  operators  who 
contemplate  the  installation  of  mechanical  plants  in  any  part,  of  Alaska. 
There  is  no  question  that  bituminous  coal  and  lignite  can  be  utilized 
for  gas  producers,  giving  proportionately  tatter  results  than  anthra- 
cite. An  engineer  operating  a  large  pumping  plant  in  the  Klondike 
is  of  the  opinion  that  even  the  poor  spruce  wood  available  for  fuel  in 
interior  Alaska  can  ta  utilized  in  the  gas-producer  engine.  The  prej- 
udices which  exist  against  the  explosion  type  of  engine  in  the  United 
States  are  fast  disappearing.  They  have  been  due  to  faulty  construc- 
tion of  the  engines  and  lack  of  knowledge  of  their  principle  among 
those  who  attempt  to  operate  them.  The  present  valid  objections  to 
installing  gas  and  gas-producer  engines  arc  that  these  engines  are 
undergoing  a  process  of  evolution,  and  the  standard  has  not  been, 
attained.  According  to  Mr.  M.  R.  Campbell,  the  Government  coal- 
testing  plant  at  St.  Louis  has  demonstrated  that  a  gain  of  from  30 
to  50  per  cent  of  efficiency  is  attainable  in  the  gas-producing  as 
compared  with  the  steam-producing  engine.*1 

The  comparatively  low  cost  of  California  crude  oil  at  Nome  renders 
it  a  valuable  fuel  for  the  mining  operations  in  that  vicinity.  The  sat- 
isfactory results  from  one  type  of  gas  engine  at  St.  Louis  showed  that 
crude  oils  of  widely  varying  composition  can  be  used  for  explosive 
engines  with  a  higher  efficiency  than  in  generating  steam. 

The  purchase  of  water  for  hydraulic  or  sluice  purposes  is  not  general 
in  Alaska.  In  the  Seward  Peninsula,  water  under  natural  head  or 
pumped  water  is  sold  to  miners  to  a  limited  extent.  The  average 
price  is  $1  per  miner's  inch,  twenty  four  hours'  service,  for  water 
under  head  and  50  cents  for  sluice  water.  The  inch  used  corresponds 
to  1.2  cubic  feet  per  minute.  This  definition  of  the  miner's  inch  is  not 
accepted  in  this  report.  The  miner's  inch,  according  to  its  best  usage, 
which  is  followed  in  this  report,  corresponds  for  all  practical  purposes 

f*See  Preliminary  report  of  ihe  operations  of  the  coal-testing  plant  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St,  Louis,  Mo.,  VWi*.  Vro\V.  VS.  S>.  Q«&.,e*axv^  >5*su 
261,  1905. 


42  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

to  a  flow  of  1.5  cubic  feet  per  minute.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  if  the 
Federal  Government  ever  succeeds  in  establishing  an  adequate  code 
of  mining  law  for  its  possessions  a  definition  of  the  miner's  inch  will 
be  included. 

The  data  in  the  following  table  have  been  compiled  from  statistics 
collected  during  an  inspection  in  the  summer  of  1904  of  the  placer 
fields  in  Alaska,  Yukon  Territory,  and  northern  British  Columbia. 
Of  the  statements  furnished  by  operators,  only  those  which  are  con- 
sidered reliable  have  been  used.  The  work  attempted  had  no  relation 
to  the  sampling  or  valuing  of  mining  properties,  and  time  did  not 
permit,  except  in  a  few  cases,  the  measuring  of  the  ground. 

Owing  to  the  varying  conditions  governing  the  cost  of  mining  in 
the  north,  the  Territory  has  been  divided  into  three  provinces.  The 
South  Coast  province  includes  the  Juneau,  Porcupine,  and  Sunrise  dis- 
tricts of  Alaska.  The  Interior  province  includes  the  Atlin  district  of 
British  Columbia,  the  Klondike  district  of  Yukon  Territory,  and  the 
Fortymile,  Eagle,  Birch  Creek,  Fairbanks,  and  Rampart  districts  of 
Alaska.  The  Seward  Peninsula  province  includes  the  Nome,  Council, 
and  Solomon  districts  of  Alaska. 

The  Nizina  district  of  the  South  Coast  province  and  the  Port  Clar- 
ence, Fairhaven,  and  Kougarok  districts  of  the  Seward  Peninsula,  none 
of  which  were  visited,  are  separately  considered. 

In  preparing  the  sheet  the  working  costs  of  118  different  operations 
were  first  tabulated -with  reference  to  the  method  employed  and  to 
situation.  A  second  table  was  then  prepared,  in  which  the  working 
cost  was  augmented  by  an  amount  per  cubic  yard  based  on  allowance 
for  depreciation  of  plant.  In  general  six  years  was  taken  as  the  aver- 
age life  of  an  individual  property,  and,  except  in  the  case  of  winter 
drifting  operations,  one  hundred  and  twenty  days  as  the  working  sea- 
son. It  was  then  assumed  that  five  annual  payments  are  made  to  a 
depreciation  fund.  The  fund  is  equivalent  to  the  cost  of  plant  and 
maintenance  during  the  life  of  the  property  plus  six  years'  simple 
interest  on  the  investment  at  5  per  cent.  Each  annual  payment  was 
divided  by  the  season's  output  in  cubic  yards,  and  the  amount  thus 
obtained  added  to  the  daily  working  expenses,  to  get  the  total  output 
cost  per  yard,  as  far  as  possible.  Prices  paid  for  mining  property 
are  taken  no  account  of,  as  they  represent  an  unknown  factor. 

In  cases  where  expensive  plants  have  been  installed  the  amortization 
was  separately  figured  for  each  case. 

In  cases  of  shoveling-in  and  small  mechanical  plants,  the  installation 
and  maintenance  cost  was  taken  at  an  average  amount  for  a  group  of 
operations  in  each  district.  Where  the  operation  implies  an  additional 
stripping  of  overburden,  which  is  always  separately  charged,  the  cost 
was  distributed  and  added  to  the  gravel  extraction  cost. 

From  the  .second  table,  where  the  costs  were  reduced  to  one  figure 
for  each  district,  a  third  (the  accompanying  ovv^  ^^^^ra^^rvc^ 


pl'rington.]  GRAVEL    AND    PLACER   MINING.  43 

as  nearly  as  possible  the  average  cost  for  each  of  the  seventeen  separ- 
ate methods  considered  in  one  or  more  of  the  three  provinces.  Where 
the  operations  from  which  the  averages  are  derived  exceed  two  in 
number,  the  fact  is  so  indicated  in  the  table. 

The  attempt  has  been  made  to  reject  figures  which  were  evidently 
not  representative.  The  final  figure  arrived  at  is  not,  however,  always 
satisfactory.  For  example,  under  No.  5  (the  method  of  working  open 
cut  by  shoveling  into  wheelbarrows,  wheeling  to  bucket,  hoisting,  and 
conveying  to  sluice  by  self -dumping  carrier  on  cable)  $2.14  is  repre- 
sentative for  the  Klondike,  where  seepage  water  is  generally  pumped 
from  the  pit,  and  many  operators  pump  the  water  for  sluicing.  On 
the  other  hand,  at  a  plant  in  the  Birch  Creek  district  of  Alaska,  mining 
only  22  cubic  yards  per  day  and  handling  the  water  by  a  drain,  the  cost 
of  operation  was  $1.50  per  cubic  yard.  In  No.  13  (drifting  solidly 
frozen  ground,  steam  or  hot-water  thawing,  hoisting  and  conveying 
with  the  use  of  the  self-dumping  bucket)  the  cost  in  the  Klondike  is 
$1.J)5,  while  the  higher  figure  given  is  arrived  at  by  combining  the 
expensive  American  camps' of  Fortymile  and  Fairbanks,  where  the 
cost  is  $4.63  and  $8.56,  respectively. 

The  high  cost  of  hydraulicking  with  use  of  hydraulic  lift  in  the 
Seward  Peninsula  is  caused  by  the  difficulty  of  moving  the  gravel  to 
the  bed-rock  sluice a  and  the  expense  of  the  ditches  and  installations. 
Hydraulicking  by  means  of  water  under  natural  head  without  the  use 
of  theliydraulic  lift,  or  some  other  means  of  elevating  the  material, 
was  not  seen  by  the  writer  in  the  Seward  Peninsula.  It  is  understood 
that  an  hydraulic  plant  is  in  successful  operation  at  Blutf,  50  miles  to 
the  east  of  Nome,  but  there  are  no  data  at  hand  concerning  it. 

In  the  interior  only  bench  gravels  are  hydraulicked.  Steeper  grades 
for  sluices  can  be  obtained,  and  the  gravel  is  more  easily  moved.  The 
high  duty  of  the  miner's  inch  in  the  Klondike  is  a  large  factor  in  bring- 
ing down  the  cost  of  No.  1  and  No.  16. 

It  should  be  distinctly  understood,  if  hydraulicking  costs  in  the 
interior  appear  attractively  low,  that  the  water  supply  is  exceedingly 
variable,  and  that  no  reliable  estimate  can  be  made  beforehand  of  the 
output  of  a  given  season's  operations.  Furthermore,  while  much  of 
the  bench  gravel  was  originally  rich,  the  pay  streaks  have  been  largely 
drifted  out,  and  the  gold  is  not  disseminated  through  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  gravel  to  the  extent  that  it  is  in  the  California  gravel 
banks.  With  regard  to  the  pumping  of  water  for  hydraulicking  pur- 
poses, the  practice  can  not  be  too  strongly  condemned.  He  is  a  l>ojd 
man  who  attempts  it,  and  a  singularly  fortunate  one  who  makes  a  finan- 
cial success  of  it. 


«  This  is  caused  not  only  by  the  exceedingly  gentle  grade*  of  the  streams,  but  also  by  the  shingly 
character  of  the  material  handled. 


44  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN    1904.  (bull.  259. 

Mr.  Stephen  Birch,  operating  in  the  Nizina  district  of  Alaska,  has 
courteously  furnished  for  this  report  a  summary  of  the  costs  of  work- 
ing placer  ground  on  Dan  Creek.  These  figures  are  given  separately 
(p.  46)  following  the  table,  as  they  imply  a  total  charge  of  invested 
capital  in  addition  to  working  costs  against  one  season's  operations. 
They  are  worthy  the  attention  of  prospective  placer  miners. 

The  cost  of  shoveling  into  sluice  boxes  in  the  remote  parts  of  the 
Seward  Peninsula  is  at  present  from  $3  to  $5  per  cubic  yard.  Some 
drifting  operations  have  been  carried  on  in  the  Kougarok  and  Fair- 
haven  districts,  on  which  figures  are  not  at  hand. 

Dredging  estimates  furnished  by  trustworthy  interior  operators 
place  the  cost  at  80  cents  where  gravel  must  be  thawed  by  points  ahead 
of  the  dredge.  In  the  Seward  Peninsula  it  is  estimated  that  if  the  prop- 
erty is  sufficiently  large  for  a  ten-year  life  to  be  allowed,  a  dredge  can 
be  operated  at  the  cost  of  30  cents  per  cubic  yard.  The  field  for 
dredges  in  placer  mining  in  Alaska  is  extremely  limited.  In  the 
Seward  Peninsula  it  is  not  impossible  that  some  of  the  wide,  shallow 
creek  deposits  will  be  worked  successfully  by  means  of  the  steam 
scraper.  The  cost  of  an  experimental  operation  on  Ophir  Creek  was 
reported  to  be  under  20  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  costs  of  operating  by  two  mechanical  systems  in  the  Seward 
Peninsula  (involving  the  labor  of  men  in  shoveling  into  cars  and 
tramming  to  the  bottom  of  an  incline,  or  to  a  bed-rock  sluice  leading  to 
hydraulic  elevator  throat)  are,  unfortunately,  not  available  for  publi- 
cation. The  derricking  system,  No.  7,  however,  both  in  the  interior 
and  on  the  Seward  Peninsula,  appears  to  be  superior  in  point  of  cost  to 
either  of  the  above  mentioned,  for  the  working  of  the  average  Alaska 
open  cuts. 

Frozen  ground  can  not  be  attacked  with  success  by  the  steam  shovel. 
Even  where  it  digs  the  gravel  successfully,  if  fnen  follow  it  to  clean 
bed  rock  by  hand,  the  cost  of  operating  is  sometimes  doubled.  The 
steam  shovel  has,  however,  a  field  in  northern  placer  mining. 

Regarding  mechanical  operations  in  general,  the  important  princi- 
ple should  be  emphasized  that  the  main  expense  is  getting  the  mate- 
rial into  the  receptacle  which  conveys  it  to  the  sluice  or  washing  plant. 
Tramming,  even  for  a  long  distance  and  to  a  considerable  elevation, 
adds  a  very  small  proportionate  amount  to  the  total  cost  of  working. 
The  establishment  of  a  permanent  washing  plant,  economically  situated 
as  regards  water  supply  and  dump,  should  be  considered  by  every 
Alaskan  miner  who  purposes  working  the  shallow  creek  deposits 
which  characterize  that  country.  The  isolation  of  the  washing  opera- 
tions, together  with  the  adoption  of  the  most  economical  system  of 
tramming  possible,  will  go  far  toward  attaining  the  ends  of  adequate 
grade  and  room  for  tailings,  which  are  the  sine  qua  non  accompani- 
ments  of  successful  gravel  mining. 


GRAVEL    AND   PLACER    MINING. 


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46  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull,  m 

Mr.  Stephen  Birch,  in  a  letter,  gives  the  cost  of  placer  work  on  Dan 
Creek,  Nizina  district,  Alaska,  as  follows: 

By  ground  sluicing  through  20-inch  flume:  6,803  cubic  yards,  $8,781.44,  or  $1,143 
per  cubic  yard. 

By  use  of  8-inch  cotton  pressure-hose  and  nozzle  through  20-inch  flume:  1,600 
cubic  yards,  $1,457,  or  $0.91  per  cubic  yard. 

By  use  of  pick  and  shovel  only,  through  10-inch  sluice  box :  2,320  cubic  yards, 
$5,100,  or  $1,875  per  cubic  yard. 

A  273-foot  tunnel,  6  feet  by  6  feet,  timbered:  $1,017,  or  $3,725  per  running  foot,  or 
407  cubic  yards  of  gravel  removed,  which  costs  $2.50  per  cubic  yard. 

While  the  cost  given  above  may  seem  high,  it  is  because  of  the  fact  that  it  includes 
the  cost  of  the  tools  and  material  now  on  hand,  which  were  necessary  to  remove  this 
gravel.  Now,  if  this  work  is  continued  for  a  number  of  years,  the  depreciation  of 
the  tools,  etc. ,  could  be  charged  proportionately.  These  prices  may  not  be  a  criterion 
for  future  o[>erations  in  that  country,  but  were  our  first  cost  of  operation,  and  any 
strangers  going  into  that  section  of  country  would  be  apt  to  run  up  their  costs  to  these 
figures. 


ECONOMIC  DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SOUTHEASTERN  ALASKA. 


By  F.  K.  and  C.  W.  Wright. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  portion  of  southeastern  Alaska  which  has  been  called  into 
prominence  of  late  by  the  international  boundary  decisions  is  a  narrow 
strip  of  coast  land  extending  northwestward  from  Dixon  Entrance  and 
Portland  Canal  to  Mount  St.  Elias,  the  highest  of  a  chain  of  peaks 
marking  the  boundary  between  Alaska  and  the  Yukon  district  of 
Canada.  From  Dixon  Entrance  to  the  head  of  Lynn  Canal  this  coastal 
area  may  be  described  as  a  partially  submerged  mountain  range,  form- 
ing in  the  Pacific  Ocean  an  archipelago  of  precipitous  islands.  These 
rise  abruptly  from  salt  water  and  are  separated  from  each  other  by 
deep,  narrow  fiords  and  channels,  or  u  canals,"  the  whole  forming  a 
remarkable  inland  passage,  which,  for  scenic  effects,  is  unrivaled  by 
any  district  in  America. 

To  this  field  the  writers  were  assigned,  with  instructions  to  examine 
the  mining  districts  and  to  collect  information  on  the  economic  condi- 
tions at  present  prevailing.  The  season's  work  in  this  area  for  1904 
was  begun  in  the  latter  part  of  May  and  completed  about  the  first  of 
October.  During  June  the  geologic  cross  section  from  the  head  of 
Taku  Inlet  to  Sitka  by  way  of  Peril  Straits  was  studied,  and  the  min- 
ing camps  at  Funter  Bay,  Freshwater  Bay,  and  Rodman  Bay  were 
visited.  In  July  the  senior  author  made  an  investigation  of  the  mines 
and  prospects  of  the  Sitka  region,  while  the  junior  author  examined 
the  coal  and  metalliferous  deposits  of  Admiralty  Island.  August  was 
spent  in  mapping  the  geology  along  the  coast  from  Sitka  to  Wrangell, 
and  in  making  a  reconnaissance  of  the  Wrangell  mining  district.  The 
latter  part  of  the  month  and  the  first  ten  days  of  September  were  occu- 
pied by  the  senior  author  in  studying  the  formations  exposed  for  180 
miles  up  the  Stikine  River,  which  intersects  the  Coast  Range.  The 
junior  author,  during  this  time,  completed  the  geologic  reconnaissance 
of  the  mainland  from  Windham  Bay  to  Cleveland  Peninsula.  The 
remaining  weeks  in  September  were  devoted  to  collecting  data  on  the 
recent  mine  improvements  and  the  character  of  the  ore  deposits  in  the 
Ketchikan  district. 

47 


48  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  239. 

Because  of  the  illness  of  the  senior  author  the  preparation  of  this 
paper  has  fallen  chiefly  to  the  junior  author,  who  has  abstracted  the 
notes  of  the  former  and  presents  the  following  conclusions. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  give  a  brief  summary  of  the  eco- 
nomic developments  which  have  been  made  during  the  past  few  years 
in  southeastern  Alaska.  A  more  complete  discussion  of  investiga- 
tions, accompanied  by  maps  of  the  region,  is  in  preparation  and  will 
be  published  later. 

The  total  gold  production  from  southeastern  Alaska  for  1904, 
excluding  that  of  the  Treadwell  group  of  mines,  is  estimated  to  aggre- 
gate $275,000.  The  yield  of  the  Treadwell  mines  will  be  approxi- 
mately $3,000,000.  The  production  of  silver  will  not  be  greater  than 
$30,000,  and,  excepting  small  shipments  for  smelter  tests,  that  of  cop- 
per has  been  nil. 

GEOLOGY. 

To  make  clear  the  descriptions  of  the  ore  deposits,  the  general  geo- 
logic character  of  the  Alexander  Archipelago  will  be  briefly  described, 
after  which  the  several  mining  districts  will  be  treated  in  turn. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  distribution  of  the  coast  formations  in  wide,  extensive  belts,  all 
striking  in  a  general  northwest-southeast  direction  with  relatively 
steep  dips,  facilitates  the  geologic  mapping  to  a  great  degree.  The 
arrangement  of  the  sedimentary  rocks  points  to  simple  structure,  and 
though  folds  a  thousand  feet  or  more  in  width  are  prominent  among 
the  islands,  a  duplication  of  the  beds  on  a  large  scale  has  not  been 
observed.  Numerous  intrusions  of  igneous  rocks,  essentially  of  granite, 
diorite,  and  gabbro,  have  caused  a  displacement  and  me  tamo  rph  ism  of 
the  sedimentary  beds,  rendering  difficult  a  grouping  into  continuous 
series.  The  lack  of  fossils  in  many  of  the  strata  likewise  prevents  at 
the  present  time  a  definite  correlation  of  the  formations. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF   ROCKS. 

The  main  mountain  mass  between  the  international  boundary  and  tide 
water  is  composed  of  a  light-gray  eruptive  rock.  This  rock  in  general 
l  esemblesa  granite  and  is  usually  so  named,  but  microscopic  examination 
proves  it  to  be  a  granodiorite  or  a  quartz-diorite  of  coarse  crystalline 
texture.  Southwest  of  this  Coast  Range  invasion  are  gneissoid  rocks 
and  highly  metamorphic  schists,  interstratified  with  narrow  belts  of 
marble.  Adjacent  to  these  and  bordering  the  coast  of  the  mainland 
are  argillaceous  slates,  more  or  less  carbonaceous,  including  limestones, 
and  these  again  are  followed  by  extensive  belts  of  more  or  less  schis- 
tose greenstone. 


WRIGHT  A 
WRIGHT 


ND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   80UTHEASTEBN    ALASKA.  49 


Among  the  islands  of  the  archipelago  a  particular  formation  is  not 
continuous  along  aydetinite  line,  and  cross  sections  vary  in  different 
latitudes.  These  islands  are  composed  in  the  main  of  wide,  intrusive, 
granitic  belts,  often  forming  the  core  of  the  islands;  of  Paleozoic  lime- 
stone beds  in  places  several  miles  in  width,  and  of  wide  areas  of  intru- 
sive greenstones,  usually  schistose.  On  some  of  the  islands  black 
slates  are  prominent,  and  probably  form  the  bed  rock  of  many  of  the 
channels.  Where  slates  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  an  intrusive  belt  they 
are  invariably  altered  to  mica-schist  and  hornfels,  and  similarly  many 
of  the  limestone  beds  have  been  changed  to  marble.  In  the  vicinity 
of  Sitka  and  farther  southward,  along  the  Pacific  coast,  extensive 
though  relatively  narrow  belts  of  gray  wacke  form  the  country  rock. 

A  very  much  younger  group  of  comparatively  flat-lying  rocks  rest 
upon  the  upturned  and  eroded  edges  of  the  older  sediments.  They 
comprise  a  series  of  sandstones  and  conglomerates  interstratified  with 
numerous  coal  seams  containing  fossils  of  Eocene  age.a  These  beds 
appear  to  have  been  deposited  in  relatively  low,  flat  areas,  notably  on 
Admiralty  and  Kuiu  islands,  subsequent  to  the  upheaval  of  the  moun- 
tain ranges,  and  were  not  subjected  to  the  dynamic  forces  which  caused 
the  metnmorphism  and  folding  of  the  underlying  limestones  and 
associated  strata.  These  Eocene  beds  show  evidence  of  only  gentle 
folding  accompanied  by  slight  faulting. 

Subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  the  coal  beds  portions  of  the  two 
above-mentioned  islands  were  covered  by  flows  of  andesitic  lava,  dikes 
of  which  are  also  found  on  many  of  the  other  islands,  cutting  the  older 
sediments. 

MINERALIZATION. 

Lode  systems,  following  definite  geologic  horizons,  have  been  traced 
for  many  miles  along  the  west  slope  of  the  Coast  Range.  These  lodes 
occur  within  limited  zones  of  mineralization,  which  follow  the  trend 
of  the  sediments  and  form  irregularly  disposed  concentrations  of  min- 
eral, sometimes  sufficient  to  make  an  ore.  Such  zones  were  observed 
by  A.  C.  Spencer  and  the  writer  along  the  mainland,  from  Berne rs 
Bay  to  Windham  Bay,  and  are  described  in  a  general  way  in  the  pre- 
liminary report  on  the  Juneau  gold  belt/  What  seems  to  be  the 
southern  continuation  of  these  mainland  belts  traverses  the  Wrangell 
and  Ketchikan  districts.  They  are  presumably  represented  by  the 
mineral  locations  in  Port  Houghton,  Thomas  Bay,  Glacier  basin  east 
of  Wrangell,  Bradfield  Canal,  and  Thome  Arm  east  of  Ketchikan. 

The  data  collected  from  the  mineral  outcrops  and  mines  of  the  many 
islands  of  this  territorv  have  not  been  sufficient  to  define  the  existence 


aDall,  W.  II.,  Coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska:  Seventeenth  A^n.  Kept.  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  pp. 
769-908.  Brooks,  A.  H.,  The  eoal  resources  of  Alaska:  Twenty-second  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  (ieol.  Survey, 
pt.  3,  pp.  515-571. 

fcSpencer,  A.  C,  The  Juneau  gold  belt,  Alaska:  Bull.  U.  S.Geol.  Survey  No.  225,  pp.  28-42. 

Bull  259-06 1 


50  ALASKAN   MINERAL   BE80URCE8   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

of  extensive  lode  systems  traceable  over  great  distances,  and  it  appears 
from  the  evidence  already  gathered  that,  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 
main-lode  83Tstem,  mineralization  is  widely  and  irregularly  distributed. 
However,  on  Admiralty  Island  a  mineralized  zone  may  be  traced  from 
Funter  Bay  through  the  Mammoth  group  south  of  Young  Bay  and 
to  the  Johnson  prospect  on  Seymour  Canal,  4  miles  north  of  Wind- 
fall Harbor.  Another  may  be  said  to  occur  on  Baranof  Island,  begin- 
ning at  Billy  basin  east  of  Sitka,  traversing  the  properties  in  the 
vicinity  of  Silver  Bay  and  striking  southeastward  through  the  Lucky 
Chance  property,  a  distance  of  12  miles.  This  zone  may  also  be 
represented  by  mineral  outcrops  which  have  been  located  recently  at 
the  head  of  Red  Bluff  Bay,  an  indentation  on  the  east  shore  of  Baranof 
Island. 

Mineral-bearing  veins  and  impregnations  of  copper  and  gold  ores 
may  follow  or  recur  along  certain  schistose  and  sedimentary  beds,  or 
near  contacts  of  igneous  rocks,  for  several  miles,  but  no  well-defined 
belts  of  mineralization  have  yet  been  traced  on  the  islands  to  the  south. 

ORE   DEPOSITS. 

The  ore  deposits  themselves  vary  greatly.  Some  are  strong  gold- 
bearing  quartz  fissures  containing  free-milling  ore  of  moderate  grade, 
as  at  Berners  Bay,  Sitka,  and  Snettisham.  Some  are  rich  stringer 
leads,  occurring  in  slates  and  schists,  as  at  Sheep  Creek  and  Funter 
Bay.  Others  follow  wide  dikes  of  a  mineralized  basic  rock  intersect- 
ing the  slates,  as  in  the  Silver  Bow  basin.  Both  slates  and  dikes  are 
cut  by  numerous  gash  veins  accompanied  by  sulphides,  which  also 
penetrate  the  inclosing  rock  and  form  wide  bodies  of  low-grade  ore. 
Still  others  are  mineralized  belts  of  slate  or  schist  impregnated  with 
sulphides  of  iron  and  intersected  by  numerous  stringers  of  quartz  and 
calcite  and  occasional  concentrations  of  massive  auriferous  sulphide. 
Deposits  of  this  character  occur  at  the  Yakima  and  Nevada  Creek 
properties  on  Douglas  Island,  the  Portland  group  on  Endicott  Arm, 
the  prospects  up  Spruce  Creek  at  Windham  Bay,  and  the  Rodman  Bay 
mines.  However,  for  the  most  part  these  ores  are  of  too  low  grade 
for  profitable  mining. 

The  ore  bodies  of  the  Treadwell  group  of  mines,  as  shown  by 
Becker"  and  Spencer6  are  brecciated  masses  of  intrusive  syenite  inter- 
sected by  a  network  of  quartz  and  calcite  veinlets  and  impregnated 
with  pyrite,  which  is  found  both  in  the  veinlets  and  the  rock  itself. 
These  deposits  occur  in  carbonaceous  slates,  the  structure  of  which  they 
closely  follow.  Similar  ore  deposits  have  not  been  discovered  else- 
where in  Alaska. 


<»  Booker.  (J.  F.,  Reconnaissance  of  gold  fields  of  southern  Alaska:  Eighteenth  Ann.  Rept.  P.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  pt.  3. 
fi  Spencer,  A.  C,  The  geology  of  the  Treadwell  ore  deposits,  Alaska:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng., 
vol.  35. 


WRIGHT 
WRIGHT 


£?*]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN   ALASKA.  51 


In  the  Wrangell  district,  farther  south,  the  principal  deposits  are  on 
Woewodski  Island,  where  the  ore  bodies  consist  of  wide  ledges  tilling 
brecciated  fissures  in  the  greenstone  and  carrying  principally  gold  val- 
ues intimately  associated  with  the  sulphides,  so  that  they  are  not  suited 
for  treatment  by  amalgamation. 

Copper  is  the  predominating  metal  of  the  Ketchikan  district,  and 
deposits  composed  essentially  of  copper  and  iron  sulphides  occur  in 
wide  belts  of  greenstone  in  the  form  of  lenticular  masses  many  feet  in 
width  and  often  several  hundred  feet  in  length.  Such  ore  bodies 
are  being  developed  at  Niblack  and  at  Hadley  for  both  copper  and 
gold.  Contact  copper  deposits  between  granodiorite  and  limestone 
and  in  some  instances  along  the  contact  of  a  basic  intrusive  dike, 
arc  well  presented  in  the  vicinity  of  Copper  Mountain  and  at  the 
Green  Monster  group,  on  the  west  side  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island. 
At  Dolomi,  Hollis,  and  Sealevel  the  deposits,  with  slate,  limestone, 
and  schist  as  country  rocks,  consist  of  free-milling  gold  quartz  ledges, 
1  foot  to  several  feet  in  width,  carrying  both  high  and  moderately 
low  values  in  gold. 

PLACER   DEPOSITS. 

The  gold-bearing  gravel  deposits  along  the  southeast  coast  of  Alaska 
are  of  low  grade  and  are  being  worked  as  such  at  several  localities, 
namely:  Shuck  River  at  Windham  Bay,  Gold  Creek  in  the  vicinity  of 
Juneau,  McGinnis  Creek  15  miles  north  of  Juneau,  Windfall  Creek 
30  miles  north  of  Juneau,  and  in  the  Porcupine  placer  district.  Of 
these,  only  two,  Gold  and  Porcupine  creeks,  have  yielded  placer  gold 
in  profitable  amounts,  though  at  the  other  localities  developments  are 
progressing  rapidly,  and  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  soon  arrive  at  the 
productive  stage. 

MINES  AND  DEVELOPMENTS. 
SKAOWAY   MINING    DISTRICT. 

The  Skagway  mining  district  includes  that  portion  of  the  mainland 
territory  west  of  Lynn  Canal  to  a  point  just  north  of  Lituya  Bay, 
commonly  known  as  Cape  Fairweather,  and  also  the  strip  of  land  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Lynn  Canal  north  of  a  point  opposite  Sullivan 
Island.  The  northern  termination  follows  the  international  bound- 
ary between  Alaska  and  British  Columbia.  The  principal  mining 
locality  of  this  section,  the  Porcupine  placer  district,  was  visited  and 
reported  upon  in  1903. a  Since  that  time  developments  have  been  con- 
tinued on  Porcupine  Creek  by  the  owners  of  the  Discovery  and  other 
claims  to  the  mouth  of  McKinley  Creek.  The  large  bed-rock  flume, 
begun  last  season,  has  been  continued  several  hundred  feet  upstream 

a  Wright;  C  \V\,  The  Porcupine  placer  district,  Alaska:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo).  Survey  No.  236. 


52  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

on  the  Discovery  claim,  and  through  it  both  the  creek  gravels  and  the 
side-bench  deposits  are  being  sluiced.  The  former  difficulty  in  han- 
dling large  bowlders  contained  in  the  gravel  wash  is  to  a  great  degree 
lessened  by  the  swift  current  in  the  bed-rock  flume,  which  transports 
the  greater  part  to  points  below  the  workings.  At  McKinley  Creek 
operations  were  not  continued  the  last  season,  and  across  the  divide 
on  Nugget  Creek  and  on  the  Salmon  River  the  proposed  developments 
of  last  year  were  not  accomplished,  little  work  being  done. 

Glacier  Creek,  3  miles  west  of  Porcupine  Creek,  though  idle  during 
the  summer,  will  be  opened  up  this  winter  during  the  months  of  low 
water.  Excepting  the  annual  assessment  work  and  the  staking  of  a  few 
claims,  little  or  nothing  has  been  done  farther  north,  on  Bear  Creek. 

Prospects  are  reported  in  the  vicinity  of  Skagway,  where  there  are 
tunnels  and  small  shafts  on  many  of  the  deposits.  None  of  these  have 
yet  become  gold  producers  and  many  have  been  abandoned. 

JUNEAU  MINING   DI8TRICT. 

The  Juneau  mining  district  embodies  that  portion  of  the  mainland 
from  Cape  Fanshaw,  in  Frederick  Sound,  to  a  point  opposite  Sullivan 
Island,  in  Lynn  Canal,  and  includes  Admiralty  and  Douglas  islands. 

A  detailed  study  of  the  geology  and  mines  on  Douglas  Island  and 
on  the  mainland  from  Berners  Bay  to  Windham  Bay  was  made  in 
1903  by  Arthur  C.  Spencer.  His  report,  including  topographic  and 
geologic  maps  of  the  area,  is  now  in  preparation  and  will  soon  he 
available  for  distribution.  In  view  of  the  early  publication  of  this 
report  only  a  brief  mention  will  be  made  of  the  late  developments  on 
these  mainland  deposits,  while  a  short  description  of  the  coal  and 
metalliferous  deposits  on  Admiralty  Island  will  be  added. 

TREA  DWELL  GROUP. 

During  the  last  year  a  large  3,500-foot  hoist  has  been  installed  at 
the  Tread  well  mine  to  replace  the  small  one  at  the  main  shaft,  which 
has  now  reached  a  depth  of  nearly  1,200  feet.  At  this  depth  the  ore 
body  has  proved  to  be  of  better  grade  than  nearer  the  surface,  and  at 
the  900-foot  level  the  included  mass  of  slate  in  the  central  portion  of 
the  deposit  has  disappeared  and  the  deposit  has  a  continuous  width 
of  over  300  feet;  During  the  year  ending  May  31,  1904,  the  explora- 
tion and  development  work,  including  drifting,  cross  cutting,  and  shaft 
sinking,  amounted  to  9,372  feet.  The  ore  milled  amounted  to  774,595 
tons  and  the  ore  reserves  are  estimated  at  4,017,289  tons.  The  value 
of  the  ore  mined  averaged  $2.44  per  ton,  while  the  total  expenses  of 
extraction  amounted  to  only  $1.37  per  ton. 

At  the  Mexican  and  Ready- Bullion  mines,  east  of  the  Treadwell, 
the  developments  during  1904  showed  but  little  change  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  ore  bodies.     Statistics  oi\  the.  developments  and  production 


Ww2whtND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN    ALASKA.  53 

of  these  mines  for  the  year  ending  December  31  will  not  be  published 
in  time  to  include  the  data  in  this  paper.  The  mining  methods 
employed  have  been  very  clearly  described  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Kinzie,° 
superintendent  of  the  Treadwell  mines,  and  the  geology  of  the  ore 
deposits  has  been  given  in  much  detail  by  A.  C.  Spencer,*  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey. 

Within  the  Gold  Creek  drainage  area  work  has  been  continued,  with 
promising  results,  at  the  Ebner,  the  Humboldt,  the  Alaska-Juneau,  and 
the  Perseverance  mines;  but,  though  large-scale  operations  on  these 
properties  have  been  proposed,  no  great  advancement  has  been  made  in 
this  direction. 

At  Little  basin,  the  Jualpa  Mining  Company's  placer  property, 
within  a  mile  of  Juneau,  operations  have  been  confined  to  the  installa- 
tion of  a  flume  sufficient  to  control  the  waters  of  Gold  Creek  during 
their  highest  stages  and  thus  permit  hydraulic  operations  to  be  car- 
ried on  with  safety.  This  flume,  which  follows  the  south  side  of  the 
valley  slope,  is  4,250  feet  in  length,  20  by  9  feet  in  cross  section,  and 
has  a  grade  of  1.66  pel  cent.  At  the  head  of  the  basin  a  dam  has  been 
built  in  bed  rock,  and  gates  have  l>een  constructed  to  control  the  flow 
of  water  into  the  flume  or  creek  bed.  A  tunnel  2,000  feet  long  is 
being  extended  400  feet  to  a  point  under  the  basin  where  it  will  tap 
the  gravel  bed  90  feet  below  the  surface.  Early  in  the  spring,  when 
this  tunnel  is  completed,  hydraulicking  of  these  auriferous  gravels 
will  be  commenced. 

The  Sheep  Creek  mines,  5  miles  east  of  Juneau,  are  again  being  sys- 
tematical^ developed  and  have  been  good  producers  in  both  gold  and 
silver  this  past  year. 

MINES  SOUTH   OP  JUNEAU. 

The  Snettisham  mine,  approximately  35  miles  south  of  Juneau,  has 
continually  produced  good  ore  from  its  relatively  small  deposit,  and 
the  20-stamp  mill  on  the  property  has  been  in  operation  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year. 

At  Sumdum,  50  miles  southeast  of  Juneau,  operations  have  ceased 
and  the  mining  plant  is  to  be  removed,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the 
quartz  ledge  in  depth,  prohibiting  profitable  extraction.  It  is  doubt- 
ful whether  mining  will  ever  be  resumed  at  this  place. 

Still  farther  south,  at  Windham  Bay,  developments  have  continued 
on  many  of  the  properties,  though  none  of  these  have  as  yet  proved 
productive.  The  mineral  belts  are  low  in  gold  values  and  though 
occasional  seams  with  visible  gold  are  found  the  ores  will  require  very 
economical  methods  of  extraction  to  insure  profitable  mining. 

a  Kinzic,  R.  A.,  The  Treadwell  group  of  mines,  Alaska:  Trans.  Am.  last.  Mln.  Eng.,  vol.  84,  pp. 
334-386. 

b  Spencer,  A.  C,  The  geology  of  the  Treadwell  ore  deposits,  Alaska:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng., 
vol.  35. 


54  ALA8KAN   MINERAL   RE80UROES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

MINES  NORTH  OF  JUNEAU. 

Northward  from  Juneau  along  the  mainland  as  far  as  Berners  Bay 
much  attention  has  been  directed  to  the  many  prospects,  and  some 
promising  leads  have  been  discovered.  Besides  the  operations  in  pro- 
gress on  the  placers  of  McGinnis  Creek  and  Windfall  Creek,  previously 
mentioned,  investigations  have  been  advanced  on  the  quartz  ledges  at 
T  Harbor,  Eagle  River,  Yankee  Cove,  and  Berners  Bay. 

The  Peterson  group  of  claims  near  T  Harbor,  20  miles  north  of 
Juneau,  was  bonded  and  operated  the  early  part  of  1904,  but,  owing  to 
mismanagement,  developments  were  suspended  in  the  fall. 

The  property  of  the  Eagle  River  Mining  Company,  25  miles  north 
of  Juneau  and  7  miles  from  salt  water,  has  been  opened  by  several 
hundred  feet  of  crosscutting  and  drifting.  The  quartz  ledge  varies 
from  3  to  6  feet  in  width  and  is  reported  to  be  of  high  grade  ore.  A 
20- stamp  mill  close  to  the  river  is  in  operation  and  is  connected  with 
the  mine  tunnel,  260  feet  above  it,  by  a  cable  tram.  A  tramway  3£ 
miles  long  has  been  built  from  the  beach  and  the  remaining  3£  miles  is 
covered  by  a  wagon  road.     The  ore  is  reported  to  average  $30  per  ton. 

The  Alaska-Washington  Gold  Mining  Company,  operating  west  of 
Yankee  Cove,  has  completed  several  hundred  feet  of  tunneling,  also  a 
50-foot  shaft,  during  the  year.  The  ledge  is  reported  to  be  of  high- 
grade  ore  and  though  of  no  great  size  is  supposed  to  be  of  sufficient 
value  to  warrant  farther  developments. 

At  Berners  Bay  the  Kensington  mine  has  been  under  development 
during  the  summer,  and  a  crosscut  tunnel  1,800  feet  in  length  has 
been  completed,  cutting  the  ledge  95  feet  in  width  at  a  depth  ot  1,400 
feet  below  the  surface.  The  quality  of  the  ore  is  reported  to  improve 
with  increasing  depth,  and  the  property  promises  well  as  a  future  gold 
producer.  Plans  have  been  made  for  the  erection  of  a  large  mining 
and  milling  plant,  and  a  town  site  has  been  surveyed  along  the  shore 
below  the  mine. 

At  the  Jualin  and  other  adjacent  mines  near  Berners  Bay,  no  exten- 
sive improvements  were  accomplished  in  1904,  and  no  recent  discov- 
eries of  much  import  were  made  in  the  vicinity. 

MINES   ON   ADMIRALTY   ISLAND. 

Fwitcr  Bay. — Funter  Bay  forms  a  harboron  theeast  side  of  Chatham 
Strait,  10£  miles  southward  from  Point  Retreat,  the  most  northern 
point  of  Admiralty  Island.  The  rocks  exposed  along  the  shores  of 
this  bay  grade  from  amphibole  to  chlorite-sehists,  and  are  interstrati- 
fied  in  places  with  beds  of  marble.  There  is  evidence  of  much  folding 
throughout  this  entire  series,  the  anticlines  and  synclines  often  being  a 
thousand  feet  or  more  in  width.  The  general  strike  is  north-northwest 
and  the  prevailing  dip  southwest.    Dikes  of  a  basic  character,  averaging 


Ww2!ohtND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN    SOUTHEASTERN   ALA8KA.  55 

several  feet  in  width,  crosscut  the series  in  a  northeast  direction.  In  this 
same  general  course,  N.  60°  E.,  are  exposures  of  narrow  quartz-tilled 
fissures,  a  hundred  feet  or  more  apart,  which  form  the  ore  bodies  of 
the  principal  mines.  A  second  system  of  quartz  veins,  considerably 
larger  and  striking  N.  10°  W.,  is  represented  at  the  Portage  group  of 
claims,  2  miles  from  the  head  of  the  bay,  as  well  as  by  the  prospects 
on  the  southeast  side  of  Funter  Mountain.  These  have  not  received 
much  development  and  are  reported  to  be  low  in  gold  values. 

The  Tellurium  mine  and  numerous  other  claims,  58  in  all,  comprise 
the  holdings  of  the  Funter  Bay  Mining  Company,  established  in  1902. 
Since  that  time  nothing  more  than  the  annual  assessment  work  has 
been  accomplished.  At  the  Tellurium  mine,  close  to  the  water's  edge 
on  the  south  side  of  the  bay,  the  ore  body  consists  of  a  quartz  ledge 
several  feet  in  width,  that  strikes  N.  60°  E.,  crosscutting  a  chlorite- 
schist  country  rock.  This  ledge  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  each  100 
feet  in  depth,  and  by  a  tunnel  60  feet  in  length.  The  ore — the  greater 
part  of  which  is  free-milling — is  treated  in  a  10-stamp  mill  and  is 
reported  to  average  $8  per  ton  in  gold.  The  other  holdings  of  this 
company  are  located  at  various  elevations  on  the  mountain  slope  to 
the  south.  The  ore  bodies  consist  essentially  of  stringer  leads  vary- 
ing from  several  inches  to  several  feet  in  width.  Assays  from  many 
of  these  small  ledges  are  reported  to  give  high  values. 

The  War  Horse  mine,  1  mile  southeast  of  the  Tellurium,  was 
developed  extensively  in  1897  by  the  Keystone  Gold  Mining  Company, 
and  in  1900  it  was  again  operated,  but  since  that  time  no  important 
improvements  have  been  made.  The  ledge  is  very  small,  averaging  2 
feet  in  width,  but  is  rich  in.  free  gold,  which  occurs  finely  disseminated 
throughout  the  quartz.  The  developments  consist  of  two  shafts  48 
and  125  feet  deep,  besides  320  feet  of  drifting  along  the  vein.  The 
ore  which,  after  careful  hand  sorting  was  shipped  direct  to  the  smelter, 
is  said  to  have  had  a  value  of  about  $100  per  ton. 

Young  Bay. — The  continuation  of  the  Funter  Bay  mineral  belt  is 
probably  represented  by  the  Mammoth  group  of  mines,  situated  at 
2,600  feet  elevation  4  miles  south  of  Young  Bay  and  12  miles  south- 
east of  Funter  Bay.  The  ore  deposits  here,  however,  differ  from 
those  at  Funter  Bay  in  that  the  country  rock — a  schist — is  heavily 
mineralized,  while  the  quartz-filled  fissures  are  rare  and  of  very  minor 
importance.  Within  the  three  defined  mineralized  zones  are  many 
rich  seams  carrying  galena,  sphalerite,  and  some  free  gold,  and  these 
greatly  increase  the  average  values  of  the  ore.  These  ore  belts  vary 
from  25  to  75  feet  in  width  and  have  been  traced  several  hundred 
yards  along  the  strike  of  the  inclosing  schists.  Very  high  assay  values 
are  reported  in  gold  and  silver,  and  small  smelter  shipments  and  mill 
tests  have  given  sufficiently  favorable  returns  to  justify  the  construc- 
tion of  a  1, 500-foot  crosscut  tunnel,  which  is  already  575  feet  in  length. 


56  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RE80UR0E8   IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

This  will  eventually  undercut  the  ore  bodies  at  a  depth  of  300  feet. 
Other  developments  on  this  property  include  several  open  cuts  and 
small  pits,  exposing  the  mineralized  rock  at  various  points  along  the 
surface. 

On  the  west  side  of  Seymour  Canal,  4  miles  north  of  Windfall  Harbor, 
a  deposit  of  copper  and  iron  sulphides  is  exposed  in  a  quartz-sericite- 
schist  of  sedimentary  origin.  These  sulphides  have  been  introduced 
with  stringers  of  quartz  along  the  strike  of  the  schist  and  form  a  min- 
eral zone  20  feet  in  width.  The  deposit  is  located  close  to  the  water's 
edge  and  has  been  prospected  by  a  50-foot  shaft  and  a  drift  crosscutting 
the  ore  body.  The  low  percentage  of  copper  and  small  gold  values  in 
the  ore  have  not  encouraged  further  developments. 

At  Gambier  Bay,  south  of  the  entrance  to  Seymour  Canal,  ehalcopy- 
rite  occurs  with  other  sulphides  in  irregular  quartz  veins  and  string- 
ers, which  follow  the  general  trend  of  a  calc  slate  country  rock.  These 
deposits  are  located  on  the  north  slope  of  Cave  Mountain  at  the  head 
of  Gambier  Bay  and  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Gambier.  None 
of  the  properties  have  received  much  attention,  most  of  them  even 
lacking  assessment  work. 

Coal. — The  existence  of  coal  beds  at  Murder  Cove,  just  east  of  Point 
Gardner,  and  in  Kootznahoo  Inlet  north  of  Killisnoo,  has  been  known 
for  many  years,  and  early,  though  unsuccessful,  attempts  were  made 
by  the  Navy  Department  to  locate  workable  deposits  on  this  island. 
Later  in  the  nineties  private  prospecting  was  undertaken  by  many 
persons,  with  the  idea  that  the  narrow  coal  seams  exposed  would  become 
wider  in  depth  or  that  the  small  beds  indicated  more  extensive  deposits 
below. 

In  Kootznahoo  Inlet  coal  is  widelv  distributed  in  the  sandstone  con- 
glomerate  beds  of  Eocene  age.  These  beds  are  but  slightly  folded  and 
faulted.  The  coal  seams  average  from  a  few  inches  to  a  few  feet  in 
width,  and  many  thousands  of  dollars  have  been  spent  in  their  devel- 
opment without  revealing  m  in  able  deposits.  Most  of  the  properties 
have  been  abandoned,  and  no  work  was  in  progress  during  the  last 
summer. 

At  Murder  Cove  only  one  coal  seam  has  received  attention.  This  is 
located  '2  miles  from  the  head  of  the  cove  at  an  elevation  of  500  feet. 
The  inclosing  beds  are  composed  of  basaltic  tuff,  breccia,  and  lava  which 
show  much  surface  decomposition.  This  occurrence  resembles  that  of 
the  Yukon  coal  beds.0  The  absence  of  fossils  and  the  alteration  of 
these  beds  have  been  caused  in  part  by  the  overlying  lava  flows, 
which,  however,  have  made  the  coal  much  harder  and  of  a  better 
quality.  Both  the  coal  beds  and  rocks  in  which  they  occur  have 
been  folded  sufficiently  to  render  the  profitable  extraction  of  the  coal 
a  difficult  problem.    The  coal  lies  in  three  seams,  separated  by  thin 

a  Collier,  A.  J.,  Coal  resources  of  the  Yukon,  Alaska:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  218,  p.  18. 


WRIGHT  AN 
WRIGHT 


ND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN    ALASKA.  57 


beds  of  impure  coal  and  tuff.  The  average  total  thickness  of  coal 
is  about  5  feet.  It  has  been  developed  by  a  crosscut  tunnel  250  feet 
in  length  and  a  drift  of  100  feet  along  the  coal  bed.  From  the  drift 
an  incline  shaft  at  an  angle  of  25°  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  180 
feet,  where  the  coal  bed,  found  to  be  displaced,  was  again  discovered 
after  much  drifting. 

Other  coal  seams,  of  no  economic  importance,  however,  occur  both 
at  Hamilton  Bav  and  at  Port  Camden  in  Keku  Straits  south  of 
Admiralty  Island. 

The  coal  in  the  Alexander  Archipelago  gives  no  promise  of  being  in 
sufficient  quantity  to  make  producing  mines  and  thus  reduce  the  cost 
of  fuel.  Small  amounts,  however,  may  be  obtained  from  some  of  the 
coal  seams  for  local  use. 

SITKA   MINING    DISTRICT. 

The  Sitka  mining  district  includes  both  Baranof  and  Cbichagof 
islands,  the  two  westernmost  islands  of  the  Alexander  Archipelago. 
The  rocks  strike  in  a  northwest  direction,  usually  have  steep  dips,  and 
are  arranged  in  wide  belts.  The  eastern  coast  of  Chichagof  Island  is 
composed  of  limestone  beds  of  Carboniferous  age,  into  which  have 
been  intruded  bands  of  granodiorite,  with  their  long  axis  parallel  to 
the  cleavage  of  the  sediments.  At  the  south  end  of  the  island  is  a 
series  of  chlorite-schists  and  carbonaceous  shales  which  appear  not  only 
to  underlie  Hooniah  Sound,  but  also  to  form  the  country  rock  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Rodman  Bay  mines.  Along  the  narrows  of  Peril 
Straits  is  a  wide  belt  of  granodiorite  which  farther  southwest  shows 
such  segregation  of  the  basic  minerals  as  to  resemble  greenstone. 
Adjacent  to  this  is  an  assemblage  of  sedimentary  rocks  metamorphosed 
to  mica-schists  and  overlain  by  slate-graywacke  series.  In  the  vicinity 
of  Sitka  these  strata  form  the  bed  rock  exposed  along  the  coast  and 
the  country  rocks  of  the  ore  deposits.  This  slate-graywacke  series  has 
been  intruded  by  numerous  dikes  of  var}ring  composition  which  are 
associated  with  or  near  the  mineral  deposits. 

The  ore  bodies  are  irregular,  quartz-tilled  fissures,  and  are  usually 
parallel  to  the  bedding  planes  of  the  slate-graywacke  country  rock. 
The  ledges  vary  rapidly  in  width  and  are  divided  into  a  number  of  small 
veins  in  some  places  and  into  a  series  of  small  stringers  along  the  bed- 
ding planes  at  others,  thus  forming  a  mineral  zone  composed  of  stringer 
leads.  The  ledges  are  crosscut  b}r  horizontal  veins  which  are  appar- 
ently unmineralized  and  of  later  origin.  The  values  are  essentially 
gold  associated  with  pyrite  and  pyrrhotite. 

Cache  mine.—  This  property,  formerly  known  as  the  Stewart  mine, 
is  located  east  of  and  \\  miles  from  the  head  of  Silver  Bay  at  an  ele- 
vation of  720  feet.  It  is  the  only  patented  claim  in  this  area.  The 
mine  is  on  a  quartz  ledge  which  is  4  to  12  feet  in  width  and  strikes 


58  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  269. 

N.  70°  W.,  parallel  with  the  slate  country  rock.  It  has  been  opened 
at  several  elevations  by  three  tunnels  varying  from  50  to  150  feet  in 
length,  and  considerable  ore  has  been  stoped  out  and  treated  by  a  10- 
stamp  mill  on  the  property.  The  ore  is  reported  to  average  $7.50 
per  ton. 

Bauer  mine. — This  mine  is  2  miles  southeast  of  Silver  Bay  and  1 
mile  south  of  the  Cache  mine,  at  an  elevation  of  1,700  feet.  A  cross- 
cut tunnel  900  feet  in  length  reaches  the  main  ledge,  which  is  16  feet  in 
width  at  a  depth  of  about  400  feet.  It  also  cuts  several  smaller  quartz 
veins  striking  parallel  with  the  formation.  The  average  value  of  the 
ledge  is  said  to  be  $4.50  in  gold  per  ton.  Assessment  work  only  has 
been  done  on  the  property  this  past  year. 

Lucky  Chance  mine* — This  property  is  situated  in  a  precipitous 
mountain  range,  2,500  feet  above  sea  level  and  4  miles  as  the  crow 
flies,  or  7  by  wagon  road,  from  the  head  of  Silver  Bay.  The 
quartz  ledge  has  a  maximum  width  of  8  feet  where  it  outcrops;  but  in 
the  tunnel  it  is  not  constant  in  width  and  appears  to  merge  into  a  series 
of  narrow  stringers  penetrating  the  mineralized  slate  hanging  wall. 
The  foot  wall  of  graywacke  is  locally  known  as  diorite,  because  of  its 
compact,  massive  structure.  A  600-foot  tunnel  follows  the  ledge  and 
connects  through  a  raise  with  a  surface  pit.  The  surface  improve^ 
ments  comprise  a  10-stamp  mill,  a  sawmill,  and  a  water-power  plant. 
High  values  are  reported  from  parts  of  this  vein,  and  many  speci- 
mens of  free  gold  have  been  obtained. 

Billy  basin. — The  discover}'  of  gold-bearing  quartz  in  this  basin,  3 
miles  east  of  Sitka,  has  caused  considerable  expenditure  of  money  and 
labor.  A  good  trail  was  made  and  a  sawmill  built,  but  little  was  done 
underground.  The  extent  and  value  of  the  ore  deposit,  therefore,  can 
not  be  determined,  as  it  has  only  been  opened  by  two  small  tunnels, 
which  expose  irregular  masses  of  quartz  in  the  slate-graywacke  coun- 
try rock. 

Many  other  prospects,  partly  developed,  notably  the  Lower  Ledge, 
Bullion,  Free  Gold,  Liberty  Lode,  Silver  Bay  group,  and  the  Boston 
are  still  held  in  the  above  described  area,  some  of  which  have  very 
favorable  surface  showings,  but  lack  of  capital  and  inefficient  man- 
agement has  caused  a  suspension  of  explorations  for  the  past  few 
years. 

Rixlman  Bay. — The  mineral  deposits  5  miles  from  the  head  of  Rod- 
man Bay  have  excited  much  interest  and  undergone  large  develop- 
ments since  their  discovery  in  1898.  The  basis  of  operations  at  this 
place  is  a  mineralized  belt  of  much  wrinkled  slate  several  hundred  feet 
in  width,  containing  interlaced  stringers  of  quartz  and  calcite  accom- 
panied by  sulphides  carrying  gold.  Irregular  fissures  filled  with 
quartz  are  also  encountered  in  the  tunnel  which  crosscuts  the  deposit. 
The  slate  country  rock  has  been  intruded  by  dikes  of  diabase  in  the 


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tTND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN   ALA8KA.  59 


vicinity  of  the  ore  body,  and  a  few  miles  distant  by  a  wide  grano- 
diorite  belt,  both  of  which  have  probably  been  controlling  factors  in 
the  mineral  deposition. 

The  mine  developments  include  an  800-foot  crosscut  tunnel,  the 
buildings  for  a  120-stamp  mill,  a  small  power  plant,  and  a  narrow-gage 
railroad  7  miles  in  length  from  the  mill  to  the  wharf.  The  ore  is 
reported  to  be  of  very  low  grade,  and  the  work  which  has  been  done 
has  not  demonstrated  the  possibility  of  profitable  mining. 

Freshwater  Bay. — The  only  mineral  locations  on  Chichagof  Island 
have  been  made  on  a  gypsum  bed  outcropping  about  a  mile  from  the 
shore  of  Iyoukeen  Inlet,  a  harbor  just  north  of  Freshwater  Bay. 
This  deposit  is  interstratified  in  a  limestone  of  Carboniferous  age,  the 
beds  of  which  have  been  much  folded  and  sheared.  The  gypsum  is 
unsuitable  for  ornamental  purposes  on  account  of  cleavage  and  joint- 
ing planes,  but  it  is  of  an  excellent  quality  for  the  manufacture  of 
plaster  of  Paris.  The  stratum  has  been  exposed  by  an  open  cut  for 
50  feet  along  its  strike  and  for  20  feet  in  width,  and  by  a  shaft  for  40 
feet  in  depth,  but  its  full  extent  has  not  yet  been  defined.  About  300 
tons  of  the  material  are  in  sight.  The  favorable  location  of  this  prop- 
erty and  the  value  of  calcined  gypsum  is  sufficient  to  warrant  further 
development. 

WRANGELL    MINING   DISTRICT. 

This  mining  district  extends  along  the  mainland  from  Cape  Fanshaw 
to  Bradtield  Canal  and  includes  Kuiu,  Kupreanof,  Mitkof,  Zarembo, 
Etolin,  and  Wrangell,  and  several  other  smaller  islands.  Prospecting 
in  this  section,  has  been  meager,  and  at  only  one  locality,  the  Olympic 
mine,  has  there  been  extensive  development  and  a  production  of  gold. 

Duncan  Canal. — On  the  west  side  of  the  small  island  of  Woewodski, 
at  the  south  entrance  to  Duncan  Canal,  is  the  property  of  the  Olympic 
Mining  Company,  embracing  some  60  claims.  Operations  have  been 
confined  principally  to  what  are  known  as  the  "Hattie"  Ledge  at  the 
lower  camp  and  the  ".Helen  S."  at  the  upper  or  Smith's  camp.  The 
country  rock  is  a  greenstone  which  is  probably  extrusive  and  which  is 
more  or  less  schistose.  The  main  cleavage  planes  strike  north-south 
and  dip  70°  E.  The  mineral  deposits  are  quartz  ledges  from  5  to 
15  feet  in  width,  which  apparently  fill  brecciated  zones  in  the  green- 
stones. They  strike  in  a  northeast-southwest  direction,  and  ^re  nearly 
vertical.  Large  masses  of  the  greenstone  are  included  in  these  ledges, 
and  the  stringers  of  quartz  penetrate  the  country  rock  in  all  directions 
near  the  main  ledge.  Portions  of  the  ledges  consist  of  a  network  of 
quartz  stringers  inclosing  the  altered  greenstone,  and  sulphides,  carry- 
ing the  gold  values,  are  disseminated  in  small  particles  in  the  quartz  as 
well  as  in  the  greenstone.  Practically  none  of  the  ore  is  free  milling. 
It  concentrates  about  18  to  1,  which  product  is  said  to  yield  $32  in  gold. 


60  ALASKAN   MINEKAL   RE80URCES   IN   1904.  [bull.2&9. 

The  explorations  and  developments  aggregate  1,500  feet  of  shaft  sink- 
ing, crosscutting  and  drifting.  On  the  surface,  besides  the  shaft 
house,  is  a  well-built  20-stamp  mill,  a  compressor  plant  run  by  water- 
power,  and  other  mine  improvements.  Work  on  this  property  has 
been  suspended  since  the  early  part  of  1904. 

At  the  head  of  Duncan  Canal  are  several  copper  prospects  and  gold- 
bearing  ledges  which  are  at  present  receiving  considerable  attention. 
Here  also  the  country  rock  is  greenstone-schist  which  has  been 
intruded  by  wide  dikes  of  fine-grained  diorite. 

Near  the  north  end  of  the  east  arm,  on  the  west  slope  of  the  moun- 
tain range,  2  miles  from  the  shore,  is  the  Portage  Mountain  group  of 
claims.  Here  four  well-defined  ledges  striking  in  a  northeast  direc- 
tion have  been  prospected,  and  it  is  proposed  to  drive  a  crosscut  tunnel 
during  the  winter  of  1904-5  which  will  undercut  the  entire  system. 
The  ores  are  in  the  main  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite,  often  accompanied 
by  magnetite  and  pyrrhotite. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  east  arm  is  another  group  of  locations  on 
what  is  supposed  to  be  a  continuation  of  one  of  the  above-mentioned 
ledges.     This  property  is  also  to  be  developed  this  coming  year. 

A  third  prospect  is  located  2  miles  up  the  creek,  entering  the  north 
side  of  the  west  arm  of  the  canal.  At  this  point  the  ore  body  is  a 
mineralized  limestone  which  occurs  in  the  greenstone-schist  series,  and 
is  in  places  traversed  by  seams  along  which  a  concentration  of  the 
mineral  has  been  effected.  The  ore  is  pyrite  with  some  galena,  from 
which  favorable  assay  returns  are  reported.  Explorations  on  this 
property  have  just  been  started  and  the  extent  of  the  ore  body  has  not 
been  determined. 

A  somewhat  novel  feature  is  the  presence  of  gold-bearing  quartz 
ledges  in  the  intrusive  granite  belt  on  Woronkofski  Island.  These 
are  situated  on  the  north  end  of  the  island,  on  a  point  called  the  Ele- 
phant's Nose,  and  have  been  located  as  the  Exchange  Group  of  claims. 
The  quartz  ledges  are  later  than  the  granite,  and  in  them  are  many 
inclusions  of  granite  masses,  altered,  and  more  or  less  impregnated 
with  mineral.  Two  ledges  averaging  12  feet  in  width  have  been 
opened  by  two  tunnels  and  open  cuts,  and  from  these  exposures  fair 
gold  assays  are  reported.  These  properties  have  remained  idle  for 
the  last  few  years. 

Glacier  bmin. — Glacier  basin  is  a  glacially  eroded  depression  at  an 
elevation  of  2,000  feet  on  the  mainland,  14  miles  due  east  of  Wrangell  and 
8  miles  from  tide  water.  The  mineral  deposits  are  all  found  in  the 
schist  series  adjacent  to  the  Coast  Range  intrusive  belt  to  the  east. 
Their  general  trend  is  northwest  and  the  dip  northeast.  Narrow 
granitic  belts  and  porphyritic  dikes,  probably  offshoots  from  the  main 
belt,  intersect  this  schist  series  at  very  oblique  angles,  and  probably 
have  had  considerable  influence  upon  the  deposition  of  the  ore.     In 


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[TND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN    SOUTHEASTERN   ALASKA.  61 


the  vicinity  of  the  porphyry  dikes  and  along  their  contacts  are  ledges 
of  massive  galena  and  chalcopyrite,  usually  parallel  with  the  schis- 
tosity  of  the  formation.  The  principal  deposit  of  Glacier  basin  is 
found  between  two  porphyry  dikes  striking  N.  30°  W.  and  dipping 
northeast  at  an  angle  of  45°.  Two  tunnels  50  feet  in  length  expose 
the  ore  body,  which  is  about  20  feet  in  width.  The  principal  mineral 
is  concentrated  along  the  foot  wall.  The  ore  is  reported  to  carry 
values  in  silver,  lead,  and  copper. 

On  the  Margery  claims,  below  the  basin,  the  deposits  are  essentially 
galena  ores,  occurring  in  stringers  1  foot  to  5  feet  in  width,  which 
follow  a  definite  zone  parallel  with  the  schist.  This  vein  system  has 
been  opened  at  an  elevation  of  1,500  feet  above  sea  level  by  a  tunnel 
40  feet  in  length.  Farther  northeast  on  the  same  claim  is  an  open  cut 
exposing  a  12-foot  ledge  which  is  rich  in  galena  and  which  has  been 
traced  several  hundred  feet  along  its  strike.  Assays  from  this  are 
reported  to  be  high  in  silver  and  gold  as  well  as  in  lead.  The  ores  are 
galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  native  silver,  cerrussite,  and  limonite. 

The  u Ground  Hog"  basin  claims,  4  miles  north  of  the  Margery 
claim  have  been  developed  to  some  extent  during  the  year  and  show 
favorable  assay  returns.  The  ledge  is  over  6  feet  in  width  and  not 
unlike  the  ledges  of  Glacier  basin. 

Bradjield  Canal. — On  Ham  Island,  at  the  north  entrance,  to  Brad- 
field  Canal,  is  a  deposit  of  a  blue,  coarsely  crystalline  marble.  This  is 
favorably  situated  and  the  marble  is  of  good  quality,  containing  few 
jointing  cracks.  The  exposure  is  50  feet  high  and  100  feet  long. 
Tests  of  this  rock  have  been  made,  and  it  is  reported  to  be  suitable  for 
building  as  well  as  ornamental  purposes. 

KETCHIKAN   MINING    DISTRICT. 

Two  weeks  were  occupied  in  making  a  hasty  visit  to  important  min- 
ing localities  of  this  region,  which  had  been  studied  in  1901  by  Mr. 
Brooks. a  This  examination  was  deemed  necessary,  owing  to  the 
change  in  economic  conditions  and  to  the  rapid  developments  in  progress 
at  some  of  the  minss. 

From  the  present  investigation  copper  appears  to  be  the  most 
irnj)ortant  metal  of  this  district.  Gold  and  silver  values  are  next  in 
consequence,  both  separately  and  in  connection  with  the  copper  ores. 
Other  metals,  such  as  lead,  zinc,  and  nickel,  are  found,  but  will  be 
be  mined,  if  at  all,  only  as  by-products. 

COPPER. 

The  occurrence  of  this  metal  is  chiefly  confined  to  Prince  of  Wales 
Island,  which  forms  the  western  half  of  the  Ketchikan  district.  The 
bed  rocks  of  the  island  are  argillites  and  white  limestones,  closely  asso- 

a Brooks,  A.  H.,  The  Ketchikan  mining  district,  Alaska*.  Ptol.  V-&.Y*2*  tX.fc.Q«&\.%aH-wi^»A~ 


62  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  Ibull.  289. 

elated  with  greenstones.  As  the  result  of  general  metaniorphism  the 
limestones  have  been  changed  to  marble,  the  greenstones  to  schists, 
and  the  argillites  to  crystalline  schists  and  graphitic  shales.  Intrud- 
ing these  older  strata  are  masses  of  quartz-diorite  occurring  as  stocks 
miles  in  width,  together  with  dikes  and  small  areas  composed  of  a 
more  basic  rock.  On  the  east  side  of  the  island  from  Cholmondeley 
Sound  northward,  including  Kasaan  Peninsula  and  the  west  side  of 
Cleveland  Peninsula,  the  Kasaan  greenstone  forms  the  country  rock. 
This,  as  described  by  Mr.  Brooks, a  is  believed  to  be  largely  effusive 
and  later  than  the  bed-rock  series.  It  is  of  economic  interest  because 
of  its  association  with  the  copper  ores  on  Kasaan  Peninsula  and  in  the 
Skowl  Arm  region. 

Niblaek  Anchorage. — Niblack  Harbor  forms  an  indentation  in  the 
southeast  shore  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  and  is  36  miles  by  water 
from  Ketchikan.  The  mountains  rise  with  steep  ascent  from  the 
water's  edge  to  peaks  2,000  to  3,000  feet  in  elevation.  Greenstone  is 
the  country  rock  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mines,  but  this,  in  places,  has 
been  altered  to  sericite,  chlorite,  and  amphibole-schists.  These  original 
greenstones  are  intrusive  into  the  older  sedimentary  rocks,  which  occur 
farther  north  and  south  but  do  not  outcrop  in  this  harbor.  At  a  dis- 
tance of  2  miles  on  the  slopes  to  the  north  of  Niblack  Anchorage  is  an 
intrusive  dioritic  stock,  a  mile  or  more  in  width,  and  of  later  date  than 
the  greenstone.  A  similar  intrusive  mass  occurs  to  the  south  along 
the  north  shore  of  Moria  Sound.  The  relation  of  the  copper  deposits 
to  these  distant  dioritic  stocks  was  not  determined,  though  it  is  possible 
that  they  owe  their  genesis  to  the  after  action  of  the  dioritic  invasion. 

The  ore  bodies  occur  both  as  small  and  irregular  veins  and  as  min- 
eralized zones.  Though  the  veins  are  rich  in  values,  they  will  never 
be  of  as  great  importance  as  the  extensive  mineralized  zones.  Chal- 
copyrite,  with  pyrite  and  pyrrhotite,  carrying  gold  values,  are  the 
principal  ores. 

Developments  during  the  past  two  jTears  have  been  confined  to 
ore  bodies  exposed  on  the  Judge  claim,  which  lies  close  to  tidewater 
at  the  head  of  Niblack  Anchorage.  On  the  original  locations  of  the 
Lookout  Group,  situated  at  an  elevation  of  1,500  feet,  on  the  south 
slope  of  Niblack  Anchorage,  only  the  annual  assessment  work  is  being 
done.  The  deposits  at  the  Judge  claim  are  large  lenticular  masses 
from  10  to  100  feet  in  width  and  100  to  several  hundred  feet  in  length 
and  depth.  These  are  separated  by  unmineralized  belts  of  greenstone- 
schist.  The  ore — essentially  a  massive  sulphide  of  pyrite  and  chalco- 
pyrite — occurs  in  a  matrix  of  altered  greenstone,  and  appears  to  fill 
sheared  zones,  as  both  masses  and  fragments  of  the  greenstone  occur, 
completely  surrounded  by  the  mineral.     Small  veinlets  of  sulphide, 

aOp.  ciU,  p.  97, 


WwriHoThtND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN    ALASKA.  63 

associated  with  quartz,  occur  in  parts  of  the  workings  and  form  what 
is  locally  termed  a  jasper  ore. 

The  developments  at  Niblack  anchorage  at  the  time  of  the  writer's 
visit  consisted  of  an  inclined  shaft  180  feet  deep  and,  leading  from 
this  at  three  different  levels,  660  feet  of  drifting  and  crosscutting. 

The  ore  is  said  to  carry  5  per  cent  copper  and  $1.50  to  $2  in  gold 
values.  Concentration  of  this  ore  would  not  be  practicable  owing  to 
its  massive  state  and  the  high  percentage  of  valueless  iron  pyrite, 
which  can  not  be  separated  from  it  except  by  smelting  or  some  pro- 
cess of  solution  and  reprecipitation.  The  mine  is  most  favorably 
situated  and  the  ore  from  the  shaft  may  be  transported  in  cars  directly 
to  scows  or  barges  for  shipment  to  the  smelters.  A  water-power  at 
the  head  of  the  anchorage  is  controlled  by  the  company  and  can  bo 
used  to  develop  enough  electric  power  for  mining  purposes. 

Kantian  Penimuki. — On  the  northeast  side  of  Kasaan  Peninsula  is  a 
group  of  seven  claims,  the  property  of  the  Brown  Alaska  Company. 
This  is  one  of  the  recent  discoveries  in  the  vicinity  of  Ketchikan  and 
is  by  far  the  most  extensively  developed,  especially  in  regard  to 
surface  equipment.  The  country  rock  near  Hadley,  as  well  as  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  peninsula,  is  composed  of  the  Kasaan  greenstone 
with  occasional  intervening  beds  of  much  wrinkled  limestone  altered 
to  marble.  Interstratified  in  the  limestones  are  beds  of  magnetite, 
often  carrying  chalcopyrite.  Dikes  of  felsite  and  more  basic  rocks 
are  intruded  into  both  the  greenstone  and  sedimentary  beds.  The 
general  trend  of  the  sedimentaries  is  north-south,  and  the  dip  is  to  the 
west.  The  deposits  form  irregular  lenses  generally  concordant  with 
the  dip  and  strike  of  the  formations,  and  seven  such  masses  have  thus 
far  been  discovered,  varying  from  100  to  150  feet  in  length  and  20  to 
40  feet  in  width.  The  ore,  essentially  chalcopyrite,  is  said  to  contain 
3.5  to  4.5  per  cent  copper,  with  $1  to  $2  in  gold  values.  The  peculiar 
occurrence  of  these  copper  deposits  and  the  intimate  relation  of  the 
intrusives  and  magnetite  beds  to  the  ore  bodies  will  be  treated  in 
detail  in  the  more  extended  report. 

Considerable  underground  development  of  the  ore  bodies  has  been 
accomplished.  Two  shafts  40  and  80  feet  deep,  arid  three  tunnels  from 
100  to  200  feet  in  length,  with  many  drift  tunnels,  expose  the  deposits 
at  various  elevations.  On  the  surface  a  500-ton  smelter,  has  been 
erected,  also  a  large  compressor  plant  and  various  other  necessities  for 
the  economical  extraction  of  ore. 

On  the  southwest  side  of  the  peninsula  is  the  Mount  Andrew  group 
of  claims  on  copper  deposits,  which  have  the  same  manner  of  occurrence 
as  the  deposits  last  described.  A  tunnel  800  feet  in  length  has  been 
driven,  but  no  work  was  in  progress  this  season.  The  value  of  the 
oVe,  chiefly  chalcopyrite  and  magnetite,  is  said  to  be  4i  per  cent  in 
copper  and  $1  to  $3  in  gold. 


64  ALASKAN   MINERAL   BE80UR0E8   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

Hetta  Inlet. — The  Copper  Mountain-Sulzer  properties  are  on  the 
south  side  of  Hetta  Inlet,  a  deep  indentation  in  the  southwest  coast  of 
Prince  of  Wales  Island.  The  ore  occurrences  in  this  area,  though 
rather  widely  scattered,  are  all  of  copper,  with  a  few  dollars  per  ton 
in  gold  values,  and  are  remarkably  similar  in  character.  The  ores 
are  found  principally  along  the  contacts  of  a  limestone,  with  either 
granite  belts  or  diabase  dikes.  The  original  ores  are  principally  chal- 
copyrite,  pj'rite,  pyrrhotite,  and  magnetite,  with  quartz,  calcite,  gar- 
net, and  epidote,  as  gangue  minerals.  In  many  of  the  deposits  surface 
oxidation  has  altered  the  sulphides  to  a  considerable  depth  and  formed 
carbonate  and  oxide  ores. 

Alaska  Copper  Company. — At  the  Alaska  Copper  Company's  prop- 
erty, on  the  south  slope  of  Copper  Mountain,  development  follows  a  con- 
tact of  granite  with  limestone  and  shows  the  usual  contact  phenomena. 
This  ledge,  known  as  the  "New  York,"  is  located  at  an  elevation  of 
3,300  feet  near  the  summit  of  a  steep  mountain  slope,  and  is  exposed 
by  large  open  cuts  and  short  tunnels.  At  2,400  feet  elevation  a  tun- 
nel, already  1,400  feet  in  length,  is  being  driven  to  undercut  the  ledge 
below  the  surface  workings,  and  this  purpose  was  almost  accomplished 
at  the  time  the  property  was  visited.  A  few  thousand  feet  east  of 
the  New  York  ledge  is  the  Oregon  ledge,  which  is  over  a  hundred 
feet  in  width,  but  of  lower-grade  pre.  This  has  not  as  yet  been  devel- 
oped. The  extent  and  final  average  value  of  the  ore  can  not  be  deter- 
mined from  the  present  indications.  However,  the  surface  showings 
appear  to  justify  a  continuation  of  the  proposed  developments.  A 
250-ton  smelter  has  just  been  completed,  a  water-power  plant  sufficient 
for  all  purposes  has  been  built,  besides  a  5,000-foot-cable  tram  from 
the  uppermost  workings  to  the  smelter. 

Alaska  Indxustrial  Company. — Two  large  groups  of  claims  are  being 
developed  by  the  Alaska  Industrial  Company,  namely,  the  Jumbo 
group  of  29  patented  claims,  on  the  north  slope  of  Copper  Mountain, 
and  the  Green  Monster  group,  6  miles  east  of  Copper  Mountain.  On 
each  of  the  above  groups  several  copper-bearing  ledges  have  been 
exposed  by  tunnels  and  open  cuts,  and  on  some  there  are  large  surface 
exposures  of  rich  chaleopyrite  ore.  On  the  Jumbo  claims  diabase  and 
limestone  are  in  most  cases  the  inclosing  rock.  At  the  Green  Mon- 
ster group  the  deposits  are  more  often  at  or  near  the  granite  limestone 
contact.  As  yet  neither  mining  nor  water-power  plants  have  been 
built,  though  these  will  probably  follow  when  further  mine  develop- 
ments bring  to  view  sufficiently  large  ore  deposits  to  warrant  such 
construction. 

(.'OLD. 

Though  gold  is  not  extensively  mined  in  the  region  under  discussion 

it  has  been  sought  in  many  localities.     Work  beyond  the  annual  assess- 

ment  requirements  has  been  done  only  at  Dolomi^on  the  southeast  side 


WRIGHT 
WRIGHT 


ITND]     DEVELOPMENTS  IN   SOUTHEASTERN   ALASKA.  65 


of  Prince  of  Wales  Island;  at  Hollis,  on  the  northwest  side  of  Twelve 
Mile  Arm  and  in  the  central  part  of  the  island;  at  theHoadley  Brothers' 
claims,  2  miles  north  of  Ketchikan;  at  Thorn  Arm,  on  Revillagigedo 
Island;  at  Miller's  camp,  on  the  east  shore  of  Gravina  Island,  and  on 
the  southeast  side  of  Dall  Island.  During  the  past  summer  operations 
were  in  progress  on  all  of  the  above  excepting  the  Sealevel  mine  at 
Thorn  Arm,  and  the  proposed  future  developments  will  probably  cause 
these  properties  to  rank  as  good  gold  producers.  Besides  the  eventual 
gold  production  from  the  quartz  ledges  considerable  copper  will  also 
be  obtained  from  the  above-described  mines. 

DolomL — In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Dolomi,  which  is  on  John- 
sons Inlet,  36  miles  west  of  Ketchikan,  nearly  a  hundred  locations 
have  been  made,  but  investigations  have  been  confined  principally  to 
the  Valparaiso,  the  Amazon,  and  the  Golden  Fleece  claims. 

The  ore  deposit  at  the  Valparaiso  consists  of  a  quartz  ledge  6  to  8 
feet  in  width,  occurring  in  a  crystalline  limestone  country  rock.  A 
concentration  of  the  gold  values  has  taken  place  along  pay  streaks  on 
the  foot  wall  of  the  ledge  and  from  this  rich  portion  considerable  ore, 
averaging  $200  to  $250  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver  values,  has  been 
been  recovered.  The  minerals  are  principally  free  gold,  tetrahedrite 
and  pyrite,  with  quartz  and  calcite  as  gangue.  Three  inclined  shafts 
100,  80,  and  35  feet  in  depth  and  a  few  hundred  feet  of  drifting  and 
» toping  expose  the  ledge  at  different  points  along  its  strike.  The  ore 
is  well  adapted  for  concentration,  and  when  a  mill  is  installed  good 
returns  may  be  anticipated  across  the  entire  width  of  the  ledge. 

The  quartz  deposit  at  the  Amazon  claim  is  composed  of  ore  of  some- 
what lower  grade,  but  the  gold  values  are  apparently  uniformly  dis- 
tributed. Its  width  varies  from  10  feet  at  the  surface  to  1  foot  at  the 
bottom  of  a  shaft  123  feet  in  depth.  A  calcareous  schist,  in  places 
brecciated  with  quartz  as  the  binding  material,  forms  the  inclosing 
rock.  Developments  on  this  relatively  recent  discovery  give  very 
encouraging  results,  and  the  ore  value  is  reported  to  vary  from  $15 
to  $30  in  gold. 

The  most  extensively  developed  property  is  the  Golden  Fleece  mine, 
located  on  James  Lake,  2  miles  from  tide  water,  and  connected  with 
the  wharf  by  a  well-graded  tramway.  The  quartz  deposits  here  also 
have  a  dolomitic  limestone  as  country  rock,  which  is  cut  by  many 
small  diabase  dikes.  A  peculiar  and  advantageous  feature  of  this 
mine  is  the  occurrence  of  several  limestone  caverns  which  apparently 
follow  the  mineral  deposits.  The  quartz  bodies  are  irregular  lenses, 
slightly  cutting  the  bedding  planes  and  varying  from  a  fraction  of  a 
foot  to  8  feet  or  more  in  width.  The  dip  is  to  the  southeast  at  an 
angle  of  about  40°.  On  the  main  ledge  developments  consist  of  two 
200-foot  tunnels  which  connect  with  many  of  the  above-mentioned 

Bull.  259—05 5 


66  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RES0UECE8   IN   1004.  [bull.  259. 

caverns.  On  another  near-by  ledge  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  80  feet.  The  present  5-stamp  mill  is  to  be  enlarged  to  a  15-stamp 
mill  during  the  winter. 

Hollis. — The  bed  rock  in  this  vicinity  is  composed  mainly  of  crystal- 
line limestones  and  carbonaceous  slates  with  intercalated  sills  of  green- 
stone, both  massive  and  in  part  altered  to  chlorite  or  ampbibole-schists. 
Parallel  to  and  slightly  cross-cutting  the  slates  are  dikes  of  a  bluish- 
gray  porphyritic  rock,  in  or  near  which  the  ore  deposits  occur  as  true 
fissure  veins. 

The  properties  which  have  received  the  most  attention  are  the  Puy- 
allup  group,  1±  miles  west  of  the  bay,  and  the  Crackerjack  mine 
with  its  southeastern  extension,  the  Hollis  claim,  2  miles  west  of  Hollis. 

The  first  mentioned,  the  Puyallup  claim,  consists  of  a  rich  quartz- 
filled  fissure,  from  4  inches  to  2  feet  in  width,  cutting  diorite-porphyry 
country  rock.  This  has  been  developed  by  two  tunnels,  the  lower  one 
1,135  feet  long,  the  upper  220  feet  long.  At  the  end  of  the  longer 
tunnel  the  vein  has  been  lost  and  has  not  as  yet  been  rediscovered. 
On  the  property  a  5-stamp  mill  treats  the  ore,  and  85  per  cent  of  the 
gold  is  found  to  be  free  milling. 

The  vein  which  is  worked  on  the  Crackerjack  claim  lies  principally 
along  the  upper  contact  of  a  porphyry  dike  cutting  the  schist,  though 
in  places  it  enters  the  porphyry.  The  slate  is  more  or  less  graphitic 
and  finely  bedded.  It  strikes  N.  25°  W.  and  dips  southwestward  at 
an  angle  of  35°.  The  porphyry  dike  is  in  the  main  parallel  with  the 
bedding  of  the  formation,  and  varies  from  2  to  20  feet  in  width.  It 
is  said  that  this  ledge,  which  varies  from  1  foot  to  5  feet  in  width, 
may  be  traced  on  the  surface  for  more  than  3  miles.  The  values, 
chiefly  free  gold  with  pyrite,  are  found  in  ore  shoots  parallel  to  the 
dip  of  the  ledge.  The  deposit  has  been  opened  by  an  800-foot  tunnel 
at  an  elevation  of  800  feet  above  tide  water,  and  a  second  tunnel  of 
about  one-half  that  length.  An  average  value  of  $15  per  ton  is 
reported.  On  the  extension  claims  above  this  are  two  tunnels,  one 
120  feet  and  another,  at  an  elevation  of  1,450  feet,  400  feet  in  length. 
In  each  of  these  the  conditions  of  occurrence  are  similar  to  those 
above  mentioned,  and  the  character  of  the  veins  is  very  uniform. 

About  7  miles  northwest  of  Hollis  are  located  the  Commander  group, 
Flora  Nellie,  Dew  Drop,  Red  Jacket,  Summit,  and  Rose  claims,  which 
are  still  in  the  prospecting  stage.  The  quartz  ledges  here  average 
from  2  to  4  feet  in  width,  and  are  quartz-filled  fissures  following  slip 
ping  planes  in  a  porphyry  dike  which  in  places  has  been  rendered 
schistose.  Ore  from  the  various  tunnels,  essentially  galena,  pyrite, 
and  chalcopyrite,  is  reported  to  average  from  $25  to  $50  per  ton,  and 
with  more  favorable  transportation  facilities  these  properties  may 
make  profitable  mines. 


WRIOHT 
WRIGHT 


tND]     DEVELOPMENTS   IN   SOUTHEASTERN    ALASKA.  67 


The  Cascade  mine  is  located  about  3£  miles  west  of  Hollis.  The 
ledge  averages  2  feet  in  width  and  occurs  as  a  filling  along  a  slipping 
plane  in  an  altered  basic  eruptive  rock.  The  chief  development  work 
consists  in  two  tunnels  50  and  240  feet  in  length.  The  average  value 
of  the  ledge  has  not  been  determined  as  yet.  Visible  gold  is  not 
uncommon. 

Gravlna  Island. — Miller's  camp,  the  only  prospect  on  the  island 
which  has  been  developed  considerably,  lies  on  the  east  side  of  Gravina 
Island,  about  4  miles  from  Ketchikan.  The  formation  consists  largely 
of  schists  of  various  types  with  a  northwesterly  strike  and  a  north- 
easterly dip.  Certain  bands  of  the  series,  5  to  10  feet  in  width,  are 
heavily  mineralized  with  sulphides  and  constitute  the  ore  bodies.  Two 
of  these  bands  have  been  discovered  and  prospected  by  shafts  50  feet 
deep.  The  gold  value  is  reported  to  average  $10  to  $15  per  ton.  Sur- 
face improvements  consist  of  a  5-stamp  mill  and  mine  house.  In  both 
shafts  a  highly  altered  basic  intrusive  dike  has  been  found  crosscutting 
the  formation  obliquely.  The  present  outlook  seems  to  warrant 
greater  developments. 

The  Hoadley  Brothers'  claims  are  located  2  miles  north  of  Ketchikan 
and  one-fourth  mile  from  tidewater.  The  veins,  although  narrow, 
occur  usually  within  a  syenite  dike,  intrusive  into  the  schist  country 
rock.  Two  different  sets  of  veins  can  be  distinguished,  the  younger 
of  which  is  remarkable  for  its  high  gold  content. 

Dall  Island. — On  the  east  side  of  Dall  Island,  2  miles  from  the  south 
end,  are  the  recently  located  Elk  and  Virginia  groups  of  claims.  These 
are  on  four  different  quartz  ledges,  which  vary  from  5  to  30  feet  in 
width  and  occur  in  both  limestone  and  slate.  The  gold  values  are 
associated  with  chalcopyrite  and  galena  and  ore  assays  varying  from 
$10  to  $50  are  reported.  This  property  has  been  worked  during  the 
past  summer  and  the  developments  will  continue  throughout  the 
winter. 

The  Mount  Vista  group,  in  the  central  part  of  the  east  shore  of  Dall 
Island,  is  located  on  a  mineral  belt  in  limestone  and  consists  of  numer- 
ous stringers  and  small  masses  of  a  tetrahedrite  ore  carrying  high 
values  in  gold  and  silver.  This  property  is  being  opened  by  several 
small  tunnels  and  the  ore  exposed  is  said  to  assay  well. 

Revillagigedo  Island. — The  "Sealevel"  mine,  located  at  the  head  of 
Thorne  Arm,  was  largely  worked  during  1900  and  again  in  1902-3,  but 
since  the  summer  of  1903  all  operations  have  ceased.  Since  Mr.  A.  H. 
Brooks's  visit  to  this  property  in  1901  a  30-stamp  mill  has  been  erected 
and  a  water-power  plant  built.  Most  of  the  ore  between  the  surface 
and  the  lower  level  has  been  stoped  out  and  milled,  and  probably 
owing  to  the  lack  of  sufficient  ore  to  supply  the  30-stamp  mill  and  the 
costly  method  of  handling  the  ore,  mining  was  discontinued.     The  ore 


68  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RE8OUR0E8   IN   1904.  [bull.2W. 

deposits  comprise  two  quartz-filled  fissures  which  are  in  part  inclosed 
in  a  porphyritic  dike;  but  at  the  north  end  of  the  claim  these  leave 
the  porphyry  and  enter  a  greenstone-schist  which  here  forms  the 
country  rock.  The  ledges  are  about  15  feet  apart,  average  from  2  to 
6  feet  in  width,  and  have  been  traced  over  2,000  feet  along  the  surface. 
The  ore  is  reported  to  carry  $6  in  gold  per  ton. 

Other  prospects. — In  the  vicinity  of  Ketchikan  and  on  Gravina 
Island  are  many  other  prospects  more  or  less  developed,  and  some  with 
favorable  ore  exposures.  A  discussion  of  these,  however,  is  not  pos- 
sible in  this  brief  summary. 

MARBLE. 

During  the  last  few  years  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  mar- 
ble deposits  on  the  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  The  largest  of  these  is 
located  close  to  tide  water,  3  miles  from  Shakan  on  the  northwest  side 
of  the  island.  The  deposit  has  been  developed  by  several  open  cuts, 
which  expose  a  white,  finely  crystalline  marble.  Jointing  planes  and 
cracks  are  reported  to  occur  in  this  rock  which  will  prevent  the  mining 
of  large  slabs  or  columns,  though  its  favorable  location  will  probably 
make  the  deposit  of  value  for  building  stones. 

At  the  head  of  North  Arm,  west  of  Dolomi,  on  the  east  side  of 
Prince  of  Wales  Island  several  claims  have  been  located  on  a  marble 
deposit  similar  in  character  to  the  Shakan  deposit.  It  is  exposed  for 
a  moderately  large  width  and  the  marble  is  reported  to  be  of  good 
quality. 


THE  TREADWELL  ORE  DEPOSITS,0  DOUGLAS  ISLAND. 


By  Arthub  C.  Spencer. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Douglas  Island,  one  of  the  smaller  islands  of  the  Alexander  Archi- 
pelago, is  separated  from  the  mainland  of  southeastern  Alaska  by  a 
narrow  fiord  known  as  Gastineau  Channel.  The  four  mines  of  the 
Treadwell  group  are  located  near  its  inland  shore,  and  the  towns  of 
Douglas  and  Treadwell  owe  their  2,000  inhabitants  to  the  mining 
operations,  while  Juneau,  with  somewhat  greater  population,  lies  on 
the  adjacent  mainland,  about  2£  miles  northwest  of  Treadwell.  The 
distance  by  steamer  from  Seattle,  Wash.,  to  Juneau  slightly  exceeds 
900  miles,  while  Skagway,  the  terminus  of  the  Yukon  and  White  Pass 
Railroad,  lies  95  miles  to  the  northwest,  and  Sitka  about  the  same  dis- 
tance in  a  southwesterly  direction. 

The  most  southeasterly  mine,  the  Ready  Bullion,  is  3,000  feet  from 
the  nearest  workings  of  the  Alaska-Mexican  mine,  and  the  intervening 
ground  is  supposed  to  be  practically  barren.  The  workings  of  the 
Mexican  mine  extend,  however,  almost  to  those  of  the  Seven  Hundred 
Foot  property,  and  the  latter  connect  at  several  levels  with  the  tunnels 
of  the  Alaska-Treadwell  mine.  There  is  thus  an  almost  continuously 
developed  ore  body  for  a  distance  of  about  3,500  feet.  Although  the 
workings  have  revealed  several  separate  ore  bodies,  and  certain  dis- 
tinctions are  made  in  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  ores,  the 
mines  are  all  located  on  the  same  lead,  and  the  ore  material  is  practically 
of  one  nature  and  of  identical  origin  throughout.  As  a  whole,  there- 
fore, the  deposits  may  be  conveniently  designated  by  the  name  of  the 
first  discovered  and  largest  mine. 

GEOLOGY  OP  THE  REGION. 

The  geology  of  the  Juneau  region  and  of  southeastern  Alaska  as  a 
whole  resembles,  in  many  ways,  that  of  the  gold  belt  of  California. 
The  rocks  of  both  regions  are  in  large  part  of  identical  character,  and 
some  of  them  correspond  in  age  and  in  the  nature  of  their  metamor- 

phism.     There  is  also  a  marked  similarity  in  the  occurrence  of  the 

—  1  

aThia  paper,  with  a  more  extended  account  of  the  geological  features  of  the  region,  was  printed  in 
the  Transactions'  of  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Lake  Superior  Meeting,  Oct.,  1904. 


70  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  2to. 

gold  veins  and  in  the  general  effects  of  mineralization,  and  some  of 
the  broader  facts  suggest  that  the  dates  of  vein  and  ore  deposition 
also  correspond  closely,  though  more  extended  and  further  detailed 
studies  must  be  made  before  definite  proof  of  this  can  be  obtained. 

The  formations  of  the  mainland  may  be  thrown  into  three  lithologic 
groups,  which  are  distributed  in  parallel  zones  following  the  general 
trend  of  the  coast.  Two  of  these  groups,  the  schists  and  the  slate- 
greenstone  band,  are  mainly  metamorphosed  sediments,  although  the 
greenstone  beds  represent  ancient  volcanic  flows  of  andesite  and 
basalt.  The  third  group  is  composed  of  the  great  complex  of  intru- 
sive granular  rocks,  mostly  dioritic,  which  form  the  mass  of  the  Coast 
Range.  The  general  structure  of  the  region  is  monoclinal,  strikes 
being  usually  northwest  and  southeast  and  dips  always  toward  the 
northeast. 

Very  general  mineralization  has  taken  place  since  the  diorite-intru- 
sions,  the  age  of  which  has  recently  been  determined  as  later  than 
early  Cretaceous.  a 

THE  ORE  BODIES. 
GENERAL   FEATURES. 

The  ore  bodies  consist  mainly  of  mineralized  albite-diorite  occurring 
in  the  form  of  intrusive  dikes  in  black  slates,  the  structure  of  which 
they  closely  follow.  These  slates  are  metamorphosed  shales  in  which 
both  original  bedding  and  slaty  structure  strike  northwest  and  south- 
east (fig.  1)  and  dip  about  50°  on  the  average  toward  the  northeast.  The 
ore-bearing  dikes  belong  to  a  series  of  intrusions  which  appear  inter- 
ruptedly along  the  strike  for  a  distance  of  about  3  miles  in  a  zone 
approximately  3,000  feet  wide.  In  the  greater  part  of  the  intruded 
area  exposures  are  few,  and  only  small  dikes  outcrop  on  the  side 
toward  the  center  of  the  island.  On  this  side  the  zone  seems  to  be 
irregularly  limited,  but  next  to  the  shore  of  Gastineau  Channel  the 
border  is  defined  by  a  heavy  bed  of  greenstone  running  parallel  with 
the  slates  and  the  intrusive  dikes  and  dipping  with  them  toward  the 
adjacent  channel.  The  mineralized  dikes  that  constitute  the  known 
minable  ore  occur  just  beneath  this  greenstone,  which  thus  constitutes 
the  hanging  wall  both  of  the  intrusion  zone  and  of  the  ore  bodies. 
Many  of  the  dikes  of  albite-diorite  away  from  the  hanging  wall  have 
been  greatly  altered  and  impregnated  with  pyrite,  but  workable  ore 
bodies  have  not  yet  been  discovered  in  them. 

The  strike  of  the  different  rocks  is  regular  in  the  main,  and,  being 
slightly  oblique  to  the  channel,  the  outcrops  of  the  ore  bodies  recede 
from  the  shore  toward  the  northwest.     The  base  of  the  greenstone 


a  During  the  summer  of  1904  Mr.  C.  W.  Wright  found  Lower  Crotueeous  strata  on  Admiralty  Island 
infolded  with  slates  and  greenstones  belonging  to  the  same  belt  as  those  of  Douglas  Island.  The 
diorites,  which  invade  the  slate-greenstone  group  of  rocks,  are  either  younger  or  of  the  same  date  as 
the  folding  and  are  therefore  younger  than  the  Lovrei  Cretaceous  beds. 


ipkxcm.]        TREADWELL    ORE   DEPOSITS,    DOUGLAS    ISLAND. 


71 


hanging  wall  strikes  the  shore  of  the  island  about  1  mile  below  the 
Ready  Bullion  mine,  at  first  running  inland  and  then  back  to  a  point 
below  high  water  just  below  where  the  southernmost  body  of  diorite  is 
exposed  in  the  open  pits  of  the  Ready  Bullion  mine.  Reappearing 
within  a  few  hundred  feet,  it  bends  sharply  and  is  next  exposed  in  the 
southeast  pits  of  the  Mexican  mine.  From  this  point  it  is  traceable 
in  a  nearly  straight  line  through  the  Seven  Hundred  Foot  and  Tread- 
well  workings  and  for  a  distance  of  several  miles  beyond. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  mines  there  are  no  dikes  of  diorite  on  the 
channel  side  of  the  greenstone,  but  about  1  mile  to  the  northwest  two 
cropping*  have  been  noted,  and  Juneau  Island,  in  Gastineau  Channel 
about  2,000  feet  from  the  foot  wall,  is  composed  of  similar  rock,  which 
is  somewhat  impregnated  with  pyrite. 


ihnwtng  geology  nnrl 


Besides  the  mineralization  of  the  igneous  dikes,  the  black  slates  of 
the  same  general  belt  on  both  sides  of  the  greenstone  band  contain 
occasional  veins  and  systems  of  quartz  stringers  following  the  struc- 
ture. Veining  of  this  sort  has  been  particularly  noted  along  the  foot 
wall  of  the  Treadwell  greenstone  for  a  distance  of  several  miles  beyond 
the  mines.  Assays  of  about  $6  per  ton  in  value  have  been  obtained  in 
some  places,  but  there  has  been  no  systematic  attempt  to  develop  these 
stringer  leads,  and  their  value  is  doubtful. 

The  rocks  occurring  in  and  near  the  mines,  which  will  now  be 
described  in  greater  detail,  are  the  following:  The  greenstone  hanging 
wall;  the  slate  country  rock,  inclosing  both  greenstone  and  ore  bodies; 
the  dikes  and  lenticular  masses  of  diorite,  some  of  which  constitute 
the  ore;  and  a  few  small  dikes  of  basalt. 


72  ALASKAN   MINERAL   BE80UBCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 


GREENSTONE. 


The  hanging-wall  greenstone  form9  a  prominent  bed  or  stratum 
about  300  feet  in  thickness  where  measured  in  the  mines,  but  varying 
somewhat  from  this  figure  in  different  parts  of  its  outcrop.  So  far 
as  can  be  determined,  it  follows  the  structure  of  the  slates,  striking 
with  them  from  southeast  to  northwest,  and  dipping  northeast  toward 
the  near-by  channel,  beneath  which  it  has  been  followed  to  a  depth 
of  about  900  feet  in  the  lowest  workings.  The  outcrop  is  practically 
continuous  for  4  miles  northward  from  where  the  greenstone  first 
appears  on  the  shore  of  Douglas  Island.  Then  the  bed  thins  out  and 
is  wanting  for  a  few  hundred  feet,  but  it  soon  reappears  and  may  be 
followed  for  an  additional  2  miles,  until  it  is  lost  beneath  a  heavy 
covering  of  vegetation. 

As  a  rule,  the  rock  is  greatly  altered,  and  in  places  it  is  even  schis- 
tose or  slaty,  but  portions  are  sufficiently  unchanged  to  indicate  the 
original  composition  and  structure.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  Ready  Bul- 
lion mine  the  rock  is  granular,  consisting  mainly  of  coarsely  crystal- 
lized hornblende,  though  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  magnetite  and 
some  pyrite.  A  specimen  from  the  Mexican  workings,  which  might 
be  called  andesite,  contains  porphyritic  crystals  of  plagioclase  and 
augite  in  a  decomposed  groundmass,  which  seems  to  have  consisted 
largely  of  small  prismatic  feldspar  crystals.  The  secondary  minerals 
are  chlorite,  epidote,  serpentine,  and  calcite.  Beyond  the  workings 
toward  the  northwest  the  greenstone  is  a  fine-grained  diabase. 

The  greenstone  was  called  gabbro  by  Becker,  who  regarded  it  as 
later  than  the  rock  of  the  ore  bodies,  but  there  is  now  sufficient  evi- 
dence to  establish  the  opposite  age  relation,  and  reasons  exist  for 
doubting  its  intrusive  nature.  The  inclusions  of  light-colored  rock 
fragments  in  the  greenstone,  which  form  the  basis  of  Becker's  conclu- 
sions, are  represented  in  his  collection  by  a  specimen  and  a  thin  sec- 
tion, showing  a  distinctly  outlined  fragment  of  grayish  granitoid  rock 
inclosed  in  greenstone;  but  the  diagnostic  value  of  this  occurrence  is 
open  to  doubt,  since  at  several  points  in  the  region  pebbles  and  frag- 
ments of  similar  material  occur  in  the  volcanic  greenstone  breccias  at 
different  horizons  in  the  series  of  interbedded  slates  and  greenstones, 
showing  the  existence  of  an  available  source  of  granitoid  material 
prior  to  the  deposition  of  the  slates  and  the  outpouring  of  the  con- 
temporaneous lavas. 

In  the  open  pits  of  the  Seven- Hundred  Fopt  and  Mexican  mines 
the  exposed  lower  part  of  the  greenstone  bed  is  very  schistose,  and 
this  slaty  rock  forms  both  walls  of  the  ore  body.  Between  the  ore 
and  the  black  slate  usually  forming  the  foot  wall  there  is  a  plate  or 
layer  of  chloritic  schist  of  somewhat  variable  thickness,  evidently 
identical  with  the  schistose  or  slaty  greenstone  of  the  immediate  hang- 


bpencer]  TREADWELL   ORE   DEPOSITS,  DOUGLAS   ISLAND.      *        78 

ing  wall,  and  the  latter  grades  off  into  the  massive  rock.  This  rela- 
tion suggests  that  the  locally  developed  schistosity  of  the  greenstone 
existed  before  the  intrusion  of  the  diorite  dikes  or  was  produced  at 
the  time  of  their  invasion,  and  in  either  case  the  greenstone  must  be 
the  older  rock.  More  definite  evidence  in  the  same  direction  was 
noted  in  an  old  stope  above  the  220-foot  level  in  the  Treadwell  mine. 
Here  the  main  mass  of  diorite  lies  below  all  of  the  greenstone,  but  the 
latter  is  somewhat  schistose,  and  a  narrow  offshoot  from  the  diorite 
cuts  across  this  secondary  structure  for  a  distance  of  about  3  feet, 
and  then  follows  the  schistosity  parallel  with  the  wall  of  the  large 
ore  body. 

Without  the  above  proof  that  the  diorite  is  intrusive  in  the  green- 
stone, several  general  considerations  would  lead  to  the  probability  of 
this  relation.  In  the  region  at  large  the  dioritic  rocks  invariably  cut 
the  bedded  greenstones,  and  in  Sheep  Creek  they  are  even  later  than 
the  gabbro  dikes  which  follow  the  structure  of  the  inclosing  rocks 
approximately.  None  of  the  basic  intrusives  which  are  evidently  later 
than  the  Coast  Range  diorites  show  any  tendency  to  follow  the  struc- 
tural trend  of  the  region,  but,  like  the  small  basalt  dikes  in  the  Tread- 
well  mine,  they  characteristically  hold  to  transverse  courses.  The  way 
in  which  the  greenstone  limits  the  zone  of  diorite  dikes,  and  the  marked 
coherence  of  individual  dikes  to  its  lower  surface,  both  point  to  the 
hanging- wall  stratum  as  a  controlling  feature  in  the  distribution  of  the 
diorite,  and  therefore  suggest  its  earlier  existence.  The  probability 
of  this  connection  is  well  brought  out  by  the  map  and  cross  section. 
Again,  if  the  attitudes  of  the  diorite  dikes  and  the  greenstone  in 
reference  to  the  slate  country  are  compared,  it  is  found  that  the 
diorite  shows  all  the  ordinary  structural  characteristics  of  intrusions, 
while  the  greenstone  exhibits  no  features  which  necessarily  require  an 
intrusive  origin.  The  diorite  bodies  change  in  shape  from  place  to 
place,  branch  irregularly,  crosscut  the  st ratification  locally,  and  include 
masses  of  slate.  The  greenstone  is  a  single  layer  or  bed  which  con- 
tinues along  the  same  horizon  for  at  least  6  miles  and  shows  but  slight 
variations  in  thickness;  it  does  not  crosscut  the  slates,  so  far  as 
observed,  and  it  contains  no  slate  inclusions.  Under  the  circumstances 
it  is  strongly  believed  that  the  greenstone  is  not  intrusive,  but  that  it 
originated  as  a  lava  flow  similar  to  many  others  in  the  same  general 
series  of  alternating  sediments  and  igneous  rocks,  while  the  diorite 
was  intruded  at  a  much  later  date. 

BLACK   SLATE. 

The  black  slates,  which  constitute  the  main  country  rock  near  the 
Treadwell  mines,  belong  to  the  third  subzone  of  the  slate-greenstone 
band  already  described.  Together  with  the  hanging-wall  greenstone 
they  constitute  all  of  this  subzone  which  appears  on  the  southern  halt 


74  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [ioll.260. 

of  Douglas  Island,  the  remaining  portion  being  beneath  Gastineau 
Channel.  They  are  highly  metamorphosed  carbonaceous  and  calca- 
reous shales,  of  fairly  uniform  texture;  their  stratification  is  usually 
determinable  from  variations  in  color  and  from  slight  changes  in  the 
character  of  material,  and  in  so  far  as  observed  the  bedding  and  prin- 
cipal slaty  cleavage  are  always  in  accord. 

The  cleavage  of  the  slates  is  regarded  as  having  been  produced 
before  the  diorite  intrusions,  the  direction  of  which  it  largely  controls. 
In  this  respect  the  secondary  structure  corresponds  with  that  of  the 
sedimentary  rocks  of  the  general  region,  all  of  which  were  tilted  and 
metamorphosed  before  the  diorttes  of  the  Coast  Range  were  intruded. 
The  slates  are  not  altered  by  contact  metamorphism  next  to  the  intru- 
sive dikes  of  diorite. 


Classification  of  the  Treadwell  rock  is  somewhat  difficult,  because  it 
has  been  impossible  to  procure  entirely  unaltered  material.  Doctor 
Becker,  who  first  studied  it  with  care,  gave  it  the  designation  "sodium 


lliflilJ/fl/liniaT&tik 

™     33  ma  Hi" 

£3 

Fro.  2.— Cross  section  through  Aim-It*  Trend  well  mine  and  northern  aide  of  Douglas  Island. 

syenite,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  ordinary  syenites,  which  contain 
potassium  as  their  alkali  constituent.  However,  since  the  soda-feldspar 
alhite,  which  is  the  characteristic  mineral  of  the  rock,  belongs  to  the 
plagioclase  scries,  and  these  feldspars  are  the  distinguishing  feature  of 
dioritic  rocks,  he  suggested  the  alternative  name  "  albite-diorite," 
which  is  here  employed  because  it  indicates  the  known  relationship  of 
the  Treadwell  rock  with  the  diorite  intrusives  of  the  adjacent  Coast 
Range. 

The  rock  varies  in  mineralogical  composition  from  place  to  place, 
but  it  is  always  very  much  changed  from  its  original  condition.  Most 
of  it  shows  little  or  no  fcrromagncsian  minerals,  either  because  they 
were  never  present  or  because  they  have  been  decomposed  and  carried 
away  by  the  mineralizing  solutions  which  have  permeated  the  rock. 
Specimens  were  collected,  however,  which  contained  hornblende  in 
apparently  original  prisms,  and  biotite  is  sometimes  observed.  Sec- 
ondarily crystallized  mica  and  green  hornblende  are  somewhat  com- 
mon, and  with  them  a  considerable  amount  of  epidote  is  ordinarily 
found.     Feldspar  is  present  in  two  conditions,  original  and  secondary. 


aPENCEB]         TREAD  WELL   ORE   DEPOSITS,  DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  75 

The  primary  feldspars  of  the  magma  were  albite-oligoclase,  occurring 
in  phenocrysts  now  always  clouded  by  decomposition  products,  and 
microperthite  with  some  pure  albite,  forming  a  granular  groundmass 
of  distinctly  later  crystallization.  The  composition  of  the  phenocrysts 
is  inferred  in  general  from  the  presence  of  epidote  as  one  of  the  min- 
erals formed  by  the  alteration  of  the  feldspars,  but  this  has  been 
checked  by  the  optical  characteristics  of  relatively  fresh  material  occur- 
ring in  several  specimens.  The  secondary  feldspar  is  always  albite, 
and  is  usually  quite  free  from  decomposition,  and  when  it  occurs  in 
sufficient  amounts  it  gives  the  rock  a  very  fresh  appearance.  It  seems 
to  have  been  formed  mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  original  microper- 
thite, which  it  replaces  in  part. 

Quartz  seems  not  to  have  been  an  original  mineral  in  the  albite- 
diorite,  and  it  is  never  observed  in  the  body  of  the  rock  associated  with 
the  secondary  albite,  but  is  confined  to  the  veinlets  which  intersect  the 
dikes.  Calcite  is  common  both  in  the  veins  and  distributed  through 
the  rock  itself  along  with  the  albite  of  the  second  generation. 

Original  accessory  minerals  noted  are  apatite,  titanite,  rutile,  and 
magnetite.  The  secondary  minerals  which  have  been  noted  are  uralite 
(secondary  hornblende),  green  mica,  chlorite,  epidote,  zoisite,  calcite, 
quartz,  sericite,  rutile,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  and  stibnite,  with  other  sul- 
phides occurring  exceptionally.  Some  of  the  magnetite  seems  also 
to  have  originated  from  the  breaking  up  of  former  iron-bearing  min- 
erals, and  where  it  surrounds  cubes  of  pyrite  it  has  apparently  been 
deposited  from  the  mineral  solutions. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  mines  dikes  of  albite-diorite  in  the  black 
slates  are  distributed  throughout  a  zone  about  3,000  feet  in  width, 
extending  along  the  strike  for  3  miles.  Only  bodies  near  the  hanging 
wall  of  this  zone  have  been  mined  up  to  the  present  time,  though 
several  others  are  strongly  mineralized.  The  dimensions  of  the  dif- 
ferent dikes  are  extremely  variable,  the  larger  ones  having  a  maximum 
observed  width  of  over  200  feet  in  surface  exposure  and  in  the  mine 
workings.  From  this  all  sizes  occur  down  to  the  width  of  one's  hand, 
and  toward  the  ends  of  the  intrusive  area  only  small  dikes  occur,  as 
may  be  observed  along  the  bed  of  Bullion  Creek. 

Outside  of  the  ground  which  has  been  worked,  the  details  of  the 
various  diorite  masses  are  unknown,  but  their  general  distribution  is 
shown  upon  the  geologic  map,  and  the  generalized  cross  section  through 
the  workings  of  the  Treadwell  mine  indicates  the  relative  number  and 
size  of  the  dikes  which  outcrop  (figs.  1  and  2).  Undoubtedly  a  still 
larger  number,  principally  of  small  dikes,  are  hidden  by  gravel  beds 
and  by  the  deep  mat  of  decaying  vegetation  which  covers  much  of  the 
ground. 

In  many  cases — and  this  is  particularly  to  be  noted  in  the  dikes  which 
have  been  mined — the  individual  intrusions  are  made  up  of  a  series  of 


76  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bdll.2W. 

lenses  formed  by  alternate  bulging  and  pinching  of  the  intrusive  mass. 
In  places  the  structure  of  the  slate  follows  these  irregularities,  while 
elsewhere  there  is  local  crosscutting.  Pinching  and  swelling  of  the 
diorite  is  shown  in  both  vertical  and  horizontal  cross  sections  of  the 
dikes,  though  in  general  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  variations  are  more 
frequent  and  the  changes  take  place  within  shorter  distances  upon  the 
dip  than  upon  the  strike. 

The  greater  frequency  of  the  variations  on  the  dip,  which  has  been 
mentioned,  may  be  due  to  faulting,  for  in  the  west  end  of  the  "Glory 
Hole"  at  the  Tread  well  mine,  and  in  one  or  two  other  cases  under- 
ground, where  observations  have  been  less  readily  made,  the  ore  bodies 
are  offset  by  movement  along  surfaces  which  strike  nearly  parallel  to 
the  veins,  but  dip  at  a  lower  angle.  A  series  of  such  faults  would 
produce  the  effect  of  alternate  swelling  and  pinching  (fig.  3). 

Considerable  work  was  done  several  years  ago  in  prospecting  adja- 
cent bodies  of  diorite,  many  of  which  are  as  thoroughly  impregnated 

with  pyrite  as  the  developed  ore  bodies. 
So  far  as  known,  the  gold  values  are 
mostly  very  low;  and  while  mines  may 
yet  be  discovered,  explorations  have  not 
thus  far  revealed  workable  ores. 

The  occurrence  of  the  sulphide- 
bearing  diorite  which  forms  the  Tread- 
well  ore  deposit  has  been  described  by 
Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  who  visited  the 
mine  in  1889.  This  geologist  believed 
the  deposit  to  represent  the  upper  por- 
fig.3.— ideal  sketch  showing  manner    tion  or  "feather  edge"  of  a  granitic 

in  which  faults  of  low  dip  may  displace     .    .         .  ,     ,  ,  , 

an  inclined  dike,  giving  appearance    intrusion,    probably    contemporaneous 
of  alternate  swelling  and  pinching.        anc[  connected  with  the  granites  of  the 

neighboring  Coast  Range.  The  structural  relations  presented  by  this 
view  are  entirely  in  accord  with  present  observations,  for  while  the 
rock  can  not  be  strictly  classed  as  granite,  neither  can  a  large  part  of 
the  rocks  which  form  the  core  of  the  Coast  Range  be  so  classed,  since 
their  composition  is  usually  dioritic.  The  diorite  of  the  Douglas  Island 
mines  doubtless  belongs  to  the  Coast  Range  period  of  intrusion;  and  if 
the  small  dikes  of  basalt  which  are  found  from  place  to  place  throughout 
the  region  be  excepted,  it  is  the  youngest  of  the  bed-rock  formations 
in  the  vicinity.  At  the  time  of  its  intrusion  the  rocks  which  now 
appear  at  the  surface  occupied  a  position  deep  within  the  shell  of  the 
earth  (lithosphere);  and  while  many  masses  of  the  Coast  Range  diorite 
were  forced  through  to  the  surface,  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  of  these 
particular  dikes  ever  extended  as  far  as  the  surface  which  then  existed. 
Taken  together  they  represent  intrusive  material  which  was  arrested 
en  route,  while  larger  masses  of   related   rocks  in  the  region  are 


spencer.]         TREADWELL   ORE    DEPOSITS,   DOUGLA8    ISLAND.  77 

regarded  as  the  once  deep-seated  portions  of  intrusions  which  probably 
had  actual  surface  exit.  In  the  underground  workings  the  blind  end- 
ings of  certain  of  the  dikes  show  that  some  of  them  do  not  extend  even 
to  the  present  surface.  How  much  farther  the  larger  ones  may  have 
penetrated  the  slates  now  removed  by  erosion  can  not  be  estimated. 

BA8ALT   DIKES. 

In  several  places  in  the  mine  workings  there  are  basalt  dikes,  which 
cut  all  the  other  rocks.  They  are  narrow,  usually  from  a  few  inches 
up  to  3  feet  in  width,  and  have  sharply  defined  walls.  Locally, 
the  dikes  occur  in  pairs,  and  in  several  places  are  seen  to  divide,  par- 
ticularly when  they  occur  in  zones  of  sheeted  rock.  The  fissures  in 
which  they  occur  are  transverse  to  the  strike  of  the  rocks  and  trend 
from  N.  10°  W.  to  about  north  and  south,  true  meridian,  with  a  rather 
steep  dip  toward  the  west.  As  a  rule,  they  are  not  mineralized  to  any 
important  extent,  though  a  small  amount  of  pyrite  sometimes  appears, 
and  occasionally  they  contain  a  considerable  amount  of  this  mineral. 
In  several  places  veinlets  of  calcite  occur  along  the  selvage,  but  these 
are  readily  determinable  as  of  later  orign  than  the  greater  part  of  the 
quartz  and  calcite  which  form  a  reticulation  throughout  the  mass  of 
the  ore  material. 

THE   ORES. 
GENERAL   DESCRIPTION. 

The  ore  of  the  albite-diorite  dikes  consists  mainly  of  rock  impreg- 
nated with  sulphides,  principally  pyrite,  in  part  shattered  and  filled 
by  reticulating  veins  of  calcite  and  quartz,  which  also  carry  sulphides. 
The  ore-bearing  dikes  are  considerably  mineralized  throughout,  and 
often  the  whole  mass  can  be  mined.  Locally,  however,  the  values  are 
too  low  to  pay  for  extraction,  and  portions  of  the  rock  must  be  left. 

Three  sorts  of  ore  are  recognized  by  the  miners,  "quartz,"  " brown 
ore,"  and  "mixed  ore."  The  so-called  quartz  ore,  which  constitutes 
the  bulk  of  the  workable  material,  is  essentially  mineralized  diorite, 
but  it  usually  contains  calcite  and  quartz,  the  calcite  disseminated  or 
iu  veins,  the  quartz  .only  in  veins.  As  a  rule,  it  is  white  or  light  gray, 
but  in  many  places  it  has  a  greenish  cast.  The  brown  ore  is  derived 
from  a  comparatively  small  amount  of  productive  mineralization 
occurring  in  the  walls  or  in  the  narrow  horses  of  slate,  where  the  presence 
of  gold-bearing  sulphides  is  commonly  recognized  by  a  brown  color, 
which  leads  to  the  popular  designation  of  this  ore.  The  brown  mate- 
rial grades  into  the  ordinary  black  slate,  and  its  color  is  apparently  due 
to  decarbonization  of  the  carbonaceous  rock  by  percolating  sulphide 
solutions.  Impregnation  of  the  slate  is  by  no  means  general,  and 
where  it  occurs  it  seldoms  extends  for  more  than  2  or  3  feet  from  the 
walls  of  the  main  ore  mass.    The  mixed  ore,  which  is  more  abundant 


78  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  269. 

than  the  brown,  is  composed  of  slate  intricately  intruded  by  small  dikes 
of  very  fine-grained  diorite,  the  whole  being  impregnated  with  sul- 
phides in  the  same  way  as  the  ordinary  ore. 

The  value  of  the  material  mined  varies  from  $1  to  $5  and  even  $10 
or  more  per  ton,  though  in  the  course  of  development  a  great  deal  of 
less  valuable  rock  is  extracted,  and  in  working  the  open  pits  large 
amounts  of  worthless  slate  must  be  moved,  much  of  which  goes  with 
the  ore  to  the  stamps.  In  general  the  average  value  of  the  rock  has 
been  a  few  cents  over  $2  for  the  past  two  or  three  years.  From  60  to 
75  per  cent  of  the  gold  is  free  milling,  and  the  concentrates,  which  the 
mill  records  show  to  be  about  2  per  cent  of  the  material  treated,  assay 
from  $30  to  $50  per  ton. 

SHAPE  OF  THE  ORE  BODIES. 

The  impregnation  of  the  dikes  in  which  the  ore  occurs  is,  for  the 
most  part,  so  general,  and  the  presence  of  at  least  small  amounts  of 
gold  is  so  constant,  that  it  is  impossible  to  recognize  any  well-defined 
masses  which  may  properly  be  distinguished  as  ore  shoots.  Though 
\  the  values  are  by  no  means  uniformly  distributed,  from  the  assay  plan 
they  do  not  appear  to  occur  in  any  regular  way,  and  indeed  the  dis- 
tinction between  ore  and  rock  too  lean  to  pay  for  extraction  is  often 
the  matter  of  only  a  few  cents.  The  actual  differences  in  gold  tenor 
of  several  contiguous  samples  taken  from  the  ore  are  usually  much 
greater  than  the  difference  between  the  average  of  any  considerable 
block  of  ore  and  the  contents  of  intervening  masses  of  poor  rock.  In 
several  places  mere  joints  or  seams  may  be  noted  separating  the  ore 
and  the  poor  material,  and  it  frequently  happens  that  blocks  of  the 
latter,  which  show  assays  from  a  trace  up  to  $1,  are  entirely  surrounded 
by  ore  averaging  $2  or  more.  Structural  limitations,  such  as  joints, 
however,  are  difficult  of  observation,  because  the  sides  of  the  drifts 
are  everywhere  covered  with  dust. 

In  general,  the  best  ore  is  that  which  contains  the  greatest  number 
of  quartz  and  calcite  veinlets,  and  though  their  absence  is  not  an  infal- 
lible indication  of  valueless  material,  it  seems  that  the  irregular  distri- 
bution of  the  gold  has  resulted  mainly  from  original  differences  in  the 
amount  of  crushing  and  the  consequent  varying  permeability  of  the 
rock.  Where  the  metasomatic  replacement  of  the  diorite  by  secondary 
albite  is  absent,  the  sulphides  usually  replace  such  minerals  as  horn- 
blende or  mica,  and  it  is  suspected  that  in  these  cases  the  gold  content 
is  ordinarily  low. 

In  planning  the  position  of  stopes  the  assay  charts  often  enable  the 
miners  to  locate  the  pillars  in  relatively  poor  material,  but  as  a  rule 
the  low-grade  rock  is  not  found  to  persist  for  the  whole  distance 
between  two  mine  levels.  The  largest  masses,  which  have  been  left 
because  of  their  leanness,  are  on  the  foot-wall  side  of  the  south  dike 


spencer^  TREAD  WELL   ORE    DEP08IT8,   DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  79 

in  the  Treadwell  workings,  but  even  here  there  are  great  variations 
in  the  gold  tenor  at  different  places.  On  the  110-foot  level  all  the 
rock  was  minable;  on  the  220-foot  level  from  10  to  40  feet  of  low-grade 
stuff  was  left  ou  the  foot,  excepting  for  a  distance  of  about  150  feet. 
On  the  330-foot  level  good  values  were  found  up  to  the  slate,  except- 
ing for  200  feet  along  the  west  end,  where  20  feet  or  so  wfere  left,  while 
on  the  440- foot  level  not  over  half  of  the  rock  gave  assays  over  $1. 

PERMI8TEXCE   IN   DEPTH. 

The  ore  dikes  have  been  developed  along  the  dip  for  a  distance  of 
approximately  1,000  feet  in  all  three  of  the  mines  now  operated. 
The  Treadwell  workings  reach  about  700  feet  below  sea  level,  the 
Mexican  600  feet,  and  the  Readv  Bullion  800  feet.a  In  no  case  has  it 
been  possible  to  make  out  any  progressive  change  in  the  character  of 
the  ore  as  depth  was  attained.  The  assay  charts  show  the  ore  in  the 
lowest  levels  to  be  as  good  as  in  the  upper  workings,  and  it  is  evident 
that  variations  along  the  dip  are  not  greater  than  those  observed  from 
place  to  place  along  the  strike.  It  is  true  that  the  mine  records  for  a 
period  of  years  show  a  gradual  decrease  in  the  per-  ton  value  of  the 
material  which  has  been  treated.  This  is  especially  noticeable  in 
the  case  of  the  Treadwell  mine,  which  has  been  the  longest  in  opera- 
tion, but  it  is  the  result  of  increasing  the  tonnage  by  mining  low-grade 
rock  rather  than  an  indication  that  the  average  value  is  decreasing 
with  depth. 

It  seems  fair  to  assume  that  the  ore  will  continue  to  at  least  a  con- 
siderably greater  depth  without  important  change  in  average  value. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  character  of  the  ore  to  indicate  any  important 
secondary  concentration  of  values  by  oxidizing  waters  near  the  sur- 
face. On  the  other  hand,  the  characteristics  of  the  deposit  are 
believed  to  indicate  that  it  was  formed  in  its  present  condition  by  the 
direct  action  of  ascending  waters.  If  this  idea  is  correct,  there  can 
be  little  doubt  that  the  mineralization  and  the  values  will  continue  to 
a  much  greater  depth  than  has  been  reached,  and  it  may  be  reasonably 
expected  that  the  limit  of  deep  mining  will  finally  depend  more  upon 
increasing  costs  of  hoisting  and  pumping  than  upon  the  exhaustion  of 
the  ore. 

YEININQ    IN   THE   ORE   BODIES. 

In  almost  all  parts  of  the  Treadwell  deposit  reticulating  veinlets 
of  calcite  and  quartz  are  prominent  features  of  the  mineralized 
dikes.  The  veinlets  are  often  composed  entirely  of  calcite,  but 
this  mineral  is  usually  accompanied  by  quartz,  though  the  latter  sel- 
dom, if  ever,  occurs  by  itself.  The  veinlets  are  rarely  more  than  a 
few  inches  in  width;  many  are  only  a  fraction  of  an  inch  across,  and 

a  October,  1903. 


80  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [mill.  K* 

the  microscope  shows  the  presence  of  minute  fracturing  between  the 
veins  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  The' veins  are  usually  closely  spaced, 
and  an  estimate  based  on  a  study  of  all  the  mine  workings  indicates 
that  infiltrated  materials  make  up  nearly  one-fifth  of  the  mass  of  the  ore. 
The  boundaries  of  the  veinlets  against  the  inclosing  rock  are  some- 
times distinct,  but  in  many  cases  there  is  an  apparent  gradation  from 
the  vein  matter  into  the  altered  diorite.  When  the  amount  of  intro- 
duced minerals  is  large  in  proportion  to  the  mass  of  the  matrix,  in 
small  specimens  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish  the  vein  stuff  from 
the  rock,  though  in  large  fragments  or  on  the  slope  faces,  the  general 
extent  of  the  different  portions  of  the  ore  material  is  exhibited.  The 
microscope  shows  that  the  merging  of  the  interstitial  veinlets  with  the 
rock  which  they  cut  is  due  to  penetration  of  the  latter  by  calcite, 
which  is  inter  crystallized  with  secondary  albite,  formed  at  the  expense 
of  the  original  feldspar. 

Veinlets  traverse  the  rock  in  different  directions,  but  the  greater 
part  of  the  filling  occurs  in  fissure-like  openings  constituting  two 
well-marked  systems.  One  set  of 
fractures  strikes  and  dips  approxi- 
mately with  the  structure  of  the  in- 
closing slates;  the  other,  which  is 
the  more  prominent,  strikes  some- 
what obliquely  to  the  structure  of  the 
country  rock  and  dips  in  the  oppo- 
site direction — that  is,  toward  the 
southwest. 

In  places  where  the  mineralized 
dikes  arc  narrow,  the  set  of  fissures 
i  parallel  to  the  country  rock  structure 
usually  diminishes  in  importance 
and  often  only  the  cross  fractures  have  been  developed.  This  may  be 
explained  upon  the  supposition  that  the  tendency  to  motion  parallel 
to  the  walls  of  the  intrusions  was  taken  up  outside  of  the  massive  rock 
in  the  slates,  while  the  transverse  strain  affected  both  the  slate  and  the 
intrusive  rock,  the  latter  being  specially  susceptible  to  cross  fracture 
because  of  its  small  mass  and  brittle  nature.  Cross  fractures,  filled 
with  vein  stuff  and  limited  to  a  narrow  dike  in  the  slates,  may  be  seen 
to  good  advantage  at  the  east  end  of  the  Ready  Bullion  pit,  near  the 
southernmost  outcrop  of  the  diorite  (fig.  4).  Throughout  the  mines  it 
is  the  rule  that  all  transverse  gash  veins  stop  at  the  walls  of  the  diorite, 
and  while  there  are  a  few  exceptions  the  quartz  seldom  penetrates  the 
country  rock  to  any  great  distance,  and  when  it  does  it  diminishes 
rapidly  in  thickness.  However,  this  is  not  always  due  to  the  nonper- 
sistence  of  (he  fissures,  for  they  may  be  frequently  observed  continu- 
ing from  the  diorite  into  the  slate  in  the  form  of  well-marked  joints. 


pencer]         TBEADWELL   ORE   DEPOSITS,  DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  81 

GANOUB  MINERALS. 

Feldspar,  calcite,  and  quartz  are  the  three  important  nonmetallic 
minerals  of  the  Tread  well  ores.  Part  of  the  original  feldspar  of  the 
intrusive  diorite  remains  in  the  ore,  and  with  a  considerable  amount  of 
secondary  feldspar  forms  the  principal  gangue  mineral.  Other  min- 
erals of  the  unaltered  rock  were  hornblende  and  mica,  but  these  are 
present  in  relatively  small  amounts,  as  is  epidote,  which  has  been 
formed  as  a  product  of  alteration  from  them.  Calcite  and  quartz 
occur  in  veinlets  penetrating  the  diorite,  and  make  up  perhaps  one- 
fifth  of  the  material  which  is  mined.  Calcite  is  also  found  dissemi- 
nated irregularly  in  the  more  altered  parts  of  the  diorite,  unaccom- 
panied by  quartz.  When  sulphides  and  calcite  are  both  present,  they 
are  almost  invariably  in  contact  with  each  other,  but  the  secondary 
feldspar  also  carries  a  great  deal  of  pyrite. 

The  occurrence  of  ferruginous  calcite  is  common  in  the  superficial 
workings,  where  it  may  have  been  formed  by  the  action  of  iron-bear- 
ing solutions  upon  the  primary  calcite  of  the  deposit.  It  occurs  also 
in  small  amounts  in  deeper  parts  of  the  mines,  where  it  is  possibly  an 
original  mineral.  A  small  amount  of  pink  carbonate,  probably  a 
mixture  of  calcite  and  rhodochrosite,  has  been  observed  in  the  open 
pits  of  the  Ready  Bullion. 

METALLIC   MINERALS. 

As  shown  by  the  mill  records,  the  metallic  minerals,  or  "sulphides," 
constitute  about  2  per  cent  of  the  Treadwell  ores.  They  consist  mainly 
of  iron  pyrites,  but  a  considerable  amount  of  magnetite  is  also  present. 

Pyrite  occurs  both  in  the  rock  and  in  the  veinlets,  but  the  position 
of  the  sulphides  has  no  apparent  influence  on  the  gold  content.  In 
the  rock  it  invariably  has  the  form  of  minute  cubes,  ranging  from  a  size 
scarcely  visible  to  the  unaided  eye  up  to  about  one  millimeter,  rarely 
larger.  It  is  distributed  sparsely  through  the  diorite  accompanying 
the  secondary  minerals,  especially  the  albite  and  calcite,  though  where 
these  are  not  present  it  is  associated  with  epidote  and  uralitic  horn- 
blende. In  the  reticulating  veinlets  the  pyrite  occurs  either  as  sepa- 
rate cubes,  often  several  millimeters  across,  or  in  bunchy  aggregates, 
forming  u  turkey -egg  rock,"  which  usually  contains  more  than  aver- 
age values. 

Magnetite  occurs  only  in  the  form  of  minute  grains  outside  the 
veinlets.  Part  of  it  appears  to  have  been  an  original  constituent  of 
the  diorite,  but  much  of  it  was  deposited  secondarily  along  with  the 
pyrite,  perfect  cubes  of  which  it  sometimes  surrounds. 

Rutile  occurs  in  minute  needles,  and  though  seldom  visible  to  the 
naked  eye  the  microscope  shows  that  it  is  widely  distributed  in  various 
parts  of  the  mines.  As  a  rule,  it  occurs  embedded  in  calcite,  but  it  is 
sometimes  in  the  secondary  albite.     Pyrrhotite  often  accompanies  or 

Bull.  259—05 6 


82  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN    1904.  Ibull.  250. 

J 

takes  the  place  of  the  pyrite  and  may  be  readily  isolated  from  the 
concentrates  by  means  of  a  magnet.  Chalcopyrite,  galena,  and  sphal 
erite  occur  sporadically,  and  native  arsenic,  realgar,  and  orpiment 
have  been  noted  in  small  quantities.  Assays  are  said  to  indicate  the 
arsenical  nature  of  much  of  the  pyrite,  though  the  presence  of  true 
arsenopyrite  has  not  been  recognized.  Molybdenite  is  frequently 
noted,  though  it  is  irregularly  distributed. 

OCCURRENCE  OP  GOLD. 

Visible  gold  has  been  observed  in  veins  of  coarsely  crystalline  cal- 
cite  inclosed  in  the  ore  bodies.  This  occurrence  is,  however,  rare,  and 
in  general  even  the  microscope  does  not  reveal  the  form  in  which  the 
precious  metal  exists.  I  have  not  been  able  to  distinguish  gold  in  the 
thin  sections  studied  under  the  microscope,  but  Prof.  F.  D.  Adams, 
who  examined  the  material  coHected  by  Dawson  in  1887,  observed 
gold  mechanically  inclosed  in  crystals  of  pyrite.  It  is  evident  that  a 
considerable  amount  of  gold  must  be  in  the  metallic  condition,  because 
a  large  proportion  is  saved  by  amalgamation,  the  amount  sometimes 
being  as  high  as  75  per  cent  of  the  total  assay  value. 

The  gold  is  perhaps  mainly  associated  with  pyrite,  but  rather  coarse 
crushing  is  the  present  mill  practice,"  and  so  much  of  the  pyrite  passes 
the  screens  in  comparatively  large  grains  or  unbroken  crystals,  that  it 
seems  open  to  doubt  whether  from  60  to  75  per  cent  of  the  gold  could 
be  free-milling  if  it  were  all  associated  with  the  iron  sulphide.  The 
nonamalgamating  portion  undoubtedly  does  occur  with  the  pyrite, 
because  the  concentrates  contain  only  pyrite  and  magnetite,  with  a 
small  amount  of  pyrrhotite,  all  the  molybdenite  going  into  the  tail- 
ings. Molybdenite  can  hardly  be  an  important  carrier  of  gold, 
because  it  seems  to  be  somewhat  limited  in  distribution,  although  its 
presence  in  visible  quantities  is  said  to  indicate  high  values. 

As  a  rule,  the  values  vary  with  the  amount  of  interstitial  vein  mat- 
ter, but  the  position  of  the  pyrite  in  the  rock  or  in  the  quartz  and  cal 
cite  seem  to  have  no  influence  upon  the  amount  of  gold.  In  some 
places,  where  the  ore  is  of  average  grade,  all  the  metallic  minerals 
seem  to  be  in  the  rock,  and  careful  search  is  necessary  for  the  discov- 
ery of  any  sulphide  in  the  quartz  or  calcite.  Elsewhere  the  sulphides 
may  be  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  veinlets.  A  limited  amount  of 
material  is  mined  which  contains  practically  no  stringers  of  quartz  or 
calcite,  the  sulphide  being  disseminated  through  the  mass  of  the 
rock — for  instance,  in  the  crosscut  on  the  440-foot  level  and  in  stope 
No.  1  of  the  330-foot  level  in  the  Tread  well  mine.  In  other  places 
material  of  similar  appearance,  containing  an  equal  amount  of  pyrite, 
yields  only  a  very  small  amount  of  gold. 

a  Slot  screens  equivalent  to  1H-  and  20-menh  wire  screens  are  used. 


bpenckb:]         TREADWELL   OBE    DEP08IT8,   DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  83 

METABOMATIC  ALTERATION. 

As  alreadv  stated,  the  Treadwell  ore  bodies  are  dikes  of  albite-dio- 
rite  filled  with  reticulating  veinlets  of  quartz  and  calcite  and  perme- 
ated with  metallic  sulphides  carrying  small  amounts  of  gold. 

From  the  structure  of  the  deposits  it  is  evident  that  the  dikes  were 
subjected  to  pressure  which  caused  fracturing,  whereby  they  became 
porous,  affording  channels  of  easy  circulation  for  underground  waters. 
The  minerals  in  the  ores  and  their  mutual  relations  suggest  that  car- 
bonated and  mineral-bearing  solutions  found  the  broken  dikes  and 
continued  to  move  through  them  for  a  very  long  period.  In  transit 
these  waters  attacked  the  minerals  of  the  albite-diorite,  decomposing 
them,  and  in  some  cases  effecting  more  or  less  complete  metasomatic 
replacement.  As  a  rule,  the  hornblende  and  mica  of  the  original  rock 
have  entirely  disappeared,  their  place  being  taken  by  aggregates  of 
secondary  minerals,  sometimes  including  metallic  sulphides.  A  few 
specimens  of  relatively  unaltered  material  indicate  that  the  original 
rock  characteristically  contained  two  sorts  of  feldspar,  albite-oligo- 
clase,  and  microperthite.  The  first  occurs  in  phenocrysts  of  fairly 
definite  form,  often  showing  concentric  structure,  and  always  clouded 
by  decomposition  products,  excepting  for  clear  rims,  which  are  usually 
narrow.  The  microperthite,  which  has  the  characteristic  mottled 
appearance  of  this  minute  intercrystallization  of  albite  and  orthoclase, 
is  entirely  interstitial  as  regards  the  albite-oligoclase.  It  is  usually 
nearly  free  from  decomposition  inclusions,  and  is  ordinarily  accom- 
panied by  some  clear  albite.  When  pyrite  occurs  in  such  slightly 
altered  material  it  lies  in  or  next  to  decomposed  hornblende  crystals. 
Most  of  the  rock  "has  suffered  extreme  alteration,  and  pyrite  occurs 
throughout  interstitial  groundmass.  Its  introduction  has  apparently 
been  accompanied  by  breaking  down  of  the  microperthite,  for  this 
mineral,  so  abundant  in  the  comparatively  fresh  rock,  is  usually 
entirely  absent  when  the  sulphide  occurs  outside  of  the  decomposed 
hornblende — that  is  to  say,  in  the  interstitial  feldspar.  In  the  most 
altered  rock  the  place  of  the  microperthite  is  taken  by  an  aggregate 
of  small  albite  crystals,  and  this  mineral  is  regarded  as  a  secondary 
replacement  of  the  original  feldspar.  In  some  cases  the  replacement 
has  gone  so  far  that  the  crystals  of  albite-oligoclase  have  been  attacked. 
This  feature  is  relied  on  in  part  to  prove  the  secondary  nature  of  the 
albite,  but  more  conclusive  evidences  that  the  albite  is  of  secondary 
origin  are  its  occurrence  in  veinlets  cutting  the  old  feldspar,  the  fact 
that  it  is  found  intercrystallized  with  calcite,  both  in  veinlets  and 
throughout  the  rock  itself,  and  the  fact  that  where  albite  forms  the 
interstitial  material  instead  of  microperthite,  pyrite,  and  often  rutile, 
are  present,  embedded  either  in  the  feldspar  or  in  the  evidently  con- 
temporaneous calcite. 


84  ALASKAN   MINERAL   BE80URCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

The  alteration  of  the  Tread  well  diorite  is  regarded  as  a  phenomenon 
which  accompanied  the  formation  of  the  veinlets  which  intersect  the 
rock,  and  the  metasomatic  action  is  attributed  to  the  same  solutions 
as  those  which  deposited  the  quartz  and  calcite.  The  minerals  last 
named  appear  to  have  been  for  the  most  part  introduced,  but  the  albite 
is  believed  to  have  been  formed  entirely,  or  nearly  so,  from  the  pre- 
vious minerals  of  the  diorite,  because  it  is  not  found  in  the  larger  vein- 
fillings.  It  is  commonly  observed  that  where  both  calcite  and  quartz 
are  present  in  the  fractures,  the  former  usually  occurs  next  to  the 
walls,  and  it  always  permeates  the  rock  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 

According  to  Lindgren,  alteration  of  the  sort  here  described  has  not 
been  previously  recorded,  for  though  albite  occurs  as  a  vein  mineral 
in  California,  it  has  not  been  detected  among  the  metasomatic  miner- 
als in  the  wall  rocks  of  veins.*  In  this  connection,  however,  refer- 
ence should  be  made  to  pseudomorphs  of  albite  after  adularia  from 
St.  Gotthard.  These  are  described  by  Bischoff,6  who  gives  an  extended 
discussion  of  the  probable  chemical  reactions  involved,  and  suggests 
the  competence  of  waters  containing  sodium  chloride  to  effect  the 
observed  replacement  of  potash  feldspar  by  soda  feldspar. 

The  occurrence  of  .values  in  the  wall  rock  to  such  an  extent  as  is 
observed  in  the  Treadwell  ores  is  also  somewhat  unusual,  though  not 
unique. 

r6le  op  the  basalt  dikes. 

In  his  discussion  of  the  genesis  of  the  Treadwell-Mexican  ores,  Doctor 
Becker  leaves  some  doubt  as  to  the  importance  which  he  desired  to 
assign  to  the  basalt  dikes  as  mineralizers.  He  first  says  that  the  gen- 
esis of  the  ores  is  probably  connected  with  the  dikes,  but  afterwards 
suggests  the  relative  unimportance  of  their  influence/ 

In  the  Treadwell  and  Seven  Hundred  Foot  mines,  two  narrow  dikes 
of  the  basalt  are  observed  in  a  zone  of  sheeting,  which  is  undoubtedly 
later  than  most  of  the  veinlets  in  the  ore  mass.  A  small  amount  of 
calcite  is  found  along  their  selvages,  but  they  contain  little  or  no 
pyrite.  Upon  the  west  or  hanging- wall  side  of  the  dikes  the  ore  is 
somewhat  richer  than  it  is  between  and  beneath  them,  but  it  seems  tLat 
this  variation  in  gold  tenor  can  not  be  attributed  to  the  dikes  as  miner- 
alizers, because  the  rock  between  them  is  not  enriched,  as  might  be 
expected  had  they  been  an  actual  source  of  gold.  Possibly  a  rear- 
rangement of  values  by  relatively  recent  circulation  has  been  going 
on,  and  the  course  of  the  currents  may  well  have  been  controlled  by 
the  zone  of  sheeting  in  which  the  dikes  occur,  but  secondary  migra- 
tion of  this  sort  must  be  distinguished  from  the  original  mineraliza- 
tion, the  extensive  results  of  which  in  the  neighborhood  are  entirely 

a  Lindgren,  W.,  Metasomatic  processes  in  fissure  veins:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  80,  p.  533. 

bChem.  Geol..  vol.  2,  pp.  409-411. 

^Eighteenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3, 1898,  p.  69. 


8PBNCER.]         TREADWELL   ORE    DEP08IT8,  DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  85 

beyond  comparison  with  the  effects  directly  or  indirectly  attributable 
to  a  pair  of  narrow  dikes  of  this  sort.  It  is  now  believed  that  they 
have  no  connection  with  the  formation  of  the  ore. 

Other  basaltic  dikes  occurring  in  Gold  Creek,  near  Juneau,  are 
regarded  as  practically  of  the  same  age  as  those  on  Douglas  Island, 
and  these  are  also  unmistakably  younger  than  the  gold-bearing  quartz 
veins  of  that  neighborhood. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE   FRACTURES. 

Upon  the  fracturing  of  the  Treadwell  dikes  their  impregnation  with 
gold-bearing  sulphides  is  evidently  dependent.  The  systematic  arrange- 
ment of  the  reticulating  veinlets  in  two  main  sets  standing  at  right 
angles  to  each  other  and  dipping  in  opposite  directions  led  Becker  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  fractures  had  been  produced  through  com- 
pressive shearing  stresses.  He  suggested  that  these  stresses  were 
caused  by  nearly  tangential  forces  acting  in  a  direction  normal  to  the 
common  strike  of  the  two  sets  of  fractures,  which  is  also  approxi- 
mately the  strike  of  the  country  rocks. a  The  fact  that  the  fractures 
are  due  to  compressive  thrust  need  not  be  questioned,  since  the  theory 
of  the  subject  has  been  so  ably  developed  and  so  fully  corroborated 
by  experiment.*  Some  doubt  arises,  however,  as  to  the  direction  in 
which  the  forces  may  have  been  applied,  because  the  geologic  history 
of  the  general  region  since  the  diorite  intrusions  seems  to  indicate 
that  no  widespread  lateral  compression  has  taken  place.  If  tangential 
shortening  has  been  going  on,  evidences  of  the  fact,  independent  of 
the  fracturing,  has  not  yet  appeared.  On  the  other  hand,  a  study  of 
the  wide  physiographic  features  of  this  portion  of  North  America  has 
shown  that  a  succession  of  continental  uplifts  has  taken  place  since 
the  period  of  the  diorite  invasion,  and  it  seems  necessary  to  suppose 
that  such  radial  movements  would  tend  rather  toward  areal  dilation 
than  toward  contraction,  as  in  the  opposite  case  of  tangential  com- 
pression/ 

It  is  suggested  that  the  general  Assuring  throughout  the  Juneau 
district  may  have  been  caused  by  gravitative  adjustment  in  the 
rock  masses,  tending  to  restore  internal  equilibrium  disturbed  during 
the  uplifts  which  are  known  to  have  taken  place.  The  rocks  of  the 
district  consist  of  alternating  beds  of  greatly  varying  physical  char- 
acter, and  they  possess  an  eminent  cleavage  structure  parallel  with 
the  stratification.  Under  stress  such  rocks  would  3rield  more  readily 
along  the  preexisting  structure  planes  than  in  other  directions.  That 
this  old  structure  has,  in  fact,  taken  up  most  of  the  internal  move- 
ment during  the  later  deformation  of  the  rocks  is  evident  from  the 

n  Becker,  G.  F.,  op.  clt.,  p.  67. 

h  Becker,  O.  F.,  Finite  homogeneous  strain:  Ball.  Geol.  8oc.  America,  vol.  4, 1893,  p.  18.  Daubree, 
£tu<les  Synthetique  de  Geologic  Experimentale,  p.  316. 

c Spencer,  A.  C,  The  Pacific  mountain  system  in  British  Columbia  and  Alaska:  Bull.  Geol.  Soc. 
America,  vol.  14,  1903,  pp.  117-132. 


86  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

occurrence  of  so  large  a  majority  of  the  veins  in  parallel  position  with 
it,  and  it  may  be  supposed  that  this  control  has  prevented  the  forma- 
tion of  a  large  number  of  fissures  in  various  directions,  which  would 
have  resulted  in  the  case  of  homogenous  or  massive  rocks  deformed 
under  their  own  weight. 

Having  been  subjected  to  the  same  pressures  as  those  which  frac- 
tured the  other  rocks  of  the  region,  it  is  only  natural  that  the  Tread- 
well  dikes  should  be  broken  along  lines  parallel  with  the  general 
Assuring,  and  one  of  the  two  sets  of  veinlets  occurring  in  the  ore 
bodies  practically  coincides  with  the  structure  of  the  inclosing  slates. 
The  other  set,  which  stands  at  right  angles  to  the  first,  is  not  nearly 
so  well  developed  in  the  country  slates,  probably  because  these  yielded 
by  bending,  since  they  are  very  flexible  when  compared  with  the 
brittle  rock  of  the  dikes. 

SOURCE  OP  THE  VEIN-FORMING  WATERS. 

The  formation  of  the  Tread  well  ores  is  assigned  to  the  same  general 
cause  as  the  other  veins  of  the  region.  Both  are  attributed  to  circu- 
lating waters  moving  through  channels  opened  by  a  general  fracturing 
of  the  rocks. 

From  the  nature  of  the  metasomatic  changes  which  the  waters  have 
effected,  and  also  from  the  large  amounts  of  carbon  dioxide  which 
they  evidently  contained,  it  may  be  assumed  that  they  were  ascend- 
ing.0 That  they  were  hot  may  also  be  safely  predicated,  because  the 
erosional  history  of  the  region  indicates  that  the  veins  now  exposed 
must  have  been  deposited  at  great  depths,  certainly  not  less  than  from 
6,000  to  10,000  feet  below  the  former  surface  and  possibly  very  much 
deeper.  The  occurrence  of  tourmaline  in  some  of  the  veins  of  Gold 
Creek,  and  the  occasional  presence  of  fluorite  elsewhere,  suggests  a 
connection  with  igneous  emanations,  for  these  minerals  are  character- 
istic of  pneumatolytic  action,  as  exhibited  in  the  case  of  tin  deposits 
and  in  various  instances  of  contact  metamorphism.  The  presence  of 
these  minerals  can  not  be  pushed  to  the  value  of  evidence  because 
neither  of  them  have  been  universally  observed  in  the  district,  but, 
even  for  those  who  hold  the  theory  that  the  final  source  of  mineralizing 
water  is  mainly  meteoric,  their  occurrence  may  be  admitted  as  prob- 
ably significant  of  at  least  accessory  contributions  to  the  vein-forming 
solutions  from  igneous  sources. 

It  is  concluded  that  known  facts  do  not  lead  to  a  recognition  of  the 
actual  source  of  the  solutions  which  have  formed  the  mineral  deposits, 
and  any  present  idea  of  their  origin  must  rest  largely  on  speculation. 
I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  very  wide  occurrence  throughout 
southeastern  Alaska  of  intrusions  related  to,'  and  of  practically  iden- 

aLindgren,  W.,  Gold-quartz  veins  of  Grass  Valley  district,  California:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Kept. 
U.  8.  QeoL  Survey,  pU  2,  p.  178. 


bpencer]         TBEADWELL   ORE   DEPOSITS,   DOUGLAS   ISLAND.  87 

tical  date  with,  the  Coast  Range  diorites  strongly  indicates  the  possi- 
bility of  a  great  buried  couche,  or  reservoir,  of  igneous  rock  under- 
lying the  whole  region.  It  is  evident  throughout  the  field  that  the 
veins  were  formed  at  a  period  subsequent  to  the  invasion  of  the 
diorite,  and  they  were  probably  formed  long  after  intrusion  had 
ceased,  but  it  is  not  a  violent  supposition  to  consider  that  the  deep- 
seated  magma  from  which  the  masses  now  observed  at  the  surface 
had  been  given  off  remained  in  a  molten  condition  for  a  very  long 
time. 

A  plausible  hypothesis  for  the  formation  of  the  veins,  based  upon 
the  foregoing  ideas,  is  that  the  unknown  forces  which  at  various 
times  have  caused  general  elevation  throughout  the  region  were  trans- 
mitted by  this  great  residual  magma  to  the  overlying  rocks.  In 
adjusting  themselves  to  the  changed  conditions  of  equilibrium,  the 
rocks  were  fractured;  then,  as  the  deep-seated  magma  gradually  cooled 
and  crystallized,  water  and  gases  expelled  from  it  found  their  way  into 
the  overlying  rocks,  and,  searching  out  the  easiest  routes  of  travel 
along  existing  fractures,  escaped  to  the  surface.  Undoubtedly  waters 
of  this  origin  might  carry  in  solution  all  the  elements  which  have  been 
observed  in  the  veins,  and  they  would  deposit  their  mineral  contents 
under  various  conditions,  such  as  decrease  of  dissolving  power  through 
diminishing  pressure  and  temperature,  precipitation  through  metaso- 
matic  interchange  with  wall-rock  materials,  or  precipitation  due  to 
mingling  with  solutions  of  some  other  derivation. 

SUMMARY. 

The  large  bodies  of  gold  ore  in  the  Treadwell  mines  are  secondarily 
mineralized  dioritic  dikes  lying  between  a  hanging  wall  of  greenstone 
and  a  foot  wall  of  black  slate.  The  gold  accompanies  pyrite  and  other 
sulphides  occurring  both  in  reticulating  seams  of  calcite  and  quartz 
and  disseminated  through  the  rock  itself. 

Feldspar  remaining  from  the  original  rock  consists  of  oligoclase  and 
microperthite,  but  these  have  been  largely  replaced  by  albite  through 
the  metasomatic  action  of  the  vein-forming  waters. 

The  veinlets  occur  in  two  sets  of  fractures  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  which  were  probably  produced  by  shearing  stresses  incident 
upon  continental  uplifting.  Hot  ascending  solutions,  possibly  of  mag- 
nmtic  origin,  have  been  the  cause  of  mineralization,  and  the  evidence 
is  in  favor  of  only  one  period  of  concentration. 

Secondary  concentration  of  the  metallic  minerals  being  absent,  there 
is  no  reason  to  anticipate  any  decrease  in  the  per  ton  value  of  the  ores 
as  greater  depths  are  attained. 


THE  CAPE  YAKTAG  PLACERS. 


By  George  C.  Martin. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  occurrence  of  gold  in  the  sands  of  the  ocean  beach  near  Cape 
Yaktag,  has  been  known  and  the  deposits  worked  intermittently  for 
several  years.  The  locality  began  to  attract  considerable  attention 
during  the  winter  of  1903-4,  since  which  time  about  200  people  have 
been  on  the  ground  more  or  less  continuously.  The  amount  of  pro- 
duction during  this  time  is  not  definitely  known,  for  no  record  has 
been  kept,  and  all  estimates  vary  widely.  The  best  estimates  give  a 
total  of  $10,000  or  $15,000  for  the  past  year. 

It  may  be  noted  that  neighboring  and  possibly  similar  placers  have 
been  worked  at  a  profit  on  a  small  scale  at  Yakutat  Bay,  Lituya  Bay, 
and  Icy  Cape;  but  attempts  to  work  on  a  larger  scale  have  not  been 
successful. 

Cape  Yaktag  is  about  75  miles  east  of  Controller  Bay  and  400  miles 
northwest  of  Sitka.  The  shore  from  Yakutat  to  Controller  Bay  is 
unbroken  and  there  is  no  harbor  which  affords  shelter  even  for  a  small 
boat.  A  strip  of  land  from  5  to  10  miles  in  width  lies  between  the 
coast  and  Bering  Glacier.  The  ice  front  is  marked  by  a  line  of  hills, 
which  are  parallel  to  the  coast  and  from  which  a  steep  slope  descends 
to  the  sea.  This  slope  is  drained  by  many  short  parallel  streams, 
some  of  which  head  in  the  ice.  The  gold-bearing  beach  is  said  to 
extend  eastward  for  about  15  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Yaktag  River, 
which  is  the  easternmost  of  the  longer  streams  reaching  the  ocean  near 
Cape  Yaktag. 

The  region  may  be  reached  either  by  landing  from  a  steamer  through 
the  surf,  which  can  be  done  only  in  good  weather,  or  by  a  difficult 
foot  journey  along  the  beach  from  Kayak.  The  latter  is  practicable 
only  when  the  streams  are  frozen  or  when  a  light  boat  is  carried.  A 
favorite  method  is  to  drag  a  light  canoe  along  the  beach  on  a  small 
cart.  Cape  Yaktag  can  be  reached  from  Okalee  Spit,  in  Controller 
Bay,  by  this  method  in  two  days.  Three  steamers  stop  at  Kayak  each 
month  throughout  the  year.  This  region  has  not  been  visited  b\T  any 
member  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  the  following  information  is 
compiled  from  various  sources.     Most  of  it  is  believed  to  be  reliable. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  rocks  are  said  to  consist  of  shales  with  interbedded  sandstone 
and  limestone,  and  to  resemble  very  closely  in  lithologic  character 

88 


martin]  CAPE    YAKTAG    PLACERS.  89 

some  of  the  rocks  of  the  Controller  Bay  region.  They  carry  Miocene 
fossils.  The  structure,  it  is  said,  is  anticlinal,  with  the  axis  parallel  to 
and  very  near  the  shore  line.  The  dip  on  the  southern  flank  of  the 
fold  is  very  steep,  the  rocks  being  practically  vertical  along  the  beach. 
The  dip  on  the  northern  flank  is  much  gentler,  seldom  exceeding  20°. 
The  northward  dip  continues  inland  as  far  as  the  region  has  been 
explored.  The  structure  is  very  uniform,  no  marked  variations  from 
the  strike  and  dip  recorded  above  having  been  noticed.  There  is  said 
to  be  a  belt  of  crystalline  rocks  inland  at  the  base  of  or  in  the  St. 
Elias  Range. 

OCCURRENCE  OF  GOLD. 

The  gold  is  found  in  the  sands  of  the  ocean  beach  and  generally 
occurs  in  small  amounts,  richer  patches  being  irregularly  distrib- 
uted. The  creek  gravels  are  said  to  be  barren  except  at  the  mouths  of 
the  creeks  where  they  have  been  affected  by  the  ocean  waves.  Garnet 
sand  carries  the  gold,  which  is  for  the  most  part  very  tine.  Occasional 
25-cent  nuggets  are  found  and  a  very  few  of  the  value  of  several 
dollars  have  been  reported. 

The  men  can  make  small  wages  at  all  times,  if  not  too  crowded, 
while  after  each  heavy  storm  rich  sands  are  always  found.  The  old 
ground  can  be  worked  over  anew  after  each  storm,  but  whether  this 
is  due  to  new  concentration  by  the  ocean  waves  or  to  the  exposure  of 
unworked  material  is  not  known.  The  deposits  can  be  worked  all 
winter;  in  fact,  more  gold  is  found  after  the  severe  winter  storms 
than  during  the  summer  when  storms  are  less  frequent  and  less  severe. 
The  gold  has  been  obtained  by  rockers,  sea  water  being  largely  used. 

Attempts  to  work  the  gravels  underlying  the  tundra  on  the  edge  of 
Bering  Glacier  are  said  to  have  been  unsuccessful. 

The  gold  was  probably  concentrated  by  wave  action  from  the 
morainal  material  brought  to  the  coast  by  the  Bering  Glacier. 

Unaltered  Miocene  rocks  on  the  coast  are  not  known  to  be  auriferous 
in  this  or  other  districts,  hence  the  original  source  of  the  gold  is 
doubtless  in  the  metamorphic  or  other  crystalline  rocks  of  the  St. 
Elias  Range. 

Some  beach  sands  from  Yakutat  Bay  have  been  studied  by  Mr.  J. 
Stanley-Brown, a  who  found  the  sand  to  be  "made  up  of  grains  of 
gold,  magnetite,  garnet,  hornblende,  pyroxene,  zircon,  quartz,  feld- 
spar, calcite,  and  mica,  associated  with  fragments  of  a  shaly,  slaty, 
and  schistose  character."  He  concludes  that  the  sand  was  doubtless 
derived  from  the  destruction  of  metamorphic  rocks. 

It  does  not  seem  likely  that  the  region  will  ever  become  of  great 
importance,  for  the  gold  is  very  finely  disseminated  in  all  glacial 
deposits,  and  the  zone  of  wave  concentration  is  small. 

a  Nat.  Qeog.  Mag.,  vol.  3, 1891,  pp.  196-198. 


THE  GOLD  PLACERS  OF  TURNAGAIN  ARM.* 


By  Fred  H.  Moffit. 


GENERAL   STATEMENT. 

The  region  adjacent  to  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska,  first  came  into  promi- 
nence as  a  producer  of  placer  gold  in  1896.  The  presence  of  gold  in 
some  of  the  gravels  was,  however,  known  to  a  few  prospectors  and 
traders  previous  to  that  time,  and  some  attempts  at  mining  had  been 
made  many  years  before  by  the  Russians.  In  fact,  the  first  report  of 
gold  in  Alaska  was  made  by  the  Russian  mining  engineer,  Doroshin, 
who  conducted  an  examination  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Cook  Inlet 
for  the  Russian  American  Company  in  1848.  Remains  of  old  Russian 
workings  and  tools  have  been  found  in  one  or  two  places,  but  active 
mining  operations  seem  to  have  been  discouraged  by  the  fur  compa- 
nies, which  controlled  the  country  up  to  the  time  of  its  purchase  by 
the  United  States.  A  large  part  of  the  gold  product  of  the  Turna- 
gain  Arm  region  is  due  to  the  labor  of  miners  who  were  without 
capital,  who  took  out  the  richest  and  more  easily  mined  deposits,  and 
who  have  since  left.  The  conditions  under  which  mining  has  been 
carried  on,  therefore,  make  it  impossible  to  give  an  accurate  estimate  of 
the  amount  of  gold  produced,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  average  yearljr 
output  since  the  opening  up  of  the  region  is  less  than  $150,000. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Cook  Inlet  is  the  deep  indentation  that  opens  into  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  Alaska,  and  forms  the  western  boundary  of  Kenai 
Peninsula,  separating  it  from  the  base  of  the  Alaskan  Peninsula  on 
the  west.  It  extends  in  a  direction  nearly  northeast  and  southwest 
for  a  distance  of  almost  170  miles,  and  is  divided  at  its  northeast  end 
into  two  long,  narrow  branches  known  as  Turnagain  and  Knik  arms. 

The  first  of  these,  Turnagain  Arm,  extends  in  an  east-west  direction, 
and  is  between  40  and  45  miles  long.  It  forms  part  of  the  northern 
boundary  of  Kenai  Peninsula,  and  reaches  on  the  east  to  within  12 
miles  of  Portage  Bay,  a  western  branch  of  Prince   William  Sound. 

a  This  paper  is  an  abstract  of  a  more  complete  discussion  of  this  district  now  being  prepared  for 
publication. 

90 


MOFPIT.] 


GOLD   PLACERS   OF  TURNAGAIN    AKM. 


91 


Turnagain  Arm  is  characterized  by  remarkably  high  tides,  beginning 
with  a  bore  which  has  a  height  of  6  feet  at  times,  and  runs  in  from  the 
inlet  at  a  speed  of  5  or  6  miles  an  hour.  At  low  tide  the  arm  becomes 
a  broad  mud  flat,  cut  here  and  there  by  the  stream  channels.    Small 


Fio.  6.— Sketch  map  of  the  Turnagain  Arm  placer  region. 

steamers  enter  and  leave  on  high  water,  but  the  bore  and  swift  currents 
make  the  use  of  small  boats  dangerous. 

The  productive  creeks  in  the  placer  gold  field  here  described  are, 
with  one  exception,  tributary  to  Turnagain  Arm.  The  four  most 
important  of   these   are   Resurrection  Creek,*  Bear  Creaky  Sbusule. 


92  ALASKAN   MINERAL   EE80UB0ES   IN   1904.  [bull.2». 

Creek,  and  Glacier  Creek,  with  their  branches.  Resurrection  Creek 
flows  into  the  south  side  of  the  arm  about  20  miles  east  of  the  main 
body  of  Cook  Inlet,  and  with  Sixmile  Creek,  8  miles  farther  east,  and 
its  various  branches,  drains  a  large  part  of  the  northeastern  portion 
of  Kenai  Peninsula.  Resurrection  Creek  is  a  little  more  than  20  miles 
long,  and  flows  in  a  direction  slightly  east  of  north.  The  town  of 
Hope  is  located  near  its  mouth.     Palmer  Creek  is  its  largest  tributary. 

Bear  Creek  flows  into  Turnagain  Arm  one-half  mile  east  of  the 
mouth  of  Resurrection  Creek.  It  is  nearly  6  miles  long,  and  follows 
a  northwesterly  course  through  a  steep,  narrow  valley.  Bear  and 
Palmer  creeks  are  the  two  producing  streams  of  this  part  of  the  field, 
and  both  are  connected  with  Hope  by  good  wagon  roads. 

The  drainage  area  of  Sixmile  Creek  is  much  larger  than  that  of 
Resurrection  Creek,  and  the  stream  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
two  large  branches,  which  unite  10  miles  south  of  Sunrise,  the  mining 
camp  at  its  mouth.  The  larger  of  the  two  forks,  known  as  the  East 
Fork,  is  itself  formed  by  the  confluence  of  a  number  of  small  streams. 
The  more  important  of  these  are  Gulch  and  Granite  creeks  on  the 
north  and  Lynx  and  Silvertip  creeks  on  the  south.  The  smaller  fork, 
Canyon  Creek,  flows  almost  directly  northward  and,  with  its  eastern 
tributary,  Mills  Creek,  has  been  the  chief  producer  of  the  Turnagain 
Arm  field. 

Glacier  Creek  enters  Turnagain  Arm  from  the  north,  12  miles  from 
its  eastern  end.  The  western  branch  of  this  stream,  called  Crow  Creek, 
is  the  only  tributary  that  need  be  mentioned  here.  The  location  of 
these  streams  will  be  better  understood  by  referring  to  the  accom- 
panying sketch  map,  fig.  5. 

In  addition  to  the  four  principal  streams  above  described,  one  other, 
Kenai  River,  should  be  mentioned,  since  some  gold  has  been  produced 
on  one  of  its  tributaries,  Cooper  Creek.  Kenai  River,  the  largest 
stream  on  Kenai  Peninsula,  empties  into  Cook  Inlet.  The  upper 
part,  known  as  Snow  River,  rises  in  the  watershed  between  Resurrec- 
tion Bay  and  Prince  William  Sound  and  empties  into  Lake  Kenai. 
From  the  foot  of  Lake  Kenai  the  river  runs  in  a  general  westerly 
direction  for  15  miles  to  Lake  Skilak,  whence  it  flows  on  again  to  the 
inlet,  thus  crossing  the  entire  peninsula.  The  upper  part  of  the  river, 
from  Lake  Skilak  to  the  source,  lies  in  a  country  of  rugged  mountains, 
but  the  lower  river  flows  in  a  winding  course  across  a  broad,  marshy 
flat.  Cooper  Creek  drains  a  small  body  of  water  called  Cooper  Lake. 
It  is  about  10  miles  long  and  flows  into  Kenai  River  from  the  south, 
3  miles  below  the  Kenai  Lake. 

The  region  adjacent  to  Turnagain  Arm  is  very  rugged.  Mountains 
rise  precipitously  on  both  sides  of  the  arm  and  reach  altitudes  of  5,000 
and  6,000  feet.  Their  tops  are  ragged  and  bare,  for  the  timber  rarely 
reaches  higher  than  1,500  or  2,000  feet.     The  smaller  valleys  are  nar- 


MorriT]  GOLD   PLACERS   OF   TURNAGAIN    ARM.  93 

row  and  steep,  but  the  larger  ones  frequently  show  by  their  U-shaped 
cross  section  the  former  presence  of  glaciers.  In  fact,  glaciers  may 
be  still  seen  at  a  number  of  places.  Chief  among  them  are  Portage 
Glacier,  occupying  the  pass  between  the  head  of  Turnagain  Arm  and 
Portage  Bay,  and  the  two  neighboring  glaciers  on  Glacier  River  and 
Twentvniile  Creek.  Besides  these  there  are  several  smaller  ones  on 
tributaries  of  Glacier  Creek. 

The  towns  of  Hope  and  Sunrise  are  the  distributing  points  from 
which  supplies  of  all  kinds  are  carried  to  the  creeks  of  the  Turnagain 
Arm  field.  A  small  steamer,  the  Tytmic,  connects  with  the  larger 
ocean-going  vessels  at  Seldovia,  on  the  southern  end  of  Kenai  Penin- 
sula, bringing  mail  and  freight  to  the  towns  in  the  Cook  Inlet  region. 
This  steamer  makes  no  trips  during  the  winter,  for  the  ice  prevents 
navigation  in  the  upper  part  of  the  inlet  during  about  five  months  in 
the  year.  It  is  customary  to  carry  in  supplies  for  the  camps  over  the 
snow  in  winter,  when  traveling  is  far  less  difficult  than  in  summer. 
The  country  is  heavily  timbered  up  to  an  altitude  of  1,500  or  2,000 
feet.  This  timber  is  chiefly  spruce,  but  comprises  a  minor  amount  of 
hemlock,  cottonwood,  and  birch.  Spruce  and  hemlock  reach  a  diam- 
eter of  20  inches  or  more  and  furnish  some  lumber  for  the  purposes 
of  the  miner.  One  or  two  sawmills  have  been  constructed  to  supply 
this  demand. 

The  line  of  the  Alaska  Central  Railroad,  now  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, runs  northward  from  Resurrection  Bay,  by  way  of  Salmon 
Creek,  Snow  River,  Trail  Creek,  and  Glacier  River,  to  the  eastern 
end  of  Turnagain  Arm,  then  westward  along  the  north  shore  to  Knik 
Arm.  It  will  not,  therefore,  reach  the  mining  camps  adjacent  to 
Hope  and  Sunrise,  but  will  furnish  a  much  easier  method  of  landing 
supplies  on  Glacier  Creek  than  is  now  possible. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  eastern  portion  of  Kenai  Peninsula  and  the  region  about  the 
head  of  Turnagain  Arm  present  a  succession  of  rocks,  which  as  a 
whole  are  of  remarkably  uniform  appearance  and  composition.  They 
are  of  sedimentary  origin  and  consist  chiefly  of  fine-grained  gray  and 
bluish-black  slates  and  gray  arkoses.  Interstratified  with  these,  but  in 
far  less  amount,  are  quartzose  beds  and  occasional  thin  conglomerates. 
In  a  few  places  north  of  Turnagain  Arm  this  series  of  rocks,  called  by 
M endenhall "  the  Sunrise  series,  is  cut  by  dikes  of  igneous  rock  of  an 
aplitic  or  granitic  character.  These  igneous  rocks  were  not  found  in 
the  region  immediately  south  of  the  arm,  and  while  the  bowlders  of 
granitic  material  seen  in  the  gravels  might  suggest  the  presence  of 
igneous  intrusions,  it  is  believed  that  if  intrusive  rocks  occur  here  at 

a  Mendenhnll,  \\ .  (\.  A  reconnaissance  from  Resurrection  Bay  to  the  Tanana  River,  Alaska,  in 
1898:  Twentieth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt  7, 1896,  p.  305. 


94  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN    1904.  [bull.  2W. 

all  they  will  be  found  only  in  rare  dikes.  The  whole  rock  succession 
is  closely  folded,  and  the  arkoses  as  well  as  the  slates  show  cleavage, 
which  is,  however,  much  more  perfectly  developed  in  the  slates. 

In  crossing  Kenai  Peninsula  from  Resurrection  Bay  on  the  south  to 
Sunrise  on  the  north  it  was  found  that,  aside  from  local  variations, 
the  gene  ml  strike  of  the  Sunrise  series  ranges  from  about  N.  to 
N.  20°  E.  North  of  Turnagain  Arm  a  decided  difference  was  observed, 
for  there  the  strike  of  the  bedding  varies  from  N.  45°  E.  to  N.  70°  E. 

In  that  portion  of  the  Kenai  Mountains  between  Seward  and  Sun- 
rise the  bedding  is  often  obscure,  usually  having  the  same  strike  as 
the  cleavage.  On  the  north  shore  of  the  arm,  however,  the  bedding 
and  cleavage  frequently  do  not  have  the  same  strike,  and  where  this 
is  the  case  the  cleavage  on  both  sides  of  the  arm  corresponds  more 
nearly  in  strike  than  does  the  bedding.  Faults  are  frequent,  but  the 
amount  of  the  displacement  is  usually  difficult  to  determine. 

Immense  deposits  of  gravel  occur  at  a  number  of  localities,  but  are 
especially  noticeable  in  the  valleys  of  Sixmile  Creek,  Resurrection 
Creek,  and  Kenai  River.  The  flat -topped  benches  have  an  elevation 
of  nearly  1,000  feet  above  sea  level  around  the  lower  end  of  Lake 
Kenai,  and  the  same  elevation  was  observed  in  the  valleys  of  the 
streams  mentioned.  The  bench  gravels  show  a  thickness  of  100  to  200 
feet  in  the  upper  valleys,  where  they  have  been  cut  through  by  the 
streams. 

Evidences  of  a  former  period  of  glacial  activity  are  seen  on  all  sides 
in  broad-bottomed  U-shaped  valleys,  polished  rock  surfaces,  and 
transported  bowlders.  The  shores  of  Turnagain  Arm  afford  frequent 
proof  of  ice  action  in  glacial  markings  and  striated  pebbles.  Hanging 
valleys  are  not  uncommon.  Rounded  hilltops,  over  a  thousand  feet 
above  sea  level,  on  the  north  side  of  Lake  Skilak,  are  beautifully 
smoothed  and  grooved,  while  the  gravels  of  the  lake  shores  contain  an 
abundance  of  granite  fragments.  Such  fragments  are  not  found  on 
any  of  the  streams  of  the  present  drainage  and  must  have  come  from 
some  locality  to  the  north.  This  glaciation  is  due  in  part  to  the  action 
of  small  ice  masses  like  those  that  now  occupy  the  mountain  valleys, 
but  is  perhaps  in  greater  degree  attributable  to  the  movements  of  a 
far  more  extended  ice  sheet  which  reached  down  from  the  north. 

GOLD. 

Practically  all  the  gold  produced  in  the  Turnagain  Arm  field  is 
derived  from  creek  gravels.  In  one  or  two  places,  however,  attempts 
are  being  made  to  develop  mines  in  vein  deposits.  The  gold  occur- 
rences, therefore,  will  be  classified  and  described  as  placer  and  lode 
deposits.  In  this  brief  account  no  mention  will  be  made  of  streams 
that  were  not  producing  during  the  past  season. 


moffit]  SMALL    PLACER8   OF   TURN  AGAIN    ARM.  95 

PLACER   DEPOSITS. 

The  known  placer-gold  deposits  of  commercial  value  are  confined 
geographically  to  three  small  areas,  the  valleys  of  Resurrection,  Six- 
mile,  and  Glacier  creeks.  It  may  be  said  in  general  that  the  gravels 
are  much  alike  in  composition,  are  due  partly  to  local  erosion  and 
partly  to  transportation  by  glacial  ice,  and  contain  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  coarse  material — rounded  and  angular  blocks — which  occa- 
sionally have  diameters  as  great  as  8  or  10  feet. 

Pick  and  shovel  mining  has  gradually  given  place  to  hydraulic  meth- 
ods, by  which  nearly  all  work  is  now  carried  on.  During  the  past 
summer,  owing  to  frequent  rains  and  the  gradual  melting  of  the  snow 
on  the  mountains,  the  water  supply  was  abundant,  and  no  complaints 
of  water  famine  were  heard.  A  head  of  150  to  200  feet  has  been 
secured  with  little  difficulty  and  expense  on  any  of  the  creeks  where 
mining  is  now  carried  on. 

RESURRECTION   CREEK    DISTRICT. 

Considerable  mining  has  been  done  on  Resurrection  Creek  itself, 
but  at  present  the  producing  streams  of  the  district  are  Bear  Creek 
and  Palmer  Creek. 

Bear  Creek. — Bear  Creek  was  first  worked  in  1894  and  is  therefore 
one  of  the  best  known  streams  of  the  field.  It  occupies  a  steep,  nar- 
row valley  in  the  high  divide  between  Resurrection  and  Sixmile  creeks 
and  joins  Turnagain  Arm  just  east  of  the  town  of  Hope.  The  bed 
rock  shows  a  succession  of  slates  and  arkoses,  whose  strike  is  nearly 
at  right  angles  to  the  general  course  of  the  creek.  The  gravels  con- 
sist chiefly  of  material  like  the  bed  rock,  but  contain  some  foreign 
matter,  much  of  which  is  granitic  in  character.  They  are  in  general 
but  poorly  stratified. 

The  gold  is  associated  with  a  small  amount  of  native  silver.  It  is 
coarse  and  smooth  and  of  lower  grade  than  any  other  of  the  Resur- 
rection district.  The  best  pay  is  from  bed  rock,  which  is  sometimes 
a  glacial  clay.     One  nugget  worth  over  $200  was  found. 

Mining  is  confined  to  the  stream  bed  and  until  the  last  two  years 
has  been  carried  on  chiefly  with  pick  and  shovel.  At  present  there 
are  two  hydraulic  plants  on  the  creek,  only  one  of  which  was  working 
during  the  season  just  ended. 

Palmer  Creek. — Palmer  Creek,  the  largest  tributary  to  Resurrection 
Creek,  is  the  only  one  that  produced  any  gold  during  the  last  season. 
The  upper  stream  flows  through  a  broad  valley,  while  the  lower  por- 
tion occupies  a  narrow,  box-like  canyon  cut  partly  in  rock  and  partly 
in  the  gravel  terraces  of  Resurrection  Creek.  Most  of  the  mining  is 
done  along  the  lower  canyon  portion  of  the  valley.  The  bed  rock  is 
largely  grit  (arkose)  interbedded  with  slates  and  is  very  much  jointed. 


96  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

The  gravels  now  being  worked  do  not  differ  in  any  marked  way 
from  those  of  Bear  Creek,  excepting  that  they  seem  to  contain  a 
smaller  percentage  of  granitic  bowlders  and  other  foreign  material. 
The  lower  gravels  are  partly  stratified. 

Palmer  Creek  gold  is  coarse  and  heavy,  usually  much  flattened  and 
smooth,  and  passes  at  $16  per  ounce  at  the  stores.  Pieces  of  silver 
weighing  as  high  as  one  pennyweight  were  seen,  and  a  small  amount  of 
black  sand  is  also  found  in  the  boxes.  Two  hydraulic  plants  were  in 
operation  during  the  summer,  but  their  efficiency  is  not  great  owing 
to  the  large  number  of  bowlders  which  can  not  be  handled  by  the  pipe 
and  must  be  removed  by  hand.  Probably  less  than  100  yards  a  day 
are  moved  by  either  of  these  plants. 

SIXMILE  CREEK   DISTRICT. 

Sixmile  Creek,  while  only  a  few  miles  east  of  Resurrection  Creek,  is 
cut  off  from  it  by  a  high  ridge  which  can  not  be  crossed  without  great 
difficulty,  except  in  a  few  places.     The  chief  producing  streams  belong 
ing  to  the  Sixmile  drainage  system  are  Canyon  Creek  and  its  eastern 
tributary,  Mills  Creek. 

Canyon  Creek. — Throughout  the  greater  part  of  its  length  Canyon 
Creek,  the  south  fork  of  Sixmile  Creek,  flows,  as  its  name  implies,  in 
a  deep,  narrow  canyon.  This  canyon  cuts  through  rock  as  well  as 
gravel  and  is  over  100  feet  deep  in  many  places.  It  is  plainly  a  young 
feature  of  the  topography  and  not  the  original  channel  of  the  stream 
that  drained  the  upper  valley. 

The  bed  rock  consists  of  slates  and  arkoses.  The  gravels  are  of  like 
composition,  and  in  places  on  the  benches  have  been  consolidated  into 
a  hard  conglomerate,  known  locally  as  u  cement  gravel."  Few  granite 
bowlders  were  seen  in  the  Sixmile  region. 

The  stream  gravels,  which  are  the  principal  ones  worked,  are  shal- 
low. The  gold  values  are  taken  from  bed  rock  and  are  often  concen- 
trated in  rich  pockets,  where  they  were  deposited  in  eddies  and  more 
quiet  stretches  of  the  water. 

Canyon  Creek  gold,  especially  in  the  lower  part  where  it  joins  the 
East  Fork,  is  finer  than  that  from  Bear  and  Palmer  creeks  and  is  of 
higher  grade,  assaying  over  $17  per  ounce. 

The  narrow  channel  and  swift  current  makes  the  ground  difficult  to 
handle.  Wing  dams  are  necessary  in  all  cases  and  are  liable  to  be  car- 
ried away  in  time  of  high  water,  an  accident  not  uncommon  during 
the  days  of  greatest  mining  activity  on  the  stream.  At  present  one 
hydraulic  plant  is  at  work  on  bench  gravels  above  the  stream  and  a 
second  is  working  ground  near  the  mouth  of  Mills  Creek. 

Mills  Creek. — Mills  Creek  was  the  first  stream  staked  in  the  Sixmile 
region.  It  joins  Canyon  Creek  8  miles  south  of  "the  forks"  of  Six- 
mile  Creek  and  drains  a  portion  of  the  high  mountainous  area  east  of 
Canyon  Creek. 


moffit]  GOLD    PLACERS    OF   TUBNAGAIN    ABM.  97 

That  portion  of  the  creek  which  has  been  most  productive  lies  in  a 
narrow  canyon,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  long,  extending  from  the 
mouth  of  the  stream  to  Juneau  Creek.  The  bed  rock  and  gravels  are 
similar  to  those  of  Canyon  Creek,  and  high  gravel  benches  are  also 
present  here.  The  creek  bed  through  the  canyon  has  been  largely 
worked  over  and  has  afforded  a  considerable  amount  of  gold,  making 
this  stream  second  to  Canyon  Creek  in  production.  In  places,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  loose  deposits,  a  hard  "cement  gravel,"  containing  gold, 
has  been  formed,  but  has  not  yet  been  very  successfully  worked  by 
hydraulic  methods  because  it  is  difficult  to  break  up.  The  gold  in  the 
"cement  gravel"  is  flattened  and  considerably  finer  than  the  coarse, 
heavy  gold  found  on  bed  rock.  Nuggets  worth  several  dollars  are 
not  uncommon  in  the  coarser  gold,  and  sometimes  show  striations,  as 
if  they  had  been  dragged  over  a  rough  surface.  All  mining,  till 
within  the  last  two  years,  was  done  by  band,  but  at  present  a  hydraulic 
plant,  employing  only  natives  as  laborers,  is  in  operation  near  the 
mouth  of  Juneau  Creek. 

GLACIER  CREEK    DISTRICT. 

Crow  Creek. — Crow  Creek,  on  the  north  side  of  Turnagain  Arm,  is 
a  tributary  of  Glacier  Creek.  It  is  a  short  stream,  4  or  5  miles  long, 
and  receives  part  of  its  waters  from  the  melting  ice  of  one  or  two 
small  glaciers  in  the  high  mountains  at  its  head.  The  central  part  of 
the  stream  occupies  a  broad,  rounded  valley,  but  the  lower  part  flows, 
in  a  series  of  rapids  and  waterfalls,  through  a  narrow  canyon.  The 
valley  of  Crow  Creek  is  plainly  the  bed  of  an  old  glacier,  whose  retreat 
left  the  valley  floor  strewn  with  a  mass  of  debris  brought  down  from  the 
mountains  above.  The  bed  rock  is  made  up  of  slates  and  arkoses. 
The  gravels  are  of  the  same  material,  but  contain  in  addition  a  large 
amount  of  granitic  rock.  Enormous  bowlders  have  been  deposited 
in  the  valley  by  the  ice  and  at  one  place  form  a  Jong  reef  across  the 
valley,  evidently  an  old  terminal  moraine.  High  gravel  banks  are 
present  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  and  carry  some  colors,  but  have 
never  been  prospected.  A  cross  section  of  the  surface  deposits  in  the 
stream  channel  shows  coarse,  angular  wash  above  and  stratified  clays, 
sands,  and  gravels  below.  The  sands  carry  only  a  few  colors,  and  the 
best  pay  comes  from  the  gravelly  clays. 

Two  grades  of  gold  are  found;  one  is  coarse  and  silvery  in  appear- 
ance, the  other  finer  and  yellow.  Native  copper  and  native  silver  are 
both  present.  Crow  Creek  gold  assays  a  little  less  than  $15  per  ounce, 
thus  being  lower  in  grade  than  that  from  any  of  the  other  creeks  of 
the  Turnagain  Arm  district.  Hydraulic  methods  of  mining  have 
taken  the  place  of  the  pick  and  shovel,  and  Crow  Creek  now  possesses 
the  largest  hydraulic  plant  in  the  Cook  Inlet  country. 

Bull.  269—05 7 


98  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  fBUU-.26». 


COOPER    AND   8TET8ON    CRKEK8. 


Cooper  Creek  heads  in  the  divide  separating  the  drainage  into 
Resurrection  Bay  from  that  into  Cook  Inlet,  and  joins  Kenai  River 
3  miles  below  Lake  Kenai.  It  and  its  tributary,  Stetson  Creek, 
are  the  only  streams  of  the  Kenai  River  drainage  which  have  been 
productive  up  to  the  present  time,  although  considerable  work  has 
been  done  in  a  number  of  places.  The  high  gravel  benches  near  the 
mouth  of  the  stream  would  make  good  ground  for  a  hydraulic  plant 
to  handle,  but  the  gold  is  very  unevenly  distributed,  and  the  amount  so 
far  taken  out  is  small — not  over  a  few  thousand  dollars — and  most  of 
it  was  obtained  from  the  creek  b^d  of  a  single  claim  in  one  season. 
Very  little  work  was  done  on  either  of  these  creeks  during  the  past 
summer. 

CHARACTER    AND   ORIGIN    OP  THE   PLACER   GOLD. 

The  gold  from  the  different  creeks  varies  greatly  in  appearance  and 
value,  ranging  from  less  than  $15  on  Crow  Creek  to  over  $17  on  Six- 
mile  Creek.  This  difference  in  value  is  due  to  the  varying  amounts  of 
silver  and  copper  associated  with  the  gold.  In  almost  all  cases  it  is 
flattened  and  heavy,  usually  smooth,  and  occasionally  striated  as  if  it 
had  been  rubbed  against  a  rough  surface.  Any  attempt  to  explain  its 
distribution  must  take  into  account  the  action  of  glacial  ice  in  the 
transportation  and  rearrangement  of  the  gravels.  It  is  believed  that 
while  probably  most  of  the  gold  is  of  local  origin,  a  small  part,  like 
the  gravels  associated  with  it,  may  possibly  have  been  brought  to  its 
present  place  through  the  agency  of  moving  ice. 

AURIFEROUS  LODES. 

It  has  been  said  that  practically  all  the  gold  is  obtained  from  placer 
deposits,  but  at  a  number  of  localities  quartz  veins  are  being  pros- 
pected, and  these  are  of  interest  in  connection  with  the  question  of  the 
origin  of  the  gold  in  the  gravels. 

Bear  Creek. — At  the  head  of  Bear  Creek  a  small  quartz  vein  carry- 
ing gold  values  has  been  partly  opened  during  the  last  year.  The 
chief  part  of  the  season  was  devoted  to  the  erection  of  a  boiler  house 
and  head  frame,  but  samples  of  ore  taken  out  while  enlarging  a  small 
shaft  show  free  gold  in  a  quartz  gangue  containing  pyrite,  galena,  and 
sphalerite  with  a  little  copper  stain. 

Sawmill  and  Slate  creek*. — On  Sawmill  Creek  6  miles  east  of  Sun- 
rise, also  near  by  on  Slate  Creek  and  the  shore  of  Turnagain  Arm, 
quartz  veins  carrying  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  ehalcopyrite,  galena,  zinc 
blende,  and  free  gold  are  found  in  fault  planes  running  about  east- 
northeast.  The  country  rock  has  been  disturbed  by  faulting  since  the 
ore  was  deposited,  thus  cutting  off  the  veins  and  making  it  difficult  to 
find  their  continuations.  A  picked  quantity  of  ore  put  through  a 
small  arrastre  on  Sawmill  Creek  yielded  a  fraction  over  $26  per  ton. 


moffit.]  GOLD   PLACERS   OF   TURNAGAIN    ARM.  99 

COPPER. 

Native  copper  associated  with  gold  in  the  gravels  was  found  in  small 
quantity  by  prospectors  on  Lynx  Creek.  Its  presence  led  to  the  dis- 
covery of  the  outcrop  of  a  vein,  carrying  copper  sulphides,  on  the 
mountain  side  at  the  head  of  the  stream.  During  the  summer  a  com- 
pany was  formed,  and  the  woik  of  developing  the  property  was  begun. 
An  adit  level  was  driven  with  the  expectation  of  striking  an  ore  body 
at  some  depth  below  the  outcrop,  but  at  the  time  our  party  left  the 
peninsula  this  had  not  yet  been  reached.  If  this  prospect  should 
develop  into  a  paying  mine,  connection  with  the  line  of  the  Alaska 
Central  Railroad-could  be  established  without  great  difficulty. 


GOLD  DEPOSITS  OF  THE  SHUMAGIN  ISLANDS. 


By  George  C.  Martin. 


APOLLO  CONSOLIDATED  MINE. 

Location  and  output. — The  Apollo  Consolidated  mine  is  situated 
near  the  southern  end  of  Unga  Island,  about  3  miles  west  of  the  town 
of  Unga  and  1  mile  west  of  the  head  of  Delarof  Harbor.  The  post- 
office  is  Apollo.  The  mine  has  been  producing  since  1891,  and  has 
yielded  a  total  of  between  $2,000,000  and  $3,000,000. 

Previous  work. — The  occurrence  was  described  by  Becker a  in  1898. 
The  writer  visited  the  mine  in  1904,  and  gathered  a  few  additional 
facts  concerning  the  occurrence  and  the  geology  of  the  region. 

Character. — The  deposit  is  described  by  Becker  as  a  reticulated  vein 
or  zone  of  fracture  in  a  large  mass  of  andesite  and  dacite.  The  ores 
consist  of  free  gold,  pyrite,  galena,  zinc  blende,  copper  pynte,  and 
and  native  copper.  The  ore  is  free-milling,  a  large  part  of  the  gold 
occurring  in  the  native  state.  The  gangue  minerals  are  quartz  and 
subordinate  amounts  of  calcite  and  orthoclase.  The  ore  body  strikes 
N.  43°  E.  and  is,  in  general,  vertical.  It  is  from  5  to  40  feet  wide  and 
forms  a  shoot  that  pitches  northward.  The  southern  end  of  the  shoot 
comes  to  the  surface  at  an  elevation  of  600  feet  at  the  present  south- 
ern limit  of  the  workings,  and  narrows  and  becomes  of  low  grade  at 
the  northern  end  at  a  depth  of  about  800  feet.  An  attempt  is  now  being 
made  to  reach  the  ore  body  at  lower  levels  by  a  shaft  and  tunnel. 

The  best  ore  bodies  are  said  by  the  management  to  occur  wherever 
two  diagonal  sets  of  fractures  intersect.  The  profitable  ore  is  said  to 
carry  from  $1  to  $50,  averaging  perhaps  $8. 

The  country  rock  has  been  mineralized  to  a  certain  extent  on  either 
side  of  the  main  ore  body,  and  smaller  and  less  rich  ore  bodies  parallel 
to  the  main  one  arc  known. 

Age. — Regarding  the  age  of  the  deposit,  Doctor  Becker  concludes 
that  the  country  rock  is  Miocene  or  post-Miocene,  from  its  lithologic 
similarity  to  andesites,  which  are  supposed  to  overlie  the  Miocene  at 
the  north  end  of  the  island.  He  would  accordingly  make  the  mineral 
veins  of  very  late  Tertiary  of  post  Tertiary  age. 

The  writer  has  observed  that  some  at  least  of  the  andesites  at  the 
north  end  of  the  island  are  apparently  below  the  Tertiary  sediments 
either  bv  unconformitv  or  bv  intrusion.  He  furthermore  believes 
that  lithologic  similarity  of  the  andesites  is  an  insufficient  basis  for  an 

<»  Becker,  G.  F.,  Reconnaissance  of  the  gold  fields  of  southern  Alaska:    Eighteenth  Ann. Kept.  U. S. 
Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3,  pp.  12,  83-S5. 

100 


martin]  GOLD   DEPOSITS    OF   SHUMAGIN   I8LAND8.  101 

age  correlation  across  1 1  miles  of  rugged  country  which  is  geologic- 
ally unknown.  Such  correlation  is  especially  hazardous  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  on  the  adjacent  mainland  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula  there 
are  large  areas  of  both  Mesozoic  and  Tertiary  andesites  which  resem- 
ble the  andesites  of  both  these  Unga  localities  as  much  as  the  latter 
resemble  each  other.  He  therefore  would  conclude  that  the  Apollo 
deposits  may  be  either  of  late  Mesozoic  or  of  Tertiary  age. 

NEIGHBORING  DEPOSITS. 

The  King  mine,  about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  Apollo  mine,  has  pro- 
duced a  small  amount  of  gold.  The  occurrence  is  said  to  be  similar  to 
that  of  the  Apollo  and  is  believed  to  be  on  the  same  lead,  for  it  is  in 
the  line  of  strike  of  the  latter. 

The  Shumagin  group  of  claims,  on  Baralof  or  Squaw  Harbor,  about 
2  miles  north  of  the  Apollo  mine,  is  said  to  be  a  similar  occurrence. 
The  development  here  has  been  principally  assessment  work. 

Becker  reports  intensely  decomposed  andesites,  heavily  charged 
with  pyrite,  at  Red  Cove  on  Popof  Island,  about  9  miles  northeast  of 
Apollo. 

The  larger  part  of  Unga  Island  is  made  up  of  similar  andesites  and 
dacites,  and  evidences  of  mineralization  have  been  seen  b}T  the  writer 
at  various  and  widely  scattered  places.  So  far  as  they  have  been 
examined  by  the  writer  none  of  these  rocks  contain  workable  amounts 
of  gold. 

SAND  POINT  BEACH  PLACERS. 

The  bench  sands  near  Sand  Point,  on  Popof  Island,  were  washed  for 
gold  during  the  summer  of  1904.  The  exact  locality  is  about  l£  miles 
south  of  Sand  Point  post-office  and  just  south  of  the  low  sand  spit 
projecting  into  Popof  Strait.  The  productive  beach  is  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  long.  The  amount  of  gold  taken  out  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August  is  estimated  at  about  $5,000.  From  20  to 
40  men  have  been  at  work  with  rockers  washing  the  coarse  sand  and 
gravel.  All  of  the  gold  is  found  below  mid  tide  and  most  of  it  around 
big  stones  at  the  level  of  low  tide.  It  is  said  that  most  of  the  men 
make  about  $4  a  dav,  but  a  few  have  done  much  better  than  this.  The 
local  price  for  gold  in  September,  1904,  was  $13.75  per  ounce,  which 
is  said  to  be  considerably  below  the  actual  value.  The  gold  hitherto 
obtained  is  fairly  coarse,  the  finer  dust  probably  having  been  lost 
through  the  inexperience  of  the  men,  who  are  largely  fishermen. 

The  gold  is  undoubtedly  derived  from  neighboring  mineralized 
zones  in  the  andesites,  which  make  up  the  greater  part  of  this  and 
Unga  Island.  The  deposits  known  at  present  to  be  gold  bearing  are 
restricted  to  the  low-tide  level  of  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  of 
beach.  Other  similar  deposits  will  doubtless  be  found  on  the  adjacent 
shores. 


AURIFEROUS  QUARTZ  VEINS  ON  UNALASKA  ISLAND. 


By  Arthur  J.  Collier. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Unalaska  Island,  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  lies  west  of  and  near  one  of 
the  most  frequented  routes  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  Bering  Sea  and  is 
important  chiefly  for  its  splendid  natural  harbor,  on  which  are  located 
the  two  coaling  and  trading  stations,  Dutch  Harbor  and  Unalaska. 
Several  years  ago  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  develop  and 
mine  some  gold-bearing  quartz  veins  near  the  village  of  Unalaska.  A 
three-stamp  mill  and  a  cable  tramway  to  connect  the  mill  with  the  mine 
were  erected,  but  these  are  now  in  a  state  of  ruin.  This  locality  is  so 
accessible  and  so  conveniently  situated  with  regard  to  the  harbor  that 
a  very  low-grade  ore  could  have  been  handled  at  a  profit.  Although 
thisdeposit  is  not  thought  to  be  of  economic  value,  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  old  workings,  which  is  based  on  a  hasty  examination  made 
by  the  writer  last  summer,  is  given,  in  order  that  this  mine  may  be 
compared  with  the  gold  mines  of  Unga  Island,  described  by  Martin, 
and  also  to  indicate  the  possibility  that  valuable  gold-bearing  deposits 
may  occur  in  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Quartz  veins  of  economic  value 
are  reported  by  prospectors  on  several  of  the  islands  farther  west. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  topography  of  Unalaska  Island  is  rough  and  irregular.  Mount 
Makushin,  its  highest  mountain,  is  over  6,000  feet  high.  Except  for 
a  few  small  gravel  plains  which  fringe  some  of  the  bays  the  hills  and 
mountains  rise  directly  from  the  water  and  there  is  practically  no  level 
ground. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  hard  rocks  of  the  islands  are  volcanic  and  consist  of  interbedded 
tuffs  and  flows  that  are  cut  by  numerous  dikes.  The  most  common 
rocfcs  are  dark-gray  andesites.a  That  some  of  these  rocks  were 
erupted  in  the  Tertiary  period  is  proved  by  fossil  plant  remains  con- 
tained in  the  tuffs.ft  Volcanic  activity  has  persisted  to  the  present 
time  in  Mount  Makushin,  which  still  has  occasional  eruptions. 

n  Emerson,  B.  K..  Harriman  Alaska  Expedition,  vol.,  6,  Geology,  1904,  p.  29. 

M)all  and  Harris,  Correlation  Papers*— Neocene:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  84, 1892,  pp.  242-243. 

102 


collier]  AURIFEROUS   VKIN8   ON    UNALASKA   ISLAND.  103 

QUARTZ  VEINS. 

South  of  Dutch  Harbor  for  several  miles  the  rocks  are  cut  by  a 
system  of  nearly  vertical  joint  planes  which  extend  approximately 
east  and  west.  Mineralization  has  occurred  along  these  joints,  and  in 
some  instances  quartz  veins  have  been  formed.  Several  such  quartz 
veins  are  exposed  in  the  bluff  west  of  Unalaska,  where  they  have  been 
prospected  by  short  tunnels.  The  best  example,  however,  is  found  at 
the  gold  mine  located  1£  miles  south  of  Unalaska  and  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  shore  of  Captains  Bay,  where  a  number  of  small 
veins  of  this  kind  aie  contained  in  compact  gray  andesite.  The  largest 
of  these  forms  the  main  ore  body  of  the  mine  and  has  been  opened  for 
al>out  200  feet.  It  has  a  maximum  width  of  6  or  7  feet,  but  thins  out 
in  both  directions  fiom  the  widest  part  and  at  the  ends  of  the  tunnels 
is  not  over  1  or  2  feet  wide.  The  samples  obtained  here  consist  of 
kaolin  and  cellular  quartz,  heavily  stained  with  iron  in  the  form  of 
limonite.  Samples  obtained  on  the  dump  and  around  the  mill  indicate 
that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  ore  originally  contained  unweathered 
pyrite  and  other  sulphide  minerals.  A  sample  taken  by  the  writer 
from  the  face  of  the  drift  at  the  principal  ore  body  was  assayed  by 
E.  E.  Burlingame  &  Co.,  of  Denver,  who  report  .02  ounce  of  gold  to 
the  ton  and  a  trace  of  silver.  It  is  reported  that  before  the  mill  was 
built  assays  promised  very  high  values,  which  were  not  realized  from 
the  ore  when  milled. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

The  main  tunnel  runs  east  from  the  entrance  about  20  feet,  then 
turns  south,  crosscutting  the  joint  system.  The  principal  ore  body  of 
the  mine,  which  is  developed  by  short  drifts,  is  crosscut  about  50  feet 
from  this  turn,  but  the  tunnel  is  continued  southward  about  100  feet 
farther  to  a  well-defined  but  apparently  little  mineralized  joint  run- 
ning cast  and  west,  which  it  follows  east  for  several  hundred  feet.  At 
the  end  of  this  distance  there  is  a  crosscut  to  the  north  which  prob- 
ably falls  a  little  short  of  reaching  the  line  of  the  extension  of  the 
main  ore  body.  A  few  prospectors  were  on  the  ground  in  11)04,  pre- 
paring to  resume  work  in  the  mine  with  a  view  to  determining  the 
extension  of  the  main  ore  body. 


RAMPART  PLACER  REGTON. 


By  L.  M.  Prindle  and  F.  L.  Hess. 


GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

Prevwuswork. — The  Rampart,  Birch  Creek,  Fortymile,  and  Fairbanks 
regions  are  the  four  important  centers  of  gold  production  in  that  por- 
tion of  the  interior  of  Alaska  which  is  included  between  the  Yukon 
and  Tanana  rivers.  All  of  these  regions  have  been  visited  at  differ- 
ent times  by  parties  from  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and 
the  results  of  the  work  in  the  Rampart  region  are  presented  in  reports 
which  have  been  published,  or  are  in  course  of  publication  by  the  Sur- 
vey0. It  was  in  the  course  of  a  geologic  reconnaissance  trip  overland 
from  Eagle,  by  way  of  Fairbanks  to  Rampart,  during  the  field  season 
of  1904,  that  the  facts  which  form  the  basis  of  this  short  description 
were  ascertained. 

Location. — The  Rampart  region  is  in  the  far  western  portion  of  the 
Yukon-Tanana  country,  where  the  distance  between  the  two  rivers  in 
a  north-south  direction  is  only  about  50  miles.  It  is  140  miles  west  of 
the  Birch  Creek  region  and  80  miles  northwest  of  the  Fairbanks  region. 
The  creeks,  which  have  thus  far  proved  to  be  of  economic  importance, 
are  all  within  about  30  miles  of  the  Yukon,  and  belong  to  the  drain- 
age systems  of  both  the  Yukon  and  Tanana  rivers.  Rampart,  the  sup- 
ply point,  is  situated  on  the  Yukon  River,  about  70  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Tanana. 

Communication  and  transportation  facilities. — A  government  tele- 
graph station  affords  rapid  communication  with  other  portions  of 
Alaska  and  the  outside  world,  and  supplies  are  received  either  b\T  way 
of  St.  Michael  or  Dawson.  Those  shipped  by  way  of  Dawson  reach 
the  region  earlier  in  the  spring,  as  the  upper  river  is  first  open  to 
navigation.     The  first-class  passenger  rate  during  the  past  season  from 

oSpurr,  J.  E.  Geology  of  the  Yukon  gold  district,  Alaska:  Eighteenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, pt.  3,  1898.  pp.  87-392. 

Collier.  A.  J.  The  Glenn  Creek  gold  mining  district.  Alaska:  Bull.  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  213,  1903, 
49-56. 

Brooks,  A.  II..  A  reconnaissance  in  the  Mount  McKinley  region,  Alaska.     In  preparation. 

104 


PRIN 


s'DLE  AND ~| 
HESR.  J 


RAMPART    PLACER    REGION. 


105 


Seattle  to  Rampart  by  way  of  St.  Michael  was  $127.50;  that  by  way  of 
Dawson,  Jill.     The  freight  rates  vary  greatly,  according  to  the  kind 


r^L  Seattle  Bar        / 


►What  Cheerf'Bar  / 

/     ;J 


Fig.  C. — Sketch  map  of  the  Rampart  plticer  region. 


Scale 

234        3  miles 


of  material  and  time  of  the  year.  The  approximate  rates  on  ordinary 
supplies  by  way  of  St.  Michael  and  Dawson,  respectively,  were  $57 and 
$106  a  ton. 


106  ALA9KAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  tBtJLL.2». 

In  the  winter  transportation  to  the  creeks  is  either  by  dog  or  horse 
sleds,  the  rates  varying  from  2  to  6  cents  a  pound  according  to  the 
distance.  In  the  summer  pack  horses  are  used,  and  the  rates  vary 
from  4  to  15  cents  a  pound.  The  summer  trails  are  generally  bad  and 
remain  in  about  the  same  condition  from  year  to  year. 

Mining  activity.  —The  region  has  produced  gold  continuously  since 
1896.  New  discoveries  have  been  made  from  time  to  time,  and  the 
discovery  of  good  pay  in  a  new  locality  during  the  past  year  shows 
the  possibilities  even  in  a  district  that  was  believed  to  be  thorougniy 
prospected.  During  the  past  season  prospecting  was  being  actively 
carried  on  throughout  the  region,  and  men  were  found  investigating 
creeks,  where  in  1902  nothing  was  being  done.  Hydraulic  methods 
have  been  introduced,  and  the  last  steamers  up  the  river  brought  many 
tons  of  hydraulic  pipe  and  other  supplies  for  several  plants  which 
are  in  process  of  installation.  The  production  of  the  region  during 
the  last  year  has  been  about  $235,000,  and  the  total  production  up  to 
the  present  time  is  probably  over  $1,000,000. 

GEOGRAPHIC  SKETCH. 
RELIEF. 

The  Rampart  region  is  one  of  rather  strong  relief,  ranging  from 
4,640  feet  above  sea  level  at  the  summit  of  Wolverine  Mountain  to 
somewhat  over  400  feet  on  the  Yukon  at  Rampart.  On  the  northern 
and  southern  sides  of  the  Yukon-Tanana  country  there  is  generally 
observable  a  difference  in  topographic  expression,  which  in  the  nar- 
rower space  between  the  two  rivers  is  brought  into  sharper  contrast. 
The  divide  between  the  Yukon  and  the  Tanana  rivers  is  about  25  miles 
south  of  the  Yukon.  The  area  north  of  the  divide  is  rough,  and  the 
high  peaks  of  Lynx  and  Wolverine  mountains  are  the  most  prominent 
features.  Steep-sided  ridges  separate  the  many  deep,  narrow  canyons 
whose  similarity  has  frequently  led  to  confusion  and  justifies  the  name 
"Troublesome  Country,1'  applied  to  a  portion  of  the  region.  South 
of  the  divide  long,  gradually  sloping  ridges  separate  the  more  open 
valleys  and  merge  finally  into  the  extensive  flat  of  Baker  Creek,  a 
tributary  of  the  Tanana. 

An  area  about  24  miles  long,  with  an  extreme  width  of  15  miles, 
includes  all  the  localities  where  work  is  now  in  progress.  The  south- 
ern portion  of  this  area  is  cut  diagonally  by  the  divide  which,  with  a 
minimum  altitude  of  about  2,000  feet,  extends  in  a  northeast-southwest 
direction  and  separates  the  headwaters  of  the  two  drainage  systems. 

DRAINAGE. 

The  drainage  of  the  region  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  sketch 
map,  which  has  been  prepared   by  Mr.  Hess  from  data  collected  at 


PBINDI.E  AND 
HE88. 


]  RAMPART   PLACER   REGION.  107 


different  times  by  the  several  parties  from  the  Geological  Survey,  and 
while  based  largely  on  foot  traverses  represents  the  drainage  systems 
with  comparative  accuracy. 


YUKON    DRAINAGE. 


The  most  important  streams  north  of  the  divide  are  Minook  and 
Troublesome  creeks.  Minook  Creek  is  the  largest  stream  in  the 
Rampart  region.  It  is  about  25  miles  long  and  flows  through  a  nar- 
row valley  in  a  nearly  straight  course,  almost  directly  northward,  to 
the  Yukon  River.  The  grade  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  valley  is 
probably  less  than  50  feet  to  the  mile.  The  stream  is  generally  con- 
fined in  one  channel,  but  in  portions  of  the  valley  is  distributed  over 
a  flat  several  hundred  feet  wide.  At  times  of  low  water  the  stream  is 
shallow,  casity  fordable  on  foot,  and  the  bars  are  traveled  by  pack 
trains;  at  high  water  it  is  impassable. 

The  western  side  of  the  valley  is  a  steep  slope  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  1,000  feet  or  more  above  the  stream.  In  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  valley  steep  ridges  crowd  in  closely  on  either  side.  On 
the  east  these  crowded  ridges  gradually  give  place  northward  to 
a  country  of  different  character,  which  is  related  to  the  stream 
development  of  the  region  and  has  an  economic  interest.  Minook 
Creek,  for  a  portion  of  its  length,  flows  inconspicuously  in  a  narrow 
canyon  20  feet  below  the  level  of  a  bench  that  slopes  gradually 
upward  to  the  base  of  the  ridges  on  either  side.  This  bench  attains  a 
maximum  width  of  only  a  few  hundred  feet,  and  though  it  is  appar- 
ently the  bottom  of  the  valley  it  is  in  reality  an  old  floor  in  which  the 
present  shallow  canyon  has  been  cut.  This  old  floor,  which  is  so 
closely  related  to  the  development  of  the  stream  20  feet  below  it,  is  of 
importance  in  that  it  exemplifies  on  a  small  scale  the  results  of  a 
process  which,  operating  for  a  long  time  under  different  conditions 
than  the  present,  has  produced  the  bench  that  is  so  prominent  east 
of  the  valley.  The  "high  bench  "as  it  is  locally  called,  with  its 
steep  stream  ward- facing  slope,  bounds  the  lower  half  of  the  valley, 
and  its  surface,  500  feet  or  more  above  the  stream,  rises  gradually 
toward  the  base  of  the  hills  to  the  east  and  widens  northward  to  a 
maximum  wTidth  of  about  3  miles. 

This  bench  with  its  gold-bearing  gravels  has  long  attracted  the 
attention  of  miners,  and  while  this  is  not  the  place  for  a  detailed 
history  of  stream  development  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  fact  that 
the  high  bench  stands  probably  in  the  same  relation  to  Minook  Creek 
as  the  small  local  bench  above  described  does  to  the  stream  which  has 
cut  below  it.  It  is  only  a  more  prominent  result  of  processes  which 
are  still  at  work,  which  have  left  other  less  prominent  benches  at 
lower  levels,  and  which  have  brought  about  these  results  at  different 


108  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN    1904.  [bull.  269. 

times  through  differences  in  elevation  with  reference  to  the  water  level. 
The  eastern  extension  of  the  high  bench  gravels,  so  far  as  traced,  is 
indicated  on  the  accompanying  map  (fig.  6,  p.  10a). 

The  important  tributaries  of  Minook  Creek  from  the  east  are  Hunter, 
Little  Minook,  Little  Minook,  Jr.,  Hoosier,  Florida,  and  Chapman 
creeks.  The  largest  of  these  is  about  15  miles  long.  Their  ramifying 
headwaters  have  deeply  incised  themselves  within  the  steep-sided  high 
ridge  which  limits  in  this  direction  the  drainage  area  of  Minook  Creek, 
and  they  all  enter  the  main  valley  by  narrow  V-shaped  valleys  which 
cut  the  high  bench  above  described  into  several  portions,  to  some  of 
which  distinctive  names  have  been  given  by  the  miners.  The  impor- 
tant tributaries  from  the  west  are  Ruby,  Slate,  and  Granite  creeks. 
These  head  several  miles  back  from  the  main  valley  and  are  similar  in 
character  to  those  that  flow  from  the  other  side. 

Troublesome  Creek  is  about  12  miles  east  of  Minook  Creek.  It 
receives  several  tributaries  which  drain  the  area  between  Lynx  and 
Wolverine  mountains  and  flows  in  a  general  northerly  course  to  Mike 
Hess  Creek.  Its  course  for  the  most  part  is  outside  of  the  area  here 
considered.  The  valleys  of  the  upper  tributaries,  like  those  of  Minook 
Creek,  are. narrow,  but  their  heads  are  frequently  open,  park-like 
spaces  bounded  by  precipitous  rocky  slopes.  Terraces  are  common 
but  are  not  developed  to  so  great  a  degree  as  in  the  valley  of  Minook 
Creek.  Quail  Creek,  the  most  important  tributary,  heads  opposite 
Hoosier  Creek,  and  its  smaller  branches  drain  the  steep  flanks  of 
Wolverine  Mountain. 

TANANA    DRAINAGE. 

The  area  south  of  the  divide  is  of  a  different  character.  The  two 
elements  that  stand  out  most  prominently  in  the  landscape  are  the 
ridges  and  valleys  of  the  southern  slope  of  the  divide  and  the  exten- 
sive lowland  known  as  Baker  Flats,  across  which  flows  Baker  Creek. 
A  low  ridge  bounds  the  valley  of  Baker  Creek  on  the  south,  and  above 
this  ridge,  in  clear  weather,  are  visible  the  lofty  masses  of  Mounts 
McKinley  and  Foraker,  160  miles  away. 

The  streams  of  economic  importance  are  only  a  few  miles  long. 
They  flow  from  their  sources  on  the  divide  in  more  or  less  parallel 
courses  southward  and  westward.  After  leaving  the  base  of  the  hills 
they  unite  with  one  another,  lose  themselves  in  Baker  Flats,  or  find 
their  way  by  winding  courses  to  Baker  Creek.  The  heads  of  the 
valleys  are  narrow  and  deep  like  those  of  the  northern  slope,  but  after 
leaving  the  region  of  the  high  divide  the  valleys  become  more  open, 
the  ridges  between  them  lose  their  roughness,  maintain  an  even, 
bench-like  character  for  a  considerable  distance,  and  then  descend  very 
gradually  to  the  level  of  Baker  Flats. 


PRINDI.E  AND 
HESS. 


]  RAMPART   PLACER   REGION.    *  109 


A  most  important  feature  of  these  valleys — one  that  forces  itself 
again  and  again  on  the  attention  of  the  observer — is  their  unsymmet- 
rical  character.  The  southeast  side  is,  in  most  cases,  an  abrupt 
descent  of  several  hundred  feet,  unbroken  by  tributaries.  The 
northwest  slope  extends  very  gradually  upward,  in  some  cases  for  a 
mile  or  more  back  from  the  stream,  and  then  breaks  off  abruptly  to 
form  the  steep  side  of  the  neighboring  valley.  Its  surface  is  worn  by 
tributaries  which  have  formed  short  valleys  of  their  own,  and  these, 
in  their  backward  extension,  have  in  some  cases  broken  the  continuity 
of  the  main  ridges.  Benching  has  been  an  accompaniment  of  stream 
development,  as  on  the  northern  side  of  the  divide,  and  these  gradual 
slopes  have  presented  favorable  conditions  for  the  retention  of  the 
gold-bearing  gravels  which  have  been  deposited  upon  them. 

VEGETATION. 

The  valleys  and  slopes  of  the  larger  streams  and  some  of  the 
benches  are  timbered  with  a  light  growth  of  small  spruce  and  birch. 
There  is  some  tamarack  in  the  valleys.  Grass  grows  luxuriantly  on 
portions  of  the  high  bench  of  the  Minook  Valley,  and  is  abundant  in 
the  small  draws  throughout  most  of  the  region. 

The  Government  has  an  agricultural  experiment  station  across  the 
river  from  Rampart,  and  at  Hot  Springs,  a  locality  near  the  Tanana 
River,  where  conditions  are  especially  favorable  for  gardening,  pri- 
vate parties  have  been  for  some  time  raising  vegetables  in  large  quan- 
tities and  selling  them  to  the  miners. 

GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 

The  geology  of  the  region  is  complex.  The  rocks  include  several 
formations  which  have  been  closely  folded,  metamorphosed,  and 
intruded  by  a  variety  of  igneous  rocks.  They  range  in  age  from 
Devonian  or  older  to  the  Quaternary. 

STRATIFIED   ROCKS. 

The  oldest  rocks  in  the  region  are  apparently  the  garnetiferous  mica- 
quartz-schists  and  marbles.  These  are  found  on  Ruby  Creek  and  the 
ridge  north  of  Ruby  Creek,  which  forms  the  western  boundary  of  the 
valley  of  Minook  Creek.  They  occur  also  on  Minook  Creek  below 
the  Hopkins  bridge.  These  schists  were  not  observed  in  any  other 
portion  of  the  region.  They  resemble  those  of  the  Fortymile  and 
Birch  Creek  regions. 

In  the  Yukon-Tanana  country  there  are  large  areas  of  shales,  cherts, 
conglomerates,  limestones,  tuffs,  and  diabases,  which  occur  in  rather 
constant  association  at  widely  separated  localities.  These  have  been 
grouped  by  Spun*  into  one  formation  and  called  the  Rampart  series.0 

aSpurr,  J.  £.,  Geology  of  the  Yukon  gold  district,  Alaska:  Eighteenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
rey; pt.  $,  pp.  15&-169. 


110  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.2». 

Their  age  has  been  determined  as  Devonian.  In  the  Rampart  region 
and  farther  east  and  south  there  are  black  and  gray  shales,  cherts, 
thin  beds  of  conglomerate  composed  largely  of  chert  pebbles  and  gray 
and  black  schistose,  more  or  less  graphitic  grits  and  massive  lime- 
stones. A  large  mass  of  tuffs  and  diabasic  rocks  are  associated  with 
these  rocks  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  region.  Some  of  the  lime- 
stones have  yielded  Devonian  corals.  In  the  absence  of  criteria  for 
their  separation,  all  of  these  rocks  are  provisionally  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  Rampart  formation.  They  f orm  the  bed  rock  through- 
out most  of  the  drainage  areas  which  have  been  described. 

The  flanks  of  Lynx  and  Wolverine  mountains  are  formed  of  black 
grits  and  shales.  Fragments  of  dicotyledonous  leaves  were  found  in 
the  grits,  and  the  shales  also  occasionally  contain  obscure  plant 
remains.  The  shales  are  frequently  indurated,  spotted,  and  contain 
metamorphic  minerals,  due  probably  to  the  intrusive  granite  which 
forms  the  summits  of  these  mountains.  Similar  shales  are  associated 
with  vitreous  quartzites  along  the  ridge  that  bounds  the  drainage  area 
of  Minook  Creek  on  the  east.  Their  separation  from  shales  which 
belong  apparently  to  the  older  formation  is  not  easy,  and  all  that  can 
be  definitely  affirmed  at  present  is  that  there  is  a  formation  of  grits 
and  shales  which  occupies  generally  the  highest  portions  of  the  region 
and  which  is  at  least  as  young  as  the  lower  Cretaceous,  and  probably 
much  younger. 

The  general  strike  of  the  formations  is  northeast  and  east,  and  the 
folding  has  been  intense.  Evidence  of  the  force  which  has  been  at 
work  is  afforded  by  quartzite  and  limestone  breccias. 

Sandstones  and  conglomerates,  with  associated  coal,  occur  in  the 
lower  valley  of  Minook  Creek  and  along  the  Yukon,  and  these  have 
been  considered  as  members  of  the  Kenai  formation.  The  gravels  of 
the  high  bench  are  probably  of  Pleistocene  age. 

IGNEOUS  ROCK8. 

Igneous  rocks  are  present  in  abundance.  Granitic  and  monzonitic 
intrusives  form  a  large  portion  of  the  two  highest  peaks,  and  the  rocks 
throughout  the  region  are  cut  by  numerous  small  dikes  of  granite, 
diabase,  and  intermediate  types.  The  most  extensive  mass  of  igneous 
material  is  found  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  region,  where  the 
lower  valleys  of  Little  Minook  and  Hunter  creeks  and  the  ridge 
to  the  south  of  Rampart  are  composed  mostly  of  diabasic  rocks  and 
associated  tuffs.  Basalt  and  associated  volcanics  occur  on  Minook 
Creek  below  the  mouth  of  Hunter  Creek  and  also  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Little  Minook  Creek. 


PRINh^AND]  RAMPART   PLACER   REGION.  Ill 

ECONOMIC  DEVELOPMENT. 

There  are  two  main  areas  of  present  gold  production.  The  one 
here  called  the  Northern  area  includes  tributaries  of  Minook  and 
Troublesome  creeks;  the  other  or  Southern  area,  called  generally 
the  Glenn  Creek  mining  district,  comprises  the  small  streams  of  the 
southern  slope,  tributary  to  Baker  Creek. 

NORTHERN   AREA. 

The  eastern  tributaries  of  Minook  Creek  which  have  produced  gold 
are  Hunter,  Little  Minook,  Little  Minook,  Jr.,  Hoosier,  and  Florida. 
A  glance  at  the  sketch  map  shows  the  relations  of  these  to  one  another 
and  to  the  country  which  they  drain.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
longest  of  them  have  their  sources  several  miles  east  of  the  high 
bench,  while  the  courses  of  the  smaller  tributaries — Little  Minook, 
Jr.,  and  Florida — lie  almost  wholly  within  it.  The  varieties  of  bed 
rock  found  in  the  valleys  of  these  streams  are  quartzites,  black  and 
gray  slaty  shales,  limestones,  cherts,  and  diabase  with  associated  tuffs. 

Little  Minook  Creek. — Little  Minook  is  a  small  creek  about  8  miles 
long  and  flows  in  a  narrow  V-shaped  canyon,  which  is  about  500  feet 
below  the  general  level  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  valley,  where  the 
stream  has  a  grade  of  100  feet  or  less  to  the  mile.  Mining  is  confined 
to  the  lower  3  miles  of  its  course.  The  distance  from  the  mouth  to 
the  town  of  Rampart  is  about  4i  miles,  and  the  winter  and  summer 
freight  rates  2  and  4  cents  a  pound,  respectively.  The  creek  early 
attracted  the  attention  of  miners,  and  since  1896  has  produced  approx- 
imately $475,000. 

The  depth  to  l>ed  rock  varies  from  a  few  feet  to  about  25  feet,  and 
the  deposit  consists  of  muck  and  gravel.  The  muck  is  of  variable 
thickness,  reaching  a  maximum  of  16  feet,  and  is  in  some  places  absent. 
The  maximum  thickness  of  the  gravels  is  about  12  feet.  They  include 
a  great  variety  of  rocks,  among  which  diabase  and  tuff  are  perhaps  the 
most  abundant.  Quartzite  bowlders  are  common,  and  there  is  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  vein  quartz.  The  gravels  have  been  supplied 
from  at  least  two  sources.  Angular  or  subangular  material  has  been 
derived  from  the  bed  rock  of  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  vallev  and 
well-rounded  material  from  the  high  bench  in  which  this  portion  of 
the  vallev  has  been  cut.  •  Bowlders  2  to  3  feet  in  diameter  are  common. 
The  pay  gravels  are  from  1  to  3  feet  thick  and  from  50  to  200  feet 
wide.  The  gold  is  well  worn,  often  coarse,  generally  finer  iu  the 
lower  portion  of  the  valley,  and  is  of  high  grade,  $18  an  ounce  being 
given  for  it  in  trade.  Values  are  found  ranging  from  $2  to  $10  per 
square  yard  of  bed  rock.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  gold  has  never 
been  found  in  any  quantity  on  Little  Minook  Creek  above  the  point 
where  it  receives  the  drainage  from  the  high  bench  gravels. 


112  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  2». 

Ground  was  being  worked  on  a  few  of  the  claims  during  the  past 
summer  by  both  the  open-cut  method  and  steam  points.  Much  work 
has  been  done  in  the  past;  some  of  the  ground  has  been  u  gophered" 
considerably,  and  although  there  is  still  good  ground,  the  condition  in 
which  it  has  been  left  has  often  increased  the  expense  of  working  it. 

Hunter  Creek. — Hunter  Creek  is  similar  in  character  to  Little 
Minook  Creek.  The  maximum  depth  to  bed  rock,  so  far  as  observed, 
is  about  40  feet.  The  thickness  of  the  gravel  is  about  the  same — 12 
feet — as  on  Little  Minook,  and  the  proportion  of  bowlders  is  greater. 
The  gold  is  tiner,  and  some  of  it  is  rough.  Barite  is  often  associated 
with  the  gold.  As  far  as  could  be  learned,  gold  is  not  found  in  paying 
quantities  above  the  eastern  limit  of  the  high  bench  gravels.  Decom- 
posed tuffs  and  loosely  consolidated  shales  and  sandstones  containing 
plant  remains  form  the  bed  rock  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  valley,  and 
this  soft  bed  rock  may  easily  be  mistaken  by  the  miner  for  stream 
deposits  associated  with  gravels.  The  stream  gravels  lie  above  these, 
not  below  them,  and  the  mere  fact  that  they  are  soft  does  not  prove 
that  they  belong  to  the  stream  deposits,  as  do  the  muck  and  sandy 
layers  that  are  frequently  found  above  the  gravels.  The  miner  may 
often  save  much  time  and  labor  by  studying  carefully  the  character  of 
the  bed  rock,  wherever  it  is  exposed  on  the  sides  or  bottom  of  the  val- 
ley, and  comparing  it  with  the  material  found  by  him  in  the  ground 
which  is  being  worked. 

Considerable  work  was  being  done  on  Hunter  Creek.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  developments  has  been  the  introduction  of  a  hydraulic 
plant.  A  ditch  about  a  mile  long  carries  300  miner's  inches  of  water 
to  the  ground  and  gives  a  head  of  75  feet.  The  ground  is  worked  by 
what  might  be  termed  fractional  ground  sluicing.  The  thawed  surface 
layer  is  ground-sluiced  to  the  frozen  surface,  and  this  left  a  week  or 
more  to  thaw,  when  another  layer,  from  1  to  2  feet  in  thickness,  may 
be  ground-sluiced  away.  This  method  is  said  to  effect  results  quickly 
and  very  satisfactorily.  On  another  portion  of  the  creek  a  flume 
2,000  feet  long  has  been  constructed,  and  this  brings  water  to  a  low 
bench  only  about  1<>  feet  above  the  creek.  The  gravel  is  ground- 
sluiced  away  and  about  1£  feet  of  bed  rock  shoveled  in. 

Little  Minook,  ?//.,  Creek. — Little  Minook,  Jr.,  is  a  small  creek,  only 
about  2  miles  long.  The  narrow  valley  of  the  lower  portion  opens  out 
above  to  a  broadly  V-shaped  depression  in  the  high  bench.  There  is 
about  12  feet  of  muck  on  the  4  to  5  feet  of  gravel.  Pay  is  said  to 
have  been  found  over  a  width  of  60  feet.  Much  of  the  ground  has 
been  worked  out. 

Tlooster  Crak. — lloosier  Creek  heads  far  back  toward  Wolverine 
Mountain  and  flows  northwestward  through  a  deep,  narrow  canyon.  Its 
general  characters  are  the  same  as  those  of  Little  Minook  Creek. 
The  grade  is  about  80  feet  to  the  mile  in  the  lower  portion  of  the 


PBISuJi.ANI>J  RAMPART    VLACKR   REGION,  113 

valley.  The  gravels  vary  from  4  to  20  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  gold 
is  mostly  on  the  bed  rock.  The  upper  portion  of  this  valley,  like 
those  of  the  other  creeks,  has  never  been  productive.  Preparations 
have  been  made  to  work  the  gravels  by  hydraulic  methods  at  a  point 
about  2  miles  above  the  mouth.  Ditches  and  flumes  having  a  combined 
length  of  4,800  feet  and  a  capacity  of  500  inches  give  a  head  of  nearly 
80  feet.  Andevator  had  been  placed  in  position  and  the  plant  was 
about  ready  for  active  work. 

Florida  Creek. — Florida  Creek  has  produced  some  gold,  but  at 
present  little  work  is  being  done. 

Interstream  or  *6  bar"  gravels. — The  areas  lying  between  the  streams 
which  have  been  described,  for  a  distance  of  2  to  3  miles  east  of  Minook 
Creek  and  at  an  altitude  of  500  to  700  feet  above  the  creeks,  have  a 
strikingly  bench-like  surface  and  are  mantled  with  a  deposit  of  gravels, 
which  is  said  to  be  in  places  at  least  100  feet  thick.  These  areas  are 
locally  termed  "•bars,"  and  distinctive  names  have  been  given  to  them, 
such  as  "Idaho  bar"  and  "McDonald  bar."  The  canyons  of  the 
streams  are  sharply  cut  below  them,  and  they  appear  as  portions  of  a 
once  continuous  surface  that  was  related  apparently  to  the  drainage 
system  of  Minook  Creek.  The  gravels  include  quartzite,  quartzite 
breccia,  some  vein  quartz,  a  small  proportion  of  chert,  and  much 
fine  material,  consisting  of  decomposed  fragments  of  softer  rocks. 
The  gravels  are  coarse,  and  bowlders  2  to  3  or  more  feet  in  diameter 
are  common.  Gold  has  been  found  in  them  at  widely  separated 
localities,  and  much  work  has  been  done  in  investigating  them, 
especially  on  u  Idaho  bar,"  directly  north  of  Little  Minook  Creek. 

The  facts  that  they  are  gold  bearing;  that  the  main  streams  cease  to 
be  productive  above  the  zone  of  these  grayels;  that  the  minor  tribu- 
taries, like  Little  Minook,  Jr.,  which  drains  only  gravel-covered  areas, 
contain  gold;  and  that  most  of  the  creek  gold,  wherever  found,  is 
much  worn,  all  seem  to  point  to  them  as  the  source  of  perhaps  the 
greater  portion  of  the  gold  found  in  the  stream  gravels,  without,  how- 
ever, excluding  the  possibility  of  its  derivation  in  part  from  the  bed 
rock  through  which  the  canyons  have  been  cut.  There  is  no  reason 
to  believe  that  gold  is  evenly  distributed  in  small  quantities  through- 
out the  bench  gravels,  or  that  it  is  anywhere  concentrated  in  them  to 
such  a  degree  as  in  the  gravels  of  the  present  valleys.  These  valleys 
have  a  trough-like  character,  where  conditions  have  been  favorable  for 
concentration  within  narrow  limits.  The  gravels  of  the  benches  have 
been  reworked  by  the  present  streams,  and  conditions  have  been  favor- 
able to  a  high  concentration  of  the  gold  contained  in  them.  This 
locality  probably  illustrates  the  process  of  reconcentration,  the  impor- 
tance of  which  is  strongly  emphasized  by  Brooks  in  the  Nome  report.0 


a  Brooks,  A  H.,  Reconnaissance  in  the  Cape  Nometmd  Norton  Bay  Regions,  Alaska,  in  1900,  p.  149. 
Bull.  259—05 8 


114  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

There  has  been  much  speculation  by  the  miners  as  to  the  source  of 
the  bench  gravels.  The  position  of  the  benches  seems  to  show  rela- 
tionship with  Minook  Creek.  The  material  of  the  gravels  is  such 
as  is  found  in  place  in  the  upper  valley.  Bowlders  of  quartzite  brec- 
cia are  common  in  the  gravels,  and  a  towering  mass  of  this  rusty 
rock  occurs  near  the  trail  on  Minook  about  1£  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Slate  Creek.  The  bench  gravels  .have  been  found  on  the  south 
side  of  Florida  Creek,  but  have  not  been  traced  beyond  that  point 
Although  fragments  of  the  bench  can  be  traced  still  farther  toward 
the  head  of  the  creek,  the  opportunity  for  the  preservation  of  high 
gravels  in  this  portion  of  the  valley  has  been  limited. 

Ruby  Creek. — Ruby  and  Slate  creeks  enter  Minook  Creek  through 
narrow  valleys  from  the  west.  Ruby  Creek  drains  an  area  composed 
partly  of  garnetiferous  quartz-mica-schists.  The  gravels  are  about  10 
feet  thick  and  there  is  little  muck.  No  pay  has  been  found  farther  than 
1£  miles  above  the  mouth.  Silver  nuggets  are  occasionally  found  and 
garnet  is  an  abundant  associate  of  the  gold.  It  is  not  known  whether 
the  occurrence  here  is  related  to  older  gravels.  Preparations  were 
being  made  to  work  the  ground  by  hydraulicking.  A  head  of  154  feet 
was  said  to  be  obtainable  and  an  elevator  was  to  be  used  in  connection 
with  a  "giant.'' 

Slate  Creek. — Slate  Creek,  which  drains  an  area  lying  2  miles  farther 
south,  is  about  4  miles  long  and  flows  in  a  narrow  valley.  There  is 
said  to  be  always  at  least  a  sluice  head  of  water,  and  the  grade  in  the 
lower  portion  is  about  150  feet  to  the  mile.  The  bed  rock,  near  the 
mouth,  includes  dark  shaly  limestone,  green  and  purple  shales,  and 
cherty  beds.  All  these  have  been  much  folded  and  strike  northwest. 
The  main  rock  of  the  valley  is  a  dark  graphitic  schist,  which  breaks 
up  into  pencil-like  fragments  and  contains  many  quartz  seams. 
Ground  has  been  worked  to  a  depth  of  26  feet.  Over  a  width  of  50 
feet  in  this  valley  gold  has  been  found  in  as  much  as  3  feet  of  gravel 
and  to  a  depth  of  1£  feet  in  bed  rock.  An  $8  piece  is  the  coarsest 
found  up  to  the  present  time.  Silver  is  a  common  associate  and  an 
8-ounce  nugget  has  been  found.  Copper  is  said  to  occur.  The  absence 
of  garnets  indicates  that  the  schists  on  Ruby  Creek  do  not  extend  into 
this  valley.  The  gold  has  probably  been  derived  from  quartz  stringers 
in  the  bed  rock. 

Minook  Creek. — Gold  has  been  found  on  several  claims  along  Minook 
Creek  itself,  but  conditions  are  unfavorable  for  working  the  ground 
in  a  small  way,  and  thus  far  no  extensive  systematic  work  has  been 
undertaken.  It  is  proposed,  however,  to  work  some  of  these  gravels 
on  a  large  scale  bv  hvdraulicking  during  the  season  of  1905. 

Quail  Creek,  of  Trouhlexome. — Prospecting  was  in  progress  on  Quail 
Creek,  a  tributarv  of  Troublesome  Creek  from  the  west,  and  at  other 
localities  within  this  area.     The  distance  of  these  localities  from  Ram- 


PRINDl.K   AMD 
HJ28M. 


]  RAMPART   PLACER   REGION.  115 


part  Ls  18  to  20  miles.  Some  sluicing  has  been  done  and  a  small 
amount  of  pay  has  been  taken  out.  The  bed  rock  is  mostly  black 
and  gray  slat}7  shales,  with  many  quartz  seams.  Small  dikes  of  por- 
phyry are  abundant  and  some  of  them  show  considerable  mineraliza- 
tion. The  gravels  include  shale,  quartzite,  vein  quartz,  coarse  con- 
glomerate, and  a  large  proportion  of  igneous  material.  There  are 
gravel-covered  benches  about  400  feet  above  the  level  of  Quail  Creek 
and  these  are  being  prospected  at  the  present  time. 

SOUTHERN  AREA. 

The  creeks  of  the  southern*  slope  that  are  of  present  economic 
importance  are  Pioneer,  Eureka,  Glenn,  Rhode  Island,  Gold  Run, 
Omega,  and  Thanksgiving.  The  Hutlina0  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion in  1902  but  no  work  was  being  done  there  during  the  summer  of 
1904.  This  area  was  visited  in  1902  by  A.  J.  Collier  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  and  described  by  him  in  the  economic  bulletin  for 
1903,  to  which  reference  has  alreadv  been  made.6  The  conditions  in 
1904  were  somewhat  different  and  only  the  most  important  present 
developments  are  included  in  the  following  description: 

The  area  is  about  30  miles  south  of  Rampart  and  is  reached  by  the 
pack  trail  from  Rampart,  which  follows  Minook  Creek  and  crosses 
the  divide  at  an  altitude  of  about  2,000  feet.  The  winter  and  summer 
freight  rates  are  at  present  6  and  15  cents  a  pound,  respectively. 

The  bed  rock  is  mostly  a  shaly,  somewhat  schistose  and  generally 
graphitic  grit,  which  contains  numerous  quartz  seams.  Quartzites, 
black  slates,  cherts,  limestones,  and  granitic  intrusives  are  found  in 
the  ridges  at  the  heads  of  some  of  the  creeks. 

Pioneer  Cre*l\ — The  valley  of  Pioneer  Creek  is  the  most  easterly 
locality  which  is  being  worked.  The  creek  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  forks  in  the  high  divide,  flows  southwestward  to  Baker  Flats  and 
crosses  them  to  Baker  Creek;  its  length  within  the  hills  is  about  6 
miles.  A  steep,  level  ridge  bounds  the  valley  to  the  southeast  and 
rises  almost  directly  from  the  creek.  The  gentle  slope  of  the  north- 
west side  is  mantled  to  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  or  more  back  from  the 
creek,  and  to  a  height  of  250  feet  or  more  above  the  creek,  with  bench 
gravels  in  which  within  the  past  two  years  good  pay  has  been  discov- 
ered. A  few  small  tributaries  drain  the  slope  and  one  of  them  has 
proved  productive.  Practically  no  work  has  been  done  on  the  main 
creek. 

What  Cheer  bar  is  located  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  valley, 
about  2,000  feet  back  from  the  creek,  at  an  altitude  of  about  250 
feet  above  it.  The  ground  here  has  a  gradual  slope  to  the  creek. 
The  bed  rock  is  schistose  grit.     This  is  much  jointed  and  broken 

a  This  Htream  in  known  throughout  the  region  as  the  Hootlinana,  but  the  name  Hutlina  has  been 
adopted  by  the  Board  on  Geographic  Names. 
bBull.  V.  8.  GeoJ.  Survey  No.  213,  pp.  49-56. 


116  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  259. 

and  frequently  exhibits  tine  examples  of  earth  creep.  The  strike  is 
N.  75°  E.  and  the  dip  in  places  is  high  to  the  northwest.  The  average 
depth  to  bed  rock  is  about  12  feet.  The  material  from  the  surface 
downward  includes  1  to  H  feet  of  muck,  3  feet  of  rather  fine  flat 
wash,  5  feet  of  yellowish  gravel  of  medium  size,  and  4  feet  of  rather 
heavy  wash.  The  gravels  include  a  large  proportion  of  quartzite, 
considerable  vein  quartz,  occasional  bowlders  of  coarse  conglomerate 
like  that  found  in  the  wash  of  Quail  Creek  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
divide,  and  some  igneous  material.  Some  of  the  vein  quartz  bowlders 
are  2  feet  or  more  in  diameter.  Most  of  the  gold  is  found  in  the  lower 
portion  of  the  gravels.  It  is  well  worn  and  the  coarsest  piece  found 
was  valued  at  $28.  The  bench  is  dry  and  the  summer  of  1903  was 
employed  in  bringing  water  to  the  claim  from  a  point  about  4  miles 
up  stream.  A  ditch  was  dug  around  the  hillside  and  flumes  were  con- 
structed across  the  small  tributaries.  The  result  is  a  combined  ditch 
and  flume  4  miles  long,  with  a  capacity  of  about  3  sluice  heads.  The 
ground  is  worked  by  open  cuts,  the  dirt  all  shoveled  into  the  sluice 
boxes,  and  the  tailings  distribute  themselves  over  the  slope  toward 
Pioneer  Creek.  The  water  was  not  available  till  the  first  of  August, 
1904,  and  the  men  had  been  shoveling  in  for  about  15  days.  Thirteen 
men  were  employed  and  wages  were  $5  and  board. 

Seattle  bar  is  located  on  the  same  side  of  Pioneer  Creek,  about 
the  same  distance  back  from  it  and  2£  miles  farther  upstream.  The 
depth  to  bed  rock  is  about  9  feet,  and  the  gravels  are  of  the  same 
character  and  arrangement  as  those  of  What  Cheer  bar.  The  gold 
occurs  next  to  bed  rock  and  to  a  depth  of  a  foot  or  more  within  it. 
Some  of  the  gold  is  flat  and  some  shotty  in  character.  The  coarsest 
found  was  a  piece  valued  at  $9.40.  The  ground  is  worked  in  a  small 
way  by  an  open  cut,  and  good  results  have  been  obtained.  Water  for 
sluicing  is  brought  by  a  ditch  and  hose  from  Skookum  Creek. 

The  tributaries  to  Pioneer  Creek  are  all  small,  have  a  course  down 
the  slope  at  about  right  angles  to  that  of  the  main  valley,  and  cut 
through  the  gravel-covered  areas  of  the  bench.  Their  valleys  are 
open  and  form  only  shallow  depressions.  Doric  Creek  is  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  upstream  from  What  Cheer  bar.  It  was 
prospected  in  the  fall  of  1902,  and  during  the  winter  of  1903-4  a  small 
portion  of  the  valley  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  Pioneer  Creek 
proved  to  be  very  rich.  The  bed  rock  is  graphitic  schistose  grit. 
Besides  the  local  angular  material  the  wash  includes  a  large  proportion 
of  gravels  from  the  bench.  The  ground  is  worked  by  drifting  in  the 
winter  time.  The  largest  bowlders  are  left  at  the  bottom  of  the  drift. 
No  pay  has  been  found  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  valley,  and  the  gold 
found  here  is  probably  derived  by  reconcentration  from  the  bench 
gravels.     The  locality  is  an  instructive  one. 

The  three  localities  above  described  are  the  most  important  ones  in 


PRINDI.E  AND 
HESS. 


]  RAMPART    PLACER   RKGION.  117 


this  valley  where  pay  has  yet  been  discovered,  and  it  is  not  unreason- 
able to  suppose  that  with  further  work  other  localities  may  be  found 
on  the  bench  where  the  conditions  were  likewise  favorable  for  concen- 
tration of  the  gold. 

The  bench  gravels  extend  for  at  least  4  miles  along  the  creek.  There 
is  no  reason  to  think  they  have  been  brought  to  their  present  position 
from  any  other  direction  than  that  of  the  present  drainage,  or  by  other 
means  than  stream  action.  The  most  satisfactory  explanation  of  their 
presence  is  that  Pioneer  Creek,  under  conditions  different  from  the 
present,  left  them  there.  Under  this  supposition  the  creek  would 
have  occupied  for  longer  or  shorter  intervals  various  portions  of  what 
is  now  the  bench,  and  would  have  had  an  opportunity  to  concentrate 
there  in  a  "  pay  streak  "  the  gold  that  was  present  in  the  gravels. 
The  occurrence  of  gold  in  the  gravels  of  the  benches  sufficiently  con- 
centrated to  yield  good  results  points  to  such  an  origin. 

Eureka  Creek. — Eureka  Creek  is  just  over  the  divide  about  1£  miles 
northwest  of  Pioneer  Creek.  It  parallels  the  latter  and  flows  in  the 
same  direction  till,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  it  bends  round 
toward  the  east  and  at  the  edge  of  Baker  Flats  is  joined  by  Pioneer 
Creek.  The  vallev  is  similar  to  that  of  Pioneer  Creek;  there  is  the 
slope  on  the  southeast  which  descends  steeply  to  the  creek  and  the 
gradual  slope  on  the  northwest.  The  creek  carries  normally  about  a 
sluice  head,  or  50  inches  of  water.  In  a  wet  season  the  quantity  may 
become  about  4  sluice  heads.  The  bed  rock  is  grit  with  graphitic 
phases  similar  to  that  of  Pioneer  Creek.  The  bench  gravels  are  not 
so  well  developed.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  varies  from  6  to  20  feet, 
and  the  deposit  is  muck  and  gravels.  The  gravels  are  from  5  to  16 
feet  thick  and  pay  occurs  up  to  6  feet  in  the  gravels  and  to  a  depth  of 
3  feet  in  the  bed  rock  where  this  is  blocky,  and  over  a  width  of  6  to  60 
feet.  The  work  of  saving  the  gold  is  increased  by  the  presence  of  clay. 
Some  of  the  gold  is  rough  and  many  pieces  are  found  combined 
with  quartz.  Nuggets  have  been  found  worth  from  $25  to  $30.  The 
ground  is  worked  by  open  cut  and  drifting.  The  claims  are  1,000  feet 
long  and  most  of  the  work  has  been  done  in  the  lower  portion  of  the 
vallev. 

Glenn  Creek. — Glenn  Creek  is  southwest  of  Eureka  Creek  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  a  flat-topped  gravel-covered  spur  about  the  height  of 
What  Cheer  bar.  About  2  miles  farther  west  a  similar  spur  forms 
the  western  boundary  of  the  valley  of  Rhode  Island  Creek.  The  space 
between  these  spurs  is  occupied  by  the  drainage  areas  of  a  few  small 
streams,  the  lower  valleys  of  which  are  comparatively  open.  The 
interstream  spaces  are  beautifully  benched,  partly  covered  with 
gravels,  and  slope  gently  toward  the  lowland  of  Baker  Creek. 
Glenn  Creek  is  the  first  of  these  small  streams.  It  is  onlv  about  3 
miles  long  and  occupies  a  shallow  depression  in  the  gravel -covered 


118  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

tenches  of  either  side.  The  creek  has  attracted  considerable  attention, 
and  the  area  has  been  called  from  it  "The  Glenn  Creek  mining  dis- 
trict." It  has  produced  altogether  about  $275,000,  and  probably  over 
$35,000  during  the  last  summer  (1904).  The  bed  rock  is  a  broken 
schistose  slate,  and  the  material  on  it,  composed  largely  of  angular  slide 
rock  with  about  2  feet  of  gravel,  varies  from  3  to  10  feet  in  thickness. 
The  pay  dirt  is  from  2  to  3  feet  in  thick  ness^nd  the  gold  is  found  also 
in  crevices  in  the  bed  rock.  The  gold  is  well  worn,  often  shotty,  and 
some  of  it  is  rather  fine.  Nuggets  have  been  found  worth  over  $90. 
The  occurrence  is  probably  due  largely  to  secondary  concentration. 
The  ground  is  worked  at  present  mostly  by  open  cut.  During  the 
past  season  there  were  over  20  men  working  on  the  creek. 

Shirley  bench. — Shirley  bench,  on  the  west  of  Glenn  Creek  and  about 
150  feet  above  it,  has  produced  considerable  gold.  The  gravels  vary 
from  2  to  9  feet  in  thickness.  The  material  is  mostly  tine,  but  there 
are  bowlders  of  quartzite  and  intrusive  rock  similar  to  that  outcropping 
in  the  ridge  at  the  head  of  Glenn  and  Rhode  Island  creeks.  Gold  is 
found  all  through  the  gravels  and  is  well  rounded  and  "shotty"  in 
character.  The  ground  is  worked  by  open  cut.  Owing  to  the  scarcity 
of  water,  a  centrifugal  pump  was  used  to  return  the  water  from  the 
tailings  to  the  boxes. 

RJiode  Island  Creek  and  Gold  Run. — The  ground  on  Rhode  Island 
Creek  is  more  favorable  for  drifting  and  no  summer  work  was  being 
done. 

Gold  Run  drains  a  portion  of  the  bench  on  the  western  side  and 
flows  into  Rhode  Island  Creek.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  is  16  to  18  feet 
and  the  material  is  mostly  well-worn  quartzite,  grit,  and  slate.  Here 
also  the  gold  is  shotty.  A  considerable  amount  was  taken  out  during 
the  winter  of  1903-4,  but  the  ground  is  difficult  to  work  on  account 
of  water.  The  occurrence  is  probably  another  case  of  secondary 
concentration. 

Omega  Creek. — Omega  Creek  is  about  a  mile  west  of  Rhode  Island 
Creek  and  is  separated  from  it  by  a  conspicuously  flat-topped  ridge, 
like  that  between  Eureka  and  Glenn  creeks.  The  creek  flows  at  first 
southwestward  and  bends  round  gradually  toward  the  west.  The  valley 
is  limited  on  the  southeast  by  a  comparatively  steep  slope  and  on  the 
northwest  by  a  slope  of  a  bench-like  diameter,  which  rises  gradually 
to  the  base  of  the  ridge  at  the  head  of  the  creek.  The  bed  rock  is 
schistose  grit  and  slate,  and  the  gravel  is  composed  mostly  of  angular 
fragments  of  these  rocks  with  some  quartzite,  and  vein  quartz.  The 
occurrence  of  gold  is  interesting  in  that  along  with  some  smooth  gold 
there  is  a  considerable  quantity  that  is  rough.  The  nuggets  found 
generally  contain  quartz.  The  creek  became  a  producer  during  the 
summer  of  1903,  and  thus  far  work  has  been  done  on  only  a  few  claims. 

Thanksgiving  Creek.  —Thanksgiving  Creek  is  about  1£  miles  west  of 
Oine^n  Creek.     Gold  was  discovered  Wvo  \w  Yo\>Y\m\\,>\$C&^\\deQi\- 


PRINDLE  AND 
IIE88. 


]  RAMPART   PLACER    REGION.  119 

siderable  work  was  done  during  the  winter  of  1903-4  and  the  summer 
of  1904  with  good  results.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  varies  from  0  to  18 
feet  and  there  is  from  4  to  9  feet  of  gravel,  which  is  made  up  of  sub- 
angular  fragments  of  quartzite,  schistose  grit,  vein  quartz,  slate,  and 
some  intrusives.  The  presence  of  much  clay  causes  difficulty  in  work- 
ing the  gravels.  Pay  is  found  in  from  1£  to  7  feet  of  gravel  and  over 
a  width  of  40  to  45  feet.  The  gold  includes  both  smooth  and  rough 
varieties,  and  some  fine  nuggets  combined  with  quartz  have  been  found. 
The  creek  is  worked  by  drifting  and  open  cuts. 

Most  of  the  gold  of  Omega  and  Thanksgiving  creeks  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  derived  from  bench  gravels,  but  rather  to  be  the  result 
of  the  first  concentration  of  the  gold  after  it  has  left  the  bed  rock  by 
the  action  of  the  present  streams.  There  are  many  small  quartz  seams 
in  the  schistose  carbonaceous  grits  and  some  of  these  are  probably  the 
source  of  the  gold. 

The  gold  of  the  southern  area  is  of  much  lower  value  than  that  of 
Little  Minook  Creek  and  brings  only  from  $15  to  $16  an  ounce.  The 
total  production  of  the  area  for  the  past  year  has  probably  been  over 
$1 50,000. 

SUMMARY. 

Genwal  outlook. — The  older  creeks,  although  largely  worked  out, 
are  still  producing  some  gold,  and  attention  is  being  directed  to  known 
deposits  less  advantageously  located,  some  of  which  can  probably  be 
made  to  pay  by  the  use  of  carefully  considered  methods,  and  to  new 
ground,  the  extent  of  which  has  not  yet  been  determined,  where  good 
pay  has  been  discovered.  The  methods  employed  in  the  extraction  of 
the  gold  are  open  cut  combined  with  ground  sluicing  and  shoveling  in, 
drifting  by  the  use  of  steam  points,  and  hydraulicking.  The  cost  of 
production  has  varied  from  25  to  50  per  cent  of  the  output,  and  is 
probably  most  often  very  near  the  higher  percentage  named. 

Outlook  for  hydraulic  mining. — The  installation  of  a  hydraulic  plant 
in  any  of  the  placer  regions  of  the  Yukon-Tanana  country  involves  the 
expenditure  of  an  amount  of  money  several  times  in  excess  of  that 
required  for  similar  work  in  the  States  and  should  be  preceded  by  much 
careful  preliminar}'  study  of  all  the  conditions.  The  transformation  of 
an  available  water  supply  into  a  powerful  tool  of  excavation  and  trans- 
portation and  the  use  of  this  tool  in  the  most  skillful  and  efficient 
manner  are  among  the  most  important  problems  of  mining.  Lack  of 
knowledge  and  skill  may  be  covered  by  the  results  where  the  ground 
is  very  rich,  but  with  ground  like  that  under  consideration  the  posses- 
sion of  these  qualities  or  the  lack  of  them  ma}r  make  all  the  difference 
between  success  and  failure.  Directors  and  stockholders  of  companies 
planning  such  work  should  insist  upon  and  be  constantly  ready  to  bear 
the  expense  of  the  intelligent  study  of  conditions  and  careful  manage- 
ment of  operations. 


RECENT  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ALASKAN  TIN  DEPOSITS. 


By  Arthur  J.  Collier. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  tin  deposits*  of  Alaska  which  give  promise  of  some  economic 
importance  are  situated  in  what  is  known  as  the  York  region,  which 
comprises  the  western  end  of  Seward  Peninsula,  though  tin  in  small 
quantities  is  much  more  widely  distributed.  The  tin  ore  of  the  York 
region  occurs  both  in  lodes  and  placers,  distributed  over  an  area  of 
about  450  square  miles.  Stream  tin  was  discovered  in  the  gold  placer 
mines  of  the  Anikovik  River,  near  York,  in  1900,a  since  which  time 
prospectors  have  found  the  ore  at  many  other  localities.  These 
deposits  have  already  been  described  by  the  writer6  in  some  detail,  so 
that  only  a  brief  statement  of  the  geologic  conditions  is  here  required. 

During  the  season  of  1904  the  writer  examined  many  specimens  of 
tin  ore  and  collections  of  minerals  at  Nome,  made  by  prospectors  who 
were  searching  for  tin  in  various  parts  of  Seward  Peninsula,  and  later 
spent  a  few  days  at  Cape  Mountain  and  Lost  River,  the  two  points 
where  systematic  development  of  tin-bearing  lodes  was  in  progress. 
The  tin  placers  of  Buck  Creek  were  not  again  visited,  though  con- 
siderable mining  was  in  progress  there  during  the  season.  It  is  the 
purpose  of  this  paper  merely  to  describe  the  developments  since  1903. 

LODE   DEPOSITS. 

The  prospecting  and  development  of  mineral-bearing  lodes  is  neces- 
sarily slow  and  expensive  as  compared  with  the  rapid  development  of 
the  placers,  and  it  is  scarcely  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  work 
which  can  be  done  in  a  short  Alaskan  season  will  be  sufficient  to 
demonstrate  their  value.  On  the  other  hand  lode  deposits  have  the 
advantage  over  the  placers  that  they  can  be  worked  throughout  the 
whole  year  in  Alaska  as  well  as  in  an\'  other  part  of  the  world.  Dur- 
ing the  season  of  1904  development  work  on  tin  lodes  was  in  prograss 
at  Lost  River  and  Cape  Mountain,  and  new  discoveries  of  tin  lodes 
were  reported  at  Brooks  Mountain,  Ears  Mountain,  and  in  the  Darby 
Mountains,  all  in  Seward  Peninsula.  These  localities  will  be  discussed 
in  the  order  named. 


«» Brooks,  A.  H.,  An  occurrence  of  stream  tin  in  the  York  region,  Alaska:  Mineral  Resources  U.  S. 
for  1900,  V.  S.  Geol  Survey,  1901,  p.  270. 

''Collier,  A.  J.,  Tin  deposits  of  the  York  region,  Alaska:  Bull.  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  229,  1904,  and 
Bull.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  No.  225,  1904,  pp.  lf>4-167. 

120 


collier]  RECENT    DEVELOPMENT   OF   TIN    DEPOSITS.  12 1 

LOST  BIVER  LODES. 

Location. — Lost  River,  which  enters  Bering  Sea  25  miles  east  of 
Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  rises  near  Brooks  Mountain  about  12  miles 
from  the  coast  and  flows  southward.  The  tin  lodes  of  the  Lost  River 
basin  are  on  two  tributaries  known  as  Tin  Creek  and  Cassite rite  Creek, 
which  flow  into  Lost  River  from  the  east  side  about  6  and  7  miles, 
respectively,  from  the  sea.  Most  of  the  development  work  has  been 
done  on  Cassiterite  Creek.  The  country  rock  of  this  whole  basin  is 
limestone  with  some  intruded  dikes  and  stocks  of  granite  and  granite- 
porphyry.  Tin  ore  was  discovered  here  in  1903  in  connection  with  a 
granite-porphyry  dike  which  extends  from  the  hillside  above  Cassiter- 
ite Creek  across  the  mountain  to  Tin  Creek,  a  distance  of  1  mile, 

CASSITERITE   CREEK    DEVELOPMENTS. 

A  group  of  claims  located  along  this  dike,  which  was  called  Cas- 
siterite lode,  was  bonded  in  1903  to  capitalists,  who  in  1904  sent  in  a 
well-equipped  expedition  to  examine  the  claims.  Active  development 
was  carried  on  for  about  a  month,  when  the  work  was  suspended. 
Other  bodies  of  ore,  which  were  exploited  late  in  the  season,  have 
been  found  by  the  original  locators  for  several  hundred  yards  north- 
west of  the  original  discovery.  The  field  relations  of  the  various 
prospects  and  croppings  of  tin  ore  are  shown  in  the  diagram,  fig.  7. 

The  excavations  which  have  been  made  show  that  the  dike  called 
Cassiterite  lode  ends  at>out  200  feet  east  of  Cassiterite  Creek,  and  that 
a  similar  dike,  also  tin  bearing,  outcrops  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek 
about  500  feet  northwest  of  this  point.  Whether  or  not  this  second 
dike  is  a  faulted  portion  of  Cassiterite  lode  has  not  been  determined. 

The  second  dike  extends  westward  for  a  few  hundred  feet  from  the 
point  of  outcrop  noted,  then  joins  a  third  dike  which  extends  north- 
westward along  the  top  of  the  spur  between  Lost  River  and  Cassiterite 
Creek.  In  detail  the  results  of  this  prospecting  are  as  follows:  At  the 
point  of  original  discovery  of  tin  ore  on  the  west  end  of  Cassiterite 
lode  (marked  b  in  fig.  7)  a  tunnel  and  a  crosscut  show  an  ore  body 
about  60  feet  long  by  15  feet  wide,  the  lateral  walls  of  which  are  the 
well-defined  contacts  of  the  original  dike  matter  with  the  limestone. 
The  dike  rock  in  this  shoot  has  been  altered  mainly  to  kaolin,  though 
the  original  texture  is  partialty  preserved.  Cassiterite  in  fine  grains  is 
rather  uniformly  distributed  through  this  mass,  but  it  is  reported  that 
the  tin  content  dropped  below  1  per  cent  at  the  end  of  the  tunnel. 

A  second  tunnel,  driven  on  the  dike  about  200  feet  east  and  200  feet 
higher  on  the  hill,  shows  the  porphyry  in  a  less  kaolinized  condition. 
Here  it  still  contains  some  tin  ore,  although  in  smaller  amounts. 
Samples  taken  from  the  croppings  of  the  dike  several  hundred  feet 
farther  east  were  said  to  contain  traces  onlv  of  tin. 


122 


ALASKAN    MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1B04. 


The  attempts  to  truce  the,  dike  westward  wore  unsuccessful,  though 
several  prospect  holes  were  sunk  in  the  line  of  its  extension  west  of 
the  60-foot  tunnel  noted  above,  seeming  to  indicate  that  the  dike  ends 
near  this  tunnel.  The  hillside  here  is  so  deeply  covered  with  talus 
that  the  actual  ending  of  the  dike  can  not  be  seen  on  the  surface,  and 
the  dike  rock  was  not  discovered  in  place  in  any  of  the  prospect  holes 
west  of  the  main  tunnel.  The  limestone  bed  rock  reached  in  these 
prospect  holes  is  shattered,  and  the  writer  was  informed  by  the  super- 


S        ■ 

XJinesUme    Prospect 


Approximate  Seal 


Tm-boHi-ing  Shattered  and 
veins       minerolinad- 
Li  me  at  one 

,  containing 

boo  f p.  p.t     di38emina.tB3 


Fiii.  ;.— IXnftnun  ahnwlng  field  relmlous  oftlic  tln-brnrlnK  lode- on  Cassiterite  Creek. 

intendentof  the  workings  that  assays  made  of  it  usually  show  traces 
of  tin. 

The  limestone  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek  opposite  the  main  tun 
nel  nnd  in  line  with  the  extension  of  Cassiterite  lode  is  very  much 
shattered  and  tilled  with  many  veins,  which  run  in  all  directions  and 
vary  in  thickness  from  a  knife  edge  to  half  an  inch.  The  limestone 
along  the  sides  of  these  veinlots  is  usually  impregnated  with  cassiteritc 
and  other  dark  minerals  in  small  crystal*,  so  that  it  fa  possible,  that 
parts  of  it  may  constitute  a  stock  work  rich  enough  in  tin  to  pay  for 
mining. 


<»LLiRR.l  RECENT   DEVELOPMENT    OF   TIN    DEPOSITS.  123 

Two  thin  veins  of  tin  ore  occur  in  the  structural  planes  of  the  lime- 
stone alMHit  4<Mj  feet  northwest  of  the  60-foot  tunnel.  These  strike 
parallel  with  the  course  of  the  dike  and  dip  toward  it  at  an  angle 
of  about  40°.  One  of  these  veins,  which  has  been  developed  for  about 
100  feet  along  the  croppings,  varies  from  2  inches  to  1  foot  in  thick- 
ness. The  ore  occurs  in  large  crystals,  forming  a  comb  on  the  walls 
of  the  fissure,  and  it  also  impregnates  them  for  several  inches. 

The  dike  which  outcrops  about  500  feet  northwest  of  the  main  tun- 
nel on  Cassiterite  lode  was  developed  by  several  shallow  prospect 
holes  and  crosscuts.  The  rock  resembles  that  of  the  Cassiterite  lode, 
and  like  it  carries  cassiterite  in  disseminated  grains.  It  has  not  yet 
been  developed  sufficiently  to  determine  either  its  extent  or  the  amount 
of  tin  ore  which  it  contains.  No  systematic  sampling  has  been  done 
and  no  assays  have  been  made. 

The  general  result  of  the  work  done  on  Cassiterite  Creek  during  the 
the  past  season  is  to  demonstrate  that  there  is  an  ore  body,  about  60 
by  15  feet,  in  the  west  end  of  the  dike  known  as  Cassiterite  lode. 
This  ore  body  was  systematically  sampled  as  far  as  developed,  but  the 
exact  average  of  the  assays  made  has  not  been  reported  to  the  writer, 
and  its  extent  in  depth  has  not  been  tested.  East  of  this  ore  shoot  the 
dike  probably  does  not  contain  sufficient  tin  to  be  of  value.  The  lime- 
stones surrounding  the  west  end  of  the  dike  contain  several  small  but 
well-defined  veins  of  very  rich  ores,  and  in  places  are  so  filled  with  minute 
veins  as  to  become  practically  a  stockwork  ore  body.  The  bond  under 
which  most  of  the  work  was  done  last  summer  covered  only  a  part  of 
the  ground  on  which  tin  ore  has  been  found,  and  work  was  suspended 
because  the  bonding  price  was  evidently  too  high  in  the  light  of  these 
developments.  The  original  locators  who  remained  on  the  ground 
worked  one  of  the  small  veins  late  in  the  season  and  produced  and 
shipped  to  Seattle  12  tons  of  ore,  estimated  to  carry  from  10  to  20  per 
cent  of  metallic  tin.  Two  men  working  the  croppings  of  this  vein 
and  a  third  hauling  with  a  wagon  and  team  of  three  horses  were  able 
to  mine,  sack,  and  haul  to  the  beach  one  ton  of  ore  a  day. 

TIN   CREEK    DEVELOPMENTS. 

Tin  ore  of  the  same  general  character  as  that  at  Cassiterite  Creek  has 
been  found  on  Tin  Creek,  and  prospectors  report  that  the  croppings 
of  the  lodes  have  been  located,  though  nothing  more  than  assessment 
work  has  been  done,  and  this  merely  to  hold  the  ground.  The  local- 
ity was  not  examined  by  the  writer. 

The  whole  region  surrounding  Lost  River  has  been  thoroughly 
searched  for  croppings  of  tin-bearing  ledges,  with  the  result  that  a 
number  of  porphyritic  dikes,  some  of  which  are  mineralized  with 


124  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RE80URCE8   IN   1904.  [bull.  280. 

galena  and  arsenical  pyrites,  have  been  found  in  the  region  southwest 
of  Cassiterite  Creek.  Ore  from  one  of  these  is  reported  to  yield  an 
assay  of  15  ounces  of  silver  per  ton. 

CAPE   MOUNTAIN   LODE. 

LOCATION   AND   GEO  LOG  TC   RELATION8. 

Cape  Mountain  is  situated  in  the  extreme  western  end  of  the  penin- 
sula and  takes  its  name  from  Cape  Prince  of  Wales.  It  is  essential!}* 
a  granite  boss  surrounded  by  limestones  and  slates  in  which  it  is 
intruded.  Investigations  made  during  the  past  season  show  that  the 
contact  of  limestone  and  granite  is  very  irregular  and  that  around  the 
margins  masses  of  limestone  are  often  included  in  the  granite,  while 
the  granite  often  penetrates  the  surrounding  limestone  in  a  fringe  of 
porphyritic  dikes. 

Float  ore  consisting  of  cassiterite  in  association  with  tourmaline  and 
other  minerals  has  been  found  at  many*  places  on  the  mountain,  and 
systematic  prospecting  for  tin-bearing  ledges  has  been  in  progress  for 
the  past  three  seasons,  but  the  development  has  been  slower  than  at 
Lost  River,  mainly  on  account  of  a  heavy  mantle  of  talus  and  resid- 
uary soil,  which  makes  it  difficult  to  trace  the  float  ore  to  its  bed-rock 
source.  In  many  prospect  holes  this  covering  goes  to  a  depth  of  6  or 
7  feet.  During  the  summer  of  1904  work  was  done  at  a  number  of 
places,  only  a  few  of  which  were  seen  by  the  writer.  The  most  exten- 
sive workings  were  those  of  the  Bartels  Company. 

THE    BARTEL8   COMPANY'S    DEVELOPMENTS. 

This  company  staked  niany  claims  around  the  mountain  in  1902 
and  1903,  and  began  development  work  in  1903.  The  equipment  of 
the  company  consists  of  a  permanent  camp  (called  Tin  City)  and  cen- 
tral power  station,  from  which  wires  run  to  electric  drills  at  the  pros- 
pecting tunnels.  The  bed  rock  in  many  of  the  prospect  holes  carries 
traces  of  tin,  but  ore  of  appreciable  value  has  been  found  in  place  in 
only  one  of  the  tunnels.  This  tunnel,  which  is  on  the  mountain  one- 
half  mile  north  of  Tin  City,  is  in  the  granite  near  its  contact  with  the 
limestone.  The  granite  in  the  tunnel  is  intersected  by  joint  planes  that 
run  north  and  south,  or  about  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the 
tunnel,  and  the  tin  ore  is  not  evenly  distributed  through  it,  but  seems 
to  be  arranged  in  ill-defined  streaks  that  run  parallel  to  the  joints. 
Assays  of  picked  samples  from  this  tunnel  have  yielded  as  high  as  40 
per  cent  of  tin,  but  no  average  samples  had  been  taken  or  assayed  at 
the  time  of  the  writers  visit,  and  the  average  rock  from  the  dump 
will  probably  show  only  traces  of  tin.  About  half  a  mile  north  of 
this  tunnel  a  great  deal  of  float  ore  of  very  high  grade  has  been  picked 
up  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  considerable  prospecting  by  open 


collier.]  RECKNT    DEVELOPMENT    OF   TIN    DEPOSITS.  125 

cuts  has  been  done  to  locate  the  lode.  This  locality  is  near  the  con- 
tact  between  the  limestone  and  a  large  offshoot  from  the  main  granite 
mass.  Probably  none  of  the  rich  ore  has  been  found  in  place,  though 
one  of  the  prospect  holes  shows  a  thin  seam  of  tourmaline  similar  to 
that  associated  with  the  tin  ore  in  the  contact  between  the  granite 
and  limestone. 

The  prospecting  on  this  mountain  has  unfortunately  been  done 
mostly  on  the  surface  and  at  many  scattered  places,  usually  as  assess- 
ment work,  merely  to  hold  the  various  claims;  consequently  the  devel- 
opment of  possible  veins  or  lodes  has  not  been  commensurate  with 
the  work  done.  In  only  one  case  has  ore  containing  more  than  traces 
of  tin  actuallv  been  found  in  the  bed  rock,  and  further  work  will  be 
required  to  demonstrate  whether  or  not  ore  bodies  of  commercial 
value  exist. 

BROOKS  MOUNTAIN   PROSPECTS. 

Considerable  prospecting  for  tin  was  done  on  the  surface  of  Brooks 
Mountain,  which  is  located  about  5  miles  north  of  the  Lost  River  local- 
ity, and  lode  deposits  similar  to  those  at  Lost  River  are  reported  to  have 
been  found.  The  locality  has  never  been  examined  in  detail  by  the 
writer,  but  specimens  of  ore  that  were  reported  to  have  been  found 
here  were  seen  at  Nome.  This  ore  is  similar  in  character  to  that 
obtained  from  the  altered  porphyrinic  dikes  of  Lost  River. 

EARS   MOUNTAIN    PROSPECTS. 

Ears  Mountain  is  located  aboujt  60  miles  northeast  of  Cape  Prince  of 
Wales  and  50  miles  north  of  Port  Clarence.  Like  Cape  Mountain,  it 
consists  of  a  granite  mass  surrounded  by  slates  and  limestones  into 
which  it  is  intruded.  Several  parties  of  prospectors  searching  for  tin 
ores  have  visited  this  locality  during  the  last  two  years,  and  many 
specimens  of  rock  supposed  to  be  tin  ore  have  been  brought  out. 
With  one  exception,  none  of  these  which  were  examined  by  the  writer 
contain  more  than  traces  of  the  metal. 

DARBY   MOUNTAINS. 

Outside  of  the  occurrences  noted  above,  tin  ore  is  not  known  to  have 
been  found  in  place  anywhere  in  Alaska.  These  localities  arc  all  in 
the  York  region  of  Seward  Peninsula.  While  the  writer  was  at 
Nome  in  the  early  part  of  the  past  season,  however,  a  specimen  of  tin 
ore  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  region  north  of  Cape  Darby  was 
referred  to  him  by  a  prospector  who  had  recently  returned  to  Nome 
from  Norton  Bay.  The  specimen  seemed  to  be  a  piece  of  granite  that 
had  enough  cassiterite  disseminated  through  it  to  make  up  possibly 
10  per  cent  of  its  weight.  If  this  find  turns  out  to  be  genuine,  it  will 
indicate  a  wide  distribution  of  tin-bearing  ledges  beyond  the  limits  of 
the  York  region. 


126  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.2W. 

PLACER-TIN  DEPOSITS. 
GENERAL   CHARACTERS  OF  ALASKAN   STREAM  TIN. 

Tin  ore  in  the  form  of  pebbles  disseminated  through  the  alluvium  is 
more  easily  detected  and  more  easily  mined  than  the  same  ore  con- 
fined in  the  bed  rock,  and  in  a  region  overrun  by  prospectors  search- 
ing for  placer  gold,  as  is  Seward  Peninsula,  the  distribution  of  the 
stream  tin  will  be  determined  long  before  its  sources  in  the  bed  rock 
have  been  found.  Small  specimens  of  stream  tin  have  been  found 
in  the  northern  part  of  Seward  Peninsula,  from  Cape  Prince  of  Wales 
to  the  south  shore  of  Kotzebue  Sound,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
peninsula  the  ore  has  been  found  in  several  streams  of  the  Nome  dis- 
trict. The  tin-bearing  gravels  are  shallow  and  of  low  grade,  and  in  a 
region  of  high  wages  and  short  working  seasons,  only  the  most 
promising  deposits  of  this  kind  can  possibly  be  worked  at  a  profit. 

YORK   REGION. 

During  the  past  season  placer  mining  for  tin  was  in  progress  in  the 
York  region  on  Buck  Creek,  and  good  prospects  are  reported  to  have 
been  found  on  York  River.  Specimens  of  tin  ore  were  discovered  in 
the  gravels  of  one  of  the  streams  of  the  Fairbanks  district  in  the 
interior  of  Alaska.  None  of  these  localities  have  been  visited  by  the 
writer  during  the  past  season. 

Bxvck  Creek  tin  placers. — Buck  Creek,  which  is  situated  about  20 
miles  north  of  York,  has  been  the  center  for  placer-tin  mining  opera- 
tions since  1901.  During  the  season  of  1904  these  operations  were 
resumed  on  a  somewhat  larger  scale  and  the  ground  was  handled  with 
horses  and  scrapers.  Iron  riffles  of  the  Hungarian  type  were  used  in 
the  sluice  boxes  and  about  25  ounces  of  gold  were  separated  by  pan- 
ning the  concentrate  from  the  first  three  or  four  bars.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  was  made  to  haul  tin  ore  from  Buck  Creek  to  York  with  a 
traction  engine.  This  machine  moved  itself  several  miles  up  the 
Anikovik  River,  on  the  road  from  York  to  Buck  Creek,  but  was 
unable  to  cross  the  tundra.  It  is  reported  that  about  60  tons  of  40  to 
50  per  cent  ore  were  obtained  on  Buck  Creek  and  hauled  with  horses 
to  York.  In  the  latter  part  of  August  there  was  a  pile  of  about  23 
tons  of  tin  ore  at  York  awaiting  shipment. 

York  River. — Considerable  prospecting  was  done  early  in  the  season 
on  York  River,  a  western  branch  of  the  Pinguk,  which  flows  northward 
from  Brooks  Mountain.  Stream  tin  is  reported  to  have  been  found  in 
the  gravels  for  more  than  10  miles  along  this  river.  In  the  samples 
seen  by  the  writer  the  cassiterite  is  in  line  grains  associated  with  small 
amounts  of  magnetite,  garnet,  tourmaline,  and  quartz.  The  stream 
is  said  to  be  as  promising  as  Buck  Creek,  but  it  is  somewhat  more 
difficult  of  access  from  the  coast. 


o.u.iEit.1  RECENT    DEVELOPMENT   OF   TIN    DEPOSITS.  127 

Ot/wr  localities. — Small  specimens  of  tin  ore,  consisting  usually  of 
only  a  few  pieces,  have  probably  been  found  during  the  season  on 
several  of  the  streams  where  mining  was  in  progress  near  Nome.  One 
such  specimen  reported  to  the  writer  came  from  the  gold  placers  on 
the  divide  between  Dry  and  Dexter  creeks,  and  a  considerable  amount 
of  such  ore  was  found  on  Gold  Bottom  Creek,  at  the  head  of  Snake 
River. 

FAIRBANKS   DISTRICT. 

« 

Cleary  Creek  occurrence. — Small  amounts  of  stream  tin  were  also 
found  during  the  season  in  the  placers  of  Cleary  Creek,  in  the  Fair- 
banks district,  on  the  lower  Tanana.  A  specimen  of  this  kind 
obtained  by  Mr.  Frank  L.  Hess,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, consists  of  several  rounded  pieces  of  cassiterite  resembling  that 
of  the  York  region.  This  discovery  seems  to  be  of  scientific  rather 
than  economic  importance,  since,  as  in  the  Dawson  region,  the  mineral 
is  found  only  in  small  quantities. 


NOTES  ON  THE  PETROLEUM  FIELDS  OF  ALASKA. 


By  Geouue  C.  Martin. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  attempts  to  develop  oil  fields  in  Alaska,  which  were  begun  in 
1901,  were  continued  during  the  summer  of  1904.  The  writer  has 
already0  described  to  some  extent  the  geology  and  oil  indications  in 
the  Controller  Bay,  Cook  Inlet,  and  Cold  Bay  fields.  These  fields, 
together  with  much  intervening  territory,  were  revisited  during  the 
summer  of  1904.  The  following  pages  contain  the  additional  knowl- 
edge gained  during  the  past  season  and  a  statement  of  the  progress  of 
development. 

CONTROLLER   BAY    PETROLEUM    FIELD. 

LOCATION. 

The  Controller  Bay  petroleum  field  is  situated  on  the  shores  of  Con- 
troller Bay,  about  25  miles  southeast  of  the  mouth  of  Copper  River, 
in  latitude  60°  10'  N.,  longtitude  144°  20'  W.  The  region  within 
which  there  are  indications  of  petroleum,  and  where  wells  have 
been  drilled,  is  about  20  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  7  miles  wide 
from  north  to  south,  and  is  situated  between  Bering  Lake  and  Con- 
troller Bay  and  between  the  ridge  west  of  Katalla  and  the  Mount 
Nitchawak  region. 

GEOLOGY. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

The  rocks  of  the  Controller  Bay  region  include  a  series  of  complex 
scmimctamorphoscd  beds,  a  series  of  oil-bearing  Eocene  shales  (Katalla 
formation),  a  series  of  Oligocene  coal  measures  (Kushtaka  formation), 
a  series  of  Miocene  conglomerates,  sandstones,  and  shales,  a  few 
igneous  rocks,  and  a  large  area  of  alluvial  and  glacial  deposits.  Of 
these  the  petroleum  belt  proper  includes  only  the  Katalla  formation, 
some  igneous  rocks,  and  alluvial  deposits. 

The  Katalla  formation  consists  of  a  series  of  dark  argillaceous  and 
carbonaceous  shales,  with  occasional  bands  of  sandstone,  limestone, 
conglomerate,  and  volcanic  ash.  These  are  the  rocks  through  which 
the  petroleum  of  the  region  reaches  the  surface.     They  are  typically 

"Bull.  U.  S.  Geo).  Survt'V  No.  225.  1901,  pp.  365-382. 
128 


martin.]  PETROLEUM   FIELD8.  129 

exposed  in  the  region  to  the  northeast  of  Katalla  along  the  banks  of 
the  Katalla  River  and  in  the  range  of  hills  to  the  east  of  it.  From  this 
point  they  extend  eastward,  occupying  the  whole  of  the  peninsula 
between  Bering  Lake  and  Controller  Bay  and  outcropping  in  all  the 
hills  south  and  east  of  Bering  River  except  (probably)  the  Okalee 
Mountains.  Good  exposures  were  seen  on  the  west  shore  of  Bering 
Lake,  and  it  is  possible  that  some  of  the  shales  and  sandstones  of 
Kayak  and  Wingham  islands  represent  the  same  formation.  No 
estimate  could  be  made  of  the  thickness  of  the  formation  because  of 
the  complicated  structure  in  all  the  districts  where  it  is  exposed.  A 
few  fossils  which  have  been  obtained  indicate  that  the  formation  is  of 
Eocene  age. 

The  eastern  shore  of  Bering  River  and  Controller  Bay,  from  a 
point  slightly  below  the  mouth  of  Stillwater  Creek  to  the  ocean,  is  a 
flat  plain  of  sand  and  mud,  constantly  growing  by  the  addition  of 
sediment  which  the  streams  from  the  southeastern  margin  of  the 
Bering  Glacier  carry  and  deposit  along  their  courses  and  at  their 
mouths.  Mount  Nitchawak,  Mount  Campbell,  Mount  Gandil,  and 
other  peaks  rise  like  islands  from  out  this  plain  of  sand  and  mud. 
It  seems  certain  that  a  very  short  time  ago  they  were  islands  in  an 
older  extension  of  Controller  Bay  which  has  been  filled  by  the  sedi- 
ment of  these  glacial  streams.  These  deposits  are  known  to  have  a 
thickness  of  over  580  feet  at  one  point  on  the  Bering  River.  This 
material  floors  the  valley  of  Katalla  River  and  of  the  stream  which 
heads  near  it  and  flows  into  Bering  Lake  to  a  depth  exceeding  240 
feet,  and  it  also  fills  the  lower  courses  of  most  of  the  other  streams 
which  enter  Controller  Bay. 

Another  series  of  deposits  contemporaneous  with  the  last,  yet  dif- 
ferent in  origin,  is  made  up  of  the  beaches,  islands,  and  bars  which 
the  waves  of  the  ocean  are  building  along  these  shores. 

Several  igneous  masses  were  seen  on  the  west  shore  of  Bering 
River,  near  its  mouth.  These  include  several  dikes  of  a  light- 
colored,  tine-grained  rock  (tentatively  determined  under  the  micro- 
scope to  be  a  niicrogranite)  and  a  fine-grained,  dark-green  igneous 
rock  which,  upon  examination,  proves  to  be  a  chloritized  tuff  or 
volcanic  ash. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  structure  of  this  region  appears  at  first  sight  to  be  extremely 
complex,  the  strikes  and  dips  being  of  almost  indescribable  irregu- 
larity. Careful  study  has,  however,  shown  that  part  of  the  irregular 
outcrops  consist  of  large  blocks  that  have  been  displaced  on  the  steep 
hillside  by  gravity,  while  some  of  the  irregularities  may  be  due  to  a 
minor  crumpling  in  the  softer  beds.  Others  may  be  due  to  faulting, 
but  the  amount  of  influence  of  this  factor  is  not  known. 

Bull.  269-05 9 


130  ALA8KAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  269. 

After  the  irregularities  due  to  the  above-mentioned  causes  have 
been  eliminated  the  following  structural  features  distinctly  appear. 
The  region  consists  of  an  undetermined  number  of  parallel,  closely 
folded  anticlines  and  synclines,  with  pitching  axes  that  extend  in  an 
average  direction  N.  35°  E.  The  prevailing  strike  is  northeast  and 
southwest,  and  the  prevailing  dip  is  from  35°  to  60°.  The  most 
plainly  developed  of  these  folds  are  the  Katalla  Valley  anticline,  the 
Strawberry  Point  syncline,  and  the  Chilkat  Creek  anticline. 

The  Katalla  Valley  anticline  extends  through  the  Katalla  Valley  in 
an  average  direction  of  N.  38°  E.  Exposures  on  the  western  flank 
showed  strikes  of  N.  55°  E.  and  N.  85°  E.  with  northwestern  dips, 
varying  from  18°  to  65°  on  the  west  shore  of  Bering  Lake,  and  a 
strike  of  about  N.  40°  E.  with  a  northwest  dip  of  70°  near  the  mouth 
of  Deep  Creek.  The  strata  are  almost  continuously  exposed  along 
the  eastern  flank  in  the  high  ridge  that  forms  the  eastern  side  of  the 
valley.  The  strike  varies  from  north  to  N.  40°  E.  and  the  dip  is 
southeast  at  an  angle  varying  from  32°  to  60°.  The  outcrop  in  the 
high  southern  peak  of  this  ridge  is  an  unexplained  irregularity,  for  the 
strike  is  here  N.  60°  W.  and  the  dip  is  southward  at  an  angle  of  35°. 
Apparently  the  strata  have  been  abruptly  flexed  or  faulted  at  this 
point,  striking  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  rest  of  the  ridge. 

The  Strawberry  Point  syncline  adjoins  the  last-mentioned  fold  on 
the  southeast.  The  rocks  are  best  exposed  in  the  crescent-shaped 
ridge  that  forms  the  northern  shore  of  Strawberry  Harbor  and  pre- 
sents its  concave  face  toward  the  sea.  The  dip  is  everywhere  toward 
this  concavity,  changing  from  southwest  at  Point  Hey  to  southeast  at 
Cave  Point,  showing  the  presence  of  a  pitching  syncline  of  which  only 
the  nose  is  on  land.  This  fold  becomes  less  evident  as  one  crosses  into 
the  steep  slopes  in  the  valley  of  Mary  Creek,  but  can  be  traced  in  a 
general  direction  of  about  N.  32°  E.  almost  to  Bering  Lake.  The 
outcrops  in  the  valley  of  Burls  Creek  are  on  the  eastern  flank  and  near 
the  northern  end  of  this  fold.  These  outcrops  show  great  local  varia- 
tion, many  of  them  doubtless  being  large  blocks  which  have  become 
involved  in  landslides  of  great  magnitude. 

The  fold  next  east  of  this  whose  presence  is  definitely  established  is 
the  Chilkat  Creek  anticline.  This  is  a  sharp  fold  whose  axis  extends 
N.  35°  E.  through  the  valley  of  Chilkat  Creek.  The  center  of  the 
anticline  is  very  steep  and  is  locally  crumpled.  The  dip  on  the  flanks 
averages  about  45°. 

The  ridge  east  of  this  valley  between  it  and  Bering  River  is  appar- 
ently synclinal,  with  a  strike  ranging  from  N.  35°  to  40°  E.  This 
fold  is  very  sharp  along  the  axis,  for  the  rocks  at  the  mouth  of  Bering 
River  stand  vertical,  though  farther  up  the  river  the  dip  is  northwest 
at  an  angle  of  40°. 

The  same  northeast  strike  and  northwest  dip  may  be  seen  on  Kayak 


martin]  PETBOLBUM    FIELDS.  131 

and  Wingham  islands  and  in  the  hills  of  the  Nitchawak  region.  Each 
of  these  areas,  considered  independently,  is  therefore  monoclinal. 
The  intervening  areas,  where  the  solid  rock  is  concealed  by  water  or 
lowland,  are  so  broad  that  the  general  structure  can  not  be  made  out. 
The  oil  region  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  an  area  of  semimetamor- 
phosed  rocks,  from  which  it  is  probably  separated  by  a  fault. 

The  area  north  and  northeast  of  Bering  Lake  is  in  greater  part  of 
monoclinal  structure  and  of  uncertain  structural  relations  to  the  region 
south  of  the  lake. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE   FIELD. 
PREVIOUS   DRILLING   AND   ITS   RESULTS. 

Fifteen  wells  had  been  drilled  or  were  drilling  in  this  region  in  Sep- 
tember, 1904.  Of  these  two  are  in  the  Katalla  Valley,  one  is  3  miles 
east  of  Katalla  near  Cave  Point,  two  are  on  Strawberry  Harbor,  nine 
are  between  the  head  of  Katalla  Slough  and  the  mouth  of  Bering 
River,  and  one  is  on  Bering  River  about  4  miles  above  its  mouth.  Of 
these  wells,  three  (one  in  the  Katalla  Valley,  one  on  Strawberry  Har- 
bor, and  one  on  Bering  River)  were  abandoned  before  they  reached 
bed  rock.  Four  of  them  (one  in  the  Katalla  Valley,  one  at  Strawberry 
Harbor,  and  two  west  of  the  mouth  of  Bering  River)  are  still  drilling. 
Of  the  remaining  eight  wells,  three  were  mentioned  in  an  earlier 
report/'  One  of  these  wells  is  now  furnishing  oil  which  is  used  as 
fuel  at  the  other  wells  of  the  same  company.  No  statistics  regarding 
the  present  production  of  the  well  are  at  hand,  nor  is  it  known  how 
much  greater  the  yield  might  be  if  the  well  were  pumped  continuously. 

The  following  is  a  record  of  this  well  as  reported  by  the  Alaska 
Steam  Coal  and  Petroleum  Syndicate,  and  published  by  Mr.  F.  H. 
Oliphant:* 

6  feet  surface  drift 6 

10  feet  decomposed  shale 16 

140  feet  light-colored  shale 166 

18  feet  fine-grain  sandstone 174 

One-half  foot  coal  contained  in  the  sandstone 174J 

190  feet  dark  shale,  very  hard 364J 

One-half  foot  quartz  containing  iron  pyrites,  and  contained  in  the  shale 366 

1  foot  oil  sand  and  flow  of  oil 1 

Total 366 

Length  of  12-inch  casing 220 

Length  of  9|-inch  casing 340 

Numerous  small  showings  of  petroleum  and  natural  gas  were  encountered  as  the 
drill  proceeded  down,  and  at  366  feet  a  large  quantity  of  oil  was  developed,  which 
flowed  some  petroleum.    The  well  is  said  to  have  continued  to  flow  until  capped. 

a  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  225,  pp.  868-369. 

&The  production  of  petroleum  in  1902:  Mineral  Resources  U.  8.,  p.  563. 


132  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RES0URCE8   IN    1904.  [bull.  250. 

The  amount  of  authentic  information  which  has  been  given  out  for 
publication  regarding  the  wells  is  extremely  small,  but  it  is  reported 
that  none  of  the  remaining  five  wells  have  produced  oil  in  commercial 
quantities.  It  is  furthermore  said  that  none  of  them  have  reached 
depths  exceeding  1,100  feet,  in  which  case  it  may  be  assumed  that  the 
possibilities  of  the  field  have  not  yet  been  conclusively  tested. 

Great  difficulty  has  been  experienced  in  all  parts  of  the  field  in  keep- 
ing the  holes  straight  and  free  from  water.  These  difficulties  and  the 
distance  from  all  points  where  special  fishing  and  repairing  tools  can 
be  procured  have  made  progress  very  slow  and  deep  drilling  some- 
times impossible.  Perhaps  some  of  the  wells  would  have  been  more 
successful  if  they  could  have  been  continued  to  greater  depths. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Oliphant,  in  summarizing  the  developments  during  1903, 
said  of  this  field  :a 

The  developments  in  Alaska  during  1903  have  not  resulted  in  any  commercial  pro- 
duction of  petroleum,  notwithstanding  the  numerous  surface  indications  and  the 
wells  that  have  been  completed  in  the  supposed  productive  territory.  The  pros- 
pectors should  not,  however,  be  discouraged,  although  it  may  require  patience  and 
careful  prospecting  with  the  drill  to  tap  the  reservoirs,  whose  existence  seems  to  be 
indicated  by  remarkable  surface  shows  of  both  petroleum  and  natural  gas. 

Three  wells  which  were  located  on  mud  flats  at  some  distance  from 
high  land  or  from  exposure  of  solid  rock  had  difficulty  or  did  not 
succeed  in  reaching  bed  rock.  In  two  cases  the  drive  pipe  was  sunk 
to  depths  of  240  and  580  feet  through  mud  without  reaching  solid 
rock.  These  experiments  show  conclusively  the  inadyisability,  in  the 
present  stage  of  development,  of  attempting  to  locate  wells,  on  the 
flats.  After  a  field  is  proved,  then  the  mud  flats  adjoining  it  longi- 
tudinally may  be  considered  to  have  a  speculative  value.  At  present 
there  is  no  indication  that  they  are  worth  anything. 

Another  illustration  of  the  folly  of  investing  in  the  low  grounds, 
and  also  of  investing  without  thorough  investigation,  is  the  case  of  a 
tract  which  was  staked  and  sold  for  $1,700  during  last  winter.  In 
the  spring  the  supposed  land  floated  and  melted  entirely  away,  the 
stakes  having  been  driven  in  the  ice  off  the  shore  of  Controller 
Bay.  It  is  generally  believed  in  the  region  that  there  was  no  intent 
to  defraud. 

RELATION  OP  PETROLEUM  TO  STRUCTURE. 

Most  of  the  more  important  seepages  between  Katalla  and  Bering 
River  fall  approximately  on  three  straight  lines,  each  having  a  general 
northeast-southwest  direction.  These  lines  are  nearly  parallel  to  the 
strike  in  their  vicinity,  and  are  undoubtedly  influenced  in  position 
and  direction  by  the  structure.  They  probably  represent  the  out- 
crops of  oil-bearing  strata.  The  easternmost  of  them  is  on  the 
western  flank,  but  very  close  to  the  crest  of  the  Chilkat  Creek  anti- 

o  The  production  of  petroleum  in  1908:  Mineral  Resources  U.  S.,  p.  690. 


martin]  PETROLEUM   FIELDS,  133 

cline.  The  westernmost  is  on  the  eastern  flank,  and  about  halfway 
down  the  Katalla  Valley  anticline.  Those  in  the  valley  of  Burls  Creek 
are  in  a  less  certain  structural  position.  The  gas  springs  on  the  banks 
of  the  Katalla  River  are  probably  located  on  or  near  the  crest  of  the 
Katalla  Valley  anticline.  It  seems  probable  that  in  this,  as  in  most 
other  fields,  the  occurrence  of  oil  is  controlled  by  the  structure.  The 
location  of  the  anticlines  and  the  structural  position  of  the  strata  out- 
cropping at  the  lines  of  seepages  will  probably  prove  to  be  the  safest 
guide  in  the  location  of  the  wells. 

THE  COOK  INLET  PETROLEUM  FIELDS. 

But  little  of  economic  value  can  be  added  to  the  description  of  the 
structure  as  given  in  earlier  publications. a  The  Mesozoic  rocks  are 
much  thicker  than  was  previously  estimated.  The  Middle  and  Upper 
Jurassic  rocks,  overlying  the  surface  rock  where  the  wells  are  being 
drilled,  are  about  7,000  feet  thick.  The  underlying  beds  probably 
consist  of  about  1,000  feet  of  Middle  Jurassic,  an  unknown  amount 
of  Lower  Jurassic,  and  probably  at  least  2,000  feet  of  Triassic.  The 
structure  has  already  been  described. 

The  first  well  at  Oil  Bay  was  begun  in  1898  and  has  been  drilled  to 
a  depth  of  somewhat  over  1,000  feet.  No  log  of  this  well  or  any  very 
authentic  information  can  be  obtained,  as  the  property  has  changed 
management  several  times.  It  is  reported  that  gas  was  encountered 
all  the  way  below  190  feet,  and  that  considerable  oil  was  found  at  a 
depth  of  700  feet.  The  flow  of  oil  is  reported  as  having  been  esti- 
mated at  50  barrels.  On  drilling  deeper  a  strong  water  pressure  was 
encountered,  which  shut  off  the  flow  of  oil.  The  well  is  now  over  1,000 
feet  in  depth  and  affords  a  continuous  flow  of  gas,  which  at  times 
becomes  very  strong.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  shut  off  the  flow  of 
water  and  either  recover  the  lost  oil  or  drill  deeper,  but  without 
success. 

A  second  well,  located  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  the  older 
one  at  Oil  Bay,  was  drilled  during  the  summer  of  1904. 

Record  of  well  as  reported  by  August  Bowser. 

Feet. 

Sandstone 200 

Shale 120 

Oil  and  some  gas 1 

Shale  (caving) 129 

The  well  was  abandoned  at  a  depth  of  450  feet  because  the  shale 
caved  so  badly. 

A  third  well,  located  about  250  feet  south  of  the  last,  was  also  drilled 
during  the  summer  of  1904. 

The  general  sequence  of  strata  was  the  same  as  in  the  last  well,  the 

a  Ball.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  226, 1904,  pp.  876-379;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No  250, 1905. 


184 


ALASKAN  MltfEfcAL  felSSOUfeOfiS  IN  1004. 


(B0LL.2fift. 


shale  continuing  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  The  well  was  cased  to  a 
depth  of  630  feet.  Oil  and  gas  were  encountered  at  a  depth  of  770 
feet,  there  being  three  small  oil  sands,  each  6  to  8  inches  thick  and  4 
or  5  feet  apart.  The  production  of  the  well  was  estimated  at  10  bar- 
rels. The  caving  rock  was  encountered  at  830  feet.  Work  was 
stopped  at  a  depth  of  900  feet  at  the  end  of  the  season.  Considerable 
gas  was  encountered  at  various  depths,  the  pressure  at  times  being 
strong  enough  to  blow  the  water  up  in  the  derrick  to  a  height  of 
20  feet.a 

A  well  at  Dry  Bay  was  drilled  to  a  depth  of  320  feet  in  the  summer 
of  1902  without  encountering  oil.  The  tools  were  then  lost  and  the 
hole  was  abandoned.  In  August,  1903,  a  new  well  was  started  in  close 
proximity  to  the  first,  but  not  much  was  accomplished,  and  work  was 
discontinued  a  few  months  later  because  of  an  accident  to  the  machinery. 
Nothing  has  been  done  during  last  season. 

THE  COLD  BAY  PETROLEUM  FIELDS. 

The  hurried  observations  which  the  writer  made  in  this  field  in  the 
summer  of  1903,  and  which  have  been  already  published,*  have  been 
supplemented  by  a  much  more  careful  examination  during  the  summer 
of  1904.  Many  new  facts  have  been  obtained  which  make  it  necessary 
to  redescribe  the  geology. 

GEOLOGY. 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


The  following  rocks  are  exposed  in  the  Cold  Bay-Becharof  Lake 
region: 

General  section  in  the  Cold  Bay-Becharof  Lake  region. 


Name  of  formation. 

Age. 

Lithologic  character. 

Thickness  in  feet. 

Volcanic  rock,  probably 
andesite  or  basalt. 

Naknek   forma- 
tion. 

Upper  Jurassic 

Arkose,  conglomerate, 
sandstone,  and  shale. 

3, 000  to  5, 000 

Enochkin     for- 
mation. 

Middle  Jurassic 

Shale,  sandstone,   and  a 
little  limestone. 

2,000 

Triassic 

Shale,      limestone,     and 
chert. 

Pre-Jurassic 

The  coarse  crystalline  rocks  (granite,  syenite,  and  rocks  of  similar 
texture)  occur  in  a  belt  that  runs  parallel  to  the  length  of  the  Alaska 
Peninsula.  They  cross  the  lower  end  of  Becharof  and  Naknek  lakes 
and  possibly  underlie  the  Cold  Bay  region. 

a  Information  furnished  by  Mr.  August  Bowser. 

bBull.  V.  S.  Qeol.  8urvey  No.  225, 1904,  pp.  m-3Kl\  B\\\\.  \3 .%.  c*eo\.%vtt\^  Y^.TSfcAW. 


martin.]  PETROLEUM   FIELDS.  185 

The  Triassic  rocks  occur  on  Cape  Kekurnoi  at  the  eastern  entrance 
to  Cold  Bay,  and  on  some  of  the  capes  and  islands  to  the  northeast. 
They  doubtless  underlie  the  Jurassic  throughout  the  Cold  Bay  region. 

The  Enochkin  formation  occupies  both  shores  %f  Cold  Bay  except  at 
the  northeastern  promontory  (Cape  Kekurnoi)  and  at  the  head  of  the 
bay.  It  also  extends  in  a  belt  along  the  shore  of  Shelikof  Strait  from 
Cold  Bay  to  Dry  Bay  and  probably  as  far  beyond  as  Portage  Bay. 

The  Naknek  formation  forms  the  shore  of  the  head  of  Cold  Bay  and 
occupies  the  entire  interior  region  as  far  west  as  Becharof  Lake  and  as 
far  north  as  Katmai. 

The  post-Jurassic  volcanic  rocks  occur  in  a  discontinuous  belt  near 
the  center  of  the  peninsula.  This  belt  includes  several  volcanoes  which 
have  been  active  in  comparatively  recent  time.  The  lavas  are  probably 
all  either  andesite  or  basalt. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  most  striking  structural  features  are  an  anticline  with  a 
northeast-southwest  axis  extending  from  a  point  3£  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Oil  Creek  to  Kanata  and  a  syncline  extending  from  near  the 
mouth  of  Oil  Creek  northeastward  into  Cold  Bay.  The  northern  end 
of  this  syncline  is  cut  off  by  a  fault  which  extends  up  the  valley  of 
Dry  Creek.     The  anticline  terminates  by  flattening  out. 

The  dip  is  quite  uniformly  northwestward  on  the  north  shore  of 
Cold  Bay  and  on  the  north  side  of  Dry  Creek.  Along  the  south- 
eastern side  of  Becharof  Lake  it  is  northwestward  and  westward.  On 
the  western  shore  of  Cold  Bay  it  is  northwestward  or  horizontal.  On 
Dry  Bay  it  is  southeastward.  The  dips  seldom  exceed  15°,  except 
toward  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  and  are  low  and  regular  over  wide 
areas. 

The  region  between  Becharof  Lake  and  the  Becharof-Cold  Bay 
divide  has  a  uniform  westward  and  northwestward  dip.  This  dip  is 
reversed  again  near  the  center  of  the  peninsula,  so  that  pail  of 
Becharof  Lake  lies  in  a  syncline,  while  near  its  northwestern  shore  a 
sharp  anticline  is  said  to  rise,  which  brings  to  the  surface  not  only  the 
entire  sedimentary  series,  but  also  the  mass  of  coarse  crystalline  rocks 
that  form  the  core  of  the  peninsula  throughout  most  of  its  length. 
There  is  also  a  great  anticline  parallel  to  the  southern  coast  that  has 
its  axis  near  the  ends  of  the  forelands. 

INDICATIONS   OF   PETROLEUM. 

HKEPAUK8. 

There  are  several  seepages  at  the  north  end  of  the  anticline  near 
the  oil  wells.  In  all  of  these  the  flow  of  petroleum  is  large  and  con- 
stant. One  of  them  furnishes  lubricating  oil  for  use  at  the  wells. 
There  is  also  a  considerable  flow  of  gas  at  one  of  thejie  seepages. 


136  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RBS0URCE8   IN   1904.  [bull.  26ft. 

Other  seepages,  not  seen  by  the  writer,  are  reported  from  various 
places  along  the  crest  of  this  same  fold,  near  the  head  of  Dry  Bay, 
and  elsewhere  between  that  point  and  Kanata.  There  are  said  to  be 
even  more  important  seepages  on  the  west  shore  of  the  south  arm  of 
Becharof  Lake. 

DEVELOPMENTS. 

Three  wells  were  begun  in  the  summer  of  1903.  They  are  located 
about  5  miles  from  the  landing  on  the  west  shore  of  Cold  Bay,  at  an 
elevation  of  about  750  feet  above  tide,  and  are  distant  about  9  miles 
in  an  air  line  from  Becharof  Lake. 

One  of  the  wells  begun  during  the  summer  of  1903  was  abandoned 
in  the  autumn  at  a  depth  of  several  hundred  feet,  and  the  derrick  was 
moved  to  a  new  site  a  few  hundred  feet  distant.  Very  little  drilling 
had  been  done  at  this  point  up  to  the  time  the  writer  left  Alaska. 

The  second  well  was  drilled  to  a  depth  of  about  1,400  feet.  The 
drill  is  said  to  have  penetrated  several  strata  filled  with  thick  residual 
oil  having  about  the  consistency  of  warm  pitch.  This  well  was  finally 
abandoned  during  the  summer  of  1904,  because  of  the  strong,  contin- 
ual flow  of  fresh  water.  It  is  now  certain  that  this  well  is  situated 
near  a  fault,  which  fact  would  seem  to  explain  the  presence  of  large 
amounts  of  fresh  water  at  all  depths,  and  also  the  absence  of  the  more 
volatile  and  fluid  constituents  in  the  oil.  The  machinery  from  this 
well  has  now  been  moved  to  a  new  location  about  2±  miles  southeast- 
ward on  Trail  Creek.  At  last  reports  it  had  reached  a  depth  of 
1,500  feet. 

Record  of  %i>ell  at  Cold  Bay. 

Thickness  in  feet 

Sandstone 76 

Hard  sand,  with  crevices 39 

Sand,  with  hard  streaks 86 

Oil  sand,  not  hard 40 

Sandstone,  with  hard  streaks 60 

Oil  sand,  soft : 8 

Sandstone,  with  hard  streaks 82 

Oil  sand 25 

Soft,  argillaceous  sandstone 15 

Soft,  blue  sandstone  with  oil 5 

Total 435 


MARTIN.] 


PETROLEUM   FIELDS. 


137 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  OIL  BAY  AND  COLD  BAY  PETROLEUM. 

Samples  of  the  oil  from  Oil  Bay  and  Cold  Bay  have  been  collected 
by  the  writer.  They  were  obtained  by  skimming  the  petroleum  from 
the  surface  of  the  pools  of  water  where  it  was  continually  rising  from 
the  l>ottom  of  the  pool.  An  effort  was  made  to  obtain  as  much  of 
the  fresher  oil  as  possible.  Vegetable  and  earthy  impurities  were 
removed  by  straining  through  coarse  cloth.  Water  could  not  be 
entirely  removed.  Oil  for  lubricating  purposes  at  the  neighboring 
wells  is  obtained  from  these  pools  in  this  manner. 

The  fresher  oil  is  dark  green.  That  which  has  remained  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  pool  for  some  time  is  dark  brown. 

The  oil  has  doubtless  lost  a  large  part  of  its  volatile  constituents. 
The  analyses,  therefore,  would  not  correctly  represent  the  composi- 
tion of  live  oil  from  wells  in  this  region.  Such  oil  would  have  a  lower 
specific  gravity,  higher  percentage  of  the  more  volatile  constituents, 
and  lower  percentage  of  the  less  volatile  constituents,  residue,  and  sul- 
phur. It  would  certainly  be  better  than  these  samples  in  all  respects, 
and  would  resemble  them  in  having  a  paraffin  base.  It  might  not  be 
of  as  high  quality  as  the  Controller  Bay  petroleum,  but  neverthless  it 
would  be  a  refining  oil. 

The  samples  were  submitted  to  Penniman  &  Browne,  of  Baltimore, 
who  return  the  following  report  on  their  tests: 

Report  of  tests  of  oil  from  Oil  Bay  and  Cold  Bay. 


Specific  gravity  at  60°  F. 


Distillation  by  Engler's  method: 

Initial  boiling  point 

Burning  oil  (distillation  up  to  300°  C, 
under  atmospheric  pressure). 

Lubricating  oils  (spindle  oils)  (120  mm. 
pressure  up  to  300°  C. ) 

Lubricating  oils   (120    mm.    pressure, 
300°  C.-3500  C). 

Paraffin  oils  (by  destructive  distillation 
under  atmospheric  pressure. 

Coke  and  loss 

Total  sulphur * 


Oil  Bay. 


0.9557 

(16.5°  B.) 

230°  C 

13.2  percent... 

(29.5°  B.) 

39.2  per  cent... 
(22.6°  B. ) 

19.6  per  cent... 

(17.9°  B.) 

22.4  per  cent... 
(20.4°  B.) 

5.6  per  cent 

.0.098  per  cent. . 


Cold  Bay. 


0.9547. 

(16.6°  B.) 

225°  C. 

13.3  per  cent. 
(29.6°  B.) 

28.3  per  cent. 

(23.8°  B.) 

18.3  per  cent. 
(18°  B.) 

32.0  per  cent. 
(20.4°  B.) 

8.1  percent 

0.116  percent. 


The  distillation  of  the  lubricating  oils  under  diminished  pressure,  corresponding  to 
refinery  practice,  was  carried  on  until  signs  of  decomposition  set  in.  The  resulting 
residue  was  unsuitable  for  making  cylinder  stock,  and  was  therefore  distilled  for 
paraffin  oils.  These  paraffin  oils  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  solid  paraffin. 
It  was  not  practicable  to  determine  the  amount  of  the  material  with  the  small 
amount  of  oil  at  our  disposal. 


138 


ALASKAN  MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904. 


[BULL.  269. 


The  iodine  absorption  of  the  oils  and  distillates  has  been  determined  by  HannVs 
method  (solution  standing  four  hours)  and  the  results  are  here  tabulated: 

Iodine  absorption  of  oils  and  distillates. 


Burning  oil 

Lubricating  oil 

Heavy  lubricating  oil 


Oil  Bay. 


Percent. 
17.8 
26.2 
35.8 


Cold  B*y. 


Percent. 
17.2 
27.2 
35.2 


These  iodine  numbers  upon  the  lubricating  oils  were  obtained  upon  the  samples. 
For  comparison,  samples  of  similar  oils  were  obtained  from  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany and  the  iodine  numbers  determined  as  follows: 

Light  distillated  lubricating  oil  (spindle  oil) 32  per  cent  iodine. 

Dark  lubricating  oil  (engine  oil) 45.4  per  cent  iodine. 

The  burning  oils  were  tested  in  a  small  lamp  and  found  to  give  a  good  flame.  All 
the  oil  was  consumed  without  incrusting  the  wick  or  corroding  the  burner. 

The  sample  of  crude  oil  from  Cold  Bay  was  distilled  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  the 
maximum  yield  of  burning  oil.  Under  these  conditions  52.2  per  cent  of  fair  quality 
burning  oil  was  obtained. 

The  oils  are  entirely  similar,  both  have  paraffin  bases,  and  the  products  of  distilla- 
tion are  "sweet."  We  are  informed  that  these  samples  are  "seepage  oils."  If  a 
sufficient  yield  can  be  obtained  by  drilling,  a  very  suitable  oil  for  refinery  purposes 
may  be  expected,  containing  a  very  much  larger  quantity  of  the  more  desirable 
lighter  products. 

OTHER  POSSIBLE  PETROLEUM  FIELDS. 

Indications  of  petroleum  have  been  reported  from  other  parts  of  the 
Alaska  coast,  at  some  of  which  land  has  been  staked  or  other  invest- 
ments made. 

Seepages  are  reported  from  the  shores  of  Kamishak  Bay,  especially 
at  Douglas  River.  The  rocks  in  this  region  are  shales,  sandstones, 
and  conglomerates  of  Jurassic  age.  They  are  the  equivalent  in  age  of 
the  beds  overlying  the  Enochkin  formation  in  the  region  to  the 
north  already  described.  The  rocks  are  here  horizontal  or  have  very 
gentle  dips  over  large  areas,  and  it  would  seem  to  be  a  promising 
region  to  prospect  with  the  drill.  If  the  Middle  and  Lower  Jurassic 
rocks  in  the  Enochkin  or  Cold  Bay  regions  prove  to  contain  oil  in  com- 
mercial quantity  it  would  seem  that  new  fields  might  reasonably  be 
expected  on  the  coast  at  Douglas  River  and  for  20  miles  westward. 
This  is,  however,  a  difficult  place  to  land  machinery,  for  the  bays  are 
all  shallow  and  tilled  with  rocks,  while  numerous  uncharted  reefs 
extend  out  many  miles  from  shore  into  Cook  Inlet.  The  writer  is, 
therefore,  not  inclined  to  encourage  speculation  here,  at  least  until 
more  encouraging  news  is  heard  from  the  drills  already  at  work. 


kartin.)  t>ETROLBtJM  FIELDS,  189 

The  geology  of  the  coast  between  Snug  Harbor  and  Chinitna  Bay, 
between  the  east  side  of  Enochkin  Bay  and  Bear  Bay,  and  between 
1  )ouglas  River  and  Katmai  does  not  warrant  in  the  slightest  degree 
any  petroleum  prospecting.  Along  much  of  this  coast  are  only  vol- 
canic and  other  crystalline  rocks,  in  which  the  occurrence  of  petroleum 
is  an  absolute  impossibility. 

Petroleum  seepages  are  reported  from  the  shores  of  Kachemak  Bay, 
There  is  nothing  in  the  geology  of  the  region  to  disprove  the  occur- 
rence of  oil  on  the  north  shore  of  the  bay,  but  the  author  does  not 
telievc  that  investment  would  be  justified,  at  present  at  least,  unless  it 
is  shown  beyond  doubt  that  good  seepages  exist. 

Seepages  have  been  reported  from  various  points  on  the  Alaska 
Peninsula  to  the  west  of  the  Cold  Bay  region.  Too  little  is  known  of 
the  structure  of  this  region  to  warrant  public  advice. 

The  indications  of  petroleum  in  the  Cape  Yaktag  region  have  already 
been  described  in  a  previous  publication.  No  drilling  has  been  done 
in  this  field  and  there  is  nothing  to  add  to  the  previous  descriptions  of 
the  geology. 


BERING  RIVER  COAL  FIELD. 


By  George  C.  Martin. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  Bering  River  coal  field  is  situated  from  12  to  25  miles  inland 
from  Controller  Bay,  on  the  northern  tributaries  of  Bering  River  and 
about  35  miles  east  of  Copper  River.  This  field  has  attracted  consid- 
erable attention  in  recent  years  because  of  the  very  high  quality  of 
the  coal  and  the  great  number  and  thickness  of  the  seams.  The 
region  was  hastily  studied  by  the  author  during  the  summers  of  1903 
and  1904.  The  results  of  earlier  work  have  already  been  published  in 
abstract,0  while  a  more  complete  discussion  b  together  with  maps  is  in 
press.    The  latter,  although  based  primarily  upon  the  field  work  of 

1903,  has  been  revised  in  proof  since  the  close  of  the  field  season  of 

1904.  The  following  pages  are  hence  in .  part  a  duplication  of  the 
chapter  on  coal  in  Bulletin  250.  The  writer  has  attempted  to  present 
the  purely  economic  facts  more  clearly  in  the  following  pages  than 
was  possible  with  the  limited  amount  of  revision  allowed  in  the  other 
publication.  Facts  other  than  economic  will  be  found  more  fully 
presented  in  Bulletin  250. 

Since  the  passage  of  the  law  providing  for  the  survey  and  sale  of 
coal  lands  in  Alaska  there  has  been  renewed  activity  in  the  develop- 
ment of  this  field.  The  construction  of  many  miles  of  trails  and  of 
upward  of  a  hundred  new  prospect  openings  made  it  possible  for  the 
writer,  during  a  brief  visit  to  the  field  in  the  autumn  of  1904,  to  gather 
many  new  facts  concerning  the  geology  and  coal  deposits  of  the  region. 
The  result  not  only  confirms  the  earlier  favorable  opinion  of  the  field, 
but  proves  that  the  amount  of  coal  is  far  greater  than  was  hitherto 
suspected. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  coal  area  now  known  is  situated  entirely  within  the  valley  of 
Bering  River  and  on  the  northern  tributaries  of  that  stream  (fig.  8). 
The  southern  or  coastward  boundary  of  the  coal  area  coincides  with  the 
position  of  Bering  River  and  Bering  Lake.  The  western  boundary 
probably  lies  along  a  north-south  line  extending  through  the  northern 

a  Petroleum  fields  of  Alaska  and  the  Bering  River  coal  field:  Bull  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  225, 1904, 
pp.  365-382. 

'»The  petroleum  fields  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Alaska,  with  a  description  of  the  Bering  River  coal 
deposits;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  250,  1905. 

140 


».] 


BERING    R1VEE   COAL   FIELD. 


141 


arm  of  Bering  Lake.  The  coal  is  known  to  extend  as  far  northward 
as  the  Martin  River  Glacier  and  at*  far  eastward  as  the  valley  east  of 
Carbon  Mountain.  This  area  includes  about  120  square  miles.  It  is 
possible  that  further  exploration  will  reveal  the  presence  of  coal  north 
of  Martin  River  Glacier  in  the  foothills  of  the  Chugach  Mountains, 
or  in  the  region  to  the  east  of  Carbon  Mountain. 


Flo.  8.— Sketch  map  of  Bering  River  coal  field. 


The  lowlands  bordering  the  northeast  shore  of  Bering  Lake  and 
extending  for  a  considerable  distance  up  the  valleys  of  Shepherd  Creek, 
Bering  River,  and  other  streams  are  doubtless  underlain  with  coal. 
The  covering  of  mud  and  other  soft  deposits  is  probably  very  thick, 
and  the  uncertainties  of  deep  mining  below  it  are  so  great  that  these 
lands  must  now  be  regarded  as  of  very  doubtful  value.  The  same 
applies  to  the  region  covered  by  the  Bering,  Martin  River,  and  Kush- 
taka  glaciers  (fig.  8).     The  estimates  given  above  of  the  coal  area 


142 


ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN  1904. 


[BULL.  2S0. 


include,  therefore,  only  the  high  land  lying  above  and  between  the 
tidal  flats  and  river  flats  and  the  glaciers. 

The  coal-bearing  rocks  have  been  designated  by  the  writer  as  the 
Kushtaka  formation,  which  contains  fossil  plants  of  supposed  Oligo- 
cene  age,  and  is  the  probable  equivalent  of  at  least  part  of  the  Kenai 
formation  of  the  Cook  Inlet  region.  This  formation  has  the  areal 
extent  described  above  and  is  adjoined  on  the  south  by  the  Katalla 
formation,  which  it  probably  overlies.  Its  area!  and  structural  rela- 
tion to  other  formations  to  the  west,  north,  and  east  is  not  known. 


Fig.  9.— Sketch  map  of  Bering  River  coal  field,  showing  location  of  openings  from  which  .samples  of 

coal  analyzed  were  obtained. 

The  Kushtaka  formation  consists  of  probably  several  thousand  feet 
of  sandstone,  shales,  arkose,  and  volcanic  ash,  with  many  coal  seams. 

The  prevailing  strike  over  the  greater  part  of  the  coal-bearing  area 
is  about  N.  40°  E.  The  prevailing  dip  is  northwest  at  an  angle  of 
about  45°.  This  monoclinal  dip  is  apparently  modified  by  only  two 
folds  within  the  region  now  known.  There  is  at  least  one  fault  of 
considerable  length  and  displacement,  and  several  smaller  ones. 

One  of  these  folds  is  an  anticline  exposed  near  the  headwaters  of 
Queen  Creek  (fig.  9)  on  the  divide  between  the  Shepherd  Creek  and 
Lake  Kushtaka  valleys.  The  rocks  here  have  a  strike  of  N.  64°  to 
66°  £.,  with  a  northwest  dip  of  42°  on  the  northwest  flank  of  the  fold 


martin]  BERING    RIVER   COAL    FIELD.  143 

and  a  southeast  dip  of  58°  on  the  southeast  flank.  The  latter  is  cut  by 
a  fault  of  unknown  but  probably  considerable  magnitude.  The  other 
fold  is  a  sharp  syncline  which  apparently  lies  in  the  hills  east  of  Lake 
Charlotte.  Its  presence  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  dip  of  the 
Charlotte  seam  at  the  openings  above  the  lake  (fig.  9)  is  southward. 
It  is  not  known  how  far  in  either  direction  this  southeast  dip  continues. 

COAL  SEAMS. 

Several  valuable  seams  have  recently  been  opened  in  the  valley  of 
Canyon  Creek  and  on  the  opposite  (east)  side  of  Carbon  Mountain.  It 
is  said  that  of  fifteen  openings  in  the  same  seam  on  Carbon  Mountain 
which  showed  a  range  of  thickness  from  9  to  25  feet,  nine  openings 
revealed  a  thickness  of  14  feet  or  more.  About  a  dozen  workable 
seams  have  been  reported  from  this  region.  The  writer  has  already 
published  the  following  sections  of  the  coal  and  coke  seen  by  him  in 
this  vicinity,"  those  described  above  not  having  been  opened  at  the 
time  of  his  visit  in  1903. 

Four  seams  are  exposed  on  the  east  bank  of  Canyon  Creek.  Three 
miles  above  the  mouth  a  seam  has  a  thickness  of  2  feet  9  inches,  is 
overlain  by  sandstone,  and  has  a  shale  floor.  The  strike  is  N.  80°  E., 
the  dip  westward  at  an  angle  of  35°.  The  section  was  measured  at 
the  level  of  the  valley  bottom.  This  seam  is  variable  in  thickness, 
pinching  out  somewhat  higher  in  the  bluff. 

Four  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Canyon  Creek  (fig.  9)  a  seam  has  a 
thickness  of  4  feet  2  inches;  it  strikes  N.  10°  E.  and  dips  westward  at 
an  angle  of  60°  and  has  a  shale  roof  and  floor. 

At  the  south  end  of  Carbon  Mountain  there  is  a  high  bluff,  where 
Bering  River  has  been  pushed  against  the  end  of  the  mountain  by  the 
Bering  Glacier,  and  here  the  following  section  was  measured: 

Section  at  south  end  of  Carbon  Mountain,  Alaska, 

Feet. 

Sandstone - 30 

Coke 1 

Sandstone 20 

Coke 2 

Sandstone 2to   5 

Coke lto   5 

Sandstone 3 

Coke 1 

Sandstone 8 

Coke l}to2* 

The  strike  at  this  point  is  N.  80°  W.,  the  dip  is  northward  at  angles 
ranging  from  20°  to  25°. 

The  valley  of  Stillwater  Creek  and  Lake  Kushtaka  has  been  shown 
to  contain  a  great  deal  of  valuable  coal.  A  trail  recently  built  north- 
ward from  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Kushtaka  exposes  15  or  16 

a  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surrey  No.  225, 1904,  p.  372. 


144         ALASKAN  MINERAL  RESOURCES  IN  190*.      Tbuli.SW. 

seams.  The  writer  has  seen  one  seam  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Kush- 
taka,  which  has  a  thickness  of  over  22  feet,  and  several  others  with 
thicknesses  of  from  8  to  15  feet.  It  is  reported  that  a  thickness  of 
over  60  feet  of  coal  was  found  in  a  tunnel  in  one  of  the  valleys  on  the 
north  side  of  Stillwater  Creek.  This  was  not  exposed  at  the  time  of 
the  writer's  visit  in  1903,  but  the  following  section  was  measured  in 
the  west  bank  of  Trout  Creek,  2  miles  above  its  juncture  with  Still- 
water Creek  and  6  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter  (fig.  9): 

Section  on  Trout  Crttk. 

Feet 

8hale 4 

Coal «t 

Sandstone -      S 

The  strike  is  N.  40°  E. ;  the  dip  is  west  at  an  angle  of  38°. 

The  high  ridge  between  Lake  Kushtaka  and  Shepherd  Creek  con- 
tains a  large  number  of  seams.  Probably,  at  least  twenty  of  these 
seams  are  5  feet  or  more  in  thickness,  and  several  are  over  20  feet  thick. 

The  western  slope  of  this  region  is  drained  by  Queen  Creek  and 
other  branches  of  Carbon  Creek.     Queen  Creek  has  cut  into  the  crest 


Flo.  10.— Section  of  coal  teams  on  Queen  Creek.    Scale,  1  Inch-To  feet, 


of  a  sharp  anticline,  which  is  probably  faulted  on  its  southeastern 
flank,  and  on  both  flanks  of  which  coal  seams  are  exposed.  The  coals 
in  this  locality  are  of  extraordinary  thickness,  perhaps  having  swollen  . 
into  pockets  near  the  crest  of  the  fold  (fig.  10). 

Section  of  cool  on  norihwed  bank  of  Quten  Creek. 


Shall!  (pocket?) 7 

Coal 2 

Shale 10 


Section  of  co-il  on  tovtlitatt  bonk  of  Queen  Creek. 

PL  11 

Coal 14 

Shale 4 

Coal -. 1 

Shale 0 

Coal 2 

SJ»Je 0 

Coal 10 


martin]  BERING    RIVER    COAL    FIELD.  145 

Several  prospect  openings  and  two  tunnels  have  been  driven  into 
the  banks  of  Carbon  Creek  (fig.  9).  One  of  the  tunnels  intersects  two 
seams,  the  larger  of  which  has  a  thickness  of  8  feet  of  clean  coal. 
This  is  not  the  same  as  the  Carbon  Creek  tunnel  mentioned  by  the 
writer a  in  previous  publications,  and  also  below.  The  latter  is  about 
a  mile  below  this  and  cuts  a  seam  20  feet  thick. 

Section  in  lower  tunnel  on  east  bank  of  Carbon  Creek. 

Feet. 

Dark  shale 2 

Coal 20 

Massive,  arkosic,  cross- bedded  sandstone,  with  many  thin  carbonaceous  streaks.     10 

The  strike  at  this  point  is  N.  65°  E.;  seam  dips  northwest  at  an 
angle  of  60°  at  the  roof  and  at  an  angle  of  78°  at  the  floor. 

The  valley  of  Shepherd  Creek  above  the  mouth  of  Carbon  Creek 
has  been  more  extensively  prospected  of  late  and  proves  to  contain 
valuable  coal.  The  20£-foot  seam  at  "  Doyle  camp,"  mentioned  by 
the  writer  in  an  earlier  publication,  has  been  found  to  be  cut  off  by  a 
fault  at  the  prospect  opening  and  is  of  doubtful  extent.  Several 
smaller  seams  have  been  opened  recently,  of  which  the  most  promis- 
ing is  the  Charlotte  seam,  on  the  hillside  southeast  of  Lake  Charlotte 
(tig.  9). 

Section  of  Charlotte  seam. 

Ft.      in. 

Shale  roof lOf 

Coal 0      2 

Shale*...   0      5 

Coal 9      6 

Shale  and  coal 6      0 

The  strike  of  the  seam  is  N.  12°  E. ;  the  dip  is  eastward  at  an  angle 
of  72°.  The  same  seam  has  been  opened  again  about  half  a  mile  south  of 
this  point.  The  coal  in  this  seam  is  firmer  and  should  stand  shipment 
with  less  crushing  than  any  other  seen  by  the  writer  in  this  field,  but 
at  one  opening,  at  least,  the  amount  of  ash  is  excessive. 

The  following  section  was  measured  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Shep- 
herd Creek  Valley  (fig.  9): 

Section  1  mile  northwest  of  Canoe  Landing  on  Shepherd  Creek. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 3    0 

Shale \ 0    2 

Coal 4    4 

The  strike  at  this  point  is  N»  20°  E.;  the  dip  is  northwest  at  an 
angle  of  65°.  The  opening  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  valley  of  Shep- 
herd Creek,  at  an  elevation  of  about  200  feet  above  Bering  Lake. 

The  region  adjoining  the  north  shore  of  Bering  Lake  had  been 
exploited  to  a  considerable  extent  during  the  past  season  and  a  small 
amount  of  coal  mined  for  local  use.  The  seams  so  far  discovered  in  this 
region  are  smaller  than  those  described  from  other  parts  of  the  field. 

oiull.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Survey  tfo.'Zfc,  Y^W^T^ 
Bull  259—05 10 


146  ALAHKAH   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN    1804.  [wu-« 

CHARACTER    OP    THE    COAL. 

The  physical  properties  of  the  coal  are  very  much  alike  in  all  the 
seams  and  in  all  parts  of  the  field  visited  by  the  writer.  The  coal 
resembles  the  harder  bituminous  coals  of  the  East  more  than  it  does 
anthracite.  It  is  doubtful,  too,  if  much  of  the  coal  could  be  sized  so 
las  to  compete  with  anthracite  coal  for  domestic  use.  Furthermore, 
under  ordinary  handling  it  will  probably  crush  to  almost  the  same 
extent  as  the  harder  grades  of  semibituminous  coal;  this  will  not 
seriously  impair  its  value  for  steam  purposes,  but  will  necessitate 
very  careful  handling  if  it  is  to  compete  with  Pennsylvania  or  Welsh 
anthracite  as  a  domestic  fuel. 

The  following  table  includes  all  the  available  analyses  and  calori- 
metric  tests  which  have  been  made  upon  the  Bering  River  coal.  The 
first  nine  samples  were  collected  by  the  author  and  represent  the  com- 
position of  the  entire  seam;  that  is,  coal  was  cut  evenly  from  the  seam 
from  roof  to  floor. 

Analyses  and  te*t*  of  Bering  River  coat*. 


| 

i 

1 

3 

1 

> 

i 

8 
■8 

\ 

| 
f 

i 
1 

1 

Rccalr nlated. 

Fuel 
elements. 

il 

t 

i 

n 

1.  Carbon  Creek  (low- 

20 

3.41 

la.  OB 

79.34 

a.  S3 

0.51 

Reddish.. 

8,84* 

16.94 

84.  OS 

6.37 

3.  Shepherd  Creek™.. 

71 

l.M 

14.58 

73.99 

1D.S9 

.69 

Yellow  ... 

7,964 

16.66 

88.36 

6.01 

*i 

3.36 

H.U 

7LR7 

7.96 

.73 

Reddish.. 

7,619 

30.  U 

79.88 

am 

4.  Canyon  Creek  a.... 

* 

8.31 

9.79 

83.97 

24.00 

l.M 

Yellow  ... 

6,  G0Z 

18.16 

86.66 

aa 

li.  South  end  nf  Car- 
bon Mt.  (coke). a 

D 

1.94 

6.80 

84.57 

7.79 

.77 

Very  red.. 

7,776 

6.93 

98.97 

If.  48 

6.  Queen  Creek  b 

SI 

1.99 

17.38 

77.80 

Reddish.. 

18.20 

4.« 

7.  Queen  Creek* 

M 

1.26 

Reddish.. 

•8,310 

83.67 

4.74 

8.  Lake  Charlotte*... 

9 

M 

17.87 

80.71 

20.72 

.66 

Qnj 

■j,  ass 

23.74 

77.38 

S.40 

9.  Carbon  Creek  (up- 
per tunnel),  ft 

s 

.96 

19.87 

77.  i8 

6.17 

1.02 

°rer 

•8.2*8 

17,97 

83.08 

4.67 

12.  Controller  Bay... 

.78 

18.35 

83.40 

6. 80 

.69 

•8,876 

13.85 

86.16 

6.39 

.77 

IB.  79 

8.08 

3.88 

Brown  Isb 

n  Sample  collected  bvf.l. 

l.^]]]ii]<M.ilh'<-[,.i]  In-  <t. 

^  Analysis  t,v  William  II 
cuil  fields  fit  <".i,k  lnk-i. 
1901,  pnge  537. 

.«  Analysis  by  W.  F.  Robe 

-AimlVhls  furnl:. 1  by 

western  Alaska:  Twentieth 
n.H  hiLli'-rl.i  re|»irted.) 

/Sample  collected  by  W. 
.tpeneer.  neology  and  Mini 

•  Calories  computed. 

.  Mart  i'n'.     A 
•iiller,  FHirh 
liuikn,  r.  s 

son,  Vletiiri 
II     -H.  |f- 

\:m.  Kept.  1 

M.  Carlos*. 

ill  Resources 

uresis  ami  '■:{ 
nnlysisbvE.  ( 
vm.vii.il.    1 
A.,  nnd  the  1 

B.  C.     1'ubll 

<1.       VllllliHlU" 

S.deol.Hurv 

\nalvsls  by  W 
(.Inl'.irllcini 

Killllvnn. 
ubllshed  bv John  Kirsopp.  Jr., In  paper  on  The 
aclHc  Coast:  Trans.  Inst.  Hill.  Eng_  vol.  31, 

led  by  .lotin  Kirwipp,  jr.,  as  above. 

by  .1.  v..  Spurn  A  .rocuiiiiaismiice  In  nonth- 

F.  Hildebranil.     Published  by  Schrader  and 
the  Copper  Klver  lilstrlet,  Alaska,  p.  91. 

mwh 

u9  were  taken  is  shown  bythenumbers 

ODthemtp.    (Fig.».) 

MARTIN.] 


BERING    RIVER   COAL   FIELD. 


147 


Analyses  of  other  coals  for  comparison. 


Locality. 


Pennsylvania,  anthracite 
(average  of  9)« 

Wales,  anthracite  (aver- 
age of  4)& 

Loyalsock,  semianthracite 
(average  of  4)c 

Pocahontas,  Hem  i  bitumi- 
nous (average  of  38)<* 

Georges  Creek,  semibitu- 
minous  (average  of  12)«.. 

Pocahontas,  (Quinne- 
mont),  Hcrai  bituminous 
(average  of  17)/ 


New  South  Wales  (south- 
ern coal  fields),  bitumi- 
nous (average  of  21  )o 

Wales  bituminous  (aver- 
age of  37)*  

Comox,  bituminous  (av- 
erage of  4) ' 

Naniamo,  bituminous 
(average  of  4)  i 

New  South  Wales  (west- 
ern coal  field),  bitumi- 
nous (average  of  13)0 

New  South  Wales  (north- 
ern coal  field),  bitumi- 
nous (average  of  77)  o 


Mois- 
ture. 


3.385 


1.488 


73 


69 


.60 


.97 


1.30 


Vola- 
tile 
matter. 


Fixed 
carbon. 


3.812 


5.94 


11.074 


17.43 


18.95 


19.93 


23.10 


27.00 


28.63 


2. 19       30. 76 


1.87 


1.92 


3J.49 


35.09 


83.790 


91.42 


78.883 


77.71 


74.11 


75.20 


65.26 


68.09 


62.73 


56.52 


62.61 


54.08 


Ash. 


Sul- 
phur. 


Calo- 
rics. 


8.417 


2.62 


7.695 


4.63 


6.08 


4.27 


10.67 


3.22 


6.96 


10.53 


14.03 


8.91 


0.592 


.861 


.62 


67 


.67 


462 


1.43 


.626 


.541 


8,403 
7,984 


8,416 


8,402 


B.  T.  U. 


15,178 


15,202 


Recalculated. 


Fuel 
elements. 


Vola- 
tile 
mat- 
ter. 


4.35 

6.11 

12.31 

18.32 

20.36 

20.95 

26.14 
28.39 
31.35 
35. 24 

37.44 

38.23 


Fixed 
car- 
bon. 


Fuel 
ratio. 


95.65 


93.89 


21.99 


15.80 


I 


87.69       7.12 


81. 68 


79.64 


79.05 


73.86 


71.61 


68.65 


64.76 


62.56 


61.77 


4.46 


3.91 


3.77 


2.83 


2.52 


2.19 


1.84 


1.67 


1.62 


a  Ash  burner,  C.  A.,  Ann.  Rept.  Oeol.  Survey  Pennsylvania,  1885,  p.  318. 

b  Loze\  Ed.,  Les  Charbons  Britanniques  et  leur  Epuisement,  vol.  1,  p.  386. 

o  Ashburner,  C.  A..  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Survey  Pennsvlvania,  1885,  p.  318. 

d  White,  I.  C,  Geol.  Survey  West  Virginia,  vol.  2,  pp.  695,  696,  700. 

e These  are  furnished  by  W.  B.  Clark,  State  geologist  of  Maryland,  and  will  be  published  in  a 
forthcoming  report  of  the  Maryland  geological  survey  on  the  coal  of  that  State. 

/White,  I.  C,  Geol.  Survey  West  Virginia,  vol.  2.  p.  670. 

(rPittman.  E.  F..  Mineral  Resources  of  New  South  Wales,  1901,  pp.  324-348. 

*  Poole.  H.,  The  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels,  1898.  p.  223 

'Dawson,  G.  M..  Mineral  wealth  of  British  ColumDia:  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  Canada,  new  ser., 
vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  98  R. 

The  above  coals  vary  greatly  in  composition  and  in  heating  power, 
and  it  seems  likely  that  in  this  field,  as  everywhere,  each  seam  will  be 
found  to  have  a  characteristic  composition. 

If  these  analyses  are  grouped  and  each  group  averaged  they  become 
more  significant.  Samples  1,  6,  7,  and  9  were  all  taken  by  the  writer 
from  four  different  seams  in  a  somewhat  restricted  area.  The  range  of 
variation  in  this  group  is  small,  all  being  extremely  pure  as  regards 
both  ash  and  sulphur,  and  all  have  a  fairly  high  content  of  fixed  car- 
bon with  a  low  content  of  volatile  hydrocarbons  and  consequently 
fairly  high  fuel  ratio  and  heating  value. 


Average  of  analyses  ly  6,  7,  and  9. 


Moisture , 

Volatile  hydrocarbons, 
Fixed  carbon , 


1.14 
16.47 

78.28 


148  ALASKAN    MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.2S9. 

Ash 4.11 

Sulphur .89 

Fuel  ratio 4.70 

Calories  (computed  in  part) 8,303 

These  coals  are  intermediate  in  fuel  ratio  between  the  Bernice  basin 
or  Loyalsock  (Pennsylvania)  semianthracite  and  the  Pocahontas  (West 
Virginia)  semibituminous.  They  are  purer  and  have  a  higher  heating 
power  than  the  Loyalsock  coal,  although-  they  lack  its  anthracitic 
physical  characteristics  and  have  a  lower  fuel  ratio.  They  are  almost 
identical  in  heating  power,  as  well  as  in  the  low  amount  of  impurities, 
with  the  Pocahontas  steam  coal  of  West  Virginia,  but  excel  this  coal 
by  having  a  higher  proportion  of  fixed  carbon.  These  coals  can  not 
be  compared  with  any  other  coal  with  which  thev  are  likely  to  come 
.into  general  competition  for  they  are  far  higher  in  heating  power  and 
in  purity  than  any  coal  mined  upon  the  Pacific  coast,  either  in  the 
United  States,  in  British  Columbia,  or  in  Australia. 

Samples  2  and  3,  from  openings  1  mile  northwest  of  Canoe  Land- 
ing on  Shepherd  Creek,  and  from  near  the  headwaters  of  Trout  Creek, 
are  probably  representative  of  the  thinner  seams  of  this  region. 

Average  of  analyses  -2  and  3. 

Moisture 1. 95 

Volatile  hydrocarbons . : 16. 35 

Fi  xed  carbon 72. 43 

Ash 9.27 

Sulphur .71 

Fuel  ratio 4.49 

Calories 7,742 

These  coals  differ  from  the  coal  of  the  thicker  seams  discussed  above 
in  having  a  less  amount  of  fixed  carbon  in  proportion  to  the  volatile 
matter  and  in  having  a  higher  percentage  of  ash  and  sulphur.  The 
heating  power  is  consequently  less.  Nevertheless,  they  resemble  coals 
of  the  semibituminous  type  that  enter  the  market  as  high-grade  steam 
coals.  They  correspond  in  texture,  composition,  and  heating  power  to 
the  high-grade  Pocahontas  (West  Virginia)  and  Georges  Creek  (Mary- 
land) steam  coals,  and  also  to  some  of  the  semibituminous  coals  of 
Wales. 

The  analyses  of  which  the  average  is  given  in  the  following  table 
were  obtained  from  various  sources  (see  p.  146). 

Average  of  analyses  11-14- 

Moisture .  825 

Volatile  hydrocarbons 13. 64 

Fixed  carbon 81. 54 

Ash 3.995 

Sulph  ur 2. 09 

Fuel  ratio 5.  98 

Calories  (computed) 8, 236 


martin]  BERING    RIVER    COAL    FIELD.  149 

These  analyses,  although  obtained  from  various  sources,  correspond 
so  closely  that  the  writer  regards  them  as  probably  fair  representatives 
of  some  seam  or  group  of  seams  which  he  did  not  sample.  Two  of 
these  coals  contain  excessive  amounts  of  sulphur,  which  carry  the 
average  abnormally  high.  Otherwise  they  are  of  better  quality, 
especially  as  regards  the  fuel  ratio,  than  the  coal  discussed  above.  It 
may  be  that  they  were  picked  samples  that  did  not  represent  the  entire 
thickness  of  the  seam,  in  which  case  the  high  percentage  of  sulphur  is 
probably  due  to  their  having  been  taken  from  pieces  of  coal  which 
were  picked  for  their  hardness  and  apparent  cleanness.  The  one  who 
took  the  samples  evidently  overlooked  the  fact  that  their  exceptional 
hardness  was  not  due  to  the  coal  being  nearer  anthracite,  but  to  its 
containing  a  large  amount  of  pyrite  (sulphide  of  iron). 

The  following  table  is  the  average  of  all  the  analyses  quoted  in  the 
general  table  (see  p.  146)  with  the  exception  of  No.  5,  which  is  not  coal, 
but  natural  coke,  and  No.  10.  The  latter  differs  from  all  the  others 
so  much  that  it  can  not  be  considered  representative,  and  if  it  is 
authentic  it  probably  represents  either  a  far  outlying  district  or  an 
outcrop  of  the  natural  coke. 

A  verage  of  12  analyses. 

Moisture 1.306 

Volatile  hydrocarbons 15. 068 

Fixed  carbon 75. 653 

Ash 7.974 

Sulphur 1.249 

Fuel  ratio 5. 151 

Calories  ( in  part  computed) : 7, 890 

In  this  average  even  the  analyses  from  the  impure  seams  4  and  8  are 
included,  although  these  will  probably  not  be  mined.  In  spite  of  the 
fact  that  these  are  included  it  may  bo  seen  that  the  general  average 
represents  a  coal  of  more  than  average  purity  and  high  heating  power. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

The  work  which  has  been  done  in  the  development  of  this  field  is 
entirely  pioneer  development  work.  Land  surveys  have  been  made  of 
some  of  the  larger  holdings.  Several  railway  routes  have  been  sur- 
veyed. Many  miles  of  good  trails  have  been  built,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  cabins  erected.  Many  prospect  openings  have  been  made  and 
several  more  extensive  tunnels  dug.  There  is  a  tramroad  and  a  grav- 
ity plane  from  the  west  bank  of  Shepherd  Creek  to  a  tunnel  on  the 
hillside  to  the  west.  A  small  amount  of  coal  is  being  mined  for 
local  use  in  stoves  and  as  blacksmith  coal  at  some  of  the  neighboring 
oil  wells.  More  extensive  mining  will  be  delayed  until  shipping 
facilities  are  provided  at  Controller  Bay  or  elsewhere  and  a  railroad 
is  built  from  the  harbor  to  the  mines. 


150  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.2S9. 

The  lands  in  this  region  that  are  known  to  bo  coal  bearing  have  for 
the  most  part,  if  not  entirely,  been  located,  and  it  is  understood  that 
some  of  the  holders  are  about  to  secure  patents.  It  seems  probable 
that  there  are  unlocated  coal  lands  in  the  unexplored  area  to  the  east 
and  northeast. 

The  features  to  be  considered  by  the  investor  and  mining  engineer 
embrace  faults  and  their  attendant  problems,  including  the  question 
of  local  pockets;  steep  dips,  the  proportion  of  the  seams  above  water 
level,  accessibility,  and  the  physical  properties  of  the  coal  as  affecting 
its  shipment  and  market  value,  a  tendency  to  crush  being  especially 
noticeable. 

One  of  the  most  serious  of  these  is  the  question  as  to  how  much  the 
thickness  appearing  at  the  present  openings  may  represent  local 
expansion  of  the  seams.  This  question  can  not  be  finally  answered 
without  extensive  underground  exploration.  Nevertheless,  there  is 
little  doubt  that  the  extremely  great  thicknesses  (25  to  60  feet)  repre- 
sent pocket  swellings  and  are  of  limited  extent.  Almost  all  such 
great  thicknesses  as  known  in  other  fields  occur  in  local  pockets,  and 
most  fields  with  a  structure  like  this  have  such  pockets.  But  in  spite 
of  this  there  is  little  doubt  that  there  are  many  seams  which  will  prove 
to  be  of  workable  thickness  over  large  areas,  and  several  seams  which 
will  have  average  thicknesses  of  from  10  to  20  feet.  The  amount  of 
coal,  even  above  drainage  level,  is  enormous. 

The  shipping  problems  are  serious,  but  the  amount  and  quality  of 
the  coal  would  seem  to  be  sufficient  to  justify  large  initial  expendi- 
tures. It  will,  however,  require  strong  companies  to  develop  the 
field. 


COAL  RESOURCES  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  ALASKA. 


By  Ralph  W.  Stone. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Southwestern  Alaska  includes  the  Cook  Inlet  region,  Kodiak  and 
adjacent  islands,  Alaska  Peninsula,  and  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Coal, 
mostly  of  a  lignitic  character,  is  widely  distributed  in  this  province. 
The  known  localities  are  indicated  on  the  accompanying  map  (PL  II). 
Coal-bearing  rocks  occur  in  three  principal  districts,  Cook  Inlet, 
Kodiak  Island,  and  Alaska  Peninsula.  In  Cook  Inlet  coal  is  found  at 
Kachemak  Bay  and  Port  Graham  on  Kenai  Peninsula,  at  Tyonok  on 
the  west  shore,  and  on  Matanuska  River  about  50  miles  inland  from 
the  head  of  the  inlet.  It  has  also  been  reported  at  various  localities 
in  the  Sushitna  basin,  which  lies  beyond  the  province  under  discus- 
sion. Coal  occurs  at  several  points  on  the  shore  of  Kodiak  Island. 
From  Cape  Douglas,  at  the  northern  end  of  Alaska  Peninsula,  out  to 
the  Aleutian  Islands  coal-bearing  beds  are  found  at  several  places, 
but  Chignik  and  Herendeen  bays  and  Unga  Island  are  the  only  locali- 
ties where  developments  have  been  made. 

The  earliest  accounts  of  any  of  these  coal  beds  are  those  of  Port- 
lock  a  who  made  a  voyage  to  Alaska  in  1786,  and  of  Doroshin  and 
Wosnessenski,6  Russian  mining  engineers  and  explorers.  In  1895 
W.  H.  Dall  made  a  coast  trip  in  southern  Alaska  and  reported  on  the 
coal/  Mining  operations  were  then  being  carried  on  at  Kachemak 
and  Chignik  bays  and  Unga  Island,  but  are  now  confined  to  Chignik 
Bay. 

During  the  summer  of  1904  the  writer,  acting  under  orders  of 
G.  C.  Martin,  had  an  opportunity  to  examine  several  of  the  coal 
localities  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula  and  about  Cook 
Inlet.  The  result  of  these  investigations,  together  with  information 
concerning  some  localities  which  the  writer  did  not  visit,  and  a  report 
on  the  lignite  at  Unga  by  G.  C.  Martin,  are  embodied  in  this  report. 

a  Portlock,  Nathaniel,  A  Voyage  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  London,  1789. 

t>Grewingk,  Constantin,  Beitrag  zur  Kenntniss  N.  W.-Kuste  Am.,  1860,  pp.  39-41;  and  Wrangell.in 
Baer  and  Helmersen,  Beitrage  1, 168-170. 

<?Dall,  W.  H.,  Coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Kept  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  pp. 
784-814. 

151 


152  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bcll.2». 

Acknowledgments  are  due  S.  T.  Penberthy,  of  Homer;  E.  G. 
Wharf,  of  Seldovia;  James  Casey,  of  Cold  Bay;  G.  M.  Landsburg 
and  J.  L.  Wetherbee,  of  Chignik;  and  Captain  Morris,  of  the  steamer 
Dora,  for  courtesies  and  assistance. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  backbone  of  Kenai  Peninsula  consists  of  sedimentary  rocks, 
and  the  backbone  of  Alaska  Peninsula  of  crystalline  and  metamorphic 
rocks  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  volcanics.  At  frequent  inter- 
vals along  the  coast  there  are  more  or  less  extensive  areas  of  partially 
or  wholly  consolidated  sedimentary  rocks,  which  range  from  Triassic 
to  Tertiary  in  age.  A  formation  composed  of  sandstone,  fine  con- 
glomerate, shale,  and  clay,  with  interstratified  coal  seams,  is  found  on 
the  east  side  and  at  the  head  of  Cook  Inlet,  on  Kodiak  Island,  and  at  a 
number  of  points  on  Alaska  Peninsula.  The  coal-bearing  series  at 
Kachemak  Bay,  Port  Graham,  Tyonok,  Kodiak,  and  Unga  are  all 
thought  to  belong  in  the  Kenai  formation,  which  is  Oligocene;  while 
the  Matanuska  coal  beds  have  been  tentatively  referred  to  the  Lower 
Cretaceous.  It  is  a  question  whether  the  coals  at  Chignik  and  Heren- 
deen  bays  are  Tertiary  or  Cretaceous.  There  are  possibly  two  coal- 
bearing  formations  in  this  district. 

The  coal  of  southwestern  Alaska  is  mostly  lignite.  Some  of  it,  how- 
ever, may  grade  as  bituminous,  while  some  is  brown  coal. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

Probably  the  earliest  exploitation  of  coal  in  southwestern  Alaska 
was  that  of  the  Russians  at  Port  Graham.  In  April,  1855,  the  bark 
Cyane,  Captain  Kinzie,  took  miners  and  machinery  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  this  bay.  Mining  operations  continued  about  ten  years  and 
•supplied  Russian  steamers  with  coal.  A  company  organized  in  1889 
to  mine  and  ship  coal  from  Herendeen  Bay  failed  to  develop  a  success- 
ful mine.  Several  companies  have  since  tried  the  same  thing  in  this 
field,  but  without  success.  At  Unga  mining  in  a  small  way  to  supply 
local  needs  has  been  done  at  intervals  for  twenty  years.  The  Alaska 
Packers'  Association  opened  a  mine  at  Chignik  in  1893  and  has 
operated  it  continuously  to  the  present  time. 

Coal  was  mined  in  Kachemak  Bav  for  the  first  time  in  1891,  when 
Lieut.  R.  P.  Schwcrin,  U.  S.  Navy,  took  200  tons  from  McNeil  Can- 
yon. Two  San  Francisco  companies  began  operations  in  this  coal  field 
about  1894,  and  for  three  years  continued  mining  in  McNeil  and  East- 
land canvons.  In  the  fall  of  1899  the  Cook  Inlet  Coal  Fields  Com- 
pany  undertook  to  mine  coal  in  the  bluffs  on  the  west  side  of  Homer 
spit,  Kachemak  Bay.  During  the  two  years  following  more  develop- 
ment work  was  done  here  than  has  yet  been  attempted  in  any  other 
Alaska  coal  field.     Three  tunnels  and  two  shafts  were  driven,  a  rail 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  259    PL.  II 


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stone. J  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  153 

road  7  miles  long,  and  a  dock  were  built.  Work  ceased,  however,  in 
March,  1902. 

In  the  summer  of  1904  Chignik  River  was  the  only  place  in  south- 
western Alaska  where  coal  was  being  mined.  Bunkers  were  being 
built  at  Unga,  however,  preparatory  to  increased  output  from  that 
field. 

The  production  of  this  entire  field  to  date  may  be  roughly  estimated 
at  10,000  tons.  This  does  not  include  what  the  Russians  took  from 
Port  Graham  half  a  century  ago.  Coal  is  produced  at  the  Chignik 
mine  for  about  $3.75  a  ton,  and  has  to  compete  with  better  coal  which 
can  be  bought  in  Puget  Sound  for  $5  and  brought  up  as  ballast  in  the 
company's  ships.  Kachemak  Bay  coal  has  sold  at  the  Homer  dock 
for  $5  and  $6.     Wellington  coal  brings  $12  at  Unalaska  and  Valdez. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  LOCALITIES. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  coal  fields  will  be  described  in  geographic  order  from  the  head 
of  Cook  Inlet  to  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Those  which  have  some  com- 
mercial value  are  at  Matanuska,  Tyonok,  Kachemak  Bay,  Port  Graham, 
Chignik  River,  Herendeen  Bay,  and  Unga.  Three  of  these,  however, 
have  serious  drawbacks:  Tyonok  coal  is  of  very  low  grade,  the  Port 
Graham  beds  are  at  or  below  high  tide,  and  the  Herendeen  Bay  field 
is  badly  faulted  and  possibly  very  limited.  The  localities  which  the 
writer  examined  are  Kachemak  Bay,  Port  Graham,  coast  of  Alaska 
Peninsula  from  Cape  Douglas  to  Cold  Bay,  and  Chignik  Bay. 

MATANUSKA   RIVER. 

Within  the  past  two  or  three  years  prospectors  have  reported  the 
existence  of  thick  seams  of  coal  on  the  Matanuska  River.  Matanuska 
River  flows  from  the  east  into  Knik  Arm,  the  most  northerly  branch 
of  Cook  Inlet.  Mendenhall  visited  the  locality  in  1898  and  reported 
the  presence  of  a  few  thin  seams  of  bright,  hard  coal.a  More  definite 
information  has  been  obtained  from  George  Jamme,  jr.,  a  mining 
engineer  from  Seattle,  who  examined  the  field  in  July,  1904. 

The  Matanuska  coal  fields  lie  about  30  miles  beyond  the  head  of 
Cook  Inlet,  on  the  north  bank  of  Matanuska  River,  and  extend  in  an 
easterly  direction  from  Moose  Creek  for  a.  distance  of  30  miles, 
embracing  an  area  of  about  60  square  miles.  The  coal  measures  occupy 
the  space  between  the  river  and  the  hills  to  the  north,  and  strike  in  a 
northeasterly  direction  parallel  with  the  river.  The  dip  is  northward 
at  angles  ranging  from  10°  to  85°,  increasing  toward  the  north.     The 

a  Mendenhall,  W.  C,  A  reconnaissance  from  Resurrection  Bay  to  the  Tanana  River,  Alaska:  Twen- 
tieth Ann.  Kept.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  7,  p.  824. 


154  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  Ibuia.259. 

formation  in  which  the  coal  beds  are  contained  consists  of  sandstone, 
slate,  and  shale.     Concerning  the  structure  Mendenhall  says:a 

The  Matanuska  River  flows  nearly  along  the  strike  of  the  series,  although  both 
strike  and  dip  exhibit  great  local  variations.  The  former  is  generally  about  N.  60° 
or  70°  E.,  and  the  latter  is  to  the  northwest  at  various  angles.  *  *  *  The  beds 
are  everywhere  full  of  small  faults,  as  though  folded  under  slight  load. 

On  the  basis  of  a  few  fossils  found  in  Bubb  Creek,  the  rocks  asso- 
ciated with  the  coal  have  been  tentatively  referred  by  T.  W.  Stanton 
to  the  Lower  Cretaceous,  but  their  age  has  not  been  definitely 
determined. 

A  number  of  creeks  tributary  to  the  Matanuska  from  the  north  are 
said  to  intersect  the  coal  beds.  On  Moose  Creek  an  exposure  of  5  feet 
of  clean  coal  is  reported,  and  on  Eska  and  Young  two  seams  each  6 
feet  thick.  On  King  Creek  a  10-foot  and  a  6-foot  seam  are  said  to  be 
exposed.  Probably  the  largest  seams  of  coal  are  on  Chickaloon  Creek, 
where  five  beds,  5  to  35  feet  thick,  are  reported. 

The  coal  ranges  apparently  from  lignite  to  bituminous.  It  is  bright 
black  in  color,  has  conchoidal  fracture,  but  is  friable  and  will  not  stand 
severe  handling.  It  burns  well  in  an  open  fire,  and  Jamme  says  that 
he  made  excellent  coke  in  a  miniature  oven.  A  small  specimen  in 
the  writer's  possession  is  granular,  having  a  crushed  appearance,  and 
crumbles  easily. 

An  analysis  of  an  air-dried  sample  of  coal  from  the  Matanuska  River 
field  is  given  on  page  170. 

TYONOK. 

A  brown  lignite  of  inferior  quality  occurs  in  the  bluffs  at  Tyonok 
near  the  head  of  Cook  Inlet.  The  inland  extension  of  the  coal-bearing 
formation  is  covered  by  gravel.  Eldridge  infers6  that  the  Tyonok 
field  extends  for  several  miles  inland  and  from  a  point  7  or  8  miles 
west  of  Tyonok  along  the  coast  as  far  northward  at  least  as  Theodore 
River.  The  section  in  the  beach  bluff  is  composed  of  sandstone,  shale, 
and  coal  seams  which  dip  southeast  at  angles  ranging  from  35°  to  60°. 
The  general  strike  of  the  beds,  north -northeast,  would  carry  the  strata 
to  a  point  about  10  miles  up  the  Chulitna,  where  coal  is  reported. 
Thirty-six  seams,  large  and  small,  are  exposed  along  the  beach  of 
Tyonok,  but  it  is  possible  that  some  are  repetitions  by  faulting.  They 
vary  in  thickness  from  1  foot  to  15  feet,  many  of  them  being  from  4 
to  0  feet  thick.  Not  only  is  the  coal  poor  grade,  but  the  seams  are 
much  broken  by  clay  and  sandstone  partings.  There  are  three  or  four 
seams  in  which  one  or  two  3-foot  benches  of  moderately  clear  coal 
might  be  found. 

"Op.  cit.,  p.  308. 

b  Eldridge,  G.  II.,  A  reconnaissance  in  the  Snshitna  Basin  and  adjacent  territory,  Alaska:  Twen- 
tieth Ann.  Kept.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  7,  p.  21. 


stoxk.]  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALA8KA.  155 

• 

The  Tyonok  coal  is  a  low-grade  lignite,  which  in  appearance  is  often 
hardly  more  than  a  mass  of  carbonized  wood.  An  average  of  four 
analyses  which  represent  the  Tyonok  coal  at  its  best,  and  in  no  instance 
the  average  of  a  seam,  shows  less  than  31  per  cent  fixed  carbon. 
Nevertheless  it  is  of  some  value,  as  coal  from  this  point  is  the  prin- 
cipal fuel  used  by  the  steamer  Tyonie,  which  plies  in  Cook  Inlet. 

KACIIEMAK   BAY. 

Kachemak  Bay,  an  arm  of  Cook  Inlet,  25  miles  long  and  from  3  to 
10  miles  wide,  indents  the  western  side  of  Kenai  Peninsula.  A  low, 
narrow  point  4  miles  long  extends  out  into  the  bay  near  its  entrance. 
The  seaward  end  of  this  spit  is  the  site  of  Homer,  a  post-office  and 
steamer  landing.  The  accompanying  sketch  map  (PI.  Ill),  shows  the 
form  of  the  bay.  It  extends  inland  in  a  northeast  direction,  growing 
narrower  toward  the  head.  The  north  shore  is  comparatively  smooth, 
while  the  eastern  and  southern  shore  is  made  irregular  by  coves,  head- 
lands, and  islands.  A  great  plateau  having  a  general  elevation  of  1,000 
feet  lies  north  of  the  bay,  and  the  north  shore  is  a  bluff  which  varies 
in  height  from  50  to  400  feet.  The  bluff  is  cut  by  canyons  at  a  num- 
ber of  places  between  Homer  spit  and  the  head  of  the  bay.  On  the 
south  side  of  the  bay  is  a  mass  of  rugged  mountains,  with  six  glaciers. 
Large  vessels  can  go  up  to  Bear  Cove,  although  the  head  of  the  bay 
and  the  north  shore  are  very  shallow.  The  tidal  range  is  from  16  to 
28  feet  at  Homer. 

The  geology  as  well  as  the  topography  of  the  two  sides  of  Kachemak 
Bay  presents  strong  contrasts.  Crystalline  or  schistose  rocks  compose 
the  mountains  on  the  south  side.  On  the  north  side  of  the  bav  is  an 
extensive  Tertiary  lignite-bearing  series  known  as  the  Kenai  forma- 
tion. From  Anchor  Point  to  the  head  of  the  bay,  a  distance  of  40 
miles,  coal  seams  are  almost  continuously  exposed,  interbedded  in  soft 
sandstone,  shale,  clay,  and  fine  conglomerate.  These  rocks  strike 
nearly  east  (mag.),  and  dip  northward  at  angles  as  high,  in  places,  as 
20°.  A  thickness  of  between  2,000  and  3,000  feet  of  strata  is  exposed 
in  the  sea  bluff  from  Anchor  Point  to  the  head  of  the  bay.  It  is 
impossible  to  determine  the  exact  thickness  because  there  are  stretches 
over  which  the  beds  can  not  be  traced,  and  faults  of  unknown  throw 
disturb  the  strata.  Anchor  Point  is  near  the  base  of  the  series,  but 
the  head  of  the  bay  probably  does  not  reach  to  the  top,  for  coal  has 
been  found  15  miles  farther  inland. 

COAL  BED8  WEST  OF   HOMER  SPIT. 

The  westernmost  coal  seams  in  this  bay  outcrop  between  tide  levels 
half  a  mile  south  of  Anchor  Point,  while  the  first  exposures  above 
high-tide  level  are  3  miles  southeast  of  the  point  near  the  mouth  of 
Travers  Creek  or  Troublesome  Gulch.     A  seam  at  this  locality  is  said 


156 


ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904. 


[BULL.  259. 


to  be  about  5  feet  thick,  of  which  the  middle  portion  is  very  hard  and 
shiny.  Some  chunks  of  it  will  melt  and  coke  like  bituminous  coal 
when  put  on  the  fire. 

In  the  cliff  at  Bluff  Point,  471  feet  of  strata  contain  18  feet  of  coal 
in  seams  ranging  in  thickness  from  3  inches  to  4£  feet.  The  character 
of  the  series  is  shown  by  a  typical  section  measured  near  the  mine 
camp  at  the  west  end  of  the  Cook  Inlet  Coal  Fields  Company  Railroad. 

Section  of  Kenai  formation  at  Mine  Camp,  Kachemak  Bay. 


Sandstone 

Clay  shale 

Coal 

t 

Clay  shale 

Coal  (sample  3) 

Shale 

Sandstone 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Sandstone 

Clay  shale 

Coal  (Cooper  seam,  sample  4) . 


Thick  Hess. 


/V.      IM. 

30       0 


25 
i 

30 
2 

16 

20 
2 
9 
1 

15 


0 
5 
0 
9 
0 
0 
5 
1 
5 
3 


11     10 

16      0 

6      6 


Clay  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Sandstone 

Clav  shale  and  coal  streaks 

Coal 

Clay  shale 

Sandstone 

Coal 

Sandstone  to  beach 

Total 


Thickness. 

FL      in. 
3        7 


0 
12 

0 
26 
40 
18 


5 
0 
5 
0 
0 
0 


1  11 
34  0 

2  0 
0  10 

50  0 

382  10 


In  this  section  there  are  9  coal  seams,  having  a  total  thickness  of  24 
feet.  The  smallest  seam  in  the  section  is  5  inches  and  the  largest  7 
feet  5  inches.  The  rocks  clip  slightly  to  the  east  along  the  shore  and 
at  an  angle  of  15°  or  20°  into  the  bluff.  It  is  at  this  point  that  the 
greatest  amount  of  development  work  has  been  done. 

The  Cook  Inlet  Coal  Fields  Company  chose  this  as  the  best  portion 
of  the  field  for  developing  a  large  mine,  and  began  extensive  opera- 
tions in  1899.  They  constructed  a  railroad  7£  miles  long  which  extends 
from  their  dock  at  the  outer  end  of  Homer  spit  back  to  the  mainland, 
where  it  rises  to  the  top  of  the  bluff  about  200  feet  above  the  beach 
and  ends  at  Coal  Creek.  A  house  and  store,  with  over  a  dozen  tool, 
engine,  and  storage  houses  were  built  at  the  dock  and  this  group  of 
buildings  is  known  as  Homer.  Eight  or  ten  buildings  constituting  the 
mine  camp  were  erected  at  the  other  end  of  the  railroad,  and  under- 
ground work  was  begun  in  the  fall  of  1899  by  driving  a  three-compart- 
ment shaft  125  feet.  In  1900  tunnel  No.  1  was  driven  in  the  face  of 
the  bluff  on  a  seam  of  coal  6£  feet  thick,  but  it  proved  to  be  very  wet 


U.  a  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  259    PL.  Ill 


\ 


stone]  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  157 

and  was  abandoned.  Tunnel  No.  2  was  driven  350  feet  and  had  to  be 
pumped  to  keep  it  dry.  Coal  was  brought  to  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel 
m  mine  cars,  dumped  into  a  skip,  and  hoisted  up  over  the  bluff  by  a 
square  framed  derrick  which  spilled  into  a  railroad  car  standing  on 
the  spur.  At  the  west  end  of  the  railroad  a  vertical  three-compartment 
shaft  was  sunk  over  25  feet  and  a  tunnel  was  started  on  coal  in  the  sea 
bluff  to  connect  with  the  shaft.  This  third  or  Kay  tunnel  was  driven 
125  feet.  All  work  on  this  property  was  discontinued  in  March,  1902, 
but  the  company  holds  possession  by  retaining  a  representative  on  the 
ground. 

Detailed  sections  of  two  seams  exposed  in  the  sea  bluff  near  tunnel 
No.  2,  the  position  of  which  in  the  section  of  the  formation  given 
above  can  be  recognized  by  their  total  thickness,  follow. 

The  first  and  thickest  seam,  which  is  over  50  feet  below  the  top  of 
the  bluff  at  the  hoist,  measures  thus: 

Coal  seam  at  mine  camp,  Kachemak  Bay. 

Ft  in. 

Bony  coal  and  clay 2  0 

Clay  shale 1  8 

Coal 2  6 

Clay  parting 0  2 

Coal 1  1 

Total 7    5 

Following  is  the  section  of  the  bed  on  which  the  tunnels  were 
driven: 

Coal  seam  at  mine  camp,  Kachemak  Bay. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 3  0' 

Clay  parting 0  J 

Coal 1  11 

Clay  parting 0  1 J 

Coal 1  5 

Total 6      6 

Other  seams  of  coal  that  lie  below  those  named  in  the  long  section 
above  are  found  below  high  tide  off  the  point  beyond  Coal  Creek. 

The  coal  in  the  section  at  the  mine  camp  is  hard,  compact,  glossy 
lignite.  It  is  clean,  does  not  smut  the  hands,  and  tends  to  break  into 
cubical  fragments  when  dried. 

COAL   HEDS   EAST  OF   HOMER  SPIT. 

The  first  prominent  coal  locality  inside  Homer  spit  is  the  Bradley 
seam,  on  the  beach  a  short  distance  southwest  of  Fritz  Creek,  a  small 
creek  6  miles  northeast  of  the  spit  (PI.  III).  The  outcrop  of  the 
Bradley  seam  runs  from  the  bluff  obliquety  across  the  l>each  with  an 
average  northward  dip  of  about  15°.     Although  this  seam  aggregates 


158  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904,  [bull.2W. 

about  7  feet,  there  is  only  18  inches  of  clear  coal,  the  greater  portion 
of  the  bed  being  made  up  of  thin  seams  interbedded  with  leaf -bear 
ing  shale.     It  is  said  that  J.  A.  Bradley  drove  a  tunnel  at  this  place 
several  years  ago,  but  it  is  now  caved  in. 

From  Fritz  Creek  eastward  to  McNeil  Canyon  the  coal  seams  exposed 
in  the  sea  bluff  are  mostly  thin  and  of  little  value.  In  one  stretch  of 
2  miles  the  section  is  almost  entirely  sandstone.  This  soon  dips  below 
sea  level,  giving  place  to  a  100-foot  section  containing  half  a  dozen  coal 
seams,  the  thickest  of  which  is  27  inches. 

About  10  miles  northeast  of  Homer  coal  is  exposed  in  the  canyon 
of  McNeil  Creek.  Several  years  ago  a  Mr.  Curtis  drove  two  short 
tunnels  on  a  4-foot  seam  at  a  point  400  yards  west  of  the  canyon  and 
a  few  feet  above  the  beach.  The  seam  is  called  the  Curtis  seam.  A 
short  wharf  and  coal  bins  were  built  and  still  remain.  When  the 
locality  was  visited  in  June,  1904,  one  tunnel  was  partly  closed  and 
full  of  water;  the  other,  above  the  bins,  was  covered  by  a  dirt  slide. 
Iron-stained  sandy  clay  forms  the  roof,  and  the  floor  is  gray  clay. 
In  the  bluff  above  the  Curtis  seam  there  are  three  other  coals,  sepa- 
rated b}r  thick  beds  of  clay  or  soft  sandstone.  The  lowest  of  the 
three  is  nearly  4  feet  thick  and  has  only  4  inches  of  parting.  The 
rocks  lie  nearly  horizontal,  so  that  this  seam  is  found  about  300  yards 
up  the  canyon,  where  it  causes  a  small  cascade  35  feet  above  high  tide. 

A  short  distance  farther  up  the  canyon,  and  60  feet  above  tide,  a 
20-inch  coal  seam  causes  another  cascade.  From  this  seam  to  the  top 
of  the  bluff  the  section  measures  325  feet,  and  contains  21  feet  4 
inches  of  coal.  Four  of  the  coal  seams  are  3  or  more  feet  thick. 
Two  hundred  tons  of  coal  were  mined  in  McNeil  Canyon  in  1891,  taken 
to  San  Francisco,  and  submitted  to  a  series  of  tests.a 

The  section  on  Cottonwood  Creek,  2  miles  beyond  McNeil,  consists 
largely  of  soft  shale.  It  is  reported  that  prospecting  has  been  done 
here,  but  no  traces  of  it  were  seen.  In  the  canyon  no  coal  seams  over 
2  feet  thick  were  seen  until  at  an  elevation  of  300  feet  a  bed  appeared 
which  seemed  at  a  distance  to  have  a  thickness  of  3  feet.  The  coal 
in  this  canyon  is  lighter,  perhaps  less  compact,  and  dull.  Some  of  it 
preserves  its  woody  structure  so  perfectly  that  it  will  split  in  slabs 
and  chips  like  wood. 

A  heavy  sandstone  layer  conspicuous  near,  the  top  of  the  bluff  at 
Cottonwood  Creek  seems  to  be  almost  as  high  above  the  beach  at 
Eastland  Canyon,  1£  miles  farther  east.  At  the  mouth  of  the  canyon 
there  are  the  ruins  of  three  cabins,  a  short  dock,  and  a  small  tram- 
way which  runs  up  the  gulch  2,000  feet.  Active  mining  exploration 
work  was  done  here  by  M.  B.  Curtis,  engineer  in  charge,  from  1894  to 
1897.  One-half  mile  up  the  canyon  the  creek  cascades  over  a  coal 
seam  which  has  the  following  section: 


"Dall,  W.  H.,  Coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska:   Seventeenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  pp. 
831-832. 


htone]  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  159 

Section  of  coal  in  Eastland  Canyon,  Kachemak  Bay. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 1  3 

Clay 0  2 

Coal 0  4 

Clay  and  coal 1  3 

Coal 2  6 

Total 5    6 

This  seam  is  about  250  feet  above  tide,  has  a  sandstone  roof  and 
clay  floor,  and  dips  north  at  an  angle  of  4°.  The  tunnel  driven  at  the 
end  of  the  tramway  on  this  coal  seam  is  choked  at  the  mouth  and  was 
not  accessible.  Farther  upstream,  on  the  eastern  fork,  there  is  a  coal 
seam  3  feet  2  inches  thick  at  ah  elevation  of  360  feet,  and  a  vertical 
fault  crosses  the  canyon,  trending  N.  45°  W. 

The  next  stream  entering  the  bay  by  a  deep  canyon  is  1  mile  beyond 
Eastland.  A  20-foot  fall  within  a  few  rods  of  the  beach  suggests  the 
name  Falls  Creek,  given  to  it  by  the  writer.  A  number  of  coal  seams 
1  to  2  feet  thick  are  exposed  in  the  bed  of  the  stream.  There  are  at 
least  four  which  range  in  thickness  from  3  to  6  feet.  The  coal  in  this 
canyon  is  fairly  solid,  but  light  and  woody.  It  has  a  dull  fracture  and 
brown  color,  unlike  the  glossy  lignite  west  of  Homer  spit.  This  char- 
acter is  noticeable  from  McNeil  Canvon  eastward. 

From  Falls  Creek  toward  the  head  of  the  bay  the  strata  dip  at  low 
angles  toward  the  north.  For  some  distance  the  upper  part  of  the 
bluff  is  red,  due  to  the  baking  of  clay  beds  by  the  burning  of  coal 
seams.  The  coal-bearing  formation  is  visible  as  far  as  the  head  of  the 
bay,  and  a  3-foot  seam  of  coal  is  reported  15  miles  beyond  the  head  of 
the  bay,  200  feet  above  tide,  on  Sheep  Creek. 

Shoal  water  extending  a  half  mile  or  more  offshore  makes  access  to 
the  Kachemak  Bay  coal  seams  difficult,  and  the  quality  of  the  fuel  is 
such  that  there  is  no  large  demand  for  it.  Analyses  of  some  of  these 
coals  are  given  on  page  170. 

The  Kachemak  Bay  coals  carry  a  large  quantity  of  moisture  and  it 
seems  probable  that  15  to  20  per  cent  is  the  amount  that  would  be  held 
by  the  marketed  coal.  Dall's  analyses  for  the  same  field  average  less 
than  12  per  cent  moisture,  which  is  explained  b}r  the  fact  that  his  sam- 
ples were  kept  in  cloth  bags  and  had  a  chance  to  dry.  A  recent 
experiment  by  W.  F.  Hillebrand  showed  that  a  coarse  ground  sample 
contained  in  a  covered  tin  standing  in  the  laboratory  lost  one-half  per 
cent  of  moisture  in  a  week. 

The  fuel  ratio  of  the  coal  from  this  bay  is  low  and  its  bulkiness  is  also 
an  objection.  It  can  be  mined  in  large  quantity  without  much  difficulty 
and  is  an  excellent  house  coal,  but  the  demand  for  it  is  small  in  this 
region.  This  coal  will  make  steam  readily  and  might  be  used  locally 
if  it  were  offered  for  sale  at  the  proper  price.  If  put  on  the  market, 
Kachemak  Bay  coal  would  have  to  compete  with  higher  grade  lignites 


160  ALASKAN    MINKRAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  259. 

from  Puget  Sound  and  bituminous  coal  from  Vancouver  Island.  It 
could  do  this  successfully  in  a  few  Alaska  markets  if  mined  on  such 
a  large  scale  as  to  be  sold  at  a  low  price,  commensurate  with  its  quality. 

PORT  GRAHAM. 

The  small  bay  of  Port  Graham,  on  the  east  side  of  Cook  Inlet,  lies 
halfway  between  Kachemak  Bay  and  the  southern  end  of  Kenai 
Peninsula.  The  cove  on  the  north  side  of  Port  Graham  under  Dan- 
gerous Cape  was  called  Coal  Bay  by  Portlock,  who  discovered  coal 
here  in  1786." 

At  the  west  end  of  a  crescent-shaped  beach  behind  Dangerous 
Cape  is  a  low  bluff,  in  which  are  exposed  sedimentary  rocks  lying 
l)ctwecn  igneous  rocks  1,000  feet  apart.  The  series  is  composed  of 
sandstone,  shale,  clay,  and  coal.  Two  outcrops  of  coal  were  seen,  one 
on  the  beach  between  high-tide  and  low-tide  level  and  the  other  near 
the  west  end  of  the  gravel  beach  at  high-tide  mark.  A  tunnel  driven 
on  the  coal  at  this  outcrop  is  now  caved  and  inaccessible.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  tunnel  there  are  between  8  and  9  feet  of  coal,  some  of 
which  is  good  and  some  bony.  On  top  of  the  bluff,  a  short  distance 
back  from  the  beach  and  about  in  line  with  this  tunnel,  is  the  mouth 
of  a  large  shaft.  The  dump  here  is  small  and  shows  no  coal,  from 
which  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  shaft  ended  at  no  great  depth.  On 
the  beach  at  the  end  of  a  log  crib  is  the  framework  of  a  6  by  10  foot 
shaft,  in  one  corner  of  which  are  two  vertical  hollow  logs,  which  may 
have  been  pump  columns.  An  old  Russian  miner,  who  lived  for  many 
years  at  Seldovia  and  died  there  in  May,  1904,  at  the  age  of  about  95 
years,  said  he  had  worked  in  this  shaft.  As  he  remembered  it,  the 
shaft  was  180  feet  deep  and  passed  through  five  seams  of  coal,  of  which 
the  first  was  about  5  feet  thick,  the  three  succeeding  ones  smaller,  and 
the  fifth,  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  was  about  9  feet  thick.6  Nothing 
is  known  of  the  extent  of  the  workings  in  this  shaft,  although  2,700 
tons  are  said  to  have  been  mined/  The  ruins  of  several  large  log 
buildings  on  the  hill  back  of  the  shafts,  and  of  a  stone  pier  extending 
out  at  least  100  yards  from  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel  on  the  beach, 
point  to  considerable  activity  in  this  bay  at  the  time  of  the  Russian 
occupancy,  from  1855  to  18G7. 

The  coal  at  Port  Graham  is  lignite,  black,  brilliant,  clean  to  handle, 
with  conchoidal  fracture*     An  analysis  is  given  on  page  170. 

CAl'E    DOUGLAS. 

Cape  Douglas  is  at  the  southwestern  entrance  to  Cook  Inlet  and 
terminates  the  prominent  shoulder  on  the  northeastern  end  of  Alaska 
Peninsula.     Rumors  of  the  existence  of  coal  in  this  vicinitv  led  Dall 


«  Portlock,  Nathaniel:  A  Voyage  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  4«\  London,  1789,  pp.  102-110. 
i>  Information  furnished  verbally  by  K.  (.J.  Wharf,  of  Seldovia. 
<- Bancroft,  H.  H.,  History  of  Alaska,  p.  WW. 


stone.)  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  161 

to  visit  the  region  in  18J>5,a  but  he  found  no  coal  seam  of  any  economic 
value.  The  writer  was  detained  at  Cape  Douglas  during  the  entire 
month  of  July,  1904,  and  had  ample  opportunit}'  to  investigate  the 
geology  of  the  cape  and  vicinity.  The  report  that  coal  occurs  here 
was  based  probabl}-  on  the  appearance  of  some  beds  of  black  shale 
which  outcrop  at  one  or  two  points  in  the  sea  bluff,  and  at  a  short  dis- 
tance closety  resemble  coal  seams.  The  mountains  on  the  mainland 
back  of  the  cape  are  composed  in  part  of  sedimentary  rocks,  and  show 
numerous  beds  which  from  the  coast  look  like  coal.  An  examination 
of  the  talus  slopes  and  stream  beds  showed  only  black  shale,  and  the 
conclusion  was  drawn  that  there  is  no  coal  seam  of  any  value  at  Cape 
Douglas. 

AMALIK    HARBOK. 

As  time  was  limited  and  progress  with  the  small  sloop  used  as  a 
means  of  conveyance  was  slow,  it  was  impossible  to  examine  each  bay, 
and  Amalik  Harbor  was  passed  hy  without  entering.  Dall  has  the 
following  to  say  concerning  it:ft 

This  locality  is  situated  on  the  south  shore  of  the  peninsula,  in  about  latitude  58°  5'. 
Behind  Takli  Island  there  is  a  good  anchorage,  well  sheltered  from  all  winds.  The 
coal  seams  are  on  the  main  shore  opposite  the  island  and  close  to  the  entrance. 
The  rocks  are  chiefly  coarse  sandstone,  resting  conformably  on  an  andesitic  agglom- 
erate and  containing  andesitic  j>ebbles.  These  sandstones  have  a  thickness  of  250 
feet  or  more  and  dip  northeast  at  an  angle  of  about  30°.  Low  down  in  the  series  are 
strata  of  stream-bedded,  sharp  gravel,  in  layers  about  5  feet  thick,  with  three  seams 
of  impure  coal,  each  about  IS  inches  thick.  About  4  inches  of  this  is  pure  glossy 
coal  having  a  bituminous  aspect.  Unlike  most  Alaskan  coals,  it  soils  the  hands  when 
touched,  and  is  said  to  be  good  for  use  in  a  blacksmith's  forge.  *  *  *  The  small 
dimensions  of  the  seam,  however,  forbid  anticipating  any  commercial  future  for  it, 
though  it  may  be  useful  for  local  purposes. 

On  the  shore  about  1  mile  southwest  of  Takli  Island  there  is  a  low 
bluff  of  sedimentary  rocks.  These  are  soft  sandstone  and  tine  con- 
glomerate, with  some  shale.  They  are  cut  by  dikes  and  sills  of  green- 
ish, fine-grained  andcsite  and  basalt,  and  are  more  or  less  faulted. 
A  seam  of  coal,  exposed  for  100  feet  in  the  bluff,  with  shale  roof  and 
floor,  was  measured  by  the  writer: 

Section  of  coal  near  Amalik  Harbor. 

Ft.  in. 

Bony  coal 0  6 

Clay 0  2 

Bony  coal 1  8 

Coal* 0  2 

Clav 0  2 

Bonv  coal 0  3 

«Coal  ami  lignite  of  Alaska:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  p.  7^8. 
^Op.  cit.,  p.  7W. 

Bull.  259—05 II 


162  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN   1904,  [buix.2». 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 0  3 

Clay 0  0J 

Coal 0  2J 

Clay 0  3 

Coal 0  10 

Bony  coal '. 0  7 

Total 5      1 

A  short  distance  farther  down  the  beach  a  bed  of  carbonaceous 
material  about  8  feet  thick  is  exposed  for  25  feet  between  faults.  It 
is  composed  largely  of  bony  coal,  with  a  few  2-inch  or  3-inch  layers  of 
hard,  glistening  coal.  Although  the  thickness  of  these  seams  is  sev- 
eral feet,  it  will  be  seen  readily  that  because  of  their  small  extent  and 
bony  character  they  have  no  value. 

KATMAI. 

Katmai  Bay  is  a  few  miles  west  of  Amalik  Harbor,  on  the  south 
shore  of  Alaska  Peninsula,  in  latitude  58°.  It  is  reported a  that  coal 
has  been  found  on  one  or  more  of  the  trails  which  lead  out  from  Kat- 
mai, but  this  has  not  yet  been  confirmed. 

COLD  BAY. 

Rumors  of  coal  at  Cold  Bay,  30  miles  west  of  Katmai,  seem  to  have 
little  foundation.  A  careful  investigation  of  the  entire  shore  of  the 
bay  showed  nothing  in  the  way  of  coal  excepting  occasional  streaks 
of  bright,  glistening  carbon  contained  in  Jurassic  rocks  on  the  shore. 
These  bands  of  coal  were  several  feet  long  and  up  to  2  inches  thick. 

UGASHIK   LAKE. 

Coal  is  reported  on  the  southeastern  side  of  the  southern  one  of  the 
Ugashik  lakes  by  Mr.  Mittendorf,  a  trader  at  Nushagak.6  This  lake 
is  40  miles  southwest  of  Cold  Bay  and  back  of  Kialagvik  Ba}\  The 
coal  outcrops  all  over  the  side  of  the  bluff  on  the  lake.  It  is  poor, 
resembling  cannel  coal  in  appearance,  but  has  a  rather  high  tempera- 
ture of  ignition.  A.  G.  Maddren,  collector  for  the  National  Museum, 
believes  the  deposit  here  is  not  lignite,  but  a  mass  of  peat  which  has 
been  baked  or  coked  by  a  lava  flow. 

KODIAK    ISLAND. 

Reports  from  various  sources  confirm  the  presence  of  coal-bearing 
series  in  a  number  of  places  on  this  island.  It  was  impossible  for  the 
writer  to  investigate  them  personally,  and  the  following  statements 
are  based  on  the  observations  of  others. 

"Tenth  Census,  Report  on  Alaska.  i».  *7. 

''Spurr,  J.  K.,  A  reconnaissance  in  .southwestern  Alaska:  Twentieth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Ucol.  Survey, 
pt.  7,  p.  262. 


stone.]  COAL    IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  163 

At  three  points  near  the  middle  of  the  island  on  the  eastern  shore 
there  are  sandstones  containing  thin  seams  of  lignite.  These  localities 
are  the  shores  of  Ugak  Bay,  Eagle  Harbor  at  the  native  settlement  of 
Orlova,  and  the  northern  shore  of  Kiliuda  Bay  next  southwards  It  is 
reported5  that  in  a  little  bight  off  the  entrance  of  Kiliuda  Bay  there  are 
two  coal  seams,  probably  6  to  8  inches  thick.  On  the  northern  shore 
of  the  island  coal  is  found  along  part  of  the  shores  of  Uganik  Bay  and 
of  Uganik  Island  in  the  bay,  which  opens  into  Shelikof  Strait.  Coal 
exists  in  a  clav  bank  near  the  beach  at  Red  River,  which  is  a  small 
stream  on  the  south  side  of  Cape  Ikolik,  the  westernmost  point  of 
Kodiak  Island. 

SITKINAK    ISLAND. 

Coal  occurs  on  the  high  island  of  Sitkinak,c  one  of  the  Trinity 
Islands,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Kodiak  group.  In  the  rocks 
which  outcrop  boldly  in  a  lagoon  on  the  northeast  side  of  the  island 
there  are  a  number  of  seams  of  coal,  one  of  which  is  saidrf  to  be  10  or 
12  feet  thick,  standing  vertically  in  a  bluff  20  feet  high.  The  deposit 
is  somewhat  limited  in  extent.  Small  schooners  have  sometimes  visited 
this  locality  to  get  a  boat  load  of  coal,  which  can  be  obtained  handily 
from  the  beach.  It  makes  steam  readily,  but  is  inconveniently  situ- 
ated for  access  by  large  vessels.  The  almost  constantly  raging  surf 
beating  around  the  shallow  coast  is  a  serious  obstacle. 

ANIAKCHAK   BAY. 

The  presence  of  coal  seams  in  Aniakchak  Bay  is  reported  from 
several  sources.  It  is  understood  that  there  is  a  seam  of  coal  about  7 
inches  thick  included  in  a  5-foot  bed  of  carbonaceous  shale.  This  coal 
is  said  to  be  clean,  to  burn  with  little  flame  or  smoke,  and  to  leave 
only  a  small  amount  of  ash.     Thus  it  seems  to  be  of  good  quality. 

CHIGNIK   BAY, 

Chignik  Bay  is  a  large  reentrant  on  the  south  side  of  Alaska  Penin- 
sula, in  longitude  158°  and  latitude  56°  20'.  Coal  has  been  mined 
constantly  at  one  locality  in  the  vicinity  of  this  bay  for  nearly  twelve 
years  and  has  led  to  the  search  for  other  prospects.  It  is  now  known 
to  occur  in  four  places  in  this  region:  Chignik  River,  Whalers  Creek, 
Thompson  Creek,  and  Hook  Bay. 

The  Alaska  Packers'  Association  salmon  cannerv,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  lagoon  at  the  head  of  Chignik  Bay,  requires  about  600  tons  of 
coal  a  year  for  use  in  its  towing  steamer  and  several  launches  and  for 
the  machinery  of  the  works,  and  for  a  number  of  years  the  fuel  has 
been  supplied  from  the  mine  on  Chignik  River. 

aDall,  loc.  cit.,  p.  800. 

b  Information  from  P.  W.  Francis,  of  Seattle,  Wash. 
o  Eleventh  Census,  Report  on  Alaska,  1893,  p.  78. 
d Information  from  P.  Y? .  Fr&ncto,  ol  SeaAftfe,\twd\. 


164  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN   1904.  [bull.  250. 

CHIGNIK    RIVER. 

The  coal  mine  on  Chignik  River,  which  was  hastily  examined,  is  on 
the  west  bank,  well  up  toward  the  mouth  of  the  first  lake,  and  about 
two  hours  distant,  by  steamer,  from  the  Alaska  Packers'  Association 
cannery.  The  channels  of  the  lagoon  and  river  are  so  shallow  that  a 
boat  drawing  over  2  feet  of  water  can  not  make  the  passage  on  less 
than  half  tide.  The  seam  outcrops  directly  on  the  river  bluff,  comes 
to  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  a  ravine  above  the  bluff,  and  has  been 
traced  inland  more  than  half  a  mile.  It  was  discovered  in  1885,"  but 
it  was  not  until  1893  that  the  company  began  to  develop  the  mine. 

The  bed  dips  northeast  at  an  angle  of  20°  and  strikes  N.  5°  W.  Two 
6-foot  tunnels  have  been  driven  on  the  seam,  about  40  feet  apart. 
The  upper  tunnel  is  about  250  feet  long  and  has  been  widened  to  a 
width  of  40  feet  in  the  clear  in  some  places,  with  a  single  crosscut  to 
the  lower  tunnel.  It  is  now  abandoned,  and  work  is  being  done  only 
in  the  lower  tunnel,  which  runs  in  nearly  straight  for  500  feet.  At 
the  face  the  tunnel  strikes  a  roll  in  the  floor  which  cuts  out  the  greater 
part  of  the  seam.  Rooms  have  been  opened  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
tunnel  up  to  the  roll,  which  runs  diagonal  to  the  direction  of  the 
tunnel,  so  that  in  the  first  room,  which  is  about  150  feet  from  the 
entrance,  the  roll  is  75  yards  from  the  drift.  The  coal  is  carried 
from  the  breast  of  the  rooms  to  the  tunnel  in  chutes  and  taken  out  in 
tram  cars,  from  which  it  is  dumped  directly  on  the  barge. 

A  section  of  the  seam  measured  in  the  tunnel  is  as  follows: 

Section  of  Chignik  River  coal  seam. 

Ft.       in. 

Dry  l)one,  with  thin  coal  streaks 0  3  to  9 

Coal 0  6 

Coal  and  dirt 0  8 

Coal 1  0 

Bony  coal  (gob ) 1  5 

Coal" .... 1  4 

Total 5     2 

The  roof  of  the  seam,  which  is  shale  with  thin  streaks  of  coal,  is 
vcrv  even  and  is  overlain  bv  sandstone.  The  floor,  however,  is  not  so 
regular,  and  a  roll  or  swelling  in  it  reduces  the  thickness  of  the  seam 
at  the  end  of  the  tunnel  from  5  feet  to  9  inches.  It  is  possible  that  the 
roll,  which  is  known  to  be  rather  long,  may  be  narrow,  and  that  a 
short  tunnel  driven  through  it  would  discover  the  full  thickness  of  the 
seam  on  the  other  side.     An  analysis  of  this  coal  is  given  on  page  170. 

The  coal  is  solid  and  bright,  and  comes  out  in  good-sized  chunks. 
AY  hen  used  under  a  boiler  it  has  to  be  stoked  very  frequently  to  keep 
it  burning  fast,  and  the  engineer  at  the  cannery  reported  to  Dall  that 


•  Dull,  W.  11.,  Coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  p.  802. 


«tonk]  COAL    IN   SOUTHWESTERN    ALA8KA.  165 

118  pounds  of  Chignik  coal  equal  100  pounds  of  Wellington  (B.  C.) 
coal.  Properly  handled  it  is  a  fairly  satisfactory  steaming  coal, 
although  it  makes  a  largo  amount  of  ash,  and  fires  have  to  be  cleaned 
much  oftener  than  with  Wellington  coal. 

Chignik  River  mine  is  worked  throughout  the  year  by  two  men 
without  machinery,  the  coal  being  undercut  by  hand  and  shot  down, 

WHALERS  CREEK. 

Whalers  Creek  is  a  small  stream  that  enters  the  lagoon  from  the 
north  a  short  distance  below  the  mouth  of  Chignik  River.  Coal  is 
exposed  for  600  feet  along  the  northernmost  of  the  three  main  branches 
of  the  creek. 

The  strike  in  this  ravine  is  N.  35°  E.,  and  the  dip  is  east  at  an  angle 
of  21°.     The  section  of  the  coal  seam  is  as  follows: 

Section  of  cwd  on  Whalers  Greek. 

Ft.     in 

Coal 1  0 

Clay : 0  1 

Coal 0  8 

Clay  and  bone 0  1 

Coal 1  7 

Bone 0  0J 

Coal 1  0J 

Bone  and  coal 0  7 

Total 5    1 

In  appearance  the  coal  is  a  lignite  much  the  same  as  that  mined  at 
Chignik  River,  but  the  section  of  the  bed  is  better,  the  partings  being 
thin.  A  short  prospect  tunnel  has  been  driven  on  the  outcrop,  but 
the  property  is  rendered  of  little  value  by  a  series  of  faults  which 
have  broken  the  rocks  into  blocks.  A  fault  about  500  feet  below  the 
tunnel  and  another  115  feet  above  it  cut  the  coal  out  entirely.  On  the 
upstream  side,  about  40  feet  above  the  tunnel,  a  vertical  fault  trend- 
ing N.  45°  W.  throws  the  coal  down  6  feet. 

Half  a  mile  south  of  this  coal  prospect  a  bed  of  fossil  invertebrates 
was  found  in  the  ravine  of  the  middle  fork  of  Whalers  Creek.  T.  W. 
Stanton  reports  them  to  be  Upper  Cretaceous.  This  locality  lies 
between  the  coal  on  Whalers  Creek  and  Chignik  River,  but  its  relation 
to  the  coal-bearing  formation  was  not  determined. 

THOMPSON   CREEK. 

In  the  valley  of  Thompson  Creek,  which  enters  the  head  of  Chignik 
Bay  and  is  aboiit  7  miles  north-northwest  from  Chignik,  there  are 
several  seams  of  coal.  The  only  information  available  concerning  the 
region  is  furnished  by  Chas.  J.  Brun,  of  Chignik,  who  states  that 
there  are  three  seams,  of  which  the  top  one  is  5  feet  thick.     About 


166  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  t*uLL.2M. 

6()  feet  below  it  is  a  seam  showing  4  feet  of  clean  coal,  and  again  40  feet 
lower  is  another  seam  about  3£  feet  thick.  Thompson  Creek  coal  has 
the  same  appearance  as  that  of  Chignik  River,  being  a  fair  grade  of 
lignite. 

HOOK   BAY. 

A  curved  recess  on  the  north  shore  of  Chignik  Bay,  about  12  miles 
northeast  from  Chignik,  is  known  as  Hook  Bay.  Coal  is  reported 
about  4  miles  from  the  beach,  on  the  right-hand  fork  of  a  stream 
which  enters  the  bay.  According  to  C.  J.  Brun,  who  is  familiar 
with  the  locality,  there  are  two  seams  of  coal  5  and  6  feet  thick  separated 
by  2  feet  of  bony  shale.  He  claims  that  this  coal  is  superior  to  the 
others  at  Chignik  Bay.  It  is  free  burning  and  makes  yellow  ash. 
The  beds  strike  north  and  dip  east  at  an  angle  of  about  15°.  The 
writer  had  no  opportunity  to  visit  the  locality. 

OTHER   LOCALITIES. 

Coal  was  seen  at  two  other  localities  on  Chignik  Bay.  Near  the 
native  village  that  stands  1  mile  east  of  the  Alaska  Packers'  Association 
cannery,  a  tunnel  was  driven  several  years  ago  about  20  feet  on  what 
appeared  to  be  a  4-foot  seam  of  coal.  It  proved  to  be  alternate  4-inch 
layers  of  coal  and  dirt,  and  the  work  of  mining  being  unprofitable  it 
was  abandoned. 

At  the  head  of  the  creek  which  enters  Anchorage  Bay  near  the  old 
Hume  cannery,  there  are  carbonaceous  shales  in  abundance,  and  one 
block  of  clear,  bright  coal,  6  inches  thick  was  found.  The  bed  from 
which  it  came  appeared  to  pinch  out  into  carbonaceous  shale  within 
a  few  yards. 

HERENDEEN   BAY. 

Circumstances  made  it  impossible  to  investigate  the  Herendeen  Bay 
coal  field  during  the  summer  of  1904,  and  the  following  statements 
were  obtained  by  personal  interviews  with  people  who  are  familiar 
with  the  region. 

Herendeen  Bay  is  a  branch  of  Port  Moller,  which  is  situated  on  the 
north  side  of  Alaska  Peninsula  (opposite  Shumagin  Islands).  It  is 
reached  from  Portage  Bay,  on  the  southern  side  of  the  peninsula,  by 
a  trail  about  9  miles  long.  An  area  20  square  miles  in  extent  on  the 
cape  between  Port  Moller  and  Herendeen  Bay  is  supposed  to  be 
underlain  bv  coal,  but  the  real  extent  mav  be  much  less. 

Several  companies"  have  tried  to  develop  the  coal  in  this  field,  but 
without  success,  because  the  coal  seam  is  cut  off  by  faults,  and  its 
continuation  could  not  be  found.  The  latest  attempt  was  in  the  sum- 
mer of  11*03.  The  drift  previously  begun  on  a  seam  4  feet  thick  wras 
driven  200  feet  farther  by  a  new  company,  making  the  face  250  feet 


«»  \>aU,  o\>.  vUM  v.  Kor\. 


8TONK]  COAL   IN    SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  167 

from  the  mouth.  About  125  feet  from  the  mouth  an  entry  was  driven 
75  feet  long  up  the  dip  and  a  raise  made  from  it  to  the  surface,  a 
distance  of  30  feet.  A  level  on  the  coal,  run  from  this  entry  about 
25  feet  from  the  main  drift,  struck  a  fault  at  15  feet.  Believing  that 
there  was  another  bed  of  coal  about  26  feet  below  the  one  being 
worked,  a  tunnel  was  started  near  the  mouth  of  the  entry  and  run  in 
level  against  the  rise  for  108  feet.  Several  10-inch  to  15-inch  seams 
were  encountered,  but  none  larger.  The  mine  is  over  a  mile  from 
the  sea  and  about  300  feet  above  tide.  In  April,  1904,  the  miners 
stopped  work  and  seized  the  property  for  unpaid  wages.  A  consider- 
able quantity  of  lumber,  rails,  tools,  hardware,  etc.,  landed  at  Portage 
Bay,  was  never  taken  to  the  mine. a 

Judging  from  the  analysis  given  on  page  170,  this  coal  is  bituminous 
in  character. 

It  is  reported  that  gas  was  encountered  in  such  quantity  in  the 
mines  as  to  make  the  use  of  safety  lamps  necessary. 

UNGA   ISLAND. 

While  the  writer  was  at  Chignik,  G.  C.  Martin  went  to  Unga  to  see 
the  Apollo  mine.  He  made  notes  on  the  lignite  at  Zachary  Bay,  Unga 
Island,  and  has  written  the  report  which  follows: 

Unga  is  the  principal  island  of  the  Shu  magi  n  group  which  extends  about  50  miles 
south  and  east  from  Portage  Bay,  Alaska  Peninsula.  The  group  lies  half  way 
between  Kodiak  and  Unalaska  islands.  The  eastern  Shumagins,  according  to  Dall, 
are  granite,  those  in  the  middle  of  the  group  are  largely  composed  of  metamorphic 
quartzites  and  schistose  rocks,6  while  Unga  contains  volcanic  rocks  and  Tertiary 
beds.  It  has  been  known  for  many  years  that  these  Tertiary  strata  contain  coal 
seams. 

The  lignite  of  Unga  Island  is  apparently  restricted  in  area  to  the  peninsula  on  the 
west  side  of  Zachary  Bay,  or  Coal  Harbor,  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  a  region 
about  6  or  8  square  miles  in  extent.  It  occurs  in  the  soft  shale  and  sandstone  of  the 
Kenai  formation,  of  Oligocene  age.  The  Kenai  formation  is  overlain  by  the  Unga 
conglomerates,  which  are  of  Miocene  age.  These  Tertiary  rocks  dip  northwest  at 
various  angles,  reaching  in  places  20°.  They  are  adjoined  on  the  south  by  crystal- 
line rocks,  principally  andesites.  The  crystalline  rocks  may  underlie  the  Tertiary 
sediments  or  may  be  intruded  into  them,  or  the  contact  may  be  one  of  faulting. 

The  following  section,  which  was  measured  on  the  west  shore  of  the  bay  near  Mr. 
Tibbey's  coal  mine,  shows  the  character  of  the  Unga  conglomerates  and  of  that  part 
of  the  Kenai  formation  which  is  above  sea  level. 

Section  on  west  shore  of  Coal  Harbor. 

Ft    In. 

1.  Conglomerate  and  sandstone 140  0 

2.  Shale  and  sandstone 20  0 

3.  Conglomerate  of  fine  pebbles 68  0 

4.  Conglomerate  of  coarse  pebbles 2  0 

5.  Sandy  shale 1  0 

a  Information  concerning  the  work  done  by  this  company  was  obtained  verbally  from  a  miner  who 
was  employed  at  Herendeen  Bay  from  February  to  April,  1904. 
t>Dall,  op.  cit.,  p.  807. 


168  ALASKAN   MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bcll.259. 

Ft.  in. 

6.  Coal 6  « 

7.  Shale 12  0 

8.  Shale,  with  4  thin  coal  seams 15  8 

9.  Shale  and  sandstone 50  0 

10.  Coal 1  11 

11.  Shale  and  sandstone 64  0 

12.  Shale,  with  3  thin  coal  seams 6  6 

13.  Sandstone  and  shale 15  0 

14.  Shale  and  sandstone,  with  2  thin  coal  seams 10  4 

15.  Sandstone 26  0 

16.  Shale,  with  numerous  thin  coal  seams 25  0 

17.  Sandstone  and  concealed 45  0 

18.  Concealed  to  tide  level 62  0 

Total 570     11 

The  beds  represented  by  Nos.  1  to  4  represent  the  Unga  conglomerate  and  have 
been  determined  by  Dall  to  be  of  Miocene  age.  The  remaining  strata  belong  in  the 
Kenai  formation  and,  according  to  Dall,  are  of  Oligocene  age. 

The  most  promising  of  the  seams  is  No.  6  of  the  above  section,  which  has  in  detail 
the  following  section: 

Section  of  coal  seam  on  west  shore  of  Coal  Harbor. 

Inches. 

Coal 2 

Shale 1 

Coal 12* 

Sandy  shale 4  to  7 

Coal 17 

Shale i  to  2 

Coal 6 

Bone 2J 

Shale 6 

Coal... 2 

Shale 1 

Coal 1 

Shale 8  to  9 

Coal  (thickness  reported) 12-f- 

Total 76  to  82 

The  upper  part  of  this  seam  contains  over  3  feet  of  coal  of  fair  quality,  in  which 
the  partings  are  not  thick  enough  to  interfere  seriously  with  mining.  The  coal 
is  a  bright,  clean  lignite  of  sufficient  firmness  to  stand  handling  without  excessive 
crushing. 

A  group  of  thin  seams  of  no  economic  importance  is  represented  in  No.  8.     No. 

10.  a  seam  consisting  of  23  inches  of  clean  coal  without  partings,  may  prove  to  be 
workable.  A  tunnel  which  opened  up  this  seam  some  years  ago  has  now  caved  in. 
Another  group  of  thin  unimportant  seams  similar  to  No.  8  is  represented  in  No.  12. 

Only  two  seams  known  at  present  may  be  regarded  as  possibly  of  economic 
importance.  These  are  lignites  of  fair  quality,  which  compare  not  unfavorably  with 
much  coal  that  is  sold  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

If  the  coal  is  mined  with  sullicient  care  to  keep  it  clean  and  a  local  market  is 
secured,  it  would  seem  that  it  should  be  able  to  compete  with  the  somewhat  better 
but  more  expensive  coals  that  are  now  being  shipped  to  this  part  of  Alaska. 


HTOXE.J  COAL   IN   SOUTHWESTERN    ALASKA.  169 

SOUT¥I  COAST  fkom  CHIONIK  bay  to  end  of  peninsula. 

Other  points  on  the  peninsula  where  coal  occurs  in  small  amount  are 
Coal  Cape,  near  Mitrofania  Island,  west  longitude  159  ;  Portage  Bay, 
160°  35';  Beaver  or  Otter  Bay  and  Coal  Bay,  161°  40',  west  of  Shu- 
magin  Islands.  Nothing  is  known  of  the  coal  at  these  localities,  but  it 
is  assumed  to  be  of  the  same  character  as  that  found  farther  east  along 
the  peninsula;  it  occurs  probably  in  thin  seams. 

ALEUTIAN   ISLANDS. 

The  chain  of  islands  that  extends  westward  from  Alaska  Peninsula 
is  composed  largely  of  volcanic  material  but  contains  some  sedimen- 
tary and  metamorphic  rocks.  Lignite-bearing  beds  are  supposed  to 
occur  on  several  of  the  islands,  the  supposition  being  drawn  inferen- 
tially  from  reports  of  localities  where  amber  has  been  found.  The 
only  island  on  which  coal  is  said  to  exist"  is  Akun,  which  is  on  the 
south  side  of  Unimak  Pass.  It  is  probable  that  thin  seams  of  lignite 
of  limited  extent  may  be  found  in  the  Aleutian  Islands,  but  as  far  as 
present  information  goes  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  of  them  may  be 
commercially  valuable. 

ANALYSES. 

In  the  following  table  proximate  analyses  of  coal  from  most  of  the 
fields  in  southwestern  Alaska  are  given.  These  were  all  made  in  the 
chemical  laboratory  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  with  the  exception 
of  the  analysis  of  Matanuska  coal  made  by  C.  C.  Bogardus,  of  Seattle, 
Wash.  The  samples  from  Kachemak  Bay,  Port  Graham,  andChignik 
River  were  collected  by  the  writer.  Each  sample  represents  the  com- 
mercially valuable  portion  of  a  seam.  These  samples  were  washed  and 
dried  several  hours  in  the  open  air  before  crushing  and  quartering, 
and  sealed  in  tin  cans,  so  there  was  little  chance  for  evaporation  dur- 
ing the  six  months  which  elapsed  before  they  were  analyzed.  Two 
sets  of  analyses  were  made,  one  from  samples  ground  in  a  coffeemill, 
and  the  other  ground  to  powder  in  an  agate  mortar.  The  analyses  of 
the  coarse-ground  samples  are  believed  to  represent  more  closely  the 
condition  of  the  coal  as  it  would  be  mined  and  marketed,  and  are  given 
below.  Five  analyses,  made  by  George  Steiger,  are  from  samples  col- 
lected by  W.  H.  Dall  in  1895.  They  were  "  taken  from  the  seam  and 
tied  in  bags  of  stout  duck,  and  analyzed  immediately  on  arrival  at 
headquarters  "ft  several  months  later. 

♦i  Dull,  op.  fit.,  p.  Ml.  '*  Dull,  op.  cit.,  p.  8*27. 


170 


ALA8KAN   MINERAL   RESOUR0E8    IN   1904. 


[BULL.  259. 


Analyses  of  coals  from  southwest  Alaska. 


o 
8 


Locality 


3 
4 

7 
8 
9 

10 


Matanuaka  River 

Kachemak  Bay,  mine  camp 

Kachemak  Bay,  mine  camp 

Kachemak  Bay,  mine  camp 

Kachemak  Bay,  Curtis  seam 

Kachemak  Bay,  McNeil  Can- 
yon. 

Kachemak     Bay,    Eastland 
Canyon. 

Port  Graham 

Amalik  Harbor 

Kodiak  Id.,  Red  River 

Chi&nik  River 

Herendeen  Bay 

Unga,  upper  seam 

Unga,  lower  seam 


Mois- 
ture. 

Vol. 
comb, 
matter. 

Fixed 
carbon. 

Perct. 

Perct. 

Perct. 

1.16 

22.50 

69.34 

20.87 

40.71 

33.29 

19.26 

43.95 

28.74 

19.22 

41.22 

31.96 

18.92 

37.62 

28.59 

21.54 

39.10 

30.26 

19.29 

40.31 

33.11 

16.87 

37.48 

39.12 

1.62 

36.56 

52.92 

12.31 

51.48 

33.80 

2.72 

39.92 

43.76 

3.43 

39.00 

47.40 

11.26 

40.51 

41.24 

10.58 

66.21 

15.26 

7.60 

.38 

14.87 

.46 

9.10 

.34 

7.29 

.27 

6.53 

.39 

8.90 

.75 

2.41 

.17 

13.60 

2.15 

10.17 

.44 

6.99 

2.17 

7.95 

.56 

.82 

1.04 
1.45 

.66 
1.12 
1.21 
1.02 

.23 


Do. 

Do. 
Geo.  Steiger. 

Do. 
W.T.Schaller. 
Geo.  Steiger. 

Do. 

Do. 


Sample  3  in  the  above  table  was  taken  from  the  outcrop  of  the  2-foot 
9-inch  seam  near  the  west  end  of  the  Cook  Inlet  Coal  Fields  Company 
Railroad,  Kachemak  Bay;  sample  4  came  from  50  feet  inside  tunnel 
No.  3  at  the  mine  camp;  sample  7  represents  30  inches  of  a  4i-foot 
bed  occurring  below  tide  about  500  feet  off  shore  near  Coal  Creek; 
sample  8  was  cut  from  the  outcrop  of  the  Curtis  seam  400  yards  west 
of  McNeil  Canyon;  sample  9  is  from  a  4-foot  seam  found  300  yards 
from  the  beach  up  McNeil  Canyon;  sample  10  is  from  the  lower 
30-inch  bench  of  a  5£-foot  coal  seam,  on  which  a  tunnel  was  driven 
in  Eastland  Canyon,  and  sample  1  was  taken  from  the  outcrop  below 
tide  at  Port  Graham. 

These  analyses  show  that  the  Ma  tan  us  ka  coal  is  by  far  the  best 
obtained  at  anj'  of  the  localities  described,  but  the  writer  does  not 
know  how  representative  it  is  of  the  seam  or  field.  The  field  is  50 
miles  from  tide  water  and  several  hundred  miles  from  any  present 
source  of  demand,  and,  seemingly,  can  hardly  compete  as  a  steam  coal 
in  outside  markets  with  the  semianthracite  and  bituminous  coal  which 
has  been  found  at  Controller  Bay,  but  may  find  special  markets  if  it 
proves  adaptable  for  smelter  use. 

In  the  next  table  arc  given  averages  of  analyses  of  Kachemak  Bay 
and  Unga  coals  in  comparison  with  competing  coals  from  Vancouver 
Island  and  Puget  Sound: 


STONE.) 


COAL   IN   SOUTHWESTERN    ALA8KA. 


171 


Average*  of  analyses  of  Pacific  coast  and  Alaska  coals. 


Number 

of 
analyses. 


6 
2 
5 
5 
4 
10 
17 


Locality. 


Moisture. 


Per  cent. 

Kachemak  Bay  « 19. 85 

Unga  Island  & 10.92 

Controller  Bay  <" 2.18 

Comox.d  Vancouver  Island  ...  1 .  25 

*  i 

i 

Nanaimo,<*  Vancouver  Island  .[  2. 10 

Washington  e 4. 43 

Coos  Bay,/?  Oregon 10. 22 


Vol. 

comb. 

matter. 


Fixed 
carbon. 


Ash. 


Per  cent. 
40.48 
53.  36 
12.76 
26.87 
34.68 
31.60 
44.19 


Per  cent. 
30.99 
28.25 
74.33 
58.74 
54.47 
56.01 
38. 91 


Sulphur. 


Percent. 

Per  cent. 

8.67 

0.35 

7.47 

1.36 

10.  73 

.93 

11.76 

1.38 

8.09 

.66 

7.45 
7.35 


.90 


a  W.  T.  Schaller,  above,  p.  170. 

t>Dall,  Coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  p.  828. 

e  Martin.  G.  C,  Bering  River  coal  fields:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  226,  p.  874. 

d  Annual  Report  of  Minister  of  Mines,  1902,  British  Columbia,  p.  H  262. 

« Smith,  Coal  fields  of  the  Pacific  coast:  Twenty-second  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3,  p.  490. 

/Ibid.,  p.  610. 

eDiller,  Geology  of  northwest  Oregon:  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept.,  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  p.  504. 

MARKET. 

The  present  market  for  coal  in  southwestern  Alaska  is  largely  at 
Valdez,  Seward,  Dutch  Harbor,  and  the  salmon  canneries  along  Alaska 
Peninsula,  on  Kodiak  Island,  and  in  Bristol  Bay.  Most  of  the  canneries 
use  Wellington  (British  Columbia)  coal  brought  from  the  States  as 
ballast  in  their  own  ships.  It  costs  them  about  $5  a  ton  at  Seattle 
and  $7  at  San  Francisco.  A  large  market  supplying  fuel  for  steamers 
may  be  developed  at  Valdez  and  Dutch  Harbor  in  the  future.  Passen- 
ger steamers  and  revenue  cutters  get  Wellington  coal  at  these  points 
for  $12  a  ton.  The  completion  of  the  Alaska  Central  Railroad  would 
make  Seward  a  large  town,  with  increasing  demand  for  fuel,  and,  if 
the  Matanuska  River  coal  proves  abundant  and  desirable,  might  make 
Seward  a  coaling  station  for  ocean  vessels. 

In  view  of  the  very  high  grade  of  the  coal  which  has  been  found  at 
Controller  Bay  and  which  may  soon  be  in  competition  with  the  Pacific 
coast  bituminous  coals,  it  hardly  seems  possible  that  any  of  the  south- 
western Alaska  lignites  have  a  bright  future,  unless  there  should  be 
a  local  demand  for  their  use  in  gas  engines,  for  which  there  is  some 
reason  to  believe  they  are  adapted.  The  development  of  an  extensive 
copper  mining  and  smelting  industry  in  Prince  William  Sound,  which 
may  be  looked  for  at  some  future  date,  will  afford  another  market  for 
fuel,  but  the  demand  will  be  for  a  coking  coal.  It  seems  possible  that 
the  Matanuska  coal  will  meet  this  requirement. 


COAL  FIELDS  OF  THE  CAPE  L1SBURNE  REGION." 


By  Arthur  J.  Collier. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Cape  Lisburne  is  a  bold  headland  which  marks  the  northwestern 
extremity  of  a  great  land  mass  which  projects  into  the  Arctic  Ocean 
from  the  western  coast  of  Alaska  between  latitudes  68°  and  69°.  It 
is  160  miles  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle  and  300  miles  in  a  direct  line 
from  Nome,  and  is  the  only  point  north  of  Bering  Straits  where  hills 
above  1,000  feet  in  height  approach  the  sea.  This  peninsula  can  be 
conveniently  termed  the  Cape  Lisburne  region.  In  outline  it  roughly 
resembles  a  hand,  of  which  Cape  Lisburne  forms  the  knuckle  and 
Point  Hope,  about  40  miles  southwest  of  Cape  Lisburne,  the  index 
finger,  pointing  west.  The  Point  Hope  Peninsula  is  a  triangular 
area  about  11  miles  wide  at  its  base,  next  the  main  land,  that  extends 
16  miles  out  to  sea.  It  consists  of  two  low  sandspits  which  con- 
verge and  meet  near  the  point,  the  space  between  being  occupied 
in  part  by  a  lagoon  called  Marryat  Inlet  and  in  part  by  the  delta  of 
the  Kukpuk  River.  It  is  therefore  a  typical  cuspate  foreland.  East 
of  the  Point  Hope  foreland  there  is  a  range  of  hills  called  the  Lis- 
burne Mountains,. which  extend  from  Cape  Lisburne  southward  to 
Cape  Thompson,  and  at  their  highest  point  probably  attain  an  eleva- 
tion of  2,500  feet. 

East  of  the  Lisburne  Range  there  is  a  region  of  rolling  hills  and 
ridges,  usually  below  800  feet  in  elevation,  which  extends  eastward 
for  an  undetermined  distance.  The  trend  of  the  ridges  and  many  of 
the  valleys  is  dependent  on  the  bed-rock  structures. 

The  drainage  of  the  region  is  effected  mainly  by  one  large  river, 
called  the  Kukpuk,  whose  basin  occupies  most  of  the  interior  portion. 
It  rises  about  60  miles  southeast  of  Cape  Lisburne  and  discharges  into 
Marryat  Inlet.  Thetis  Creek  and  Pitmegea  River  are  two  smaller 
streams  which  drain  a  region  lying  north  of  the  Kukpuk  basin  and 
discharge  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  33  and  40  miles,  respectively,  east  of 
Cape  Lisburne. 

"Abstract  <>f  bulletin  in  preparation. 
172 


coLLiBR.J  COAL    OF    CAPE    LISBURNE    REGION.  173 

A  settlement  at  Point  Hope,  including  a  mission  and  several  whaling 
stations,  contains  about  250  Eskimos  and  20  white  men,  all  of  whom 
are  dependent  on  the  fisheries  or  the  fur  trade.  The  mineral  resources 
of  the  region,  which  are  as  yet  undeveloped,  consist  of  the  coal  depos- 
its to  be  described. 

These  coal  fields  are  accessible  only  by  sea  from  July  to  October, 
inclusive.  There  is  no  harbor  or  protection  for  sea- going  vessels,  bat 
in  calm  weather,  or  when  the  winds  are  from  the  south,  coal  can  be 
boated  or  lightered  to  ships  anchored  from  £  to  2  miles  off  shore. 

The  nearest  protected  harbor  is  Kotzebue  Sound,  about  200  miles 
southeast,  near  which  there  are  several  gold-mining  camps  of  con- 
siderable importance.  The  whole  region  is  exceedingly  bleak  and 
dreary.  It  is  far  beyond  the  northern  limit  of  spruce  timber  and  even 
the  willows  are  stunted,  the  largest  seen  in  the  most  sheltered  places 
being  not-over  4  feet  high.  The  nearest  standing  timber  suitable  for 
mining  purposes  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Noatak,  150  miles  southeast. 

HISTORY  AND  EXPLORATION. 

Captain  Cook  discovered  and  named  the  cape  in  the  year  1778,  but 
coal  was  first  reported  in  the  region  by  Mr.  A.  Collie,  who  accom- 
panied Captain  Beechey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  1826  and  1827.  The 
point  of  discovery  by  Mr.  Collie  was  near  Cape  Beaufort,  an  unim- 
portant feature  of  the  coast  line  70  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne. 
Messrs.  Belcher  and  Collie,  of  the  Beechey  expedition,  also  collected 
paleontological  materials  and  made  notes  on  the  geology  at  Cape  Lis- 
burne and  Cape  Thompson. 

During  the  last  twenty-five  years  whalemen  have  often  replenished 
their  fuel  supply  from  these  coal  beds,  the  points  most  frequently 
visited  being  Corwin  Bluff,  28  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne,  where  the 
U.  S.  revenue  cutter  Carwin,  Captain  Hooper  commanding,  took  on 
20  tons  of  coal  in  1881,  and  the  Thetis  mine,  36  miles  east  of  Cape  Lis- 
burne, where  the  revenue  cutter  Thetis  coaled  in  1888  and  1889. 

The  discovery  of  gold  at  Nome  in  1898  drew  attention  to  these 
deposits  as  possible  sources  of  fuel  for  the  mines  of  Seward  Penin- 
sula, and  several  companies  were  organized  to  exploit  them.  Large 
areas  of  coal  land  were  staked  and  several  cargoes  of  coal,  probably 
in  all  more  than  1,000  tons,  were  mined  and  sold  at  Nome  in  1900  and 
1901,  since  which  time  the  production  has  been  merely  nominal. 

Schrader,a  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  visited  Corwin 
Bluff  in  1901  at  the  end  of  his  field  season  in  northern  Alaska  and  col- 
lected notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region  from  various  prospectors. 

On  account  of  the  economic  importance  of  the  coal  deposits  and 
the  scientific  interest  in  the  geologic   formations,  a   more  detailed 

aSchrader,  F.  C,  A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska  in  1901:  Prof.  Paper  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 
20,  1904,  pp.  109-114. 


174  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RE8OUR0E8    IN   1904.  [bull.  289. 

* 

examination  of  the  field  was  undertaken  by  the  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey  in  1904.  The  party  for  this  purpose  was  landed  at  Corwin 
Bluff  on  July  23,  and  after  examining  the  coast  line  from  Cape  Beau- 
fort to  Point  Hope  sailed  from  the  latter  point  on  August  22.  The 
party  consisted  of  the  writer,  who  was  in  charge,  Chester  Washburne 
and  C.  J.  Hutchinson,  field  assistants,  and  Joseph  Edge,  boatman,  all 
of  whom  rendered  untiring  and  efficient  service  and  contributed  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  to  the  fund  of  intormation  obtained. 

The  important  economic  result  of  this  expedition  is  the  demonstra- 
tion (1)  that  the  coal  fields  are  much  more  extensive  than  has  generally 
been  supposed,  and  (2)  that  there  are  two  distinct  coal-bearing  forma- 
tions in  the  region.  One  of  these  formations  lies  east  of  Cape  Lis- 
burne  and  contains  low-grade  bituminous  coal  of  Mesozoic  age;  the 
other  lies  south  of  the  cape  and  contains  high-grade  bituminous  coal 
of  Paleozoic  age. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  hard  rock  formations  of  this  region  fall  readily  into  two  groups, 
the  Paleozoic  and  the  Mesozoic,  whose  distribution  is  indicated  by  the 
topographic  features,  since  the  Paleozoic  rocks  produce  the  high  relief 
of  the  Lisburne  Range,  while  the  Mesozoic  rocks  underlie  the  undu- 
•ating  lowlands  northeast  of  these  mountains. 

PALEOZOIC   FORMATIONS. 

Heavy  calcareous  sandstones  and  interbedded  slates  which  occur  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Lisburne  Mountains  constitute  what  is  probably 
the  oldest  formation  of  the  region.  They  are  exposed  in  sea  cliffs  over 
a  stretch  of  about  15  miles  north  of  Marryat  Inlet.  The  sandstone 
beds  range  in  thickness  from  1  to  10  feet,  while  the  slates  are  usually 
thinner.  Their  total  thickness  has  not  been  determined,  though  it  is 
certainly  not  less  than  1,000  feet.  The  structure  consists  of  a  series  of 
broad,  open  folds,  the  dips  rarely  exceeding  30°.  Being  massive  beds, 
the  strains  to  which  they  have  been  subjected  have  been  taken  up  in 
two  sets  of  well-defined  joint  plains  and  a  slaty  cleavage  in  the  softer 
members.  The  sandstones  often  present  schistose  phases  and  contain 
secondary  mica.  This  formation  is  Paleozoic,  probably  pre-Carbonif- 
erous  in  age,  but  no  fossils  have  been  found  in  it. 

The  sandstone  is  conformably  overlain  by  a  series  of  slates^  shales, 
cherts,  and  limestones  of  Carboniferous  age,  a  part  of  which  has  been 
called  the  Lisburne  formation/' 

These  rocks  form  the  sea  cliffs  from  Cape  Dyer  to  a  point  3  miles 
east  of  Cape  Lisburne  (a  distance  of  about  20  miles),  the  greater  part 


"Schrader,  F.  C.  A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska  in  1901:  Prof.  Paper  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 
20,  pp.  ("••2-67. 


collier]  COAL   OF   CAPE    LISBURNE    REGION.  175 

of  the  cliffs  at  Cape  Thompson,  and  the  main  mass  of  the  Lisburne 
Mountains.  The  series  consists  of  divers  beds  which  fall  into  three 
groups:  (1)  A  lower  group  consisting  of  slates,  shales,  and  limestones, 
containing  several  coal  beds  and  yielding  Paleozoic  fossil  plants;  (2)  a 
median  group  of  black  cherts,  slates,  shales,  and  cherty  limestones  con- 
taining marine  bivalve  fossils,  the  most  common  being  an  aviculopec- 
ten;  (3)  an  upper  group  of  massive  limestones  of  great  thickness, 
made  up  largely  of  coral,  and  seeming  to  shade  off  into  massive  white 
cherts. 

The  shaly  members  are  often  closely  crumpled,  while  the  more 
massive  beds  present  broad,  open  folds  complicated  by  frequent  thrust 
faults,  making  the  stratigraphy  difficult  to  decipher.  The  prevailing 
structures,  indicated  by  strikes  and  fault  planes,  seem  to  extend  south- 
eastward nearly  parallel  to  the  trend  of  the  Lisburne  Range.  The 
total  thickness  of  the  coal-bearing  member  is  not  very  great,  probably 
not  exceeding  a  few  hundred  feet,  though  data  for  a  satisfactory  esti- 
mate of  thickness  are  wanting  on  account  of  the  intense  crumpling  to 
which  the  beds  have  been  subjected.  Fossil  plants  of  a  type  common 
in  the  Paleozoic  coal  beds  of  the  eastern  United  States  have  been 
found  in  the  black  slates  associated  with  the  coal. 

MESOZOIC   FORMATIONS. 

The  relation  of  the  Paleozoic  to  the  Mesozoic  rocks  could  not  be 
determined,  for,  at  the  contact,  faulting  has  brought  older  beds  above 
the  younger. 

The  Mesozoic  rocks  occur  on  the  coast  about  3  miles  east  of  Cape 
Lisburne  and  extend  beyond  the  limits  of  the  area  covered  by  this 
investigation.  They  consist  of  two  members,  of  which  the  older  is 
coal-bearing  while  the  younger  is  not  only  destitute  of  coal  but  also 
of  fossils. 

The  coal-bearing  member,  which  has  been  called  the  Corwin  forma- 
tion, begins  on  the  coast  line  about  26  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne  and 
about.  2  miles  west  of  Corwin  Bluff.  From  this  point  it  extends 
eastward  to  and  beyond  Cape  Beaufort,  the  eastern  limit  of  the  area 
comprised  in  this  investigation.  This  formation  consists  of  rather 
thin-bedded  shales,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates.  The  shales,  which 
form  the  greater  part  of  the  section,  vary  f  rom^greenish-brown  calca- 
reous to  black  carbonaceous  beds,  and  in  texture  from  mud  stones  to 
fine-grained  sandy  shales. 

The  sandstones  occur  at  infrequent  intervals  through  the  forma- 
tion, in  beds  usually  less  than  10  feet  in  thickness.  Their  outcrops 
form  low  ridges,  which  are  easily  traceable  over  eroded  areas.  The  con- 
glomerates are  made  up  mainly  of  quartz  and  chert  pebbles,  ranging  in 
diameter  from  one-half  to  4  inches.  A  conglomerate  bed  about  15  feet 
thick,  which  reaches  the  coast  at  Corwin  Bluff,  makes  a  distinct  ridge 


176  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCE*?    IN    1904.  Ibull.2». 

from  100  to  200  feet  high,  which  has  been  traced  southeastward  for 
about  15  miles,  giving  a  definite  key  to  the  stratigraphy  of  a  portion  of 
the  field. 

The  thickness  of  the  Corwin  formation  exposed  along  the  coast  near 
Corwin  Bluff  is  not  less  than  15,000  feet.  The  base  of  the  formation 
has  not  been  observed,  but  it  probably  rests  unconformably  on  the 
Paleozoic  rocks. 

Fossil  plants  collected  from  it  indicate  that  the  age  is  Jurassic. 

The  structure  consists  of  several  broad  synclines  and  anticlines,  the 
dips  of  the  beds  varying  from  0°  to  60°.  There  is  no  evidence  of 
faulting  other  than  minor  shearing  movements  parallel  with  the 
bedding  planes. 

The  Corwin  formation  is  conformably  overlain  by  a  more  arenaceous 
series  of  sandstones  and  shales  in  which  neither  coal  beds  nor  fossils 
have  been  found.  The  contact  of  these  rocks  with  the  Corwin  rocks 
may  be  seen  about  2  miles  west  of  Corwin  Bluff,  whence  it  extends 
southeastward  for  several  miles  to  the  limit  of  the  area  investigated. 
The  western  limit  of  the  formation  is  a  well-defined  fault  line  extending 
southeastward  ftoniapoint  on  the  coast  3  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne, 
where  the  formation  is  in  contact  with  the  Paleozoic,  which  is  over- 
thrust.  The  structure  of  this  formation  increases  in  complexity  from 
its  base  at  the  top  of  the  Corwin  formation  as  this  fault  is  approached; 
there  are  intense  crumpling  and  numerous  minor  thrust  faults.  For 
this  reason  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  thickness  of  the  formation, 
but  the  evidence  obtained  indicates  that  its  minimum  thickness  is  not 
less  than  5,000  feet. 

QUATERNARY   FORMATIONS. 

Pleistocene  and  Recent  deposits  of  gravel,  sand,  silt,  and  ground  ice 
occur  at  a  number  of  places  in  the  region,  the  largest  area  being  about 
88  square  miles  in  the  Point  Hope  foreland,  already  described.  A 
part  of  this  area  is  said  to  be  underlain  by  ground  ice. 

Smaller  Quaternary  deposits  occur  near  the  mouth  of  Thetis  Creek, 
at  Cape  Sabine,  at  Cape  Beaufort,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Pitmegea 
River. 

Where  such  deposits  occur  along  the  coast,  cliffs  are  formed  by  the 
undercutting  of  the  surf,  in  which  ground  ice  is  of  ten  exposed  beneath 
beds  of  peat,  silt,  or  talus  from  the  higher  hills. 

DETAILED   DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COAL  FIELDS. 

MKSOZOIC    COAL    FIELD. 

Geology  %  topography  *  and  i,vt*-nt. — The  Mesozoic  coal-bearing  forma- 
tion, described  on  page  175,  outcrops  along  the  coast  from  a  point  26 
miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne  eastward  for  40  miles  to  Cape  Beaufort, 
beyond  which  point  the  \ri\\$  Tfcvifc&fc  i\om  the  coast.     The  formation 


oollikr.]  COAL    OF    CAPE    LISBURNE    REGION.  177 

probably  continues  northeastward  for  an  undetermined  distance,  since 
it  is  known  to  occur  at  Wainwright  Inlet,  120  miles  beyond  Cape 
Beaufort,  where  it  contains  coal  seams  and  has  yielded  fossils. 
Throughout  this  distance  coal  fragments  are  found  on  the  beach, 
where  they  have  lieen  pushed  up  by  the  ice,  and  pieces  of  coal  have 
also  been  dredged  up  from  the  sea  floor.  Similar  coals  arc  reported 
to  occur  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Colville  and  Ikpikpuk  (Chipp)  rivers, 
300  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne. 

The  southern  boundary  of  the  coal-bearing  formation  runs  south- 
eastward from  the  coast  for  about  10  miles,  beyond  which  point  it 
probably  turns  southward.  Coal  is  reported  in  the  interior  20  miles 
south  of  Cape  Beaufort,  so  that  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  area  of  coal 
land  in  the  Lisburne  region  is  not  less  than  300  square  miles,  and  is 
probably  very  much  more  than  that. 

The  topography  of  this  Held  consists  of  low  rounded  hills  and  ridges, 
usually  less  than  600  feet  in  elevation.  The  ridges  and  drainage  are 
determined  by  the  bed  rock  structure. 

Investigations  the  past  season  indicate  that  there  are  not  less  than 
40  coal  beds  in  the  formation,  aggregating  about  150  feet  of  coal,  and 
the  cropping*  of  many  other  beds  have  probably  been  overlooked. 
The  coal  beds,  however,  are  undeveloped,  and  exact  measurements 
were  in  most  cases  impossible.  Coal  has  been  mined  from  a  group  of 
beds  at  Corwin  Bluff  and  from  another  at  Thetis  mine,  and  croppings 
of  coal  have  also  been  observed  at  many  other  places,  the  first  discov- 
eries being  near  ('ape  Beaufort. 

Ctrrwin  group.  -Corwin  Bluff,  a  sea  cliff  200  feet  high,  is  about  28 
miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne.  The  highest  part  of  the  bluff  rises  sheer 
from  the  water,  but  about  half  a  mile  west  of  it  there  are  narrow 
rocky  beaches  along  the  foot  of  the  cliff,  and  a  few  hundred  yards 
east  there  is  a  short  sand  beach  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  creek.  The 
bluff  is  at  the  seaward  end  of  a  ridge  formed  by  the  cropping  of  the 
conglomerate  bed  which  has  been  already  noted  as  giving  a  definite 
key  to  the  stratigraphy.  The  coal  beds  of  the  Corwin  group  are 
near  this  bluff  and  stratigraphicaUy  lie  both  above  and  l>elow  the 
conglomerate.    They  strike  N.  75"  \\\,  and  dip  SW.  from  30°  to  40°. 

The  highest  coal  seam  noted  in  the  series  outcrops  in  the  sea  cliff  If 
miles  west  of  Corwin  Bluff.  It  is  exposed  by  a  recent  rock  slide  from 
the  cliff  and  contains  4£  feet  of  coal  without,  partings.  The  roof  and 
floor  are  soft  shales  or  shaly  sandstones. 

A  second  seam,  which  has  yielded  some  coal,  is  about  1,000  feet 
lower  stratigraphicaUy,  the  intervening  beds  being  shales,  which  contain 
several  coal  seams  either  too  small  or  too  impure  to  be  of  value.  This 
bed  outcrops  in  the  sea  cliff  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  the  Corwin 
Bluff,  and  is  developed  by  a  tunnel  about  40  feet  long,  driven  without 

Bull.  259—05 12 


178  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES   IN    1904.  [bill.  250. 

timbers.  The  coal  in  the  face  of  the  tunnel  is  solid  and,  though  frozen, 
does  not  break  up  greatly  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  seam  is  5  feet 
thick  and  has  two  thin  clay  partings,  one  1  foot  from  floor,  the  other 
about  the  middle  of  the  vein.  The  roof  is  shaly  sandstone,  which 
stands  well  without  timbers.  The  floor  is  hard  clay' shale.  A  few 
feet  below  this  seam  there  is  a  second  undeveloped  seam  two  or  three 
feet  thick. 

The  next  bed  of  importance  is  about  500  feet  lower  stratigraphically, 
(he  intervening  beds  being  shales  that  contain  four  or  five  small,  unim- 
portant coal  seams.  This  bed  is  probably  the  original  Corwin  vein, 
and  has. yielded  a  considerable  amount  of  coal.  It  has  been  developed 
bv  a  tunnel  from  the  sea  cliff  and  an  air  shaft  from  the  level  surface 
above  the  cliff,  which  is  about  75  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  summer 
of  1904  the  entrance  to  the  tunnel  was  closed  by  a  great  mass  of  ice, 
the  remnant  of  snow  drifts  formed  during  the  preceding  winter,  and 
the  air  shaft  was  filled  with  water,  so  that  the  workings  were  inacces- 
sible and  the  coal  bed  could  not  be  measured.  It  is  reported  to  have 
a  total  thickness  of  16  feet,  of  which  7  feet  is  clear  coal,  with  no  part- 
ings, while  the  remainder  contains  several  partings  and  is  without 
value. 

Below  this  bed  there  are  shales  for  about  1,000  feet  above  the  eon- 
glomerate  bed  that  forms  Corwin  Bluff.  In  this  shale  there  are 
eight  veins  of  coal,  indicated  by  croppings,  which  could  not  be  exam- 
ined in  detail,  their  exposures  in  the  cliffs  being  inaccessible.  Three 
of  these  veins  are  over  4  feet  thick.  One  of  them,  which  immediatelv 
overlies  the  conglomerate,  appears  from  the  sea  to  be  about  30  feet 
thick  and  to  contain  impure  coal.  Another,  said  to  be  about  12  feet 
thick,  and  a  third  4  feet  thick  are  reported  to  yield  clean  coal  of  good 
quality. 

Immediately  below  the  Corwin  Bluff  conglomerate  and  between 
it  and  a  massive  sandstone  is  an  irregular  bed,  which  is  reported  to 
have  produced  about  500  tons  of  coal  during  one  season.  This  bed 
has  been  affected  by  shearing  movements  of  the  inclosing  strata.  In 
other  parts  of  the  series  the  inclosing  shales  are  soft  beds  which  have 
yielded  equally  to  shearing  strains,  so  that  the  coal  beds  have  remained 
unaltered;  but  in  this  case,  the  conglomerate  and  sandstone  beds  being 
rigid,  the  whole  effect  of  such  forces  has  been  felt  by  the  coal  bed 
which  lies  between  them.  The  coal  bed  appears  in  the  face  of  the 
bluff  as  a  series  of  leiwes.  The  coal  itself  shows  evidence  of  shearing, 
but  is  obtained  in  large  pieces.  Since  this  bed  was  worked  the  face  of 
the  bluff  has  fallen  down,  making  the  coal  inaccessible. 

The  next  bed  of  importance  in  the  series  outcrops  in   the  sea  cliff 

about   1,000  feet  east  of  Corwin   Bluff,  and  is  stratigraphically  400 

feet  below  the  conglomerate  bed,  the  intervening  strata  being  sand- 

stoiw*  and  shales  containing  many  plant  remains  and  one  small  coal 

bed  below  the  irregular  one  noted  above.    TYve  ^eeXAo\io\.^^  <^*&V&?L 


ooLLiBR.l  COAL    OF   CAPE    LISBURNE    REGION.  179 

from  the  top  down  is  as  follows:  Clean  coal,  1  foot;  black  shale,  1 
foot;  clean  coal,  4  feet.  The  coal  from  the  upper  and  lower  benches 
is  about  alike.  The  roof  of  this  bed  is  1£  feet  of  black  shale,  and 
above  this  lies  shaly  sandstone.  The  floor  of  the  bed  is  black  shale  2 
feet  thick,  below  which  is  1  foot  of  impure  limestone.  This  bed  has 
been  partially  opened  at  the  top  of  the  cliff,  which  is  about  100  feet 
high.  It  has  yielded  to  whaling  ships  some  coal  that  is  said  to  have 
been  of  good  quality.  The  face  of  the  cliff  up  to  a  height  of  75  feet 
above  the  sea  was  covered  in  July  and  August,  1904,  with  snow  and 
ice,  the  remnant  of  snowdrifts  accumulated  the  winter  before. 

Thetin  group. — The  coal  beds  of  the  Thetis  group  outcrop  along  the 
coast  6  miles  east  of  Corwin  Bluff  near  a  sandstone  cliff  about  30  feet 
high,  the  seaward  end  of  a  low  ridge  which  continues  inland  in  a  south- 
east direction.  This  cliff  is  about  4£  miles  west  of  Cape  Sabine  and  2 
miles  east  of  the  mouth  of  Thetis  Creek.  The  strike  here  is  N.  60° 
W.  and  the  dip  about  20°  toward  the  southwest.  The  coal  beds  are 
stratigraphically  about  8,000  feet  below  the  lowest  bed  of  the  Corwin 
group.  The  intervening  shales  and  sandstones  carry  some  scattering 
coal  beds,  but  none  that  are  known  to  be  of  economic  importance. 
The  coal  is  reported  to  have  been  first  worked  by  a  whaleman,  who 
found  all  the  accessible  beds  at  Corwin  Bluff  already  occupied  by  the 
crews  of  other  ships  and  was  directed  to  this  place  by  natives.  The 
U.  S.  revenue  cutter  Theti*  coaled  here  in  1888.  It  is  reported  that 
when  the  coal  was  discovered  a  large  outcrop  extended  across  the 
beach  standing  above  the  sand  and  that  a  considerable  amount  was 
easily  obtained.  In  1904  extensive  snowdrifts  covered  the  beaches 
and  the  cliff  face,  so  that  no  bed  was  seen  outcropping  on  the  beach. 

The  original  Thetis  vein,  which  was  worked  in  1888,  probably  over- 
lies the  massive  sandstone  which  forms  the  cliff  noted.  Croppings 
on  the  level  ground  above  the  bluff  indicate  two  coal  beds  of  con- 
siderable thickness,  with  15  or  20  feet  of  shale  between.  Reports  of 
the  workings  indicate  that  the  vein  has  a  thickness  not  less  than  6  feet. 
In  about  700  feet  of  dark  shales,  underlying  the  sandstone  bed,  10  coal 
beds  were  noted,  only  2  of  which  are  of  possible  economic  value.  The 
first  of  these  is  about  250  feet  below  the  Thetis  bed  and  outcrops  about 
100  feet  east  of  the  high  sandstone  cliff.  It  contains  4  feet  of  clean 
coal  without  partings.  The  second  is  about  200  feet  lower  in  the 
stratigraphic  column  and  outcrops  about  000  feet  farther  east.  It 
contains  3  feet  of  clean  coal  without  partings. 

Bed*  below  the  TJieti*  group. — Below  the  beds  of  the  Thetis  group 
there  are  3,000  feet  of  shales  and  sandstones  in  which  several  coal 
l>eds  have  been  noted,  but  none  of  commercial  value. 

Kant  of  Cape  Sabine.  —  East  of  Cape  Sabine  the  structure  probably 
causes  a  repetition  of  the  beds  described  above,  but  the  work  has  not 
been  sufficiently  detailed  to  identify  them.     The  coal-bearing  forma- 


180  ALA8KAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    IN    1904.  [bull.  25ft 

tion  i«  not  exposed  in  the  sea  cliffs,  and  the  croppings  in  the  interior 
are  not  well  defined.  Croppings  of  half  a  dozen  or  more  coal  beds 
were  seen  south  of  a  camp  10  miles  east  of  Cape  Sabine.  One  of 
these  which  was  well  exposed  was  found  to  )>e  over  4  feet  thick.  The 
beds  strike  N.  80°  E.  and  dip  north  at  angles  varying  from  20°  to'40°. 

Cape  Beaufort  field. — The  occurrence  of  coal  at  Cape  Beaufort,  40 
miles  east  of  the  Corwin  Bluff,  was  noted  by  Mr.  Collie  seventy -five 
years  ago.  At  this  point  there  is  a  hill  500  feet  high,  but  the  cliff  is 
made  up  of  Quaternary  gravels,  ground  ice,  and  talus  from  the  hill,  so 
that  there  are  no  good  exposures.  In  the  hasty  examination  made 
last  summer  the  croppings  of  no  less  than  4  coal  beds  were  discov- 
ered on  this  hill,  but  no  measurable  exposures  were  found.  Mr.  F.  C. 
Schrader,  who  visited  the  locality  in  1901,  reported  seeing  a  partially 
developed  coal  bed  6  feet  thick  one-eighth  mile  from  the  coast  The 
beds  strike  south  45°  east  and  dip  southwest  at  an  angle  of  20°. 

Inland  extension — The  present  investigation  was  necessarily  con- 
fined to  a  strip  a  few  miles  wide  along  the  coast,  but,  as  has  been 
already  pointed  out,  the  inland  extension  of  the  coal  field  can  be 
reasonably  inferred  from  topographic  evidence.  Residents  of  the 
region  who  have  made  the  trip  from  Point  Hope  to  Cape  Sabine,  by 
way  of  the  Kukpuk  and  Pitmegea  rivers,  report  finding  coal  at  their 
camp  on  the  portage  between  these  rivers.  This  camp  could  not  have 
been  less  than  20  miles  inland  and  southeast  of  Cape  Sabine. 

Character  of  Me&ozoiv  coal. — Analyses  which  have  been  made  of  a 
number  of  samples  of  these  coals  indicate  that  the  coals  are  noncoking 
bituminous  and  scarcely  better  than  lignites. 

The  average  of  the  analyses  of  samples  taken  from  six  of  the  beds 
described  is  as  follows: 

Avrragr  of  six  analyxe*  of  M&tozoic  coals  from  Cape  Lisburne. 

[Samples  taken  by  A.  J.  Collier;  analyses  by  W.  T.  Schaller.] 

Fixed  carbon 47. 43 

Volatile  combustible  matter 36. 95 

Moisture 10.79 

AhIi 5. 16 

Sulphur 50 

Fuel  ratio 1.  28 

It  is  reported  that  these  coals  have  not  given  complete  satisfaction 
for  steaming  purposes.  Though  they  burn  readily  and  produce  steam 
quickly,  they  are  of  low  specific  gravity  and  are  not  lasting.  It  takes 
about  double  the  amount  of  this  coal,  as  compared  with  Comax  coal, 
to  maintain  a  given  pressure.  It  burns  with  little  smoke,  but  produces 
a  lar^e  amount' of  ash  and  cinder. 

Conditintis  of  m'ui'nuj  and-  dm dupim -/if. — There  are  no  permanent 
developments  or  conveniences  of  mining  at  any  of  the  places  where 
coal  hus  been  obtained.     When  the  mines  were  operated  by  the  whal- 


collier.]  COAL    OF    CAPE    LI8BURNE    REGION.  181 

ing  fleet  the  ships  steamed  up  and  anchored,  .sending  their  crews 
ashore  to  mine  coal.  The  coal  was  dug  from  the  croppings  wherever 
it  was  convenient.  Everything  black  was  sacked  up  and  sent  on 
board.  In  11KX)  and  1901  the  Arctic  Development  Company  and  the 
Corwin  Trading  Company  attempted  to  mine  a  little  more  systemat- 
ically, but  as  the  work  was  largely  done  by  Eskimos  and  directed  by 
men  inexperienced  in  coal  mining  it  is  doubtful  if  the  product  was  a 
fair  indication  of  what  the  mines  would  produce  if  properly  devel- 
oped. Since  1900  a  few  white  men  remaining  at  Corwin  Bluff  have 
attempted  to  mine  coal  during  the  winter  by  short  tunnels  driven  in 
from  the  face  of  the  sea  cliff. 

The  results  have  been  unsatisfactory,  since  the  sacked  coal  piled  on 
the  cliff  was  covered  by  snowdrifts,  which  turned  to  ice,  making  the 
coal  inaccessible  when  the  ships  arrived  in  the  summer.  The  develop- 
ment of  the  coal  beds  from  some  point  back  of  the  cliffs,  would  not  be 
difficult,  because  of  their  perfect  regularity.  If  they  were  properly 
opened,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  mines  could  not  be  worked  all 
winter.  One  obstacle  to  such  development  is  the  absence  of  timber, 
but  by  leaving  large  pillars  this  difficulty  could  be  partly  overcome. 

Coal  mined  and  sacked  in  winter  would  be  available  for  shipment 
in  summer  if  piled  at  places  where  the  snowdrifts  do  not  form.  ,Dur- 
ing  the  summer  months  only  calm  days  can  be  used  for  boating  coal 
off  to  the  ships.  Strong  north  or  northeast  winds  make  landings  impos- 
sible, and  strong  south  winds  also  make  the  work  difficult.  During 
thity  days,  from  July  22  to  August  22, 1094,  there  were  thirteen  days  on 
which  the  surf  was  too  high  for  landing,  and  several  more  when  strong 
south  winds  would  make  the  use  of  a  line  necessarv.  A  limited  amount 
of  coal  mined  here  would  probably  find  a  ready  sale  to  whaling  ships, 
and  a  larger  amount  could  i>e  disposed  of  in  the  mining  camps  about 
Kotzebue  Sound. 

PALEOZOIC   COAL   FIELDS. 

Location. — The  Paleozoic  coal-bearing  formation  outcrops  in  several 
small  areas  along  the  coast  south  of  Cape  Lisburne,  on  the  Kukpuk 
River,  about  15  miles  from  the  coast,  and  on  the  coast  at  Cape  Thomp- 
son. The  inland  extensions  and  outlines  of  these  areas  have  not  been 
determined,  owing  to  the  short  time  available  for  studying  them. 
These  coal  beds  were  not  reported  by  any  of  the  early  explorers,  and 
they  have  not  been  worked  to  any  extent  by  whalemen.  They  were 
first  recognized  as  distinct  from  the  Mesozoic  coals  by  A.  G.  Maddren, 
who  visited  one  of  the  localities  in  1900/'  Small  amounts  of  the  coal 
have  been  tested  in  galley  stoves,  and  a  few  tons  have  been  mined  for 
use  at  the  Point  Hope  Whaling  Station,  but  no  large  amounts  have 
been  mined  and  no  analyses  have  been  made. 

"Prof.  Paper  l\  S.  (Jeol.  Survey  No.  20,  i».  113. 


182  ALASKAN    MINERAL    RESOURCES    11*   1904.  [bull.  269. 

South  of  Cape  Luhurne. — Four  miles"  south  of  Cape  Lisburne 
black,  coal-bearing  shales  outcrop  for  about  half  a  mile  in  a  cliff 
about  50  feet  high,  back  of  a  narrow  beach.  The  locality  is  near 
the  mouth  of  a  large  creek,  at  which  vessels  have  occasionally  taken 
water.  On  the  south  side  the  shales  are  in  contact  with  massive  lime- 
stones, which  are  faulted  over  them.  The  outcrop  of  the  formation 
extends  inland  in  a  southeast  direction,  but  its  limits  have  not  been 
determined.  The  shales  are  very  much  crumpled,  and  the  inclosed 
coal  beds  are  often  sheared,  so  that  no  continuous  bed  remains,  but 
the  coal  occurs  in  lenticular  masses  along  fault  planes.  Maddren 
reports  seeing  a  4-foot  or  5-foot  coal  bed  which  outcropped  contin- 
uously for  several  hundred  yards  inland  and  dipped  north  at  an  angle 
of  60u.  Small  amounts  of  coal  have  been  rained  from  the  lenses  noted 
above,  and  Washburne  reports  seeing  on  the  ground  a  pile  of  coal 
which  was  mined  and  sacked  previous  to  1904. 

Cape  Lewis  field. — About  a  mile  south  of  Cape  Lewis,  which  is  a 
promontory  nearly  1,000  feet  high,  11  miles  south  of  Cape  Lisburne, 
there  is  a  second  exposure  of  coal-bearing  shales  which  outcrop  for 
half  a  mile  in  a  low  cliff  back  of  the  beach.  These  shales  carry,  in 
addition  to  the  coal,  abundant  fossil  plants  of  Paleozoic  type.  Except 
in  this  cliff  no  outcrops  of  coal  have  been  observed,  though  there  are 
occasional  croppingsof  black  shale  for  3  miles  southward  to  Cape  Dyer. 
The  coal-bearing  shales  are  overlain  by  thin-bedded  limestones  and 
black  cherts  and  slates,  which  are  in  turn  overlain  by  the  massive 
limestones  of  Cape  Lewis.  They  appear  to  rest  comformably  on  the 
massive  sandstone  of  which  Cape  Dyer  is  composed. 

The  extension  of  the  formation  inland  has  not  been  determined. 
From  topographic  evidence  it  seems  to  extend  southeastward  and  to 
connect  with  tlue  area  of  similar  rocks  exposed  south  of  Cape  Dyer. 
The  croppings  of  three  beds  of  coal  occur  at  a  point  about  2  miles 
south  of  Cape  Lewis. 

The  upper  bed  strikes  N.  75°  E.  and  dips  northward  at  an  angle  of 
40°.  It  is  4  feet  thick,  but  is  considerablv  crushed  and  onlv  fine 
material  can  be  obtained  from  the  croppings.  The  seam  has  one 
small,  indistinct  parting  near  the  middle.  It  could  not  be  traced  back 
from  the  coast  on  account  of  a  heavy  covering  of  chert  and  limestone 
ddbris.  The  roof  of  this  bed  is  a  hard,  siliceous  slate;  the  under- 
lying beds  are  black  slates.  Two  smaller  beds,  which  could  not  be 
measured,  outcrop  south  of  this  at  intervals  of  about  50  yards.  The 
coal  beds  at  this  point  have  not  been  developed  and  have  yielded  no 
coal.  Though  only  one  bed  of  sufficient  thickness  to  mine  has  been 
discovered  it  is  probable  that  a  small  amount  of  development  would 
uncover  several  beds,  some  of  which  may  be  thick  enough  to  work. 
The  structure  at  this  place  does  not  seem  greatly  complicated. 

"This  (Inscription  i*  bused  on  the  work  ot  C\\v.»»Vct  \\vvs\\\>\\t\\v.    Tlw;  locality  way  not  visited  by  the 
u  ritcr. 


collier.]  COAL   OF   CAPE    L19BHRNK    REGION.  183 

Cape  Dyer  field. — A  third  area  of  these  coal-bearing  rocks  reaches 
the  coast  south  of  Cape  Dyer,  where  the  coal  beds  are  exposed  in  a 
low  cliff  which  is  nearly  continuous  from  Cape  Dyer  to  the  high  bluff 
called  the  Kars,  a  distance  of  about  \\  miles. 

Cape  Dyer  is  about  U>  miles  south  of  Cape  Lisburne.  Seen  from 
the  north  it  appears  as  an  isolated  butte  standing  out  in  the  sea,  the 
land  back  of  it  being  much  lower.  The  coal-bearing  rocks  probably 
connect  across  back  of  the  high  point  with  the  area  above  mentioned, 
south  of  Cape  Lewis. 

The  coal-bearing  rocks  consist  of  black  shales  and  slates  interbedded 
with  limestone.  At  the  north  end  of  this  exposure  they  overlie  the 
massive  sandstones  of  Cape  Dyer  with  apparent  conformity.  At  the 
south  end  of  the  exposure  the  sandstones  overlie  the  shales,  the  con- 
tact relation  being  a  well-defined  thrust  fault.  Where  exposed  in  the 
sea  cliff  the  shales  and  interbedded  limestones  are  very  much  crumpled 
and  often  faulted.  Coal  beds  outcrop  at  several  places,  but  it  is 
impossible  to  determine  their  number,  since  some  of  them  may  be 
repeated.  The  largest  bed  seen  measures  40  inches  and  dips  south- 
ward at  an  angle  of  50  \  The  coal  is  more  or  less  crushed  and  only 
small  pieces  can  be  obtained  from  the  croppings. 

Only  one  of  the  other  beds  presented  a  measurable  exposure  -a  bed 
1  foot  thick,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  ('ape  Dyer.  The 
coal  from  this  bed  was  obtained  in  large  pieces.  Mr.  S.  J.  Marsh 
reports  that  in  1900  a  schooner  on  which  he  was  a  passenger  took 
about  a  ton  of  coal  from  this  place  for  use  in  the  galley  stove.  There 
are  no  developments  and  no  indications  that  the  coals  have  been 
worked.  Development  will  be  difficult  and  mining  will  be  expensive 
in  this  area  on  account  of  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  beds. 

Kukpuk  River. — Coal  beds  probably  of  Paleozoic  age  outcrop  on  the 
Kukpuk  River,  about  15  miles  from  its  mouth.  These  have  not  been 
examined  by  the  writer,  though  the  occurrence  of  the  Paleozoic  coal- 
bearing  formation  here  comes  within  his  observation.  Should  coal  be 
developed  on  this  river,  Marryat  Inlet  could  be  used  as  a  shipping 
point  by  light-draft  boats. 

Cape  Thompxo)*. — Similar  coals  have  been  reported  from  Cape 
Thompson,  about  40  miles  south  of  Cape  Lisburne.  The  Paleozoic 
rocks  are  known  to  extend  to  Cape  Thompson  and,  seen  from  a  dis- 
tance, the  cliffs  appear  to  contain  slates  similar  to  those  of  the  coal 
formation,  but  the  locality  has  not  been  examined  by  the  writer. 

InUmd  ccterixion  of  Paleozoic  eoats. — Nothing  is  definitely  known  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  Paleozoic  coal-bearing  rocks  beyond  a  point  15 
miles  from  the  sea  on  Kukpuk  River.  From  descriptions  of  Noatak 
River,  given  by  S.  B.  McLenigan,  it  seems  possible  that  the  crum- 
pled shaly  rocks  of  this  series  may  be  exposed  in  the  canyon  of  the 
Noatak,  which  is  probably  about  120  miles  east  of  Cape  Thompson. 


184  ALASKAN   MINERAL   RESOURCES   IN   1904.  [bull.2». 

A  specimen  of  cannel  coal  of  good  quality  was  obtained  last  summer 
by  W.  Thompson  near  the  headwaters  of  the  Kivalena  River,  which 
flows  into  the  ocean  south  of  Cape  Thompson.  This  may  have  come 
from  either  of  the  formations  described,  though  the  character  of  the 
coal  would  seem  to  place  it  with  the  Mesozoic  series. 

Cannel  coal  and  bituminous  coal  have  been  found  on  the  headwaters 
of  the  Ipikpuk  and  Colville  Rivers,  250  miles  east  of  Cape  Lisburne. a 
This  is  probably  in  an  eastern  extension  of  the  Corwin  series. 

Character  of the  Paleozoic  coals. — The  Paleozoic  coals  are  bituminous 
and  of  a  much  better  grade  than  the  Mesozoic  of  the  region.  The 
average  of  the  analyses  of  samples  from  three  localities  is  as  follows: 

Average  analysis  of  three  Paleozoic  coals  from  Alaska. 

Fixed  carbon 77.68 

Volatile  combustible  matter . .  16. 82 

Moisture 2.74 

Ash I... 2.96 

Fuel  ratio 4.60 

One  assay  gives  sulphur  0.96  per  cent  None  of  the  coals  coke. 
In  a  galley,  stove  they  have  been  found  to  give  a  more  intense  fire  than 
Nanaimo  coal.  They  are  probably  of  as  good  quality  as  the  average 
semibituminous  coals  of  the  Eastern  States.  Their  occurrence  is  of 
special  interest,  since  they  are  the  only  coals  of  Paleozoic  age  known 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  America. 

Conditions  of  development. — The  development  of  these  coals  will  be 
difficult  on  account  of  the  crumpled  condition  of  the  beds,  but  the 
product  will  probably  command  as  good  a  price  as  the  best  coals 
shipped  to  Alaska. 

SUMMARY. 

• 

The  coals  of  the  Lisburne  region  are  of  two  distinct  classes:  Low- 
grade  bituminous  coal  of  Mesozoic  age,  and  high-grade  bituminous  or 
semibituminous  coal  of  Paleozoic  age. 

The  Mesozoic  coals  are  known  to  cover  an  area  of  about  300  square 
miles,  but  reports  obtained  from  prospectors  and  others  indicate  that 
their  extent  may  be  much  greater.  The  coal-bearing  formation  is  of 
great  thickness  and  contains  at  least  150  feet  of  coal  distributed  in  40  to 
50  seams,  no  less  than  10  of  which  seem  to  be  of  economic  importance. 
The  geologic  structure  of  the  formation  is  simple  and  well  adapted  to 
mining,  to  which  the  greatest  obstacle  will  be  the  absence  of  timber  in  the 
region.     The  coal  is  low-grade  bituminous,  slightty  better  than  lignite. 

During  the  past  25  years  vessels  of  the  whaling  fleet  and  revenue 
cutters  have  occasionally  obtained  a  supply  of  coal  from  the  croppings 
of  the  seams  in  the  sea  cliffs,  and  in  1900  and  1901  over  1,000  tons 

«  Schroder,  F.  C.   (with  noteH  by  W.  J.   Peters),  A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska  in   1901: 
Prof.  Paper,  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  '20,  p.  UM. 


collier. J  COAL   OF   CAPE    LI9BURNE   REGION.  185 

were  mined  and  sold  at  Nome  for  from  $18  to  $25  a  ton  in  competition 
with  Washington  and  British  Columbia  coals.  The  coal  obtained  has 
not  given  satisfaction  as  compared  with  coals  from  Washington  and 
British  Columbia.  While  it  produces  steam  rapidly  it  is  not  lasting 
and  leaves  too  large  a  percentage  of  clinker  and  ash.  These  defects  are 
perhaps  partially  remediable  by  better  mining  methods.  A  limited 
amount  of  coal  from  Cor  win  Bluff,  if  its  delivery  could  be  relied  on, 
would  find  ready  sale  to  whalemen  and  vessels  of  the  Revenue-Cutter 
Service  at  not  less  than  $10  a  ton  delivered  on  the  beach.  At  the 
present  time  these  coals  can  not  compete  at  Nome  with  the  outside 
coals,  but  in  the  mining  camps  of  the  northern  portion  of  Seward 
Peninsula  outside  coal  rarety  sells  for  less  than  $30  a  ton,  and  probably 
about  1,000  tons  of  this  coal  could  be  easily  disposed  of  each  year. 
Should  future  development  of  Alaska  or  of  the  commercial  activities 
of  the  world  create  such  a  demand  for  coal  of  this  character  as  to 
justify  the  building  of  a  railroad  to  the  region  the  supply  of  coal  will 
probably  be  found  sufficient  for  many  years'  demands. 

The  Paleozoic  coals  are  also  undeveloped.  They  occur  in  limited 
areas  and  the  beds  are  very  much  crumpled  and  broken,  so  that  mining 
will  be  difficult  and  expensive.  The  largest  l>eds  seen  are  less  than  5 
feet  thick.  On  the  other  hand  the  coal,  a  semibituminous  of  good 
quality,  will  compare  favorably  as  a  heat  producer  with  any  coal  used 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  will  probably  be  suitable  for  many  such 
special  purposes  as  blacksmithing  and  metallurgy.  The  anchorage 
for  vessels  near  these  deposits  is  protected  from  northeast  gales  and 
partially  protected  from  south  winds  also,  so  that  the  coal  can  be  more 
easily  lightered  than  that  at  the  Corwin  bluffs.  Marryat  Inlet,  which 
could  be  reached  by  a  short  railroad  from  the  coal  fields,  affords  a  good 
harbor  for  schooners  drawing  not  over  10  feet,  where  permanent  docks 
and  coal  bunkers  can  be  easily  maintained. 


INDEX. 


Page. 
A. 

Abbe,  Cleveland,  jr.,  acknowledgments  to.        15 

Adams,  F.  D.,  on  Treadwell  ores 82 

.  Admiralty  Island,  coal  on 52 

investigations  at 16 

mines  of,  development*  and  methods  at.  54-57 

rooks  on 49-50 

Akun  Island,  coal  on 169 

Alaska,   southeastern,  economic   develop- 
ments in 47-68 

geology  of 48-51, 69-70 

gold  production  of 48 

Investigations  in 15-16 

location  of 47 

mines  of 51-68 

silver  production  of 48 

Set:  <i/«o  Skagway,  Juneau,  Sitka.  \V ran- 
ge! I,  and  Ketchikan  districts. 

Alaska,  southwestern,  coal  of 151-171 

coal  of,  cost  and  production  of 153, 171 

market  for 171 

investigations  in 16 

map  of 152 

Alaska  Central  Railway,  location  of 93 

Alaska  Copper  Company,  mine  of,  develop- 
ments of 64 

Alaska  Industrial  Company,  mines  of,  char- 
acter of 64 

Alaska-Juneau  mine,  developments  at 53 

Alaska  Mountains,  location  and  character 

of 28 

Alaska  Packers'  Association,  coal  for 163 

Alaska  Peninsula,  coal  on 151 

geology  of 152 

Alaska  Steam,  Coal,  and  Petroleum  Syndi- 
cate, oil  well  of,  record  of  ! 131 

Alaska-Tread  well  mine,  section  of,  figure 

showing 74 

Alaska- Washington  Gold  Mining  Company, 

work  of 54 

Albite-diorite,  character  of 74-77, 87 

dike  of,  figure  showing 80 

occurrence  of 70-71 

See  aUo  Diorite. 

Aleutian  Islands,  coal  in 151, 169 

lodes  in 102 

Alexander  Archipelago,  coal  of,  character 

of 57 

geology  of 48-51 

lodes  of 49-50 

ores  of 50-51 

placers  of ' 51 

rocks  of 48-49 

structure  of 48 


Page. 

Alluvial  mining,  definition  of 32 

See  aim  Mining,  placer. 

Amalik  Harbor,  coal  at 161-162 

coal  at,  analysis  of 170 

section  at 161-162 

Amazon  claim,  ores  of 65 

American  Creek,  work  on 29 

Analyses  of  coal.    See  Coal. 

Aniakchak  Bay,  coal  at 183 

Anikovik  River,  tin  on 120 

Anvil  Creek,  methods  on 21 

Anvil  Mountain,  hydraulic  mining  in 40 

Apollo  Consolidated  Mine,    location    and 

character  of 100-101 

Appropriations    for  Alaska  work,  specific 

purpose  of 13-14 

Arctic  Development  Company,  work  of 181 

Arsenopyritc,  occurrence  of 98 

Atlin  district,  placers  of,  character  of 35 

B. 

Baker  Creek,  location  and  character  of. . .  108-109 

Baker  Flats,  location  of 108 

Bancroft,  H.  II.,  on  Alaska  coal 160 

Baralof  Harbor,  mines  at 101 

Baranof  Island,  rocks  on 50 

Bartels  Company,  tin  mines  of,  develop- 
ments of 124-125 

Basalt,  character  of 71, 77 

Bauer  mine,  character  of  and  developments 

at 58 

Bear  Cove,  port  in 156 

Bear  Creek  (Skagway  district ),  work  on . . .       52 
Bear  Creek  (Turnagain  Ann  region), loca- 
tion and  character  of 91-92, 95 

lodes  on 98 

placers  of 95 

Beaufort,  Cape,  coal  at 175-177, 180 

Beaver  Bay,  coal  at 169 

Becharof  Lake,  section  at 134-135 

Becker,  G.  F.,  on  albite-diorite 74, 84 

on  fractures 85 

on  gold  fields  of  Alaska 50 

on  greenstone 72 

on  Shumagin  Islands 100-101 

Bering  Glacier,  gold  at 88, 89 

Bering  Lake,  coal  on 141, 145 

rocks  at 129, 130 

Bering  River,  coal  fields  of 140-150 

coal  fields  of,  developments  of 145, 149-150 

geology  of 140 

location  of 140 

maps  of 141, 1 42 

sections  of,  diagrams  showing 143-145 

187 


188 


INDEX. 


•  Page. 

Bering  River,  coal  on,  character  of 146-149 

oil  wells  on  and  near 131 

sediments  on 129 

Bcrners  Bay,  gold  ore  at 50, 54 

Big  Hurrah  Creek,  railway  to 22 

Big  Hurrah  mine,  stamp  mill  at 22 

Billy  basin,  developments  in 58 

Birch,  Stephen,  information  from 44, 46 

Birch  Creek  district,  conditions  in 29 

cost  of  mining  in 15, 48 

placers  of,  character  of 35, 39 

production  In 29 

Bischof,  Gustav,  on  albitc 84 

Bluestone  region,  work  in  ...  • 24 

Bluff,  mining  at 43 

Bluff  region,  work  in 22-23 

Bogardus,  C.  C. ,  analysis  by 169-170 

Bonneville  district,  location  of 28 

Bowser,  August,  well  record  by 133 

Bradley,  A.  J.,  coal  seam  of 157-158 

Brooks,  Alfred  H.,  administrative  report  by.  13-17 

letter  of  transmittal  by 11 

on  gold  concentration 113 

on  Ketchikan  mining  district 61-62 

on  placer  mining 18-31 

on  Rampart  formation 104 

on  tin  deposits 120 

Brooks  Mountain,  tin  at 125 

Bmn,  C.  J.,  information  from 165-166 

Buck  Creek,  tin  on 120,126 

Buekland  placers,  conditions  at 24 

Bullion  Creek,  rocks  on 75 

Burlingame,  £.  E.,  &  Co.,  assay  by 103 

Burls  Creek,  rocks  on 180 

C. 

Cache  mine,  character  of  and  development 

at 57-58 

Calcite,  occurrence  of 79-80 

Campbell,  M.  R.,  on  gas-producer  engines .       41 

Canadian  districts,  cost  of  mining  in 15 

Cant  well  River  Valley,  gravel  in 2ft 

Canyon  Creek  (Bering  River  region),  coal 

of,  character  of 146 

coal  on '. 143 

Canyon   Creek  (Turnagain  Ann  region), 

location  and  character  of 92 

placers  of 96 

Cape  Mountain,  developments  at 124-125 

location  of 124 

tin  at 120 

rocks  of 124 

Carbon  Creek,  coal  on,  character  of 145-14(1 

section  on 145 

Carl  ion  Mountain,  coal  of,  character  of 14tJ 

coal  on  and  section  at 143 

Carboniferous  rocks,  occurrence  of 174 

Carless,  \V.  M.,  coal  collected  by 146 

Casadepaga  River,  work  on 23 

Cascade  jninc,  ores  of  and  developments  at.        67 

Casey,  James,  acknowledgments  to 152 

<  'assiterite,  occurrence  of 124-125, 127 

( 'assiteritc  Creek,  developments  on 121, 123 

tin  lodes  on 121-123 

relations  of,  diagram  showing 122 

Cnvr  Mountain,  ores  at «*» 


Page. 

Cerusaitc,  occurrence  of 61 

Chalcopyrite,  occurrence  of 01 .  63,  *2, 9*,  lot) 

Charlotte,  Lake,  eoal  at,  section  of 145 

coal  of,  character  of 1 46 

Chatham  Creek,  gold  on 27 

placers  on,  character  of 39 

Chenia,  location  of 26 

Chicago  Creek,  coal  on 24 

Chickaloon  Creek,  coal  on 154 

Chicken  Creek,  gravels  of 25 

Chicken  Fork,  work  on 30 

Chignik  Bay,  coal  at 152-153, 163 

coal  at,  cost  of 153 

Chignik  River,  coal  at. . . . 164-165 

coal  at,  analysis* of 17U 

section  on 164 

Chipp  River.    See  Ipikpuk  River. 

Chlsma  district,  placers  of,  character  of 36 

Chistochina  district,  production  in 31 

Chulitna,  coal  at 154 

Cleary  Creek,  developments  and  gold  on  . .       27 

methods  on 39 

placers  of,  character  of. 39 

tin  on 127 

Climate,  character  of 37 

Coal,  analyses  of 145-149, 170-171, 180. 184 

character  of 145-149 

occurrence  and  character  of.  24, 56-57, 140-185 

price  of 150,153,180 

production  of 153, 171 

Coal  Bay,  coal  at 16& 

Coal  Cape,  coal  at l&J 

Coal  Creek,  coal  on 156 

coal  on,  analysis  of 170 

Coal  fields,  investigations  at 15, 140 

Coal  Harbor,  coal  at 167-168 

section  at 167-168 

Coal  lands,  sale  of,  law  for 140 

Cold  Bay,  coal  reported  at 162 

oil  at,  character  of 137-138 

petroleum  field  at 134-136 

rocks  of  and  structure  at 131-135 

section  at 134 

wells  at,  record  of 136 

Collie,  A.,  coal  discovered  by 173, 180 

Collier,  A.  J.,  on  Alaska  tin 33 

on  Cape  Lisburne  coal  fields 172 

on  Glenn  Creek  district 104 

on  Rampart  region 115 

on  tin  deposits 120-127 

on  Unalaska  Island  lodes 102 

work  of 16,17 

Col ville  River,  coal  on 177, 184 

Commander  mines,  ores  of,  character  of . . .        66 

Comox,  coal  of,  analysis  of 147, 171 

Controller  Bay,  coal  of,  analysis  of 171 

coal  of,  character  of 146 

investigations  at 16 

locat ion  of 121 

petroleum  Held  at 128-133 

rocks  of  and  structure  at 128-133 

sediments  in 129 

wcl  1  at,  record  of 131 

Cook  Inlet,  coal  at 151 

developments  at 31, 13&  134 

hydraulic  mining  at 31 


INDKX. 


189 


Page. 

Cook  Inlet,  Investigations  at 15-16, 31 

location  of 90 

petroleum  field  at 133-134 

railway  to 31 

rocksat .' 152 

surveys  at 15 

well  at,  record  of 133 

Cook  Inlet  Coal  Fields  Company,  work  of  152-153, 

166-157 
Cooper  Creek,  location  and  character  of . . .       92 

placers  of 98 

Coos  Bay,  coal  of,  analysis  of 171 

Copper,  occurrence  of 51, 60-64, 99, 100, 1 14 

Copper  Mountain,  copper  at 51 

Copper  Mountain-Sulzcr  mines,  ores  of 64 

Copper  River  region,  conditions  in 31 

Investigations  in 16 

Corwin  Bluff,  coal  at 173, 177-179 

rocks  in 176 

Corwin  formation,  character  of 175-176 

occurrence  of 175-177 

Corwin  Trading  Company,  work  of 181 

Cost  of  placer  mining.    See  Mining,  placer, 
cost  of. 

Cottonwood  Creek,  coal  on 158-159 

section  on 159 

Council  City  and  Solomon  River  Railway, 

operation  of 22 

Council  region,  placers  of,  character  of 35 

work  in 23 

Crackerjack  mine,  ores  of  and   develop- 
ments at 66 

Cretaceous  rocks,  occurrence  of 152, 154, 165 

Cripple  Creek  region,  work  in 21 

Crooked  Creek,  work  on 23 

Crow  Creek,  location  and  character  of 92, 97 

placers  of 97 

Curtis  coal  seam,  location  of 158 

I). 

Dahl  Creek,  work  on 24 

Dall,  \V.  H.,  on  lignite  and  coal  In  Alaska.       49 

151, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166. 168, 169 

on  Unalaska  rocks 102 

Dall  Island,  mines  on,  character  of 65, 67 

Dan  Creek,  mining  on,  costs  of 44, 46 

Daniels  Creek,  work  on 22-23 

Darby  Mountains,  tin  from 125 

Dawson,  G.  M.,  on  diorite 76 

Dead  wood  Creek,  placers  on,  character  of. .       39 

Derricking.  cost  of 44, 45 

Devonian  rocks,  occurrence  of 110 

Dex ter  Creek,  methods  on 21 

Dickson,  railway  from 22 

Dikes,  occurrence  of 69-77 

Diller,  J.  S.,  analysis  given  by 171 

Diorite,  occurrence  of 48 

See  alno  Albite-diorite. 

Discovery  Fork,  work  on.  .* 29-30 

Ditch  system,  cost  of 40 

Dolomi,  developments  at  ? 64-66 


ores  at 

Doric  Creek,  location  and  character  of., 


51 
116 


Doroshin,  P.  P.,  on  Alaskan  coal 151 

90 
21 
69 


on  Alaskan  placers 

Dorothy  Creek,  methods  on 

Douglas,  location  and  population  of. 


Page. 

Douglas,  Cape,  coal  on 160-161 

Douglas  Island,  gold  ores  of 50, 52, 70-87 

mines  on  and  rocks  of 69-70 

Douglas  River,  mouth  of,  character  of 138 

oil  at 138 

Dredgi ng.  cost  of : 44J  45 

Drift  mining,  definition  of 32 

See  also  Mining,  placer. 

Dry  Bay,  oil  at 134,136 

Duncan  Canal,  mines  on,  character  of  and 

developments  at 59-60 

Dutch  Harbor,  rocks  near 102-103 

Dyer  Cape,  coal  at 188 

K. 

Eagle  district,  conditions  in 29-30 

cost  of  mining  in 15 

placers  of,  character  of 36 

Kagle  River,  work  on 61 

Eagle  River  Mining  Co.,  mine  of,  develop- 
ments and  methods  at 54 

Ears  Mountain,  tin  at 125 

Eastland  Canyon,  coal  in,  analysis  of 1 70 

Ebner  mine,  developments  at 53 

Economic  geology,  contributions  to,  publi- 
cation of 13 

Eldorado  basin,  work  in 22 

Eldridge,  G.  H.,  on  Tyonok  coal 154 

Electricity,  use  of 40 

Elk  claims,  character  of 67 

Elluvial  mining,  definition  of 33 

Emerson,  B.  K.,  on  Unalaska  Island  geol- 
ogy    102 

Endicott  arm,  gold  ores  on 50 

Enochkin  formation,  occurrence  and  ch«r- 

acterof 134,135 

Eocene  rocks,  occurrence  of 49, 128 

Eureka  Creek,  location  and  character  of. . .  117 

Exchange  mines,  location  and  character  of.  60 

F. 

Fairbanks,  location  of 26 

population  of 26 

Fairbanks  Creek,  developments  on 27-28 

methods  on 39 

Fairbanks  region,  accessibility  of 26 

conditions  in * 25-28,37 

cost  of  mining  in 28, 43 

developments  in 27-28 

investigations  in 16 

methods  in 39-40 

placers  of.  character  of 35. 39 

production  of '. 25-26, 28 

tin  in 127 

water  supply  of 26 

Fairhaven  precinct,  placers  of,  character  of.       36 

work  in 24 

Falls  Creek,  coal  on 169 

Faults,  figure  showing 76 

Flambeau  River,  ditch  from 22 

Florida  Creek,  gold  on 108, 113 

Ford,  (J.  T.,  work  of 17 

Fortymile  region,  conditions  in 29-30 

cost  of  mining  in 43 

gravels  of 25, 38 

placers  of,  character  of 36 

water  supply  of 25 


190 


INDEX. 


P*ge.    i 

Fossils,  occurrence  of 48, 

49, 67, 89, 110, 154, 166, 175, 177 

Fourth  of  July  Creek,  work  on 29 

Fresh  water  Bay,  development*  at 59 

Fritz  Creek,  coal  on 157 

Fuller,  W.  H„  analysis  by :...      146 

FunterBay,  lode  at 60 

minesat.developmentsandmethodsat.       66 

roefesat..... 54-66 

FUBter  Bay  Mining  Co.,  property  of.. .... . .       66 


G. 


Galena,  occurrence  of 61, 82, 98, 100 

Gambler  Bay,  ores  at 56 

Gas,  natural,  occurrence  of 188, 184, 186 

Gas-producer  engines,  use  of 41 

Gastineau  channel,  rocks  at 69,74 

Geological  8urvey,  U.  S.,  analyses  by  ....  169-170 

Geology,  Investigation  of 1445 

Georges  Creek,  coal  of,  analysis  of  ,.*. 147 

Gerdine,  T.,  work  of 16 

Glacier  basin,  rocks  and  mines  of,  charac- 
ter of 60-61 

Glacier  Creek  (Seward  Peninsula),  develop- 
ments and  methods  on 21 

Glacier  Creek  (southeastern  Alaska),  work 

on 62 

Glacier  Creek  (Turnagain  Arm  region),  lo- 
cation and  character  of 92 

transportation  to 98 

Glenn  Creek,  location  and  character  of..  117-118 

production  on 118 

Gold,  mode  of  occurrence  and  extraction 

of ^ 19 

production  of 18, 20, 26-29, 31, 48, 90, 106 

Gold  Bottom  Creek,  tin  on 127 

work  on 23 

Gold  Creek ,  developments  and  methods  on .       53 

dikes  on 86 

gold  at 51 

rocks  on 85,86 

work  on 81 

Gold  fields,  investigations  at 15 

Gold  mining,  cost  of,  Investigation  of 15 

methods  of 84 

Gold  placers.    See  Placers,  gold. 

Gold  Run  ( Fortymlle  region) ,  condition  on .       80 

Gold  Run  ( Rampart  region),  character  of. .      118 

Golden  Creek,  gold  on 29 

Golden  Fleece  claim,  ores  of  and  develop- 
ments at 65, 66 

Goodhope  precinct,  conditions  in 24 

Granite  Creek,  location  and  character  of. . .       92 
Gravel  mining,  definition  of 32 

See  aim  Mining,  placer. 

(travels,  frozen,  handling  of 23. 44 

Gravina  Island,  mines  on,  character  of. .  65, 67, 68 

Green  Monster  mines,  character  of 64 

Greenstone,  character  of 72-73 

occurrence  of 48-19, 51 ,  62, 70-71, 87 

Grcwingk,  C,  on  Alaska  coal 151 

Ground  Hog  basin,  claims  in,  character  of.       61 
Ground  sluicing.    Sec  Stripping. 

Gulch  Creek,  location  and  chamctcr  of 92 

Gypsum,  occurrence  of 59 


Page. 
H. 

Hadley,  copper  at 51 

rocks  near 63 

Ham  Island,  marble  on 61 

Hamilton,  E.G.,  work  of 16 

Hamilton  Bay,  coal  at 57 

Harris,  G.  D.,  on  Unalaska rocks 102 

HarrisCreek,  work  on.. 24 

Hastings  Creek,  deposits  i 
Herendeen  Bay,  eoal  at 

coal  at,  analysis  of 179 

Hess,  F.  I*,  on  Rampart  placer  regie*  . . .  164-Hf 

work  of 17,Klf-4«;il? 

Hetta  Inlet,  ores  of 64 

Hickey  Creek,  methods  on. 21 

HUdebrand,  W.  F.,  analysis  by 146,1st 

Hill,  W.  R.,  work  of 16 

Hoadley  Brothers'  claims,  character  of 65, 67 

Hollis,  developments  at 65,66-67 

ores  at 51 

Homer,  port  at 155 

Hook  Bay,  coal  on 166 

Hooniah  Sound,  rocks  at 67 

Hoosier  Creek,  developments  and  methods 

on 112-118 

location  and  character  of 106,112 

Hope,  location  and  character  of 92,98 

Horse  scrapers,  cost  of 45 

Hot  Air  bench,  methods  on 21 

Hot  Springs,  agriculture  at 109 

Humboldt  mine,  developments  at 53 

Hunter  Creek,  developments  and  methods 

on 112 

location  and  character  of. 112 

rocks  on 110 

Hutlina  Creek,  gold  on. 116 

Hydraulic  mining,  definition  of 82 

See  also  Mining,  placer. 

I. 

Icy  Cape,  placers  at 88 

Idaho  bar,  gold  from 118-114 

Igneous  rocks,  occurrence  of 48, 110, 128, 129 

Injunctions,  use  of 20 

Inmachuk  region,  placers  of 24 

production  of 20 

Innerskin.    See  Euochkin. 

Interior  province,  character  of 37  38 

extent  of 42 

placers  in,  character  of 35-36 

Investigation  of  mineral  resources,  appro- 
priation for 13-14 

progress  of 15-17 

Ipikpuk  River,  coal  on 177, 184 

Iron  Creek,  work  on 23 

J. 

James  Lake,  mines  on 65 

Jamme,  George,  jr.,  on  Matauuska  River 

coal 153 

John  River,  gold  on 30 

Jualin  mine,  work  at 54 

Junlpa  Mining  Company,  property  of 53 

Judge  claim,  developments  on 62-63 

Jumbo  mines,  character  ut 64 


INDEX. 


191 


Page. 

J  tin  can.  distance  to  Seattle  from 69 

gold  near 51 

.!  uneau  Creek,  hydraulic  plant  at 97 

Juneau  Island,  rocks  of.. 71 

Juneau  mining  district,  cost  of  mining  in. .        15 

developments  and  methods  in 52 

Assuring  in 85 

location  of ">2 

placers  of,  character  of 35 

Jurassic  rocks,  occurrence  of 133,  185,  188 

K. 

Kachemak  Bay,  coal  at 151, 152. 155-1  fiO 

coal  at,  analyses  of 170,171 

character  of 159 

cost  of 153 

geology  of 155 

Investigations  at 16, 151 

map  of 156 

oil  at 139 

sections  at 156, 157 

Kamishak  Bay,  oil  at 138 

Kasaan  Peninsula,  mines  on,  character  and 

developments  of 63 

Katalla,  oil  well  near 131 

rocks  near 129 

Katalla  formation,  occurrence  and  charac- 
ter of  1 28-129 

Katalla  River,  gas  on 133 

oil  wells  on 131 

rocks  on 130 

sediments  on 129 

Katmai  Bay,  coal  at 162 

Keku  Straits,  coal  at 57 

Kekurnoi,  Cape,  rocks  at 135 

Kenai,  Lake,  gravels  at 94 

location  of 92 

Kenai  formation,  occurrence  of 1 10, 

142, 152, 155, 167 

section  of 156 

Kenai  Peninsula,  coal  on 151 

geology  of 152 

Kenai  River,  location  and  character  of 92, 94 

Kensington  mine,  developments  at 54 

Ketchikan  mining  district,  copper  in...  51,61-64 

gold  mines  of,  developments  at 64-68 

marble  of 68 

Kigluaik  Mountains,  ditches  to 19, 21 

Kilinda  Bay.  coal  at 163 

King  Creek,  coal  on 154 

King  mine,  location  and  character  of 101 

Kink,  The,  work  at 20 

Kinzie,  R.  A.,  on  Treadwell  mines 53 

Kirsopp,  John,  jr.,  analysis  given  by 146 

Kivalena  River,  coal  from 184 

Kiwalik  placers,  conditions  at 24 

Klondike  district,  concentration  of  gold  in .       38 

cost  of  mining  in 43 

high-bench  gravels  of 26 

methods  in 39-40 

placers  of,  character  of 35, 38-39 

Kobuk  district,  work  in  and  production  of.  24-25 

Kodiak  Island,  coal  on 151 ,  162-163 

coal  on,  analyses  of 170 

rocks  of 152 

Kootznahoo  Inlet,  coal  at 56 


Page 
Kougarok  district,  placers  of.  character  of.        35 

work  in 24 

Koyukuk  district,  conditions  in 30-31 

production  of 18 

Kruzgamepa  region,  work  in 23 

Kuik  Arm,  location  of 90 

Kuiu  Islands,  rocks  of 49 

Kukpuk  River,  coal  on 181, 183 

location  of 172 

Kushtaka,  Lake,  coal  at 143-144 

Kushtaka  formation,  occurrence  and  char- 
acter of 128. 142 

L. 

Landsburg,  G.  X..  acknowledgments  to lf;2 

Last  Chance  Company,  work  of 31 

Lava,  occurrence  of 49, 56 

Lead,  occurrence  of 61 

See  al#o  Galena. 

Lewis,  Cape,  coal  at 182 

Lignite,  use  of 41 

Sec  aim  Coal. 

Limonite,  occurrence  of 61 

Lindgren,  W.,  on  metasomatic  alteration ...  84, 86 

Lisburne,  Cape,  access  to 173 

coal  fields  of 172-185 

geology  of 17 1-176 

investigations  at. 15. 17, 174 

location  of 1?2 

Mesozoic  coal,  occurrence  and  charac- 
ter of  176-181 

Paleozoic  coal,  occurrence  and  charac- 
ter of 181-185 

Lisburne  Mountains,  location  of 172 

rocks  of 174 

Little  basin,  developments  and  methods  on.       53 

Little  Creek,  deposits  near 20 

Little    Mi  nook   Creek,   developments  and 

methods  on 111-112 

rocks  on 110 

Little  Minook,  Jr., Creek,  location  and  char- 
acter of 112 

Lituya  Bay.  placers  at 88 

Ixodes,  gold,  occurrence  and  extent  of 22, 

49-50, 64, 69-70, 98-99, 100-103 

Lodes,  tin,  occurrence  of 121-125 

Lookout  mines,  work  on 62 

Lost  River  district,  location  and  rocks  of. . .      121 

tin  of 120-124 

Loyalsock  coal,  analysis  of 147 

Lucky  Chance  mine,  developments  at 58 

Lumber,  occurrence  and  value  of 26 

Lynx  Creek,  copper  on 99 

location  and  character  of 92 

Lynx  Mountains,  rocks  of 110 

M. 

McConnell,  R.  G.,  on  Klondike  fields 38 

McDonald  bar,  gold  from 113-114 

McGinnis  Creek,  work  on 54 

McKinley  Creek,  developments  on 51-52 

McLenigan,  S.  B..  information  from 183 

McXeil  Canyon,  coal  at 152, 168 

coal  at,  analysis  of 170 

Machinery,  use  of 40, 44 

Maddren,  A.  G.,  information  from  ...  162. 181-182 
Makushin,  Mount,  height  of 102 


192 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Mammoth  Creek,  work  on 29 

Mammoth  mines,  character  of  and  develop- 
ments at 55 

Map  of  Alaska 14 

of  Alaska,  southwestern  156 

of  Bering  River  coal  field 142,143 

of  Kachemak  Bay 156 

of  Rampart  placer  region 105 

of  Turnagaln  Arm  placer  region 91 

Marble,  occurrence  of .. , 48-49,61,68 

Margery  claims,  ores  of .• 61 

Marryat  Inlet,  port  at 183,185 

Marsh,  8.  J.,  information  from 183 

Martin,  G.  C,  on  Alaska  petroleum  fields..      16, 

128-137 

on  Bering  River  coal 140-150 

on  Cape  Yak  tag  placers 88 

on  8humagin  Island  gold 100 

on  Unga  Island  coal 167-168 

work  of 16, 151 

Mary  Creek,  character  of 130 

Mastodon  Creek,  work  on 29 

Matanuska  River,  coal  on 151 ,  153-154 

coal  on,  analysis  of 170 

location  and  geology  of 153 

Mendenhall,  W.  C,  on  Copper  River  region .       16 

on  Matanuska  River  coal 153-154 

on  Sunrise  series 93 

Mesozoic  rocks,  coal  in 176-181, 184 

occurrence  of 101, 133, 175-176 

Methods  of  placer  mining.    Sec  Mining, 

placer,  methods  of. 
Mexican  mine,  developments  and  methods 

at 52-53 

location  of 69 

Miller's  camp,  rocks  and  developments  at. .  65, 67 
Mills  Creek,  location  and  character  of. . .  92, 96-97 

placers  on 96-97 

Mineral  deposits,  occurrence  of,  investiga- 
tion of 13-14 

Miner's  inch,  equivalents  of 41-42 

Mining,  alluvial,  definition  of S3 

See  also  Mining,  placer. 

Mining,  drift,  definition  of ,    32 

See  also  Mining,  placer. 

Mining,  gravel,  definition  of 32 

See  also  Mining,  placer. 

Mining,  hydraulic,  definition  of 32 

Sec  also  Mining,  placer. 
Mining,  open-cut.    See  Mining,  placer. 

Mining,  placer,  account  of l^-Sl 

cast  (»f 15, 19, 28, 4*1-46 

method  of  calculation  of 42-43 

definition  of 32 

difficulties  of 36-38 

financial  results  of 18-19,37 

influence  of  geology  and  topography 

on 3* 

investigation  of 15 

methods  of 32- 10 

mistakes  in 30-37 

waste  in 19 

Minook  Creek,  gold  on 107. 11 1 

location  and  character  of 107-1  OS 

rocks  on 109-1 10 


l*age. 
Mint,  Director  of,  on  Alaska  placer  gold 

production 18 

Miocene  Co.,  methods  of 21 

Miocene  rocks,  occurrence  of . .  89, 100-101, 128, 168 

Mittendorf , ,  coal  reported  by 162 

Moffitt.  F.  H.,  on  Cook  Inlet  region 31 

on  Turnagain  Arm  placers 90 

work  of 16 

Moose  Creek,  coal  on 154 

Moria  Sound,  rocks  at 62 

Morris,  Captain,  acknowledgments  to 152 

Mosquito  Fork,  water  from 30 

Mount  Andrew  mines,  location  of  aud  de- 
velopments at 63 

Mount  Vista  claims,  character  of 67 

Murder  Cove,  coal  at 56-57 

N. 

Naknek  formation,  occurrence  and  char- 
acter of 134, 135 

Nanaimo  coal,  analysis  of 147, 171 

Navy  Department,  attempts  to  find  coal  by.  56 

Nevada  Creek,  gold  ores  at 50 

New  South  Wales  coal,  analysis  of 147 

New  York  ledge,  character  of 64 

Niblack,  copper  at 51 

Niblack  Anchorage,  location  of 62 

Nickel,  occurrence  of 61 

Niuluk  River,  work  on 23 

Nizina  district,  cost  of  raining  in 44 

developments  in 31 

placers  of,  character  of 36 

Noatak  River,  rocks  on 183 

timber  on 173 

Nome,  conditions  at 19 

fuel  at 41 

methods  at 20 

placers  of,  character  of 35-36 

predictions  concerning 14 

production  at 20 

surveys  at 15 

tin  near 127 

uplift  at 14 

Nome  Arctic  Railway,  extension  of 21 

Nugget  Creek,  developments  and  methods 

on 52 

O. 

Oil  Bay,  oil  at,  character  of 137-138 

oil  well  at,  record  of 1X3 

Oligoccne  rocks,  occurrence  of . . .  121, 142, 152, 16s 
Oliphant,   F.    H.,   on   Controller  Bay  oil 

wells 131-132 

Oliver,  R.  B.f  work  of 16 

Olympic  Mining  Co.,  mines  of,    develop- 
ments of 59-60 

Omega  Creek,  location  and  character  of . . .      Ill 
Open-cut  mining.    See  Mining,  placer. 

Ophir  Creek,  cost  of  mining  on 44 

production  on 20 

work  on 23 

( >rcgon  coal,  analysis  of 171 

Oregon  ledge,  character  of 64 

< )res,  gold,  classes  and  occurrence  of 50-51 

Osbom  Creek,  work  on 22 


INDEX. 


193 


P. 


Pag**. 


Paige,  Sidney,  work  of 15 

Paleozoic  rock*,  coal  in 181-185 

occurrence  of 174-175 

Palmer  Creek,  location  and  character  of..      92, 

95-96 

placers  of : 95-96 

Pedro  Creek,  developments  on 26-27 

placers  on,  character  of 26-27, 39 

Pen  berth  y,  8.  T.,  acknowledgments  to 152 

Penniman  &  Browne,  oil  tests  by 137-138, 146 

Penny  region,  work  in 21 

Pennsylvania  coal,  character  of 147 

Peril  Straits,  rocks  at 57 

Perseverance  mine,  developments  at 53 

Peterson  mines,  work  at 54 

Petroleum,  character  of 137-138 

cost  of 41 

Petroleum  fields,  geology  of. .  128-131, 134-135, 139 

investigations  in 15 

location  of 128,134,138 

oil  of,  character  of 137-138 

See  also  Controller  Bay,  Cold  Bay,  and 
Cook  Inlet  fields. 

Pioneer  Company,  methods  of 21 

Pioneer  Creek,  location  and  character  of. .  115-117 

Pitmegea  Ri  ver,  location  of 172 

Placer  mining.    See  Mining,  placer. 

Placers,  bench,  character  of 33, 34 

methods  of  working  of 34 

Placers,  creek,  character  of 33 

methods  of  working  of 34 

Placers,  gold,  classification  of 33 

investigation  of 1,4, 15 

occurrence  of 19-24, 35-36, 38-39, 51, 95-96 

production  of 18 

Placers,  gravel-plain,  character  of 33, 35 

method  of  working  of 35 

Placers,  hillside,  character  of 33, 34 

methods  of  working  of 34 

Placers,  lake-bed,  character  of 33 

methods  of  working  of 35 

Placers,  river-bar,  character  of 33, 34 

methods  of  working  of 34 

Placers,  sea- beach,  character  of 33, 35 

methods  of  working  of 20, 35, 89 

occurrence  of 35~£6, 89, 101 

Placers,  tin,  occurrence  of 126-127 

Placers,  tundra,    ttr  Placers,  gravel-plain. 

Platinum,  nonoccurrence  of 33 

Pleistocene  rocks,  occurrence  of 176 

Pocahontas  coal,  analysis  of 147 

Point  Hope,  location  and  character  of  ...  172-173 

Popof  Island,  placers  of 101 

Porcupine  Creek,  gold  on 51 

work  on 31 

Porcupine     district,     developments    and 

methods  in 51-62 

placers  of,  character  of 36 

Port  Camden,  coal  at 67 

Port  Clarence  precinct,  work  in 24 

Port  Graham,  coal  at 151, 152, 160 

coal  at,  analysis  of 170 

Portage  Bay,  coal  at 169 

Portage  Glacier,  location  of ...       93 

Bull.  259-05 13 


Page. 

Portage  Mountain,  mines  at 60 

Portlock,  N\,  on  Alaska  coal 151, 160 

Prince  of  Wales  Island,  copper  at 51, 61-64 

marble  on 68 

rocks  of 61-52 

Prince  William  Sound,  copper  smelting  at.      171 

Prindle,  L.  M.,  on  Fairbanks  placers 17,26-28 

on  Fortymile  and  Birch  Creek  placers.       17 

on  Rampart  placer  region 104-119 

work  of 17 

Puget  Sound  coal,  cost  of 153 

Pumping,  cost  of 46 

Purington,  0.  W.,  on  methods  and  cost  of 

mining 32-46 

work  of 15, 19 

Puyallup  mines,  developments  at 66 

Q. 

Quail  ('reek,  location  and  character  of 108, 

114-115 

rocks  on 115 

Quartz  mines,  occurrence  of 22 

Quaternary  rocks,  occurrence  of 176, 180 

Queen  Creek,  coal  on 144, 146 

rocks  on 142 

section  on ,  diagram  showing 144 

R. 

Rampart,  experimental  station  at 109 

location  of 104 

Rampart  region,  access  to 104-106 

conditions  in 26 

development  of 105, 111-119 

future  of 119 

gravelflof 38,113-114 

investigations  at 15, 17 

geography  of 106-109 

geology  of 109-110 

hydraulic  mining  in 119 

location  of 104 

map  of 105 

mines  of,  developments  and  methods 

at 111-119 

placer  mining  in,  account  of 25, 104-119 

placers  of,  character  of 86 

production  of 106 

vegetation  in 109 

Rampart  series,  occurrence  and  character 

of 109-110 

Raymond,  R.  \V.f  definition  by 32 

Ready-Bullion    mine,   developments  and 

methods  at 52-63 

dike  in,  figure  showing 80 

location  of 69 

Red  River,  coal  on 163 

Resurrection  Creek,  locution  and  character 

of 91-92,94 

placers  of 96-96 

Revillagigedo  Island,  mines  on,  character 

of  and  developments  at 67-68 

Rhode  Island  Creek,  character  of 1 18 

Robertson,  W.  F.,  analysis  by 146 

Rodman  Bay,  gold  ores  at 50 


194 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Rodman  Bay,  mines  at,  character  of  and 

developments  at 58-59 

rocks  at 57 

Ruby  Creek,  developments  and  methods  on .     114 

rocks  on 109, 114 

Russian  American  Co.,  investigations  by. . .       90 
Russians,  prospecting  by 90 


8. 


Sabine  Gape,  coal  near 179-180 

Salmon  River,  developments  and  methods 

on 52 

Sand  Point,  placers  near 101 

Sawmill  Creek,  lodes  on 98-99 

Schaller,  W.  T.f  analysis  given  by 171 

Schists*  occurrence  of 48,109 

Schrader,  F.  C,  on  Cape  Llsburne  coal 

field 173-174, 180, 184 

Schwerin,  R.  P.,  coal  mining  by 152 

Seale vel ,  ores  at 51 

work  at 65,67-68 

Seattle  bar,  location  and  character  of 116 

Seldovia,  port  at 93 

Serpentine  River,  gold  on 24 

Seward  Peninsula,  cost  of  mining  in 15, 19, 43 

ditches  in,  construction  of 21 

dredging  in,  coat  of 44 

gold  fields  of 19 

investigations  in 15, 16 

methods  in 20,21,40 

placer  mining  in,  account  of 19-24 

placers  of,  character  of 19, 35-36 

production  of 18,19 

tinof 120 

transportation  in 19 

wages  in 20, 21 

water  supply  in 19, 21 

winter  work  in 20 

Sec  alto  Nome;  Bluff,  Council,  Kougarok, 
Kruzgamepa,  and  Solomon  Riv- 
er regions;  Casadepaga  River; 
Port  Clarence,  Fairhaven,  and 
Goodhope  precincts. 

Seymour  Canal,  ores  at 66 

Shakan,  marble  near 68 

Sheep  Creek,  coal  on 159 

gold  ore  at 50 

work  at 53 

Shepherd,  F.  H.,  analysis  by 146 

Shepherd  Creek,  coal  of.  character  of 146, 148 

coal  on,  section  of 146 

Shilak,  lake,  location  of 92 

topography  at 94 

Shirley  Bench,  location  and  character  of . .      118 

Shovel,  steam,  limitations  of 44 

Shovel  Creek,  work  on 22 

Shoveling  in.  character  of 34 

cost  oi 44. 45 

Shuck  River,  gold  at 51 

Shumagin  Islands,  coal  of 107-168 

location  of 100 

mines  of 100-101 

Shumagin  mines,  location,  character  of 101 

Silver,  occurrence  of 61, 114, 124 

pnxluctlon  of 48 


Pag* 

Silver  Bay,  mines  near 57-58 

8ilver  Bow  basin,  gold  ores  in 50 

Silvertip  Creek,  location  and  character  of . .       92 
Sitka  mining  district,  developments  and 

methods  in 57-59 

gold  in 50 

Sitniak  Island,  coal  on 163 

Slxmile  Creek,  location  and  character  of.  91-92, 94 

placers  of 96-97 

Skagway  mining  district,  mines  of 51-52 

Skookum  Creek,  water  from 115 

Slate  Creek  ( Copper  River  region ) ,  work  on .       81 
Slate   Creek  (Rampart    region),   location 

and  character  of 114 

Slate  Creek  (Turnagaln  Arm  region), lodes 

on 98-99 

Slates,  character  of 71, 73-74 

occurrence  of 48-49, 87 

Snake  Valley,  mining  in 21 

tin  in 127 

Snettisham,  gold  ore  at 50,53 

Snow  River,  location  and  character  of 92 

Solomon  River,  bridge  over 22 

Solomon  Ri  ver  district ,  methods  in 22 

production  of 20 

placers  of,  character  of 35 

South  Coast  province,  character  of 37 

extent  of 42 

placers  of,  character  of &5-36 

Spencer,  A.  C,  on  Juneau  district 49, 52 

on  Pacific  Mountain  system 85 

on  Treadwell  ore  deposits 50, 53, 69-87 

work  of 16 

Sphalerite,  occurrence  of 61, 82, 98 

Spruce  Creek,  gold  ores  on 60 

8purr,  J.  E., anal ytds given  by 146 

on  Rampart  series 109 

on  Yukon  district 104 

Squaw  Harbor,  mines  at 101 

Stanley-Brown,  J.,  on  Yakutat  Bay  sands . .       89 

8tanton,T.W.,workof 16,154,165 

Steam  shovels,  use  of 19, 21 

Stelger,  George,  analyses  by 169-170 

Stetson  Creek,  placers  of 98 

Stewart  mine.    See  Cache  mine. 

Still  water  Creek,  coal  on 143 

Stone,   R.   W.,   on   coal  of  southwestern 

Alaska 151-171 

work  of 16 

Strawberry  Harbor,  oil  wells  at 131 

Stripping,  cost  of 45, 46 

explanation  of 34 

Sullivan,  E.C.,  analysis  by 146 

Sumdum,  mining  at 53 

Sunrise,  location  and  character  of 91.93 

Sunrise  district,  placers  of,  character  of 36 

Sunrise  series,  occurrence  and  character  of.  93-91 

Sunset  Creek,  ditch  to 24 

Sushitna  basin,  coal  in 151 

T. 
T  Harbor,  work  at 54 

Tanana  basin,  drainage  of 108-109 

Tanana-Yukon  region.    Sec  Yukon-Tanana 

region. 
Tellurium  mine,  developments  and  meth- 
ods at 55 


INDEX. 


195 


Page. 

Tertiary  rocks,  occurrence  of 101 

Thanksgiving  Creek,  location  and  charac- 
ter of 118-119 

Thetis  Creek,  location  of 172 

Thetis  group,  location  of 178 

mines  of 179 

Thompson,  W.,  information  from 184 

Thompson,  Cape,  coal  at 183 

Thompson  Creek,  coal  on 165-166 

Tin  City,  location  of 124 

Tin  Creek,  tin  on 121 

work  on ? 123-124 

Tin  deposits,  location  of 120 

lode  deposits  of 121-125 

occurrence  of 32 

placers  of 126-127 

Topkok  district,  placers  of,  character  of . . .       36 

Topkok  Ditch  Company,  work  of 22-23 

Topographic  work,  progress  in 15 

Trail  Creek,  oil  well  on 136 

Tramways,  cost  of 44 

Transportation,  cost,  difficulty,  and  means 

of 19, 

24, 26, 28, 30, 31 ,  88, 93, 104, 105, 1U,  115 

Travew  Creek,  coal  at 156 

Tread  well,  location  and  population  of 69 

Tread  well  mines,  character  of 69-87 

developments  and  methods  at 52-53 

geology  near,  maps  showing 71 

ores,  bodies  of 70-87 

character  of 77-78 

dikesin 84-85 

fractures  in,  origin  of 85-86 

meta8omatio  alteration  in 83-84 

mi  nerals  in 77-78, 81-82 

persistency  of 79, 87 

shape  of 78-79 

valueof 78 

veiningof 79-80,87 

waters  of,  source  of 79, 86-87 

oresof 50,52 

production  of 52 

See  also  Mexican,  Alaska,  Tread  well, 
and  Ready-Bullion  mines. 

TriasBic  rocks,  occurrence  of 185 

Trinity  Islands,  coal  on 163 

Troublesome  (Country  t  location  of 106 

Troublesome  Creek,  location  and  character 

of 108 

Troublesome  Gulch,  coal  at 155 

Trout  Creek,  coal  on  ...'. 144,146,148 

section  on 144 

Turnagain  Arm,  location  of 90 

tides  of 91 

Turnagain  Arm  region,  copper  in 99 

geography  of 90-93 

geology  of 93-94 

gold  of 94-98 

investigations  in 16 

location  of 90 

lodes  of 98 

map  of 91 

methods  in 95 

mines  of 95-98 

placers  of 95-98 

production  of 90 


Page. 

Twin  Creek,  placers  on,  character  of 39 

Tyonok,  coal  at 151,153-155 

U. 

Ugashik  Lake,  coal  reported  at 162 

Unalaska,  lode  near 102, 103 

Unalaska  Island,  development  of 103 

geology  of 102-103 

location  of 102 

lodes  of 103 

topography  of 102 

Unga  conglomerate,  occurrence  of 168 

Unga  Island,  coal  at,  analyses  of 151-153, 

167-168,170,171 
rocks  of 100-101 

V. 

Valparaiso  claim,  ores  of 65 

Venetian  Creek,  work  on 22 

Virginia  claims,  character  of 67 

W. 

Wade  Creek,  work  on 80 

Wages,  rates  of 20,21,40,89,101 

Wainwright  Inlet,  rocks  at 177 

Walker  Fork,  work  on 30 

War  Horse  mine,  developments  and  meth- 
ods at 55 

Ward  Creek,  work  on 23 

Washburne,   Chester,   on   Cape    Unburn e 

coal 182 

Washing  plant,  necessity  for 44 

Washington  coal,  analysis  of 171 

Washington  Creek,  gold  on 29. 

Waste  in  placer  mining.  See  Mining,  placer. 
Water,  cost  of 41 

pumping  of 43, 45 

Water  supply,  necessity  for 19 

Watergate,  use  of 45 

Wellington  coal,  cost  of 153, 171 

Welsh  coal,  analysis  of 147 

Wetherbee,  J.  L.,  acknowledgments  to 152 

Whalers  Creek,  coal  on 165 

section  on 165 

Wharf,  E.  O.,  acknowledgments  to 152 

What  Cheerbar,  location  and  character  of .  115-116 
White  channel  gravels,  productiveness  of . .  25, 38 

Wild  Goose  Co.,  methods  of 21 

Windfall  Creek,  gold  at 51,54 

Windham  Bay,  gold  at 51 

work  at 53 

Wiseman  Creek,  gold  on 30 

Witherspoon,  D.  C,  work  of 17 

Woewodski  Island,  mines  on 59 

ores  of 51 

Wolverine  Mountains,  rocks  of 110 

Wood,  cost  of 41 

Woodchopper  Creek,  work  on 29 

Woronkofski  Island,  rocks  on , . .       60 

Wosnessenski,  Ilia,  on  Alaska  coal 151 

Wrangell  mining  district,  location  of 59 

minesof,  developmentsand  methods  at.  59-61 

ores  of 51 

Wright.  C.  W.,  on  southeastern  Alaska 47-68 

work  of 15-16,47,70 


196 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Wright,  V.  K.,  on  southeastern  Alaska 47-<>8 

work  of 15-16, 47 

Y. 

Yakima,  gold  ores  at 50 

Yaktag,  Cape,  geology  of 88-89 

methods  at ^ 89 

oil  at 139 

placers  of 88-*9 

production  of 88 

Yakutat  Bay,  placers  at 88 

Hands  at 89 

Yankee  Cove,  work  at 54 

York  region,  investigations  in 16 

tin  in 120-127 


Page. 

York  River,  tin  on ^ 126 

Young  Bay,  mines  of,  developments  and 

method*  at 55-57 

Yukon  baain,  drainage  of 107-10* 

Yukon  district,  placer  mining  in,  account 

of 25-31 

See  aim  Rum  part,  Fortynule,  and  Eagle 
regions;   Birch  Creek,   Bonner- 
villo,  and  Koyukuk  district1*. 
Yukon-Tana na  region,  investigations  in  . . .        17 

rocks  of  109-110 

surveys  in 15 

Z. 
Zinc,  occurrence  of 61,98,100 


o 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

[Bulletin  No.  259.] 

The  serial  publications  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  consist  of  (1 )  Annual 
Reports,  (2)  Monographs,  (3)  Professional  Papers,  (4)  Bulletins,  (5)  Mineral 
Resources,  (6)  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Paj>ers,  (7)  Topographic  Atlas  of 
United  States — folios  and  separate  sheets  thereof,  (8)  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United 
States— folios  thereof.  The  classes  numbered  2,  7,  and  8  are  sold  at  cost  of  publica- 
tion; the  others  are  distributed  free.  A  circular  giving  complete  lists  may  be  had  on 
application. 

The  Professional  Papers,  Bulletins,  and  Water-Supply  Papers  treat  of  a  variety  of 
subjects,  and  the  total  number  issued  is  large.  They  have  therefore  l>een  classified 
in  the  following  series:  A,  Economic  geology;  B,  Descriptive  geology;  C,  System- 
atic geology  and  paleontology;  I),  Petrography  and  mineralogy;  E,  Chemistry  and 
physics;  F,  Geography;  G,  Miscellaneous;  II,  Forestry;  I,  Irrigation;  J,  Water  stor- 
age; K,  Pumping  water;  L,  Quality  of  water;  M,  General  hydrographic  investiga- 
tions; N,  Water  j>ower;  O,  Underground  waters;  P,  Hydrographic  progress  reports. 
This  bulletin  is  the  fifty-second  in  Series  A,  the  complete  list  of  which  follows. 
(PP=Professional  Paper;  B=Bulletin;  WS=Water-Supply  Paper.) 

SERIES  A,  ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY. 

B  21.  Lignites  of  Great  Sioux  Reservation:   Report  on  region  between  Grand  and  Moreau  rivers, 

Dakota,  by  Bailey  Willis.    1885.    1G  pp.,  5  pis.     (Out  of  stock.) 
B  46.  Nature  and  origin  of  deposits  of  phosphate  of  lime,  by  R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  jr.,  with  introduction 

by  N.  S.  Shaler.    1888.    143  pp.    (Out  of  stock. ) 
B  65.  Stratigraphy  of  the  bituminous  coal  field  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia,  by  I.  C. 

White.    1891.    212  pp.,  11  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 
B  111.  Geology  of  Big  Stone  Gap  coal  field  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  by  M.  R.  Campbell.    1893.    106 

pp.,  6  pis. 
B  132.  The  disseminated  lead  ores  of  southeastern  Missouri,  by  Arthur  Winslow.    1896.    31  pp. 
B  138.  Artesian-well  prospects  in  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  region,  by  N.  H.  Darton.    1896.    228  pp.,  19 

pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 
B  139.  Geology  of  Castle  Mountain  mining  district,  Montana,  by  W.  H.  Weed  and  L.  V.  Pirsson.    1896. 

164  pp.,  17  pis. 
B  143.  Bibliography  of  clays  and  the  ceramic  arts,  by  J.  C.  Branner.    1896.    114  pp. 
B  164.  Reconnaissance  on  the  Rio  Grande  coal  fields  of  Texas,  by  T.  W.  Vaughan,  including  a  report 

on  igneous  rocks  from  the  San  Carlos  coal  field,  by  E.  C.  E.  Lord.    1900.    100  pp.,  11  pis. 
B  178.  El  Paso  tin  deposits,  by  W.  H.  Weed.    1901.    15  pp.,  1  pi. 

B  180.  Occurrence  and  distribution  of  corundum  in  United  States,  by  J.  H.  Pratt.    1901.    98  pp.,  14  pis. 
B  182.  A  rei>ort  on  the  economic  geology  of  the  Silverton  quadrangle,  Colorado,  by  F.  L.  Ransome. 

1901.  266  pp.,  16  pis. 

B  184.  Oil  and  gas  fields  of  the  western  interior  and  northern  Texas  coal  measures  and  of  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  of  the  western  Gulf  coast,  by  G.  I.  Adams.  1901.  64  pp.,  10  pis. 
(Out  of  stock.) 

B  193.  The  geological  relations  and  distribution  of  platinum  and  associated  metals,  by  J.  F.  Kemp. 

1902.  95  pp.,  6  pis.    (Out  of  stock.) 

B  198.  The  Berea  grit  oil  sand  in  the  Cadiz  quadrangle,  Ohio,  by  VV.  T.  Griswold.    1902.    43  pp.,  1  pi. 
PP  1.  Preliminary  report  on  the  Ketchikan  mining  district,  Alaska,  with  an  introductory  sketch  of 

the  geology  of  southeastern  Alaska,  by  Alfred  Hulse  Brooks.    1902.    120  pp.,  2  pis. 
B  200.  Reconnaissance  of  the  borax  deposits  of  Death  Valley  and  Mohave  Desert,  by  M.  R.  Campbell. 

1902.    23  pp.,  1  pi. 
B  202.  Tests  for  gold  and  silver  in  shales  from  western  Kansas,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.    1902.    21  pp. 
PP2.  Reconnaissance  of  the  northwestern  portion  of  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska,  by  A.J.  Collier, 

1902.    70  pp.,  11  pis. 
PP  10.  Reconnaissance  from  Fort  Hamlin  to  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska,  by  way  of  Dull,  Kanuti,  Allen, 

and  Kowak  rivers,  by  W.  C.  Mendenhall.    1902.    68  pp.,  10  pis. 
PP  11.  Clays  of  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  by  Heinrich  Ries.    1903.   298  pp.,  9  pis. 
PP  12.  Geology  of  the  Globe  copper  district,  Arizona,  by  F.  L.  Ransome.    1903.    168  pp.,  27  pis. 


II  ADVERTISEMENT. 

B212.  Oil  fields  of  the  Texas-Louisiana  Gulf  Coastal  Plain,  by  C.  W.  Hayes  and  William  Kennedy. 

iy03.    174  pp.,  11  pis. 
B  213.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1902;  8.  F.  Emmons,  C.  W.  Hayes,  geologists  in  charge. 

1903.  449  pp. 

PP  15.  The  mineral  resource*  of  the  Mount  Wrangell  district,  Alaska,  by  W.  C.  Mendenhall  and 

F.  C.  Schroder.    1903.    71  pp.,  10  pis. 
B  218.  Coal  resources  of  the  Yukon,  Alaska,  by  A.  J.  Collier.    1908.    71  pp..  6  pis. 
B  219.  The  ore  deposits  of  Tonopah,  Nevada  (preliminary  report),  by  J.  E.  Spurr.    1908.    31  pp.,  1  pi. 
PP  20.  A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska,  in  1901,  by  F.  C.  Schroder.    1904.    139  pp.,  16  pis. 
PP  21.  Geology  and  ore  deposits  of  the  Bisbee  quadrangle,  Arizona,  by  F.  L.  Ran  some.    1904.    168  pp., 

29  pis. 
B  223.  Gypsum  deposits  of  the  United  States,  by  G.  I.  Adams  and  others.    1904.    129  pp.,  21  pis. 
PP  24.  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  northern  Arkansas,  by  G.  I.  Adams.    1904.    118  pp.,  27  pis. 
PP  25.  Copper  deposits  of  the  Encampment  district,  Wyoming,  by  A.  C.  Spencer.    1904.    107  pp.,  2  pis. 
B  225.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1903;  S.  F.  Emmons,  C.  W.  Hayes,  geologists  in  charge. 

1904.  527  pp.,  1  pi. 

PP  26.  Economic  resources  of  the  northern  Black  Hills,  by  J.  D.  Irving,  with  contributions  by  S.  F. 

Emmons  and  T.  A.  Jaggar,  jr.    1904.    222  pp.,  20  pis. 
PP  27.  A  geological  reconnaissance  across  the  Bitterroot  Range  and  Clearwater  Mountains  in  Mon- 
tana and  Idaho,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.    1904.    123  pp.,  15  pis. 
B  229.  Tin  deposits  of  the  York  region,  Alaska,  by  A.  J.  Collier.    1904.    61  pp.,  7  pis. 
B  236.  The  Porcupine  placer  district.  Alaska,  by  C.  W.  Wright.    1904.    35  pp.,  10  pis. 
B  238.  Economic  geology  of  the  Iola  quadrangle,  Kansas,  by  G.  I.  Adams,  Erasmus  Ha  worth,  and 

W.  R.  Crane.    1904.    83  pp.,  11  pis. 
B  243.  Cement  materials  and  industry  of  the  United  States,  by  E.  C.  Eckel.    1905.    —  pp.,  15  pis. 
B  246.  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  northwestern  Illinois,  by  H.  Foster  Bain.    1904.    56  pp.,  5  pis. 
B  247.  The  Fairhaven  gold  placers,  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska,  by  F.  H.  Mofflt.    1905.    85  pp.,  14  pis. 
B  249.  Limestones  of  southeastern  Pennsylvania,  by  F.  G.  Clapp.    1905.    52  pp.,  7  pis. 
B  250.  The  petroleum  fields  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Alaska,  with  an  account  of  the  Bering  River  coal 

deposits,  by  G.  C.  Martin.    1905.    65  pp.,  7  pis. 
B251.  The  gold  placers  of  the  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks  regions,  Alaska,  by  L.  M. 

Prindle.    1905.    89  pp.,  16  pis. 
WS  117.  The  lignite  of  North  Dakota  and  its  relation  to  irrigation,  by  F.  A.  Wilder.    1905.    59  pp., 

8  pis. 
PP  36.  The  lead,  zinc,  and  fluorspar  deposits  of  western  Kentucky,  by  E.  O.  Ulrich  and  W.  8.  T. 

Smith.    1905.    —  pp.,  15  pis. 
PP  38.  Economic  geology  of  the  Bingham  mining  district  of  Utah,  by  J.  M.  Bout  well,  with  a  chapter 

on  areal  geology,  by  Arthur  Keith,  and  an  introduction  on  general  geology,  by  S.  F. 

Emmons.    1905.    —  pp.,  49  pis. 
PP  41.  The  geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska,  by  W.  C.  Mendenhall.    1905.    —  pp., 

—  pis. 

B  254.  Report  of  progress  in  the  geological  resurvey  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district,  Colorado,  by  Walde- 
mar Lindgren  and  F.  L.  Ransome.    1904.    36  pp. 
B  255.  The  fluorspar  deposits  of  southern  Illinois,  by  H.  Foster  Bain.    1905.    75  pp.,  6  pis. 
B  256.  Mineral  resources  of  the  Elders  Ridge  quadrangle,  Pennsylvania,  by  R.  W.  Stone.    1906.    —  pp., 

—  pis. 

B  259.  Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska,  in  1904,  by  A.  H.  Brooks 
and  others.     1905.    196  pp.,  3  pis. 

Corresjxmdence  should  be  addressed  to 

The  Director, 

United  Stateh  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

April,  1905. 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  PUBLICATIONS  ON  ALASKA. 
C&ronolooic  List  op  Papers  on  Alaska. 

1891. 

Russell,  I.  C  Account  of  an  expedition  to  the  Yukon  Valley  in  1889.  In  Eleventh 
Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  1, 1891,  pp.  57-58.  Extract  from  Professor  Russell's  com- 
plete report  in  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  1,  1890,  pp.  99-162.  (Out  of 
stock.) 

Account  of  an  expedition  to  the  vicinity  of  Mount  St.  Eliasin  1890.    In 


Twelfth  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  1,  1891,  pp.  59-61.  A  full  report  of  this  expedi- 
tion was  published  in  Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  3,  1892,  pp.  53-203.  (Out  of 
stock.) 

1892. 

Dall,  W.  H.,  and  Harris,  G.  D.  Summary  of  knowledge  of  Neocene  geology  of 
.  Alaska.    In  correlation  Papers — Neocene:  Bull.  No.  84,  1892,  pp.  232-268. 

Hayes,  C.  W.  Account  of  expedition  through  the  Yukon  district.  In  Thirteenth 
Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  1,  1892,  pp.  91-94.  A  complete  report  was  published  in 
Nat  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  4,  1892,  pp.  117-162.     (Out  of  stock.) 

1893. 

Russell,  I.  C.  Second  expedition  to  Mount  St.  Elias  in  1891.  In  Thirteenth  Ann. 
Rept,  pt  2,  1893,  pp.  1-91.     (Out  of  stock.) 

1896. 

Dall,  W.  H.    Report  on  coal  and  lignite  of  Alaska-    In  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept, 

pt.  1,  1896,  pp.  763-906.     (Out  of  stock.) 
Reid,  H.  F.     Glacier  Bay  and  its  glaciers.     In  Sixteenth  Ann.  Rept,  pt  1,  1896, 

pp.  415-461.     (Out  of  stock.) 
Walcott,  C.  D.,  Director.    Account  of  an  investigation  of  the  gold  and  coal  deposits 

of  southern  Alaska.    In  Seventeenth  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  1,  1896,  pp.  56-59. 

1897. 

Walcott,  C.  D.,  Director.  Account  of  a  reconnaissance  of  the  gold  district  of  the 
Yukon  region.     In  Eighteenth  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  1,  1897,  pp.  52-54. 

1898. 

Becker,  G.  F.  Reconnaissance  of  the  gold  fields  of  southern  Alaska,  with  some 
notes  on  general  geology.    In  Eighteenth  Ann.  Rept .  pt.  3, 1898,  pp.  1-86. 

Spurk,  J.  E.,  and  Goodrich,  H.  B.  Geology  of  the  Yukon  gold  district,  Alaska,  by 
Josiah  Edward  Spurr;  with  an  introductory  chapter  on  the  history  and  con- 
dition of  the  district  to  1897,  by  Harold  Beach  Goodrich.  In  Eighteenth 
Ann.  Rept,  pt  3,  1898,  pp.  87-392.     (Out  of  stock.) 

1899. 

Walcott,  C.  D.,  Director.    Account  of  operations  in  Alaska  in  1898.    In  Nineteenth 

Ann.  Rept,  pt  2,  1898,  pp.  20,  53,  116-117. 
Map  of  Alaska,  showing  known  gold-bearing  rocks,  with  descriptive  text  containing 

sketches  of  the  geography,  geology,  and  gold  deposits  and  routes  to  the 

fold  fields.  Prepared  in  accordance  with  Public  Resolution  No.  3  of  the 
lfty-fifth  Congress,  second  session,  approved  January  20, 1898.  Printed 
in  the  engraving  and  printing  division  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, Washington,  D.  C,  1898.  44  pp.,  1  map.  A  special  publication. 
The  data  were  brought  together  by  S.  F.  Emmons,  aided  by  W.  H.  Dall 
and  F.  C,  Schrader.     (Out  of  stock.) 

in 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

1900. 

Baker,  Marcus.  Alaskan  geographic  names.  In  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  2, 
1900,  pp.  487-509. 

Brooks,  A.  H.  A  reconnaissance  from  Pyramid  Harbor  to  Eagle  City,  Alaska, 
including  a  description  of  the  copper  deposits  of  the  upper  White  and 
Tanana  rivers.     In  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  2,  1900,  pp.  331-391. 

A  reconnaissance  in  the  Tanana  and  White  River  basins,  Alaska,  in  1898. 

In  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  425-494. 
Eldridge,  G.  H.     A  reconnaissance  in  the  Sushitna  basin  and  adjacent  territory, 

Alaska,  in  1898.     In  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  1-29. 
Gannett,  Henry.     Altitudes  in  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  169,  1900,  13  pp. 
Mendenhall,  W.  C.     A  reconnaissance  from  Resurrection  Bay  to  tne  Tanana  River, 

Alaska,  in  1898.     In  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  265-340. 
Rons,  Oscar.     A  reconnaissance  of  the  Chitina  River  and  the  Skolai  Mountains, 

Alaska.     In  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  2,  1900,  pp.  303-340.     (Out  of 

stock. ) 
Schrader,  F.  C.     A  reconnaissance  of  a  part  of  Prince  William  Sound  and  the  Cop- 
per River  district,  Alaska,  in  1898.     In  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt  7, 1900, 

pp.  S41-423.      (Out  of  stock. ) 

Preliminary  report  on  a  reconnaissance  along  the  Chandlar  and  Koyukuk 

rivers,  Alaska,  in  1899.  In  Twentv-first  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  2,  1900,  pp.  441- 
486. 

and  Brooks,  A.  II.     Preliminary  report  on  the  Cape  Nome  gold  region, 

Alaska,  with  maps  and  illustrations.  Washington,  Government  Printing 
Office,  1900.     56  pp.     3  maps  and  19  pis.     A  special  publication. 

Spurr,  J.  E.  A  reconnaissance  in  southwestern  Alaska  in  1898.  In  Twentieth  Ann. 
Rept.,  pt  7,  1900,  pp.  31-264. 

Walcott,  C.  D.,  Director.  Account  of  operations  in  Alaska  in  1900.  In  Twenty- 
first  Ann.  Rept,  pt.  1,  1900,  pp.  17-18,  86,  145-149. 

1901. 

Brooks,  A.  H.  An  occurrence  of  stream  tin  in  the  York  region,  Alaska.  In  Min- 
eral Resources  of  the  U.  S.  for  1900,  1901,  pp.  267-271.  Published  also  as 
a  separate,  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1901,  cover  and  pp. 
1-5.     (Out  of  stock. ) 

The  coal  resources  of  Alaska.     In  Twenty-second  Ann.  Rept,  pt  3,  1901, 

pp.  515-571. 

,  Richardson,  G.  *B.,  and  Collier,  A.  J.     A  reconnaissance  of  the  Cape  Nome 

and  adjacent  gold  fields  of  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska,  in  1900.  In  a  special 
publication  entitled  "  Reconnaissances  in  the  Cape  Nome  and  Norton  Bay 
regions,  Alaska,  in  1900,"  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1901, 
pp.  1-180. 

Mendenhall,  W.  0.  A  reconnaissance  in  the  Norton  Bay  region,  Alaska,  in  1900. 
In  a  special  publication  entitled  "Reconnaissances  in  the  Cape  Nome  and 
Norton  Bay  regions,  Alaska,  in  1900,"  Washington,  Government  Printing 
Office,  1901,  pp.  181-218. 

Ncijradek,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  A.  C.  The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska.  A  special  publication,  Wash- 
ington, Government  Printing  Office,  1901,  pp.  1-94. 

Walcott,  C.  P.,  Director.  Account  of  operations  in  Alaska  in  1901.  In  Twentv- 
second  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  1,  1901,  pp.  35,  05-99,  144,  166-170. 

1 902. 

Brooks,  A.  II.  Preliminary  report  on  the  Ketchikan  mining  district,  Alaska,  with 
an  introductory  sketch  of  the  geologv  of  southeastern  Alaska.  Profes- 
sional Paper  No.  1,  1902,  pp.  1-120. 

Collier,  A.  J.  A  reconnaissance  of  the  northwestern  portion  ot  Seward  Peninsula, 
Alaska.     Professional  Paper  No.  2,  1902,  pp.  1-70. 

Mendenhall,  W.  C.  A  reconnaissance  from  Fort  Hamlin  to  Kotzebue  Sound, 
Alaska,  bv  wav  of  Dall,  Kanuti,  Allen,  and  Kowak  rivers.  Professional 
Paper  No"  10.  1902,  pp.  l-<>8. 

WALcorr,  C.  I).,  Dircrtor.  Account  of  operations  in  Alaska  in  1902.  In  Twenty- 
third  Ann.  Kept.,  1902,  pp.  20,  21,57,  71-82,  101. 


ADVEBTISEMENT. 


1903. 


Baker,  Marcus.    Geographic  dictionary  of  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  187,  1902,  pp.  l-44€ 

(Oat  of  stock.) 
Brooks,  A.  II.     Placer  gold  mining  in  Alaska  in  1902.     Bull.  No.  213,  1903,  pp 

41-48. 

Stream  tin  in  Alaska.     In  Contributions  to  economic;  geology,  1902:  Bull 

U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  No.  213,  1903,  pp.  92-93. 
Collier,  A.  J.     Coal  resources  of  the  Yukon  basin,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  213,  1903 
pp.  276-283. 

The  coal  resources  of  the  Yukon,  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  218,  1903,  pp.  1-71. 

The  Glenn  Creek  gold  mining  district,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  213,  1903,  pp 

49-56. 
Mendenhall,  W.  C.     The  Chistochina  gold  field,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  213,  1903 

pp.  71-75. 
and  Schrader,  F.  C.     Copper  deposits  of  Mount  Wrangell  region,  Alaska 

In  Bull.  No.  213,  1903,  pp.  141-148. 

ofth<  " 


The  mineral  resources  of  the  Mount  Wrangell  district,  Alaska.     Professional 

Paper  No.  15,  1903,  pp.  1-71. 
Walcott,  C.  D.,  Director.    Account  of  operations  in  Alaska  in  1903.     In  Twenty- 
fourth  Ann.  Kept.,  1903,  pp.  78-107,  167,  256. 

1904. 

Brooks,  A.  H.     Placer  gold  mining  in  Alaska  in  1903.     In  Bull.  No.  225,  1904,  pp. 

43-59. 
Collier,  A.  J.     Tin  deposits  of  the  York  region,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  225,  1904, 

pp.  154-167. 

Tin  deposits  of  the  York  region,  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  229,  1904,  pp.  1-61. 

Martin,  G.  C     Petroleum  fields  of  Alaska  and  the  Bering  River  coal  fieia.     In  Bull. 

No.  225,  1904,  pp.  365-382. 
Mopfit,  F.  H.    The  Kotzebue  placer  gold  field  of  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska.     In 

Bull.  No.  225,  1904,  pp.  74-80. 
Prindle,  L.  M.     Gold  placers  of  the  Fairbanks  district,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  225, 

1904,  pp.  64-73. 
Schrader,  F.  C,  and  Peters,  W.  J.     A  reconnaissance  in  northern  Alaska,  across 

the  Rocky  Mountains,  along  the  Koyukuk,  John,  Anaktuvuk,  and  Col- 

ville  rivers,  and  the  Arctic  coast  to  Cape  Lisburne,  in  1901.     Professional 

Paper  No.  20,  1904,  pp.  1-139. 
Spencer,  A.  C.    The  Juneau  gold  belt,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  225,  1904,  pp.  28-42. 
Wright,  C.  W.    The  Porcupine  placer  mining  district,  Alaska.     In  Bull.  No.  225, 

1904,  pp.  60-63. 

The  Porcupine  placer  district,  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  236,  1904,  pp.  1-35. 

1905. 

Brooks,  Alfred  H.     The  geography  and  geology  of  Alaska.     A  summary  of  existing 
.  knowledge,  with  a  chapter  on  climate  by  Cleveland  Abbe,  jr.,  and  a  topo- 
graphic map  and  description  thereof  by  R.  U.  Goode.     Professional  Paper 
No.  — . 


and  others.    Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of 

Alaska,  in  1904.     Bull.  No.  259,  1905,  pp.  1-196. 
Martin,  G.  C.    The  petroleum  fields  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Alaska  and  the  Bering 


River  coal  field.     Bull.  No.  250,  1905,  pp.  1-65. 
Mendenhall,  W.  C.    The  geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska. 

Professional  Paper  No.  — . 
Moffit,  F.  H.    The  Fairhaven  gold  placers,  Seward  Peninsula,  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  247, 

1905,  pp.  1-85. 
Prindle,  L.  M.     The  gold  placers  of  the  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks 

regions,  Alaska.     Bull.  No.  251,  1905,  pp.  1-89. 
PuRiNUTON,  0.  W.     Methods  and  cost  of  gravel  and  placer  mining  in  Alaska.     Bull. 

No.  263. 

PAPERS   ON    ALASKA    IN    PREPARATION. 

Brooks,  A.  H.     An  exploration  in  the  Mount  McKinley  region. 
Collier,  A.  J.     Placer  mines  of  Seward  Peninsula. 

—    Coal  field  of  Cape  Lisburne. 

Martin,  G.  C.    The  geology  of  Alaska  Peninsula. 


VI  ADVERTISEMENT. 

Moffit,  F.  H.    The  Cook  Inlet  gold  placers. 

Prindle,  L.  M.,  and  Hess,  F.  L.    The  gold  placers  of  the  Rampart  region. 

Schrader,  F.  C.    The  geology  of  upper  Copper  and  Tanana  rivers. 

Stonr,  R.  W.    The  Kachemak  Bay  coal  fields. 

Spencer,  A.  C.     The  Juneau  gold  belt. 

Wright,  C.  W.     The  mineral  resources  of  Admiralty  Island. 

TOPOGRAPHIC   MAPS  OP  ALASKA. 

The  following  maps  are  on  sale  at  5  cents  a  copy,  or  $2  a  hundred: 

Barnard,  E.  C.     Fortyinile  quandrangle;  scale,  1:250000. 
Peters,  W.  J.     Juneau  special  quadrangle;  scale,  1:63500. 

The  following  maps  are  included  as  illustrations  of  published  reports,  but  have  not 
been  issued  separately.     They  can  be  obtained  only  by  securing  the  report: 

Barnard,  E.  C.  Cape  Nome  and  adjacent  gold  fields;  scale,  1 :  250000.  Contained  in 
a  special  publication  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  entitled  "Reconnaissances 
in  the  Cape  Nome  and  Norton  Bay  regions,  Alaska,  in  1900,"  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1901. 

Brooks,  A.  H.  York  and  Kugruk  regions,  sketch  maps  of.  Contained  in  "A 
reconnaissance  in  Cape  Nome  and  Norton  Bay  regions,  Alaska,  1900." 

Gerdine,  T.  G.  Kovukuk  and  Chandlar  rivers,  portions  oi;  scale,  1:625000.  Con- 
tained in  li  Preliminary  report  of  a  reconnaissance  along  the  Chandlar  and 
Koyukuk  rivers,  Alaska,  in  1899."     Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  2,  1900. 

Seward  Peninsula,  northwestern  part  of;  scale,  1 :  250000.     Contained  in  Pro- 

fessional Paper  No.  2. 

Fairbanks  and  Birch  Creek  districts,  reconnaissance  maps  of;  scale,  1 :  250000. 

Contained  in  "The  gold  placers  of  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks 
districts."     Bulletin  No.  251. 

Yukon-Tanana  region,  reconnaissance  map  of;  scale,  1 :  625000. 

Copper  and  upper  Chistoehina  rivers;  scale,  1:250000.     Contained  in  "A 

geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  basin."    Professional  Paper  No.  41. 

and  Witherspoon,  D.  C.    Chitina  and  lower  Copper  River  region;  scale, 

1 :  250000.  Contained  in  "The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  a  portion 
of  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska."  Special  Publication  of  the  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1901. 

Goode,  R.  U.  A  topographic  map  of  Alaska;  scale,  1:250000.  Preliminary  edition. 
Contained:  in  Professional  Paper  No.  — . 

Lowe,  P.  G.,  Mahlo,  Emil,  and  Schrader,  F.  C.  Copper  River  region;  scale, 
1:376000.  Contained  in  "A  reconnaissance  of  a  part  of  Prince  William 
Sound  and  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska,  in  1898."  Twentieth  Ann. 
Rept.,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  341-423.     (Out  of  stock.) 

Mahlo,  Emil,  ana  Schrader,  F.  C.  Prince  William  Sound,  sketch  map  of;  scale 
1 :  376000.  Contained  in  "The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  a  portion 
of  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska."     (Out  of  stock. ) 

Mendenhall,  W.  C.  Cook  Inlet,  head  of,  to  the  Tanana  via  Matanuska  and  Delta 
rivers,  also  part  of  Kenai  Peninsula;  scale,  1:625000.  Contained  in  "A 
reconnaissance  from  Resurrection  Bav  to  Tanana  River,  Alaska,  in  1898." 
Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  7,  pp.  265^340. 

Muldrow,  Robert.  Sushitna  River  and  adjacent  territory;  scale,  1:625000.  Con- 
tained in  "A  reconnaissance  in  the  Sushitna  basin  and  adjacent  territorv, 
Alaska,  in  1898."     Twentieth  Ann.  Kept,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  1-29. 

Peters,  W.  J.  Tanana  and  White  rivers,  portions  of;  scale,  1:625000.  Contained 
in  "A  reconnaissance  in  the  Tanana  and  White  River  basins,  Alaska,  in 
1898."     Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  7,  1900,  pp.  425-494. 

Lynn  canal,  routes  from,  via  headwaters  of  White  and  Tanana  rivers  to 

.Eagle  City;  scale  1 :  625000.  Contained  in  "A  reconnaissance  from  Pyra- 
mid Harbor  to  Eagle  Citv,  Alaska."  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  2,  1900, 
pp.  331-391. 

Norton    Bay  region;   scale,  1:625000.     Contained  in   "Reconnaissances  of 

Cape  Nome  and  Norton  Bav  regions,  Alaska,"  1900. 

Kovukuk  River  to  mouth  o(  Colville  River,  including  John  River;  scale, 

T:  625000.     Included  in  Professional  Paper  No.  20. 


ADVERTISEMENT.  VII 

Post,  W.  S.  Cook  Inlet,  region  from  head  of,  to  Kuskokwim  River  and  down  the 
Kuskokwim  to  Bering  Sea,  Bristol  Bay,  and  a  part  of  Alaska  Peninsula; 
scale,  1:625000.  Published  in  sections  in  "A  reconnaissance  in  South- 
western Alaska,  in  1898."    Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.7,  1900,  pp.  31-264. 

Reaburn,  D.  L.  The  Mount  McKinley  region;  scale,  1:250000.  Contained  in  Pro- 
fessional Paper  No.  — . 

Withsrhpoon,  D.  C.  Copper,  Nabesna,  and  Chisana  rivers,  headwaters  of;  scale, 
1 :  250000.  Contained  in  *  *  The  geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  basin. ' ' 
Professional  Paper  No.  41. 

Seward  Peninsula,  northeastern  portion  of,  topographic  reconnaissance  of; 

scale,  1:250000.  Contained  in  "The  Gold  Placers  of  the  Fairhaven 
District,  Seward  Peninsula."    Bull.  No.  247. 

TOPOGRAPHIC   MAPS  OF   ALASKA    IN   PREPARATION. 

Witherspoon,  D.  C.     The  Fairbanks  placer  district;  scale,  1 :  250000. 
Gerdine,  T.  G.    The  Nome  district;  scale,  1 :  62500. 
Hamilton,  E.  G.    The  Cook  Inlet  placer  fields;  scale,  1 :  250000. 


© 

a 

a 
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LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing  the  subject  at  the  top  of  the 
second  slip.  The  name  of  the  series  should  not  l>e  repeated  on  the  series 
card,  but  the  additional  numbers  should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the 
first  entry.] 

Brooks,  Alfred  H[ulse]  1871- 

.  .  .  Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral 
resources  of  Alaska  in  1904,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks  and 
others.     Washington,  Gov't  print,  off.,  1905. 

196,  ix  p.  illus.,  Ill  pi.  (maps)  diagr.  23Jcm.  (U.  S.  Geological  survey. 
Bulletin  no.  259) 

Subject  series:  A,  Economic  geology,  52. 

"Geological  survey  publications  on  Alaska,"  p.  [iii]-vii. 

CONTENTS. — Administrative  report,  by  A.  H.  Brooks. — Placer  mining 
in  Alaska  in  1904,  by  A.  H.  Brooks. — Methods  and  cost  of  gravel  and  placer 
mining  in  Alaska,  by  C.  W.  Purington. — Economic  developments  in  south- 
.  eastern  Alaska,  by  F.  E.  and  C.  W.  Wright. — The  Treadwell  ore  deposits, 
Douglas  Island,  by  A.  C.  Spencer. — Cape  Yaktag  placers,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — 
Gold  placers  of  Turnagain  Arm,  Cook  Inlet,  by  F.  H.  Moffit. — Gold  deposits 
of  the  Shumagin  Islands,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — Gold  mine  on  Unalaska  Island, 
by  A.  J.  Collier. — Rampart  placer  region,  bv  L.  M.  Prindle. — Recent  develop- 
ment of  Alaskan  tin  deposits,  by  A.  J.  f>>llier. — Notes  on  the  petroleum 
fields  of  Alaska,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — Bering  River  coal  field,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — 
Coal  resource.1  of  southwestern  Aluska,  by  R.  W.  Stone. — Coal  fields  of  the 
Cape  Lisburne  region,  by  A.  J.  Collier. 

1.  Mines  and  mineral  resources — Alaska. 

Brooks,  Alfred  H[ulse]  187 1- 

.  .  .  Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral 
resources  of  Alaska  in  1904,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks  and 
others.     Washington,  Gov't  print,  off.,  1905. 

196,  ix  p.  illus.,  Ill  pi.  (maps)  diagr.  23Jcm.  (U.  S.  Geological  survey. 
Bulletin  no.  259) 

Subject  series:  A,  Economic  geology,  52. 

"  Geological  survey  publications  on  Alaska,"  p.  [iii]-vii. 
X  CONTENTS. — Administrative  report,  by  A.  H.  Brooks. — Placer  mining 

*     in  Alaska  in  1904,  by  A.  H.  Brooks. — Methods  and  cost  of  gravel  and  placer 


a 


«  mining  in  Alaska,  by  C.  W.  Purington. — Economic  developments  in  south- 
eastern Alaska,  by  F.  E.  and  C.  W.  Wright. — The  Treadwell  ore  deposits, 
Douglas  Island,  by  A.  C.  Sj>encer. — Cape  Yaktag  placers,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — 
Gold  placers  of  Turnagain  Arm,  Cook  Inlet,  by  F.  H.  Moffit. — Gold  deposits 
of  the  Shumagin  Islands,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — Gold  mine  on  Unalaska  Island, 
by  A.  J.  Collier. — Rampart  placer  region,  by  L.  M.  Prindle. — Recent  develop- 
ment of  Alaskan  tin  debits,  by  A.  J.  Collier. — Notes  on  the  petroleum 
fields  of  Alaska,  by  G.  C.  Martin.  —Bering  River  coal  field,  by  G.  C.  Martin. — 
Coal  resources  of  southwestern  Alaska,  by  R.  W.  Stone. — Coal  fields  of  the 
Cape  Lisburne  region,  bv  A.  J.  Collier. 
1.  Mines  and  mineral  resources — Alaska. 

U.  S.     Geological  survey. 

Bulletin, 
no.  259.  Brooks,  A.  H.     Report  on  progress  of  investi- 
gations of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska  in  1904, 
by  A.  H.  Brooks  and  others.     1905. 

i        U.S.     Dept.  of  the  Interior. 

S  see  also 

I    U.  S.     Geological  survey. 


a. 
J. 


IX 


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'  III 


3  blOS  Oil  fiOM  1b7 


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